fish, and suet pudden, and cabbage--as long as it lasts--and carrots
and parsnips when they’re in, and ’taties.”
“And your tea?”
“Tea’s the same as breakfast.”
“Do you get any supper?”
“Ay, master; ’twixt eleven and one, ’cording as the watch is called, we
has cheese and pickles and biled fish, or if there’s any cold meat left
we has that.”
When it is considered where these lads come from, this fare is scarcely
of a kind to justify them in grumbling and running away. Indeed, of all
seafarers, smacksmen live the best. When Jack is gnawing upon a piece of
junk, and knocking his biscuit upon the deck to get the worms out of it,
the fisherman is regaling himself with the best of the produce of his
trawls, or fattening himself on hearty fresh beef and--if it be
Sunday--on good plum-duff. The apprentice fares just the same. And even
in other ways he is better off than if he were in a ship’s forecastle;
as, for instance, in the matter of clothes, the owner being obliged to
keep him well furnished in that respect, and to equip him with garments
a hundredfold warmer and better than those which most sailors take to
sea with them. The whole truth is, so far as I can judge, the comfort
and happiness and prospects of the smack apprentice depend upon his own
conduct. Owners, like all other employers of labour, want the best hands
they can get, and smacksmen are glad to have smart and willing lads
along with them. It is a rough life--the whole marine calling is a rough
life, and there is none rougher than a fisherman’s. If a boy is dull and
slow, obstinate and sulky, he will be shoved and kicked about, and that
would be his lot in any ship he went aboard of; but if a boy is willing,
does his best, lends a hand cheerfully, and is a steady lad, then he
will be well treated, the men will like him, the owner favour him, and
before long he will find himself in command. He has inducements to
persevere and behave well such as no other ship-boy gets that I know of;
for if he has served his time honestly, and shown such promise as the
smack-owner wants to see, then, when he is out of his time, he is
furnished with £20 worth of clothes, and a sovereign or two for his
pocket. I am aware that all smack-owners are not so liberal, and I have
heard of some men sending their apprentices, when out of their time,
adrift in the clothes they stood up in, and forcing them to seek work
from other masters. But the rule is to treat a good lad liberally when
out of his time.
Whoever has examined into the fishing industry must be well aware that
smack-owners have substantial cause of grievance in respect of their
treatment by their apprentices. An owner told me that a boy came to him
for a berth; the lad was in rags and starving, and so filthy that the
owner would not send him to his house where his apprentices were. He
walked with him to the Sailor’s Home, had him bathed and scrubbed and
fed, paid nearly a pound for him for seven days at the Home, purchased
for him some clothes that cost over £2, and then on the morning of the
day on which the vessel was to sail the boy ran away, and the smack had
to be detained until another lad could be shipped. Instances of such
behaviour are numerous, and might really account for, if they should not
justify, a very much harsher discipline and sterner kind of treatment
than I have been able to discover. For always let us remember that the
smack-owner has, as a rule, been a fisherman himself, gone through the
mill, suffered all the hardships of the life, and, though ashore, has to
work harder for his living than ever he did when at sea. He is in this
position, that he is only able to insure for total loss. He belongs to a
club whose members subscribe in proportion to the number of vessels they
severally enter. “Only yesterday,” said a smack-owner, “one of my
vessels came in; she had lost fifteen fathom of warp, two main-bridles,
dandy-bridle, trawl-warp tackle, two trawl-heads, a trawl-beam, a
ground-rope, mortices, head-line, and other gear. I have to bear all
that. There is Mr. ----. In one night of storm his loss amounted, in
insurance of other vessels which had foundered, to £245, together with
eight sets of gear, valued at £60 a set.” It is a vocation full of risk;
scores of men may be beggared by a gale; and, seeing the important part
that smack apprentices play in the fishing interests, it is reasonable
that we should survey the question from every point of view, before
hastily forming conclusions on the basis of such an incident as that of
the recent Hull atrocity. Of course, there are savages and bullies among
smacksmen, as there are the whole wide world over, whether among
