---- Grand Larceny defined, 50, 55
_Law_, the different classes of Professional Men in the Metropolis,
583
_Laws_ of England, (_Criminal_) Deficient with regard to the
prevention of Crimes, abridging Liberty, and rendering Property
insecure, and in some instances even Life itself, 94, 95, 100
---- Punishments, from their severity, defeat the ends of Justice,
43, 53
---- Above 160 Offences punishable with Death, 437
---- When incompatible with Justice Law should be repealed, 8, 301
---- Some Offences, injurious to Society, not punished at all, 8, 9,
34, 35, 36
---- Criminal Law explained, with respect to various Offences:
High Treason, 38
Public Felonies against the State, 42
Private Felonies specifically considered, viz:
Murder, 43, 44
Manslaughter, 44, 45
Homicide by Misadventure, 45
Chance Medley, _ib._
Self-Defence, _ib._
Rape, 46, 48
Forcible Marriage, 48
Polygamy, 49
Mayhem, _ib._
Grand Larceny, 50
Petty Larceny, 50, 51
Mixed Larceny, 54, 55
Offences punishable by the Laws of England; a List of, 437, &c.
_Law-suits_, See _Writs_, _Debts_.
_Lewdness_ and Debauchery prevail in all ill-regulated Public Houses
(See _Alehouses_), 311
_Liberty_ of the subject abridged by Thieves and Robbers, 2, 93
---- not by salutary Regulations to prevent Robbery, 13, 14, 308,
309, 545
_Licences_ proposed on Milk Dealers, 92
---- on various trades connected with the Receivers of stolen Goods
(See _Police_), 540, _n._, 549, 550
_Lightermen_ on the Thames assist in Pillage and Plunder, 228
_Lighting_, &c. the Metropolis, 592
_Little Goes_, a private Lottery, a contrivance of a recent date,
brought forward by the Lottery Cheats to keep alive the delusion and
fever on the minds of the Poor all the year round, 152
_Livery Stable Keepers_, proposed to be regulated (See _Horses_),
109, 541
_Lodgers_, and Lodging Houses, proposed to be registered, 105, 539
_London_, comprehending the Metropolis. Its Commerce (See _River
Plunder_)
---- The Magistrates, a list of; also Public Offices, 504, 505
---- Houses, Streets, Families, and Inhabitants, 411
---- Its prodigious Extent and Opulence, 567
---- Places of Religious Worship, 482
---- Seminaries for Education, 569
---- Institutions for promoting Morality, 570
---- For the Arts, 571
---- Asylums for the Indigent and Helpless, 572
---- For the Sick, Lame, &c., 573
---- Dispensaries, 574
---- Charitable Institutions, 574
---- Courts of Justice, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582
---- Prisons, 582
---- Municipal Regulations of the Metropolis, relative to Watching,
Lighting, Fires, &c. &c., 591
_London_, so called, (the City):
---- The utility of a closer Connection between the Aldermen and
Police Justices, 420
---- The great respectability of the Magistrates of London, 512
---- The vast Labour of their official Situation, 513
---- Magistrates with Salaries proposed, to ease them of that part
of the Labour which relates to Criminal Offences, 518
---- The great Labour attached to the Office of Lord Mayor, 513
---- Reasons assigned in favour of an Improvement of the Police of
the City, by means of assisting Justices, _ib._
---- The advantages which would result from such a System, 517
_Lottery_, A great means of corrupting the Morals of the Lower
Orders of the People, 11
---- Lottery Insurers cheats of the worst class, 151-159
---- Their evil Practices explained, and their devises to carry them
on in despite of the Law, 152, 153
---- Menial Servants contribute considerably to their support, 153,
154
---- The astonishing extent of their Transactions, 154, 155
---- The misery attendant on the Lottery delusion to the Poor, who
fill the Pawnbrokers' Shops during the drawing of it, 155
---- The amazing amount of the premiums for Insurances yearly, 154,
156, _n._
---- Estimated amount of fraudulent Insurances per annum
10,460,000_l._, 143
---- The astonishing number of Lottery Insurers, with their
Appendages, consisting of _Clerks_, _Morocco-men_, _Bludgeon-men_,
and _Ruffians_, employed during the Drawing of the Two Lotteries
each year, 156, _n._
---- The Lottery might be rendered useful to the State if the poorer
classes could be shielded from its mischief, 157, 556
---- The evils attending on its present Plan, and the audacious
conduct of the miscreants engaged in fraudulent Insurances in
resisting the Civil Power, explained, 156, _n._, 158, 159
---- Their Profits said to be immense during the English Lottery
1796, 159
---- The exertions of the Magistrates rendered more peculiarly
necessary to check this evil during the time of drawing the
Lotteries, 159
---- Expedients proposed for guarding the Poor against the
mischiefs, of future Lotteries, digested under eight different
Heads, 160, 161, 162
---- Three plans for drawing the Lottery in such a manner as to
prevent Insurance, 163, 170
_Louis d'Ors_, coined in England, 17, 190
_Loyal Military Associations_, the Country much indebted to them,
533, _n._
_Lumpers_ or Labourers on the River (See _River Plunder_), 226
M.
