nitrogen, was named _argon_[1] by them, and upon the supposition of its
being an element, they gave it the symbol A. But its true chemical nature
is not yet fully known, for not only has no compound of it been yet
obtained, but it has not even been brought into any reaction. From all
that is known about it at the present time, we may conclude with the
discoverers that argon belongs to those gases which are permanent
constituents of the atmosphere, and that it is a new element. The latter
statement, however, requires confirmation. We shall presently see,
however, that the negative chemical character of argon (its incapacity to
react with any substance), and the small amount of it present in the
atmosphere (about 1-1/4 per cent. by volume in the nitrogen of air, and
consequently about 1 per cent. by volume in air), as well as the recent
date of its discovery (1894) and the difficulty of its preparation, are
quite sufficient reasons for the incompleteness of the existing knowledge
respecting this element. But since, so far as is yet known, we are
dealing with a normal constituent of the atmosphere[1 bis], the existing
data, notwithstanding their insufficiently definite nature, should find a
place even in such an elementary work as the present, all the more as the
names of Rayleigh, Ramsay, Crookes and Olszewsky, who have worked upon
argon, are among the highest in our science, and their researches among
the most difficult.[2] These researches, moreover, were directed straight
to the goal, which was only partly reached owing to the unusual
properties of argon itself.
[1] From the Greek [Greek: Argon]--inert.
[1 bis] In Note 16 bis, Chapter V., I mentioned that, judging from the
specific gravity of argon, it might possibly be polymerised
nitrogen, N_{3}, bearing the same relationship to nitrogen, N_{2},
that ozone, O_{3}, bears to ordinary oxygen. If this idea were
confirmed, still one would not imagine that argon was formed from
the atmospheric nitrogen by those reactions by which it was
obtained by Rayleigh and Ramsay, but rather that it arises from the
nitrogen of the atmosphere under natural conditions. Although this
proposition is not quite destroyed by the more recent results,
still it is contradicted by the fact that the ratio of the specific
heats of argon was found to be 1·66, which, as far as is now known,
could not be the case for a gas containing 3 atoms in its molecule,
since such gases (_see_ Chapter XIV., Note 7) give the ratio
approximately 1·3 (for example, CO_{2}). In abstaining from further
conclusions, for they must inevitably be purely conjectural, I
consider it advisable to suggest that in conducting further
researches upon argon it might be well to subject it to as high a
temperature as possible. And the possibility of nitrogen
polymerising is all the more admissible from the fact that the
aggregation of its atoms in the molecule is not at all unlikely,
and that polymerised nitrogen, judging from many examples, might be
inert if the polymerisation were accompanied by the evolution of
heat. In the following footnotes I frequently return to this
hypothesis, not only because I have not yet met any facts
definitely contradictory to it, but also because the chief
properties of argon agree with it to a certain extent.
[2] The chief difficulty in investigating argon lies in the fact that
its preparation requires the employment of a large quantity of air,
which has to be treated with a number of different reagents, whose
perfect purity (especially that of magnesium) will always be
doubtful, and argon has not yet been transferred to a substance in
which it could be easily purified. Perhaps the considerable
solubility of argon in water (or in other suitable liquids, which
have not apparently yet been tried) may give the means of doing so,
and it may be possible, by collecting the air expelled from boiling
water, to obtain a richer source of argon than ordinary air.
When it became known (Chapter V., Note 4 bis) that the nitrogen
obtained from air (by removing the oxygen, moisture and CO_{2}, by
various reagents) has a greater density than that obtained from the
various (oxygen, hydrogen and metallic) compounds of nitrogen, it was a
plausible explanation that the latter contained an admixture of hydrogen,
or of some other light gas lowering the density of the mixture. But such
an assumption is refuted not only by the fact that the nitrogen obtained
from its various compounds (after purification) has always the same
density (although the supposed impurities mixed with it should vary), but
also by Rayleigh and Ramsay's experiment of artificially adding hydrogen
to nitrogen, and then passing the mixture over red-hot oxide of copper,
when it was found that the nitrogen regained its original density, _i.e._
that the whole of the hydrogen was removed by this treatment. Therefore
the difference in the density of the two varieties of nitrogen had to be
explained by the presence of a heavier gas in admixture with the nitrogen
obtained from the atmosphere. This hypothesis was confirmed by the fact
that Rayleigh and Ramsay having obtained purified nitrogen (by removing
the O_{2}, CO_{2}, and H_{2}O), both from ordinary air and from air which
had been previously subjected to atmolysis, that is which had been passed
through porous tubes (of burnt clay, _e.g._ pipe-stem), surrounded by a
rarefied space, and so deprived of its lighter constituents (chiefly
nitrogen), found that the nitrogen from the air which had been subjected
to atmolysis was heavier than that obtained from air which had not been
so treated. This experiment showed that the nitrogen of air contains an
admixture of a gas which, being heavier than nitrogen itself,[3] diffuses
more slowly than nitrogen through the porous material. It remained,
therefore, to separate this impurity from the nitrogen. To do this
Rayleigh and Ramsay adopted two methods, converting the nitrogen into
solid and liquid substances, either by absorbing the nitrogen by heated
magnesium (Chapter V., Note 6, and Chapter XIV., Note 14), with the
formation of nitride of magnesium, or else by converting it into nitric
acid by the action of electric sparks or the presence of an excess of air
and alkali, as in Cavendish's method.[3 bis] In both cases the nitrogen
entered into reaction, while the heavier gas mixed with it remained
inert, and was thus able to be isolated. That is, the argon could be
separated by these means from the excess of atmospheric nitrogen
accompanying it.[4] As an illustration we will describe how argon was
obtained from the atmospheric nitrogen by means of magnesium.[5] To begin
with, it was discovered that when atmospheric nitrogen was passed through
a tube containing metallic magnesium heated to redness, its specific
gravity rose to 14·88. As this showed that part of the gas was absorbed
by the magnesium, a mercury gasometer filled with atmospheric nitrogen
was taken, and the gas drawn over soda-lime, P_{2}O_{5}, heated
magnesium[6] and then through tubes containing red-hot copper oxide,
soda-lime and phosphoric anhydride to a second mercury gasometer. Every
time the gas was repassed through the tubes, it decreased in volume and
increased in density. After repeating this for ten days 1,500 c.c. of gas
were reduced to 200 cc., and the density increased to 16·1 (if that of
H_{2} = 1 and N_{2} = 14). Further treatment of the remainder brought the
density up to 19·09. After adding a small quantity of oxygen and
repassing the gas through the apparatus, the density rose to 20·0. To
obtain argon by this process Ramsay and Rayleigh (employing a mercury air
pump and mercury gasometers) once treated about 150 litres of atmospheric
nitrogen. On another occasion they treated 7,925 c.c. of air by the
oxidation method and obtained 65 c.c. of argon, which corresponds to 0·82
per cent. The density of the argon obtained by this means was nearly
19·7, while that obtained by the magnesium method varied between 19·09
and 20·38.