landgoers or seafarers. But whatever might have been the state of things
in former days, I do not believe that, at the present time, there is
half the ill usage to be found aboard smacks that I know exists at sea
in other kinds of vessels. The crime of the murderer Brand necessarily
gives a malignant colouring to every smack-master’s report of having
lost a boy by drowning whilst at sea; but the old salt maxim, “A
fisherman’s walk, three steps and overboard,” should go a long way in
explanation of many of the disasters that befall smack-boys. An accident
aboard a smack happens in a breath. A lad dips over the side for a
bucket of water; the vessel is sailing fast, the bucket pulls the lad
over the rail, and he is astern and drowned before the fellow at the
tiller can sing out. Or a boy goes to look over the stern to see the
white water running away; the boom jibes and flings him into the sea. I
should very gravely question whether a deliberate murder could be done
without some one of the men reporting it. No doubt black deeds have been
perpetrated in fishing-smacks. For instance, a story is told of a lad
who was frying some fish; through his neglect the fish were burnt,
whereupon the skipper, smelling the fumes, bundled below, seized the
boy’s hands, and thrust them into the boiling fat. The instant he was
released, the boy rushed on deck and flung himself overboard, and was
drowned. One might conceive of a man hating another and jogging him into
the sea on a dark night. But the statistics of loss of life among
smacksmen and smack apprentices at sea must reduce such dreadful
possibilities to a very small number; and of that small number it is
rare indeed to find one to which any better basis can be furnished than
suspicion. So far as the professional life of the smack apprentice
goes--his treatment at sea, his food, his clothes, and the like--it is
difficult to guess, having regard to the unavoidable roughness and
hardship of his calling, how his position is to be improved. You cannot
make a drawing-room of a smack; there will be always hard work and hard
words where there is hard weather; and there is not much hope of
polished airs and genteel behaviour amongst a race of men who sleep in
holes at which a blackbeetle might stand aghast, and who are boxed up
for many months together in the year in a bit of a fabric whose
forecastle is full of raffle, and whose hold is full of dead fish. But
ashore no doubt something may be done for the lads to advance them
morally, and make real men of them when they come to be men. It would be
well if there were a few more Smack-boys’ Homes than there are. There
is one in Ramsgate the theory of which is exceedingly good. The manager
writes to a school or reformatory for boys, the conditions of acceptance
being that the lads are healthy and strong and of good character; also
that enough money be paid down to furnish each youth with a fishing
outfit and a Sunday suit. The boys being got together in this fashion,
the smack-owners are asked to take apprentices from them. This many of
them do, I believe, on the understanding that the boys lodge at the Home
when in port at a cost of 2_s._ a day each. By this means the lads are
brought under a certain moral influence. They are watched over by the
clergy associated with the Home, attend service in a chapel that adjoins
the building, and are provided with the means of harmlessly amusing
themselves in the evenings. The sole objection is--and it is a
commercial one--the expensiveness of the arrangement to smack-owners who
have several apprentices. “If I had but one apprentice,” said an owner,
“2_s._ a day would be cheap enough; but I have ten, who at 2_s._ a day
per boy would be a good deal dearer to me at the Home than I find them
in my own house.” This is a point I will not deal with, but in all other
respects I know of nothing that can be advanced against smack-boys’
homes. Smacksmen make fine sailors; the navy and the merchant service
ought to have no better recruiting field than the British fisheries, and
therefore something of Imperial significance should enter into
consideration of the smack-boy’s moral and material welfare. You are not
going to make him a refined person, but you can teach him to write and
read, to have a reverence for God, to think of himself as a responsible
being. An early training of this kind will not impair his hardiness, but
it will put him higher than he is as a human creature. The lower orders
of smack-owners let him run loose of a night when he is ashore, he is
quite uncared for, and in the prison days he passed a good deal more of
his time in gaol than at sea. “Making every allowance for second or