_Magistrates_, their Duty with regard to Public Houses (See
_Alehouses_.)
---- Their great utility when their Power and Influence are
prudently and judiciously employed, 383, 422, 423
---- The number Of Magistrates in the Metropolis, 270
---- The number who sit daily in rotation, 417, 418
---- The number of persons committed annually for Trial 2500 to
3000, 432, 433
---- The mortification experienced by the Magistrates in seeing
their labour lost in consequence of the chief of these Prisoners
thrown back on Society without punishment, 432, 433
---- A List of the City Magistrates, 504
---- ---- the Police Magistrates, 505
---- Their Duty explained, 506
---- Their Labours cramped for want of pecuniary Funds, 509, 510
---- Magistrates with salaries necessary in every part of the
Metropolis, and benefits arising from them, 517
---- Avocations of the City Magistrates explained, 522
_Manslaughter_ defined, how punished, 44.
_Marine Police Institution_, Origin and Progress of, 239, 248
[Transcriber's Note: should be p. 240]
---- Annual Advantages resulting therefrom to the West India
Planters and the Revenue estimated at 160,000_l._ and upwards,
240, 241, _n._, 242, _n._
---- The effect in restraining River Plunderers, 242, 244
---- Necessity of its being sanctioned by Legislative Regulations,
245, &c.
---- Testimonies to the utility of the System, and the benefits it
has already produced, 242, _n._, 247, 248, _n._, 558, _n._
---- The number employed in this Establishment, 399, _n._, 418
_Marriage_, The evil consequence of the prevailing practice of
Cohabitation without it, 340
_Martin_, Matthew, Esq. his benevolent exertions for relieving the
Poor, 360, 361, _n._
_Mayhem_, Laws relative to it, 49
_Menial Servants_, Their Morals corrupted, how, 154, 155
_Metals_, Dealers in proposed to be regulated, 108, 540, 549
_Metropolis_, vide _London_.
_Milk_, curious particulars as to the Adulteration of, 89, 90, &c.
_Misadventure_, Homicide by, defined, 45
---- how punished, 45, 46
_Misdemeanors_, A list of them punishable by Law, 442
_Money_ counterfeit, vide _Coin_.
_Montesquieu_, Baron, his opinion relative to Thefts, &c., 30, 53
_Morals_, The moral Principles destroyed among the Lower Ranks, 11,
310, &c.
---- Can only be preserved by preventing Crimes, 14
---- Bad education and bad habits destroy Morals, and are the chief
causes of atrocious Crimes, 34, 35, 94, 95, 310, &c.
---- The deficiency of the System for guarding the Morals of the
Lower Orders one great cause of the Corruption of Manners, 36
---- _Other Causes_, The temptations of a great Capital, 35
---- The habit of living improvidently and luxuriously, 312
---- The temptation of fraudulent Lotteries, 151, 152, 159
---- The Facilities held our by Pawnbrokers, Old Iron Shops, and
other Receivers of Stolen Goods, enabling persons to raise Money on
pilfered articles in an easy way, 288, 323
---- The bad examples in ill-regulated Public Houses one great cause
of the Corruption of Morals, 310-324
---- The habit recently practised of Men, Women and Children
spending their time in the Tap-rooms of Alehouses, where all sorts
of Profligacy prevails, exhibited in language and conduct, 310, 314,
324
---- The profligate Characters intrusted with Licences to keep
Alehouses (See _Alehouses_), 325, 326
---- The immoral or careless Education of Apprentices, 314
---- The failure in Business by Mismanagement, Idleness, &c., 317
---- Servants out of Place, 318
---- The mode of Education and Superstition of the Jews, which
prevent them from being apprenticed to Mechanical Employments, 319
---- The vast temptations to plunder, which are held out to Lumpers,
Scuffle-hunters, Mudlarks, Scullers, Lightermen, &c. on the Thames,
from the want of proper Guards, and a proper System for protecting
Property (See _River Plunder--Dock-yards_), 322
---- The temptations held out to fraud from the shocking state of
the Silver and Copper Coinage, and the imperfection of the Mint
Laws, 171, 172
---- The temptations held out in a great Metropolis from the
resource which the influx of Wealth affords to commit acts of
Criminality, giving so many opportunities to live in Idleness, 111,
112
---- The deficiency of the Laws in not taking cognizance of Moral
Crimes, 35, 36
---- Morals of Public Depredators, 251
_Morality_--Men of pure Morals make the best Subjects, 36
---- Against its principle to punish small offences with Death, 59
---- Societies for promoting it, 570
_Mudlarks_, _See_ River Plunder, 230
_Murder_, Laws relative to it, in this and other Countries, 43, 45
N.