[3] It might also be supposed that this heavy gas is separated by the
copper when the latter absorbs the oxygen of the air; but such a
supposition is not only improbable in itself, but does not agree
with the fact that nitrogen may be obtained from air by absorbing
the oxygen by various other substances in solution (for instance,
by the lower oxides of the metals, like FeO) besides red-hot
copper, and that the nitrogen obtained is always just as heavy.
Besides which, nitrogen is also set free from its oxides by copper,
and the nitrogen thus obtained is lighter. Therefore it is not the
copper which produces the heavy gas--_i.e._ argon.
[3 bis] It is worthy of note that Cavendish obtained a small residue of
gas in converting nitrogen into nitric acid; but he paid no
attention to it, although probably he had in his hands the very
argon recently discovered.
[4] When in these experiments, instead of atmospheric nitrogen the gas
obtained from its compound was taken, an inert residue of a heavy
gas, having the properties of argon, was also remarked, but its
amount was very small. Rayleigh and Ramsay ascribe the formation of
this residue to the fact that the gas in these experiments was
collected over water, and a portion of the dissolved argon in it
might have passed into the nitrogen. As the authors of this
supposition did not prove it by any special experiments, it forms a
weak point in their classical research. If it be admitted that
argon is N_{3}, the fact of its being obtained from the nitrogen of
compounds might be explained by the polymerisation of a portion of
the nitrogen in the act of reaction, although it is impossible to
refute Rayleigh and Ramsay's hypothesis of its being evolved from
the water employed in the manipulation of the gases. Three thousand
volumes of nitrogen extracted from its compounds gave about three
volumes of argon, while thirty volumes were yielded by the same
amount of atmospheric nitrogen.
[5] The preparation of argon by the conversion of nitrogen into nitric
acid is complicated by the necessity of adding a large proportion
of oxygen and alkali, of passing an electric discharge through the
mixture for a long period, and then removing the remaining oxygen.
All this was repeatedly done by the authors, but this method is far
more complex, both in practice and theory, than the preparation of
argon by means of magnesium. From 100 volumes of air subjected to
conversion into HNO_{3}, 0·76 volume of argon were obtained after
absorbing the excess of oxygen.
[6] In these and the following experiments the magnesium was placed in
an ordinary hard glass tube, and heated in a gas furnace to a
temperature almost sufficient to soften the glass. The current of
gas must be very slow (a tube containing a small quantity of
sulphuric acid served as a meter), as otherwise the heat evolved in
the formation of the Mg_{3}N_{2} (Chapter XIV., Note 14) will melt
the tube.
Thus the first positive and very important fact respecting argon is that
its specific gravity is nearly 20--that is, that it is 20 times heavier
than hydrogen, while nitrogen is only 14 times and oxygen 16 times
heavier than hydrogen. This explains the difference observed by Rayleigh
between the densities of nitrogen obtained from its compounds and from
the atmosphere (Chapter V., Note 4 bis). At 0° and 760 mm. a litre of the
former gas weighs 1·2505 grm., while a litre of the latter weighs 1·2572,
or taking H = 1, the density of the first = 13·916, and of the latter =
13·991. If the density of argon be taken as 20, it is contained in
atmospheric nitrogen to the extent of about 1·23 per cent. by volume,
whilst air contains about 0·97 per cent. by volume.
When argon had been isolated the question naturally arose, was it a new
homogeneous substance having definite properties or was it a mixture of
gases? The former may now be positively asserted, namely, that argon is a
peculiar gas previously unknown to chemistry. Such a conviction is in the
first place established by the fact that argon has a greater number of
negative properties, a smaller capacity for reaction, than any other
simple or compound body known. The most inert gas known is nitrogen, but
argon far exceeds it in this respect. Thus nitrogen is absorbed at a red
heat by many metals, with the formation of nitrides, while argon, as is
seen in the mode of its preparation and by direct experiment, does not
possess this property. Nitrogen, under the action of electric sparks,
combines with hydrogen in the presence of acids and with oxygen in the
presence of alkalis, while argon is unable to do so, as is seen from the
method of separation from nitrogen. Rayleigh and Ramsay also proved that
argon is unable to react with chlorine (dry or moist) either directly or
under the action of an electric discharge, or with phosphorus or sulphur,
at a red heat. Sodium, potassium, and tellurium may be distilled in an
atmosphere of argon without change. Fused caustic soda, incandescent
soda-lime, molten nitre, red-hot peroxide of sodium, and the
polysulphides of calcium and sodium also do not react with argon.
Platinum black does not absorb it, and spongy platinum is unable to
excite its reaction with oxygen or chlorine. Aqua regia, bromine water,
and a mixture of hydrochloric acid and KMnO_{4} were also without action
upon argon. Besides which it is evident from the method of its
preparation that it is not acted upon by red-hot oxide of copper. All
these facts exclude any possibility of argon containing any already known
body, and prove it to be the most inert of all the gases known. But
besides these negative points, the independency of argon is confirmed by
four observed positive properties possessed by it, which are:--
1. The spectrum of argon observed by Crookes under a low pressure (in
Geissler-Plücker tubes) distinguishes it from other gases.[7] It was
proved by this means that the argon obtained by means of magnesium is
identical with that which remains after the conversion of the atmospheric
nitrogen into nitric acid. Like nitrogen, argon presents two spectra
produced at different potentials of the induced current, one being
orange-red, the other steel-blue; the latter is obtained under a higher
degree of rarefaction and with a battery of Leyden jars. Both the spectra
of argon (in contradistinction to those of nitrogen) are distinguished by
clearly defined lines.[8] The red (ordinary) spectrum of argon has two
particularly brilliant and characteristic red lines (not far from the
bright red line of lithium, on the opposite side to the orange band)
having wave-lengths 705·64 and 696·56 (_see_ Vol. I., p. 565). Between
these bright lines there are in addition lines with wave lengths 603·8,
565·1, 561·0, 555·7, 518·58, 516·5, 450·95, 420·10, 415·95 and 394·85.