third convictions,” says the Rev. J. E. Brennan, of Ramsgate, writing in
1878, “we are not far from the truth in stating that 50 per cent. of
these boys go to prison during some part of their service.” These
incessant punishments naturally led people to infer the worst of the
fishing life. “Think what a calling it must be,” they would say, “when
boys actually beg to be sent to prison rather than on board these
smacks.” But Mr. Brennan justly, I think, attributes the lads’ defection
to their neglected condition, to the absence of all suitable
guardianship. “The scenes of drunkenness and sin,” he writes, “of which
some of these lads are cognizant I will not describe. Let it suffice to
say that many a pure-minded boy has in a few months become utterly
corrupted, and his character, it may be, utterly ruined for ever.” He is
writing of the boys of one town; but his remarks are equally, and even
more, applicable to such places as Grimsby and Hull and Yarmouth. Here,
then, is the real evil. It is not that the boys are maltreated at sea to
any extent outside the proverbial rough usage of the marine life; it is
not that smack-owners--the majority of them certainly--do not feed and
clothe them well, nor that they exact unreasonable share of labour from
them; it is that, when ashore and during the evenings, they wander
about, fall into bad company, acquire habits of intemperance, become
unspeakable nuisances to the police, to the inhabitants, and to their
own masters, run away, and leave owners in the lurch and practically now
without redress; and so, in a large proportion of instances, end in
becoming untrustworthy men, worthless sailors, people whom nobody will
employ. Smack-owners, as I have said, cannot be expected to look after
the morals of the lads; their hands are full of business, they come home
wearied, and, even with the best will in the world, they must lack in
ways it would take too much space to explain here the opportunities to
care for the boys as they are cared for at a Home. What is really wanted
is a Home wherever there are fishing-apprentices, an institution
conducted with something of the self-sacrificing spirit that
characterizes the Ramsgate Home; where the boys can be comfortably
housed and tended at a small expense to their employers; where they may
be educated and helped and rewarded for their merits as seafaring lads;
and any one truly concerned in the welfare of our mercantile marine, and
who holds that we should neglect no source from which we may derive the
forces that keep our nation dominant upon the sea, will believe that the
State could make no wiser disbursement than in helping in the
establishment of such institutions, and contributing to them until they
become self-supporting.
_GRAVESEND._
I never pass Gravesend without thinking of poor Mrs. Henry Fielding’s
dreadful toothache, and the trouble her husband and the surgeon, “the
best reputed operator in Gravesend,” took to persuade the suffering lady
to keep the hollow tooth a little longer. To what extent has the old
town changed since the author of “Tom Jones” surveyed it from the deck
of the little old vessel that carried him to Lisbon to die there? Much
should have happened in a hundred and thirty years; yet in one respect
Gravesend remains unaltered; it is still, so to speak, the same old
point of nautical departure; ships still “drop” down abreast of it, and
bring up to receive their passengers; and yet it remains the one spot of
English soil which, when left astern, makes you feel that the great
ocean is all before you, and that your voyage has commenced indeed. But
is not human nature the same in all ages? Fielding’s description of
sitting at dinner and being startled by the bowsprit of “a little ship
called a cod smack,” driving in through the cabin window, and his
account of the sea-blessings showered upon each other by the crews of
the two vessels, might stand for a picture of to-day’s river life. “It
is difficult,” he says, “I think, to assign a satisfactory reason why
sailors in general should, of all others, think themselves entirely
discharged from the common bands of humanity, and should seem to glory
in the language and behaviour of savages.” His opinion of Jack as a
gentleman was not ill founded. But what would he think now if living,
and with the memory in him of his uncouth sea-swab of a skipper (who, to
the delight of posterity, fell upon his knees at last and begged
Fielding to forgive him), he should step on board the 4000-ton steamer
that lay abreast of Gravesend, with blue-peter at her masthead, on the
day I happened to find myself in that town?