_Naval_ Embezzlements and Plunder, &c.
Reasons why not heretofore corrected, 252
Gratuities given, a great evil, 251
The Depredations enormous (_See River Plunder--Dock-yards_), 253
_New South Wales_, Transportation there when first legalized (_See
Convicts_), 460, 462
_Night Coaches_, a great means of promoting Burglaries, 105
---- Propositions for regulating them, 106, 305, 547, 556, 557
O.
_Offences_, 160 punishable with Death, 58
Some not punishable by the Laws, 8, 30, 35
A general List of the various classes of Offences, 437, &c.
_See_ further _Punishments_.
_Officers of Justice_--Their Zeal always proportioned to that shewn
by the Magistrates under whom they act, 384
The importance of choosing men of Respectability, _ibid._
The absurd prejudices against Officers of Justice, 385
The Antiquity and Power of the Officers of Justice, 386
Number of them in the Metropolis, 397, 411, _n._
Officers subjected to considerable risks, 400
Ought to be rewarded--vide _Rewards_.
_Old Bailey_--Its registers shew the necessity of a Prosecutor for
the Crown, 21
Trials anno 1790 and 1791, eight Sessions, 394, 395, 396
Idem and Convicts 1793 and 1794, 448
_Old Iron Shops_, Owners for the most part, generally Receivers--(See
_Receivers_), 10
_Origin of Crimes_, Traced to Alehouses--Bad education of
Apprentices--Servants out of Place--Jews--Receivers--Pawnbrokers--Low
Gaming-Houses--Smuggling--Prisons, Chap. XI. 310-332
---- Female Prostitution (See _Prostitutes_), Ch. XII. 333-345
---- Tea Gardens, 346, 347
---- Ballad Singers, 348, 349
---- State of the Poor (See _Poor_), Chap. XIII. 351-380
P.
_Pagoda_, of Arcot, counterfeited in London, 17, 184, 190
_Pardons_--The devices used to obtain them, 22
Granted to four-fifths of those found guilty of death, 449
Marquis Beccaria's Opinion of Pardons, 450, _n._
Impositions practised to obtain them, _ibid._
Conditions under which they ought to be granted, 451
The evil consequences of free Pardons, 451, 452
A tacit disapprobation of the Law, (_Beccaria_), 59
_Parents_, their Profligacy and inattention to the Education of
their Children, 311, &c.
_Parochial_ Officers in the Metropolis, 397, 398, 416
---- of little use to the Police in the Metropolis, why, 400
_Parricides_, their punishment by the Roman Law, 41
By the Chinese and Egyptian Laws, _ibid._
_Patroles and Watchmen_, their number, 399
---- frequently conspire with Thieves, 106, 108
_Pawnbrokers_ hold out many temptations to the Poor, 115
---- A proposition for regulating them, 116, 550
---- To give security for good behaviour, 116
---- The number in London and the Country, 115, _n._
---- The immense amount of the Goods of the Poor at all times in
their hands, 116, _n._
_Peace_, an epoch when much danger is to be apprehended in the
return of Criminals, 100, 529, 530
_Peace-Officers_--Safeguards of the Community, 384, 385
---- The ill effects of the absurd prejudice against them, 385
---- The number in the Metropolis, 408, 413, 414
_Penitentiary Houses._ Two national ones authorised, but never
erected, 456, 457, 459
An Inspector of Penitentiary Houses should be appointed, (See
_Convicts_), 460
_Penny-Pieces_, 40 Millions of them coined by Mr. Bolton of
Birmingham, 186, _n._
---- why not likely to be much counterfeited, 183, _n._
_Petty Larceny_, how punished, 50, 51
_Pewter Pots_ and Pewter, purchased by Dealers in Old Iron--Protected
by Act 21 Geo. 3d. _c._ 69, 299
_Piracy_ a capital offence, 55
_Pirates_ on the River, their audacious conduct, (See _River
Plunder_).