Altogether 80 lines have been observed in this spectrum and 119 in the
blue spectrum, of which 26 are common to both spectra.[9]
[7] The greatest brilliancy of the spectrum of argon is obtained at a
tension of 3 mm., while for nitrogen it is about 75 mm. (Crookes).
In Chapter V., Note 16 bis, it is said that the same blue line
observed in the spectrum of argon is also observed in the spectrum
of nitrogen. This is a mistake, since there is no coincidence
between the blue lines of the argon and nitrogen spectra. However,
we may add that for nitrogen the following moderately bright lines
are known of wave-lengths 585, 574, 544, 516, 457, 442, 436, and
426, which are repeated in the spectra (red and blue) of argon,
judging by Crookes' researches (1895); but it is naturally
impossible to assert that there is perfect identity until some
special comparative work has been done in this subject, which is
very desirable, and more especially for the bluish-violet portion
of the spectrum, more particularly between the lines 442-436, as
these lines are distinguished by their brilliancy in both the argon
and nitrogen spectra. The above-mentioned supposition of argon
being polymerised nitrogen (N_{3}), formed from nitrogen (N_{2}),
with the evolution of heat, might find some support should it be
found after careful comparison that even a limited number of
spectral lines coincided.
[8] At first the spectrum of argon exhibits the nitrogen lines, but
after a certain time these lines disappear (under the influence of
the platinum, and also of Al and Mg, but with the latter the
spectrum of hydrogen appears) and leave a pure argon spectrum. It
does not appear clear to me whether a polymerisation here takes
place or a simple absorption. Perhaps the elucidation of this
question would prove important in the history of argon. It would be
desirable to know, for instance, whether the volume of argon
changes when it is first subjected to the action of the electric
discharge.
[9] Crookes supposes that argon contains a mixture of two gases, but as
he gives no reasons for this, beyond certain peculiarities of a
spectroscopic character, we will not consider this hypothesis
further.
2. According to Rayleigh and Ramsay the solubility of argon in water is
approximately 4 volumes in 100 volumes of water at 13°. Thus argon is
nearly 2-1/2 times more soluble than nitrogen, and its solubility
approaches that of oxygen. Direct experiment proves that nitrogen
obtained from air from boiled water is heavier than that obtained
straight from the atmosphere. This again is an indirect proof of the
presence of argon in air.
3. The ratio _k_ of the two specific heats (at a constant pressure and
at a constant volume) of argon was determined by Rayleigh and Ramsay by
the method of the velocity of sound (_see_ Chapter XIV., Note 7 and
Chapter VII., Note 26) and was found to be nearly 1·66, that is greater
than for those gases whose molecules contain two atoms (for instance, CO,
H_{2}, N_{2}, air, &c., for which _k_ is nearly 1·4) or those whose
molecules contain three atoms (for instance, CO_{2}, N_{2}O, &c., for
which _k_ is about 1·3), but closely approximate to the ratio of the
specific heats of mercury vapour (Kundt and Warburg, _k_ = 1·67). And as
the molecule of mercury vapour contains one atom, so it may be said that
argon is a simple gaseous body whose molecule contains one atom.[10] A
compound body should give a smaller ratio. The experiments upon the
liquefaction of argon, which we shall presently describe, speak against
the supposition that argon is a mixture of two gases. The importance of
the results in question makes one wish that the determinations of the
ratio of the specific heats (and other physical properties) might be
confirmed with all possible accuracy.[11] If we admit, as we are obliged
to do for the present, that argon is a new element, its density shows
that its atomic weight must be nearly 40, that is, near to that of K = 39
and Ca = 40, which does not correspond to the existing data respecting
the periodicity of the properties of the elements in dependence upon
their atomic weights, for there is no reason on the basis of existing
data for admitting any intermediate elements between Cl = 35·5 and K =
39, and all the positions above potassium in the periodic system are
occupied. This renders it very desirable that the velocity of sound in
argon should be re-determined.[12]
[10] This portion of Rayleigh and Ramsay's researches deserves
particular attention as, so far, no gaseous substance is known
whose molecule contains but one atom. Were it not for the above
determinations, it might be thought that argon, having a density
20, has a complex molecule, and may be a compound or polymerised
body, for instance, N_{3} or NX_{_n_}, or in general X_{_n_}; but
as the matter stands, it can only be said that either (1) argon is
a new, peculiar, and quite unusual elementary substance, since
there is no reason for assuming it to contain two simple gases, or
(2) the magnitude, _k_ (the ratio of the specific heats) does not
only depend upon the number of atoms contained in the molecules,
but also upon the store of internal energy (internal motion of the
atoms in the molecule). Should the latter be admitted, it would
follow that the molecules of very active gaseous elements would
correspond to a smaller _k_ than those of other gases having an
equal number of atoms in their molecule. Such a gas is chlorine,
for which _k_ = 1·33 (Chapter XIV., Note 7). For gases having a
small chemical energy, on the contrary, a larger magnitude would
be expected for _k_. I think these questions might be partially
settled by determining _k_ for ozone (O_{3}) and sulphur (S_{6})
(at about 500°). In other words, I would suggest, though only
provisionally, that the magnitude, _k_ = 1·6, obtained for argon
might prove to agree with the hypothesis that argon is N_{3},
formed from N_{2} with the evolution of heat or loss of energy.