Not much imagination is needed, I think, to extinguish the monster
fabrics which day after day lie floating motionless abreast of
Gravesend, and refurnish the broad and quivering stretch of waters with
the marine phantoms of olden times. The Indiaman of 500 tons is viewed
with astonishment at her prodigious dimensions as she lies straining at
her hempen cable, the sunshine sparkling in the big windows which
embellish her huge quarter-galleries, her stern towering out of the
water like a castle, a wondrous complication of head-boards and massive
timbers distinguishing her bows, long streamers whipping from every
masthead, and rows of cannon bristling along her tall, weather-tossed
sides. You have little pinks, and snows, and cutters of fifty tons
burden which have made part of a convoy from the West Indies, and have
outweathered the heavy Atlantic surges as bravely as any Cunard liner of
to-day does. Here, too, are colliers, “ships of great bulk,” Fielding
calls them, though there is scarcely a skipper of an old boom-foresail
_Anna Maria_ or _John and Susan_ now afloat who would not hold them
capacious only as long-boats. To appreciate all that the present means,
you must step back and then look ahead. Only the other day I saw a
Blackwall liner towing up the river. It is not so very long ago when
that ship would have been thought a wonderfully large vessel. Handsome
she is, with her painted ports and frigate-like look, though her
main-royal mast was uncomfortably stayed aft when I saw her, and she
wants a prettier stem-piece; but as to her size, she seemed little more
than a toy as she swam past the line of huge towering iron hulls. You
think of the scene of the river as Fielding surveyed it, then as you
remember it twenty years since, then as you see it now; and your wonder
is, What will the end be should the end ever arrive? What will be the
bulk and vastness of the fabrics in the good time coming?
“The new docks,” said a waterman to me, pointing across the river with a
finger like a roll of old parchment, “are to start from yonder p’int,
and end right aways down there;” and the sweep of his finger seemed to
embrace some leagues of the opposite low, flat, treeless, and
mud-coloured shore. Assuredly all that can be given will be wanted. Our
marine giantesses are multiplying faster than they drown; and it seemed
to me that there was something prophetic in my waterman’s finger when he
made the gesture of it to signify miles instead of acres. But many
changes must take place and a long time elapse before Gravesend loses
its old distinctive tradition as a point of departure. Think of the
thousands of eyes which have grown dim as they watched the old town veer
away astern, and of the thousands of hearts which have leapt in
transport as from mouth to mouth the cry has gone round, “Gravesend is
in sight.” No other place--I am speaking, of course, of vessels bound
Thames-wise--gives one such a sense of home as this. Jack may have the
English coast in view pretty nearly the whole way from the Isle of Wight
as high as the South Foreland; he may bring up in the Downs, and have
Deal and Walmer close aboard, and hear the church bells ringing, and see
the people walking on the beach; he may take his fill of Ramsgate and
Margate as he rounds the great headland; but somehow or other it is not
until Gravesend has hove in sight, and he sees the shipping abreast of
it, and the river curving into Northfleet Hope, that Jack feels home is
reached at last; that the voyage is as good as over, and that in a few
hours the noble ship that has carried him in safety through storm and
calm, through sunshine and blackness, will be at rest, silent as the
grave--as though, after the long and fitful fever of the deep, she was
sleeping well.
These are the gayer thoughts, for they come with the hurricane-chorus
that breaks from the forecastle of yonder ship as her crew get the
anchor, now that the first of the flood has come, and the tug alongside
is already to forge ahead and tauten the hawser. “Oh, when we get to the
dockyard gates!” shout the poor fellows gleefully, with as much voice as
a voyage from San Francisco has left in them; and you think that
to-night there will be some middling salt and tough yarns spun in more
than one grog-shop, whilst already Jack’s most unlovely Nan--as Charles
Dickens only too truthfully described her--is overhauling her few
penn’orths of finery in anticipation of the treats which are to be got
out of a fund made up of £3 10s. a month.
But Gravesend appeals most from the other side of the picture--the
outward-bound side. I was favoured with an immense illustration of this.