_Plunder on the River, and Dock-yards_ (See those titles).
POLICE--The advantages resulting from it when well regulated, 1, 2
The insecurity from a deficient Police no where so great as in
England, 3, 4
One cause for the increase of Criminals is the insufficiency of
the Police, 4, 310
The specific causes of the deficiency explained, and the means of
improvement, 24, 25, 26
The disjointed State of the Police one of the causes of the
increase of Stolen Goods, 289
The Establishment of an active Principle strongly enforced, 307
The expences of the Police might be defrayed by itself, under an
improved System, 410
No place of Industry provided by the Police for discharged
Prisoners, (See _Convicts_), 99
Police of the Metropolis explained, 503
City and Police Magistrates now acting, their Names, 504, 505
Their Duty explained, 506, 507
Inconveniences arising from want of Funds, Robberies and Burglaries
not prevented, from this among other Causes, 509, 510
Police Magistrates should have power to give small Rewards for
useful Services, 510, 511
Police Magistrates necessary in all large Societies, 514
Police Magistrates have nothing to do with Politics, 517, _n._
Police System approved by the Manufacturers of Spital Fields, 519,
520, _n._
The great deficiency of the System for want of a Centre Point, 520
Constitutional superintendence of Police rests with the Secretary
of State for the Home Department, 521, 522
The increase of State Business, and the increase of Crimes,
renders a delegation of subordinate management necessary, 520
The utility and absolute necessity of such a System explained,
521, 522
The opinion of Foreigners of the Police of London, _ibid._
The Police of France under the old Government, observations upon
it illustrated by two Anecdotes of M. de Sartine, 524, 525, &c.
The situation of this as well as every Country in Europe makes a
correct System of Police necessary, on account of the profligate
Characters who will infest the Metropolis on the return of
Peace, 529, 530
_A Board of Police_ proposed as the only means of binding together
a disjointed System, and of giving it that energy which the
interest of the Country requires, 531
The new System of Central Police recommended by the
Finance-Committee fully detailed and explained, Chap. XVIII., 535
Reasons suggested by the Committee, 535-539
The leading object the prevention of Crimes, and the raising a
Revenue by Licence Duties, 540, 541
Trades proposed to be Licensed, 540, _n._, 549, 550
Expence of the Police of the Kingdom near L216,000, 542, 543
A Central Board of Police Revenue to be formed by the
consolidation of the two Boards of Hackney Coaches, & Hawkers,
&c., 542-545
The Licensing System to be extended over the Kingdom under the
Controul of this Board, 545-547
Functions of the Commissioners of this Central Board of Police
amply detailed under 20 heads, 547-558
Outline of the Bill proposed to be brought into Parliament for
establishing this Central Board of Police, 559, &c.
_Polygamy_, an improved mode of punishment for, 49
_Poor_, their Distresses, 312, 313, _n._
---- Particularly from the Lottery delusion, 151, 152
---- State of, Cap. XIII., 352-380
---- Casual, the erroneous System respecting them one great cause
of the increase of Crimes, 351
Estimate of Voluntary Contributions for their Relief, L850,000
_per Ann._, 358
Present expence of the Casual Poor not less than L10,000 _per
Ann._, 362, 363
This Relief ill applied, _ibid._
Propriety of consolidating and superintending this Relief, 364
Poverty not an Evil if it does not degenerate into Indigence, 365,
366
The Poor divided into five Classes:
The useful and industrious, 366
Vagrant, 367
Indigent, 368
Aged and Infirm, 369
Infants, _ibid._
The Statute 43 Elizabeth unexceptionable in its principle, but its
execution deficient, 370, 373, 575
Proposals for a _Pauper Police_, to regulate Street Beggars and
Casual Poor, 373-376
Expence thereof L5,230 to be defrayed by contributions from the
Parishes proportioned to the sums now paid by them for Casual
Relief, _ibid._
Benefit of consolidating the Funds of all the Parishes in the
Metropolis, 377, 378
The System should be perfected by the joint efforts of
well-informed individuals, _ibid._
_Prisoners._ An Asylum proposed for those that are discharged, to