Here argon gives rise to questions of primary importance, and it
is to be hoped that further research will throw some light upon
them. In making these remarks, I only wish to clear the road for
further progress in the study of argon, and of the questions
depending on it. I may also remark that if argon is N_{3} formed
with the evolution of heat, its conversion into nitrogen, N_{2},
and into nitride compounds (for instance, boron nitride or nitride
of titanium) might only take place at a very high temperature.
[11] Without having the slightest reason for doubting the accuracy of
Rayleigh and Ramsay's determinations, I think it necessary to say
that as yet (February 1895) I am only acquainted with the short
memoir of the above chemists in the 'Proceedings of the Royal
Society,' which does not give any description of the methods
employed and results obtained, while at the end (in the general
conclusions) the authors themselves express some doubt as to the
simple nature of argon. Moreover, it seems to me that (Note 10)
there must be a dependence of _k_ upon the chemical energy.
Besides which, it is not clear what density of the gas Rayleigh
and Ramsay took in determining _k_. (If argon be N_{3}, its
density would be near to 21.) Hence I permit myself to express
some doubt as to whether the molecule of argon contains but one
atom.
[12] If it should be found that _k_ for argon is less than 1·4, or that
_k_ is dependent upon the chemical energy, it would be possible to
admit that the molecule of argon contains not one, but several
atoms--for instance, either N_{3} (then the density would be 21,
which is near to the observed density) or X_{6}, if X stand for an
element with an atomic weight near to 6·7. No elements are known
between H = 1 and Li = 7, but perhaps they may exist. The
hypothesis A = 40 does not admit argon into the periodic system.
If the molecule of argon be taken as A_{2}--_i.e._ the atomic
weight as A = 20--argon apparently finds a place in Group VIII.,
between F = 19 and Na = 23; but such a position could only be
justified by the consideration that elements of small atomic
weight belong to the category of typical elements which offer many
peculiarities in their properties, as is seen on comparing N with
the other elements of Group V., or O with those of Group VI. Apart
from this there appears to me to be little probability, in the
light of the periodic law, in the position of an inert substance
like argon in Group VIII., between such active elements as
fluorine and sodium, as the representatives of this group by their
atomic weights and also by their properties show distinct
transitions from the elements of the last groups of the uneven
series to the elements of the first groups of the even series--for
instance,
Group VI. VII. VIII. I. II.
Cr Mn Fe, Co, Ni Cu Zn
While if we place argon in a similar manner,
VI. VII. VIII. I. II.
O = 16 F = 19 A = 20 Na = 23 Mg = 24
although from a numerical point of view there is a similar
sequence to the above, still from a chemical and physical point of
view the result is quite different, as there is no such
resemblance between the properties of O, F and Na, Mg, as between
Cr, Mn, and Cu, Zn. I repeat that only the typical character of
the elements with small atomic weights can justify the atomic
weight A = 20, and the placing of argon in Group VIII. amongst the
typical elements; then N, O, F, A are a series of gases.
It appears to me simpler to assume that argon contains N_{3},
especially as argon is present in nitrogen and accompanies it,
and, as a matter of fact, none of the observed properties of argon
are contradictory to this hypothesis.
These observations were written by me in the beginning of February
1895, and on the 29th of that month I received a letter, dated
February 25, from Professor Ramsay informing me that 'the periodic
classification entirely corresponds to its (argon's) atomic
weight, and that it even gives a fresh proof of the periodic law,'
judging from the researches of my English friends. But in what
these researches consisted, and how the above agreement between
the atomic weight of argon and the periodic system was arrived at,
is not referred to in the letter, and we remain in expectation of
a first publication of the work of Lord Rayleigh and Professor
Ramsey. [For more complete information see papers read before the
Royal Society, January 31, 1895, February 13, March 10, and May
21, 1896, and a paper published in the Chemical Society's
Transactions, 1895, p. 684. For abstracts of these and other
papers on argon and helium, and correspondence, see 'Nature,' 1895
and 1896.
4. Argon was liquefied by Professor Olszewsky, who is well known for
his classical researches upon liquefied gases. These researches have an
especial interest since they show that argon exhibits a perfect constancy
in its properties in the liquid and critical states, which almost[13]
disposes of the supposition that it contains a mixture of two or more
unknown gases. As the first experiments showed, argon remains a gas under
a pressure of 100 atmospheres and at a temperature of -90°; this
indicated that its critical temperature was probably below this
temperature, as was indeed found to be the case when the temperature was
lowered to -128°·6[14] by means of liquid ethylene. At this temperature
argon easily liquefies to a colourless liquid under 38 atmospheres. The
meniscus begins to disappear at between -119°·8 and -121°·6, mean -121°
at a pressure of 50·6 atmospheres. The vapour tension of liquid argon at
-128°·6, is 38·0 atmospheres, at -187° it is one atmosphere, and at
-189°·6 it solidifies to a colourless substance like ice. The specific
gravity of liquid argon at about -187° is nearly 1·5, which is far above
that of other liquefied gases of very low absolute boiling point.
The discovery of argon is one of the most remarkable chemical
acquisitions of recent times, and we trust that Lord Rayleigh and
Professor Ramsay, who made this wonderful discovery, will further
elucidate the true nature of argon, as this should widen the fundamental
principles of chemistry, to which the chemists of Great Britain have from
early times made such valuable contributions. It would be premature now
to give any definite opinions upon so new a subject. Only one thing can
be said; argon is so inert that its rôle in nature cannot be
considerable, notwithstanding its presence in the atmosphere. But as the
atmosphere itself plays such a vast part in the life of the surface of
the earth, every addition to our knowledge of its composition must
directly or indirectly react upon the sum total of our knowledge of
nature.
[13] There only remains the very remote possibility that argon consists
of a mixture of two gases having very nearly the same properties.
[14] The following data, given by Olszewsky, supplement the data given
in Chapter II., Note 29, upon liquefied gases.
(_tc_) (_pc_) _t_ _t__{1} _s_
N_{2} -146° 35 -194°·4 -214° 0·885
CO -139°·5 35·5 -190° -207 ?
A -121° 50·6 -187° -189°·6 1·5
O_{2} -118°·8 50·8 -182°·7 ? 1·124
NO -93°·5 71·2 -153°·6 -167° ?