A big steamer, with a black-and-white funnel, lay abreast of the
Gravesend pier, with her decks literally choked with emigrants. She
should have sailed the day before, I was told; but the emigrants--mainly
foreigners--had rebelled; declared they had been promised a steamer
belonging to another company, and refused to start in the vessel they
were packed aboard of. Some one on the Gravesend pier told me that a
thousand people had been put into her that morning. There was hardly
room for a pin along the bulwarks. Clustering masses of human heads
blackened the rail, as though all the crows in Kent had swooped down
upon that great iron steamship, and were taking their ease upon her
sides. I had no excuse to board her, but I managed to gather a good idea
of her living freight by taking a boat and pulling round her. I had seen
a very similar class of foreign emigrants in a North-country port, and
had made a short voyage in company with five or six hundred of them, but
that crowd did not impress me as this did. There was something very
pathetic and melancholy in the postures and looks of this large
concourse of people, who overhung the water, and gazed, with little of
movement among them, at the shores on either hand. The thought of this
mass of human souls afloat on the deep with nothing between them and
eternity but a thin surface of iron, combined with the speculations as
to the future into which the mind was irresistibly impelled; the new
lands which awaited them; the long--perhaps everlasting--separation from
their mother country; the numberless interests they represented; and the
rapid growth of that amazing Western Empire, whose humanizing and
civilizing progress was strangely illustrated by the embarkation of this
immense assembly--the freight of a single ship, too!--for its ports,
contributed to make the picture of the _Holland_--for that was the name
of the steamer--a truly impressive and memorable one. It was a warm,
sunny afternoon; far down the Hope, trending north-wise athwart
Gravesend Reach, were the white heights of Cliffe, sparkling like marble
in the brilliant radiance; the long stretch of water was crowded with
shipping, whose bunting and variously-coloured sides filled the eye with
colour; Gravesend lay in a heavy mass of grouping close down to the
water’s edge, with a lumber of huddled houses to the right of the new
Falcon Hotel, here and there a window flashing back the sunlight, and
the church bell ringing a pleasant farewell to a Peninsular and Oriental
steamer, whose head was being canted towards the north shore by a tug
that she might have a clear road before her engines were set in motion;
whilst, some distance up the river, vessels which had passed Gravesend
twenty minutes before were fading upon the blueish haze of smoke from
tall chimneys and fog from the marshes, the spars of the Blackwall liner
looming huge and vague above the land which concealed her hull.
The very beauty of the picture furnished an element of melancholy to the
crowded steamship, and the rows upon rows of faces which were all
steadily gazing landwards. I watched the Peninsular and Oriental steamer
get under way, and contrasted her with the emigrant ship. The big
deck-house or saloon of the former, with the two funnels rearing out of
it, gave her, to my eye, a somewhat heavy look forward; but it was
something to remember to run the eye from her almost unpeopled
decks--nobody to be seen but some men in uniform on the bridge, a Lascar
in a turban squatting in the after-awning, holding a little white flag
in his hand, and one or two figures in the forward part of the ship--to
the motionless black hull of the emigrant steamer, teeming with life,
and the bulwarks literally creeping with faces. It is a responsible
thing to carry mails, to be answerable for a mass of specie, and for the
lives of a number of gentlemen and ladies; but think of standing on the
deck of a steamer on a dark night, and reflecting that under your feet
lie sleeping a thousand human beings, not counting your crew, and that
the very existence of this vast company of fellow-creatures depends upon
your vigilance, judgment, skill as a seaman. I believe the sympathy and
wonder of any man who saw that crowded vessel and gave attention to the
sight, would have gone to the captain--to the seaman who was to hold all
those lives in his hand, so to speak. Who would willingly accept such a
responsibility? and who, finding men equal to the discharge of these
enormous trusts, would not gladly lend a hand to smooth their path for
them by denouncing and demanding the removal of whatever unfairly
obstructs and harasses them--the action of unjustly-constituted courts,
the decisions of empirics, and of people who could not tell the
difference between a gin-block and a dead-eye, the iniquities of the
modern ship-building yard, and the hundred small red-tape worries which
makes the shipmaster’s life a burden to him ashore?