prevent their returning to evil practices for want of Work, (See
_Convicts_), 97, 98, _n._, 486
---- Abstracts of the number committed and discharged in the
Metropolis in the course of a year, ending Oct. 1795 (_Table_), 430
---- Number discharged from the eight Gaols in the Metropolis in a
period of four years:
---- ---- 1st. by Proclamation 5,592
---- ---- 2d. Acquittals 2,962
---- ---- 3d. After Punishment 2,484
------
11,038, 96, 97
---- Discharged from 1792 to 1799:
---- ---- 1. 8,650}
---- ---- 2. 4,935} 20,510, 97
---- ---- 3. 6,925}
---- ---- from the Hulks, ditto 11,383
[Transcriber's Note: this figure should be 1,383]
______
21,893, 98
---- Tried at the Old Bailey from Sept. 1790 to 1791, 394
---- Tried at the Old Bailey from April 1793 to 1794, 448
---- Tried in the year 1795, their Crimes and Sentences, 446, 447
---- Committed annually for trial in the Metropolis from 2,500, to
3,000, 96
_Prisons_ in the Metropolis, 331, 582
_Prosecutor for the Crown_--The Utility of such an Establishment,
21, 26
The injury occasioned by the want of it in defeating Justice,
426, 427
A severe Burden on the subject to prosecute, 426
Further Reasons in favour of the Proposition, 430, 432, 539
_Prostitutes_--Their unhappy Situation, and the dreadful
consequences of it, Cap. XII., 333
The evil cannot be prevented, but may be alleviated, 337
Number of Prostitutes of various classes estimated at 50,000, 340
Proposals for regulating them not inconsistent either with
Religion or Morality, 343
The Example of Holland and India quoted, 345
_Public Houses_, vide _Alehouses_.
_Punishments_--defeat their ends by too much Severity, 6
Death should be inflicted as seldom as possible, _ibid._
Disproportionate to the Offences, 6, _n._, 8
A Definition of Punishments, 29
Should be proportioned to the Offence, &c., 29, 30
The objects of inflicting Punishments, _ibid._
General Rules relative to Punishments, 32, 33
The Severity of Punishments exposed, 34, 35, 36, 94
Punishments examined as they apply to the various Offences known
in the English Law, 38, 39, &c.
Punishments by the new Code of the Emperor Joseph, 60, 63
Marquis Beccaria's Opinion and Maxims, 53, _n._
The System of Punishments fully considered, Cap. XVI., 434-500
Punishments inflicted on various Offences by the English Law,
437, 438, 439, &c. &c.
Punishments as now regulated tend to increase Crimes, (See
_Convicts_), 449-452
Q.
_Quarter_ Sessions of the Peace:
---- and General Sessions of Middlesex, in certain Cases, act under
a Commission of Oyer and Terminer, 445
---- Held in London, eight times a year, 428
---- in Westminster, four times a year, _ibid._
---- in Middlesex, eight times a year, _ibid._
---- in Tower Liberty, eight times a year, _ibid._
---- in Surry, four times a year, _ibid._
_Quays_--Plunder committed upon--See _River Plunder_.
R.
_Rape_, Laws Relative, to it in England, Death by 18 Eliz. _c._ 7,
47
The Egyptian Law relative to this Crime, _ib._
The Athenian ditto, _ib._
The Roman ditto, _ib._
The Jewish ditto, _ib._
_Receivers_ of Stolen Property:
Receivers of Cash, or Bank Notes, not punishable, 8
nor of Horses and Cattle, 9, _n._
3000 estimated to be in the Metropolis, 10
The greatest encouragers of Thieves, 9
Their wonderful increase in the last 20 years, 12
Restraints upon them a public benefit, 13, 14, 104
Make previous contracts with Thieves, 103, 291
Hostlers at Watering Houses often Receivers of Corn, &c., 88
Journeymen Butchers receive Cattle, 104
Receivers considered separately, Cap. VIII., 288, 308, &c.
The chief cause of Public Depredation, 289
The different Classes detailed, 292, 293
By 3 and 4 William and Mary, _c._ 9. made Accessaries after the
fact, 294
By 4 Geo. I. _c._ 11. punishable by Transportation for fourteen
Years, 295, 301
The Laws enumerated relative to Receivers, and their defects
pointed out, 293, 301
A proposition to make the Receiving Stolen Goods an original
Offence, 302
Remedies proposed under eight different heads by regulating
certain Classes of Dealers, 303, 307
A System of inspection recommended, 308
Applied to for their assistance in recovering valuable Property
which is stolen, 384
_Religion_, Places of Public Worship in the Metropolis, 568
_Register_ of delinquency proposed to be kept by the Central Board
of Police, 554