CH_{4} -81°·8 54·9 -164° -158°·8 0·415
where _tc_ is the absolute (critical) boiling point, _pc_ the
pressure (critical) in atmospheres corresponding to it, _t_ the
boiling point (under a pressure of 760 mm.), _t_{1}_ the melting
point, and _s_ the specific gravity in a liquid state at _t_.
The above shows that argon in its properties in a liquid state
stands near to oxygen (as it also does in its solubility), but
that all the temperatures relating to it (_tc_, _t_, and _t_{1}_)
are higher than for nitrogen. This fully answers, not only to the
higher density of argon, but also to the hypothesis that it
contains N_{3}. And as the boiling point of argon differs from
that of nitrogen and oxygen by less than 10°, and its amount is
small, it is easy to understand how Dewar (1894), who tried to
separate it from liquid air and nitrogen by fractional
distillation, was unable to do so. The first and last portions
were identical, and nitrogen from air showed no difference in its
liquefaction from that obtained from its compounds, or from that
which had been passed through a tube containing incandescent
magnesium. Still, it is not quite clear why both kinds of
nitrogen, after being passed over the magnesium in Dewar's
experiments, exhibited an almost similar alteration in their
properties, independent of the appearance of a small quantity of
hydrogen in them.
_Concluding Remarks_ (March 31, 1895).--The 'Comptes rendus' of
the Paris Academy of Sciences of March 18, 1895, contains a memoir
by Berthelot upon the reaction of argon with the vapour of benzene
under the action of a silent discharge. In his experiments,
Berthelot succeeded in treating 83 per cent. of the argon taken
for the purpose, and supplied to him by Ramsay (37 c.c. in all).
The composition of the product could not be determined owing to
the small amount obtained, but in its outward appearance it quite
resembled the product formed under similar conditions by nitrogen.
This observation of the famous French chemist to some extent
supports the supposition that argon is a polymerised variety of
nitrogen whose molecule contains N_{3}, while ordinary nitrogen
contains N_{2}. Should this supposition be eventually verified,
the interest in argon will not only not lessen, but become
greater. For this, however, we must wait for further observations
and detailed experimental data from Rayleigh and Ramsay.
The latest information obtained by me from London is that
Professor Ramsay, by treating cleveite (containing PbO, UO_{3},
Y_{2}O_{3}, &c.) with sulphuric acid, obtained argon, and, judging
by the spectrum, helium also. The accumulation of similar data
may, after detailed and diversified research, considerably
increase the stock of chemical knowledge which, constantly
widening, cannot be exhaustively treated in these 'Principles of
Chemistry,' although very probably furnishing fresh proof of the
'periodicity of the elements.'
* * * * *
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Abasheff, i. 75
Abel, ii. 56, 326, 410
Acheson, ii. 107
Adie, ii. 186
Alexéeff, i. 75, 94
Alluard, i. 458
Amagat, i. 132, 135, 140
Amat, ii. 171
Ammermüller, i. 504
Ampère, i. 309
Andréeff, i. 251
Andrews, i. 136, 203
Angeli, i. 266
Ansdell, i. 451
Arfvedson, i. 575
Arrhenius, i. 89, 92, 389
Aschoff, ii. 313
Askenasy, i. 508
Aubel, ii. 45
Aubin, i. 238
Avdéeff, i. 618; ii. 484
Avogadro, i. 309
Babo, v., i. 93, 200, 203
Bach, i. 394
Bachmetieff, ii. 31
Baeyer, v., i. 507
Bagouski, i. 384
Bailey, i. 449; ii. 29
Baker, i. 318, 403
Balard, i. 480, 494, 495, 505
Ball, ii. 414
Bannoff, i. 506
Barfoed, ii. 53
Baroni, i. 331
Barreswill, ii. 282
Baudrimont, ii. 35
Baumé, i. 193
Baumgauer, ii. 20
Baumhauer, i. 495
Bayer, ii. 76, 159
Bazaroff, i. 409; ii. 24, 68, 486
Becher, i. 17
Becker, i. 16
Beckmann, i. 91, 496; ii. 156
Becquerel, i. 228; ii. 97, 220
Beilby, i. 71
Beilstein, i. 373; ii. 188
Beketoff, i. 120, 122, 124, 146, 403, 459, 466, 534, 541, 574, 577;
ii. 87, 102, 289, 429
Bender, i. 476
Benedict, ii. 65
Berglund, ii. 229
Bergman, i. 27, 435; ii. 100
Berlin, i. 95
Bernouilli, i. 81
Bernthsen, ii. 228
Bert, i. 86, 153
Bertheim, ii. 337
Berthelot, i. 171, 173, 189, 199, 229, 230, 258, 264, 266, 267, 272,
83, 289, 351, 372, 393, 394, 405, 415, 424, 438, 457, 463, 502,
506, 507, 518, 529, 537, 582; ii. 23, 57, 207, 209, 251, 253, 259,
345, 367
Berthier, ii. 8
Berthollet, i. 27, 31, 105, 433, 434, 459, 470, 502, 609
Berzelius, i. 131, 148, 194, 255, 379; ii. 8, 100, 102, 147, 148,
219, 281, 300, 485
Besson, i. 288; ii. 67, 70, 105, 179
Beudant, ii. 7, 8
Bineau, i. 100, 271, 452, 504; ii. 239
Binget, i. 75
Blaese, ii. 188
Blagden, i. 91, 428
Blake, ii. 30
Blitz, ii. 184
Blomstrand, ii. 299
Boerwald, ii. 279
Böttger, i. 595
Bogorodsky, i. 574
Boilleau, i. 415
Boisbaudran, L. de, i. 97, 102, 572, 600; ii. 6, 26, 90, 82, 284, 483
Bornemann, i. 509
Botkin, ii. 30
Bouchardat, ii. 45
Boullay, ii. 55
Bourdiakoff, i. 584, 617
Boussingault, i. 131, 157, 233, 235, 525, 615
Boyle, i. 124
Brand, ii. 150
Brandau, i. 481
Brandes, i. 72
Bravais, i. 233
Brauner, i. 490, 491; ii. 26, 59, 94, 96, 97, 134, 144, 194, 271, 483
Brewster, i. 569
Brigham, ii. 193
Brodie, i. 212, 351, 405; ii. 252
Brooke, ii. 357
Brown, i. 81, 88
Brugellmann, i. 616
Brunn, ii. 182, 189
Bruyn, i. 262
Brühl, i. 263, 337
Brunner, i. 124, 146, 263; ii. 230, 309, 534
Buchner, i. 615
Buckton, ii. 143
Buff, ii. 103
Bunge, i. 288
Bunsen, i. 43, 69, 78, 117, 180, 465, 568, 575, 576, 577; ii. 27, 289
Bussy, i. 75, 594, 619
Butleroff, i. 143
Bystrom, i. 585
Cagniard de Latour, i. 135, 345
Cahours, ii. 143, 173
Cailletet, i. 132, 138; ii. 45
Calderon, i. 596
Callender, i. 134
Calvert, i. 484; ii. 45
Cannizzaro, i. 584, 587
Carey-Lea, ii. 420, 424, 425, 432
Carius, i. 69, 481
Carnelley, i. 483, 515, 555; ii. 22, 29, 30, 31, 64, 143, 486
Carnot, ii. 294, 361
Caron, i. 595, 604, 610; ii. 336
Carrara, i. 213
Cass, ii. 85
Castner, i. 431, 535, 541
Cavazzi, ii. 160, 172, 182
Cavendish, i. 113, 125, 228; ii. 493
Chabrié, i. 229
Chappuis, i. 50, 199, 205, 264
Chapuy, i. 59
Cheltzoff, i. 393, 457, 582; ii. 41, 247
Cherikoff, ii. 102
Chertel, ii. 245
Chevillot, ii. 311
Chevreul, i. 530
Chigeffsky, ii. 62
Christomanos, i. 511
Chroustchoff, i. 353, 444; ii. 122
Chydenius, ii. 148, 485
Ciamician, i. 565, 573; ii. 486
Clark, i. 26
Classen, ii. 146
Clausius, i. 81, 93, 140, 142, 212, 309, 491
Clement, i. 494
Clève, ii. 26, 94, 97, 484
Cloez, i. 207, 246, 377
Clowes, i. 242
Collendar, i. 134
Comaille, i. 596
Comb, ii. 81
Connell, i. 508
Coppet, i. 91, 428, 601
Corenwinder, i. 501
Cornu, i. 565
Courtois, i. 494
Cracow, ii. 380
Crafts, i. 380 ; ii. 80, 83
Cremers, ii. 100
Croissier, i. 251
Crompton, i. 247
Crookes, i. 229, 617; ii. 20, 91, 96, 440, 491
Crum, ii. 79, 311
Cundall, i. 611
Curtius, i. 258, 265
Dahl, ii. 59
Dalton, i. 29, 78, 81, 109, 206, 271, 322
Dana, ii. 8
Davies, i. 484
Davy, i. 37, 114, 195, 255, 364, 460, 463, 484, 489, 494, 533, 541,
594, 604, 617
Deacon, i. 599
Debray, i. 609; ii. 45, 122, 291, 293, 384, 385
De Chancourtois, ii. 20, 26
De Forcrand, ii. 106, 211
De Haën, ii. 189
De Heen, i. 140
Delafontaine, ii. 97, 148, 198
De la Rive, i. 198; ii. 226
Del-Rio, ii. 197
De Saussure, i. 235, 240
De Schulten, ii. 48
Deville, St.-Claire, i. 4, 36, 118, 143, 179, 180, 227, 239, 280, 281,
301, 320, 392, 393, 399, 459, 467, 476, 477, 500, 534, 595, 608, 609;
ii. 48, 80, 83, 85, 102, 147, 156, 198, 289, 309, 321, 352, 373, 374,
429
De Vries, i. 62, 64, 429
Dewar, i. 3, 5, 135, 139, 163, 297, 563, 565, 569, 585; ii. 176, 220
Dick, ii. 414
Dingwall, i. 486
Ditte, i. 72, 403, 430, 457, 509, 539, 618; ii. 64, 65, 85, 189, 249
Dittmar, i. 100, 452; ii. 240
Divers, i. 274, 294; ii. 54
Dixon, i. 171
Döbereiner, i. 145
Dokouchaeff, i. 344
Donny, i. 534
Dossios, i. 502
Draper, i. 465
Drawe, ii. 161
Drebbel, i. 294
Dulong, i. 131, 148, 437
Dumas, i. 28, 131, 148, 150, 233, 302, 320, 379, 471, 476, 584, 586,
604; ii. 22, 37, 62, 101, 156, 420
Dumont, ii. 197
Ebelmann, ii. 65
Eder, i. 566
Edron, ii. 95
Edwards, ii. 311
Egoreff, i. 569
Eissler, i. 553
Elbers, ii. 221
Emich, i. 286, 287
Emilianoff, ii. 126
Engel, i. 457; ii. 130, 132, 189, 206
Engelhardt, i. 530
Eötvös, i. 333
Erdmann, i. 150
Ernst, i. 399
Eroféeff, i. 352
Esson, ii. 314
Étard, i. 72, 516, 615; ii. 288, 335, 356
Ettinger, i. 53, 312
Famintzin, i. 611
Faraday, i. 134, 177, 296, 385, 463, 464
Favorsky, i. 373
Favre, i. 120, 172, 267, 582; ii. 83, 259, 284, 380
Fick, i. 62
Fisher, ii. 424
Fizeau, ii. 31, 429
Flavitzky, i. 21
Fleitmann, ii. 170
Foerster, ii. 375, 389
Forchhammer, ii. 311
Fordos, ii. 257
Fortmann, ii. 230, 366
Fourcroy, i. 114
Fowler, i. 449
Frank, ii. 88
Franke, ii. 311, 313
Frankel, ii. 294
Frankenheim, ii. 7
Frankland, i. 178, 357, 486; ii. 16, 143
Fraunhofer, i. 563
Frémy, i. 228, 489, 492; ii. 74, 131, 133, 142, 229, 290, 359
Freyer, i. 171, 488
Friedheim, ii. 197, 294
Friedel, i. 353, 472; ii. 80, 83, 103, 122
Friedrich, i. 49; ii. 144
Fritzsche, i. 94, 285, 600, 612; ii. 125, 218, 280, 341
Fromherz, ii. 313
Fürst, i. 484
Galileo, i. 7
Garni, i. 582
Garzarolli-Thurnlackh, i. 481
Gattermann, i. 596; ii. 102, 104
Gautier, i. 585
Gavaloffsky, i. 160
Gay-Lussac, i. 40, 61, 71, 93, 170, 302, 307, 406, 412, 460, 463, 464,
467, 500, 506, 508, 511, 515, 534, 539; ii. 8, 56, 256
Geber, i. 17
Gélis, ii. 257
Genth, ii. 359
Georgi, ii. 197
Georgiewics, ii. 64
Gerberts, i. 528
Gerhardt, i. 196, 309, 357, 388
Gerlach, i. 525
Gernez, i. 97; ii. 205
Geuther, i. 281, 283, 285; ii. 176
Gibbs, i. 140, 464; ii. 293, 410
Girault, i. 498
Gladstone, i. 337, 438, 573; ii. 213
Glatzel, ii. 213, 289, 309
Glauber, i. 17, 26, 193, 432
Glinka, i. 607
Goldberg, i. 93
Gooch, i. 484
Gore, i. 489, 492, 493
Graham, i. 62, 63, 98, 143, 155, 388, 429, 518, 601; ii. 77, 114, 131,
163, 170, 296, 307
Granger, ii. 157, 410
Grassi, i. 88
Green, ii. 310
Greshoff, i. 403
Griffiths, i. 135
Grimaldi, i. 537
Groth, ii. 10
Grouven, i. 615
Grove, i. 118, 119
Grünwald, i. 573
Grützner, ii. 296
Guckelberger, ii. 84
Guibourt, ii. 53
Guldberg, i. 439, 464
Güntz, i. 575; ii. 430
Gustavson, i. 443, 444, 472, 505, 547; ii. 29, 175
Guthrie, i. 99, 428, 601
Guy, i. 136
Habermann, ii. 210
Hagebach, i. 573
Hagen, i. 337
Haitinger, i. 593
Hammerl, i. 613
Hanisch, ii. 233
Hannay, i. 352; ii. 135
Harcourt, ii. 314
Hargreaves, i. 515
Harris, ii. 52
Hartley, i. 573; ii. 486
Hartog, ii. 268
Hasselberg, i. 566
Haüy, ii. 7
Haughton, ii. 20
Häussermann, i. 483
Hautefeuille, i. 199, 205, 264, 409, 414, 476, 477, 501, 538; ii. 102,
122, 379
Hayter, ii. 175
Hemilian, i. 132
Hempel, i. 59, 524
Henkoff, i. 530
Henneberg, ii. 170
Henning, ii. 3
Henry, i. 78, 81
Hérard, ii. 191
Hermann, ii. 8, 47, 197
Hermes, i. 529
Hertz, ii. 156
Hess, i. 178, 588
Heycock, i. 537; ii. 128, 448
Hillebrand, ii. 26, 93, 94, 484
Hintze, ii. 10
Hirtzel, ii. 55
Hittorf, ii. 155
Hodgkinson, ii. 432
Höglund, ii. 94
Hofmann, i. 302; ii. 146, 218, 447
Holtzmann, i. 505
Hoppé-Seyler, i. 611
Horstmann, i. 408
Houzeau, i. 202
Hughes, ii. 212
Hugo, ii. 21
Humboldt, i. 170
Humbly, i. 493; ii. 311
Hutchinson, i. 491
Huth, ii. 20
Huyghens, i. 569
Ikeda, ii. 152
Ilosva, i. 202
Inostrantzeff, i. 345; ii. 4
Isambert, i. 250, 257, 408; ii. 41
Ittner, i. 412
Janssen, i. 569
Jawein, ii. 170
Jay, i. 258
Jeannel, i. 104
Joannis, i. 251, 255, 405, 537, 559
Jörgensen, i. 498; ii. 359, 361, 376
Johnson, ii. 45
Jolly, i. 233
Joly, ii. 384, 385
Kamensky, ii. 414
Kammerer, i. 286, 462, 509; ii. 297
Kane, ii. 57
Kapoustin, i. 403
Karsten, i. 427, 428, 541, 599
Kassner, i. 158
Kayander, i. 133, 384; ii. 46
Keiser, i. 150
Kekulé, i. 358, 369, 507; ii. 294
Keyser, ii. 33
Khichinsky, i. 440
Kimmins, i. 510
Kirchhoff, i. 567
Kirmann, ii. 268
Kirpicheff, i. 132
Kjeldahl, i. 249; ii. 249
Klaproth, ii. 7, 145, 147, 301
Kleiber, i. 570
Klimenko, i. 465
Klobb, ii. 357
Klodt, i. 426
Knopp, ii. 338
Knox, i. 489
Kobb, ii. 125
Kobell, ii. 197
Koch, i. 44
Kohlrausch, i. 245, 525
Kolbe, i. 506
Kolotoff, i. 263
Konovaloff, i. 39, 65, 90, 93, 100, 140, 142, 172, 322; ii. 235, 268
Kopp, i. 586, 587, 612; ii. 3, 37
Koucheroff, i. 373
Kouriloff, i. 209, 247, 274; ii. 41
Kournakoff, i. 393; ii. 294, 365, 396
Kraevitch, i. 133, 134
Kraft, i. 65, 88, 537
Krafts, i. 393
Kreisler, i. 233
Kremers, i. 87, 443; ii. 244, 427
Kreider, i. 484
Krönig, i. 81
Krüger, ii. 282, 284
Krüss, ii. 355, 442, 447, 486
Kubierschky, ii. 213
Kühlmann, i. 608
Kuhnheim, i. 612
Kundt, i. 328, 589; ii. 496
Kvasnik, ii. 57
Kynaston, i. 522
Lachinoff, i. 116, 457; ii. 410
Ladenburg, ii, 103
Lamy, ii. 91
Landolt, i. 7, 337
Lang, i. 399
Langer, i. 226, 459, 462
Langlois, i. 570 ; ii. 257
Latchinoff (_see_ Lachinoff), i. 103, 352
Laurent, i. 28, 196, 388, 471, 526; ii. 7, 9, 10, 117, 292
Laurie, i. 106; ii. 32, 442, 486
Lavenig, i. 140
Lavoisier, i. 7, 29, 49, 114, 131, 155, 379, 459
Leblanc, ii. 8
Le Chatelier, i. 158, 172, 350, 393, 399, 585, 588, 611; ii. 51, 65,
420
Le Duc, i. 131, 170
Lémery, i. 125
Lemoine, i. 501; ii. 155
Lerch, i. 405
Leroy, i. 285
Lesc[oe]ur, i. 103
Leton, ii. 425
Levy, ii. 102
Lewes, i. 371
Lewy, i. 232
Lidoff, ii. 209
Liebig, i. 195, 388, 495, 527; ii. 56
Linder, ii. 223
Liés-Bodart, i. 604, 612
Lisenko, i. 373
Liveing, i. 563, 569
Lockyer, i. 565, 569
Loew, ii. 376
Löwel, i. 525, 600; ii. 45, 284, 286
Loewig, i. 528; ii. 77
Loewitz, i. 96
Lossen, i. 262
Louget, i. 489
Louguinine, i. 360
Louise, ii. 81
Lovel, i. 515; ii. 338
Lubavin, i. 593
Lubbert, ii. 85, 170
Ludwig, i. 463
Luedeking, ii. 194
Luff, ii. 321
Lunge, ii. 244, 246
Lüpke, ii. 157
Lvoff, i. 358
Maack, i. 596
Mac Cobb, i. 612
Mac Laurin, i. 553
McLeod, ii. 180
Magnus, i. 93, 510
Mailfert, i. 199
Malaguti, i. 437; ii. 300
Mallard, i. 172, 393, 588; ii. 4
Mallet, i. 493
Maquenne, i. 349, 620, 621
Marchand, i. 150
Marchetti, ii. 288
Maresca, i. 534
Marguerite, ii. 292
Marignac, i. 198, 233, 428, 430, 453, 454, 518, 525, 600, 601; ii. 6,
9, 95, 101, 194, 197, 198, 199, 234, 239, 241, 244, 292, 293, 295,
357, 440, 486
Markleffsky, i. 273
Markovnikoff, i. 373
Maroffsky, ii. 138
Marshall, ii. 253, 365
Matigon, i. 258, 266
Maumené, i. 258
Maxwell, i. 81
Mayow, i. 17
Mendeléeff, i. 99, 132, 133, 136, 141, 275, 321, 357, 373, 377, 406,
426, 427, 428, 506, 587, 596; ii. 27, 33, 93, 94
Menschutkin, i. 171
Mente, ii. 270
Mermé, i. 462
Merz, i. 505
Meselan, i. 463
Metzner, ii. 189
Metchikoff, i. 44
Meusnier, i. 114
Meyer (Lothar), i. 226, 321, 403; ii. 21, 24, 26, 29, 33, 486
Meyer (Victor), i. 135, 171, 294, 303, 320, 427, 459, 462, 467, 488,
506, 508, 558; ii. 43, 48, 52, 80, 129, 184
Meyerhoffer, ii. 410
Miasnikoff, i. 372
Michaelis, ii. 175
Michel, i. 65, 88
Millon, i. 481, 484, 508
Mills, ii. 20
Mitchell, i. 156
Mitscherlich, i. 428, 527; ii. 1, 5, 8, 156, 184, 311, 313
Moissan, i. 202, 349, 353, 490, 564, 585, 621; ii. 66, 67, 70, 88, 100,
107, 147, 174, 196, 289, 295, 309, 311, 313, 321
Mond, i. 129, 400, 405; ii. 345, 367
Monge, i. 114
Monnier, i. 611
Montemartini, i. 279
Moraht, ii. 384
Moreau, ii. 298
Morel, i. 549
Mosander, ii. 97
Mühlhäuser, ii. 66, 107
Muir, ii. 193
Mulder, i. 515
Müller-Erzbach, i. 103
Müller, i. 427; ii. 425
Munster, ii. 443
Müntz, i. 238, 241, 420, 553
Muthmann, ii. 273
Mylius, ii. 375, 389
Naschold, i. 483
Nasini, i. 496; ii. 156
Natanson, i. 282, 409
Natterer, i. 132, 135, 141, 385
Naumann, i. 399, 408
Nernst, i. 62, 148; ii. 3, 50
Nensky, i. 245
Neville, i. 537; ii. 128, 448
Newlands, ii. 21, 26
Newth, i. 505
Newton, i. 7, 29
Nicklès, ii. 10
Nikolukin, i. 491; ii. 144
Nilson, i. 618; ii. 26, 37, 80, 83, 91, 94, 95, 271, 378, 483
Nordenskiöld, i. 241
Norton, i. 76; ii. 94
Nuricsán, ii. 264
Odling, ii. 52
Offer, i. 99
Ogier, i. 321, 509; ii. 159, 182
Olszewski, i. 139, 569; ii. 491, 497
Oppenheim, i. 506
Ordway, ii. 80
Osmond, ii. 326
Ossovetsky, ii. 137
Ostwald, i. 89, 92, 389, 441, 443
Oumoff, i. 62
Pallard, i. 491; ii. 83
Panfeloff, i. 603
Paracelsus, i. 17, 125, 129, 379
Parkinson, i. 596,
Pashkoffsky, i. 595
Pasteur, i. 44, 241, 242
Paterno, i. 496; ii. 156
Pattison Muir, i. 436
Pebal, i. 315, 484
Péchard, ii. 282, 294, 296, 297
Pekatoros, i. 465
Peligot, ii. 299, 301
Pelopidas, ii. 22, 481
Pelouze, i. 463, 464, 480, 610; ii. 229
Penfield, i. 545; ii. 370
Perkin, i. 558; ii. 244
Perman, i. 537
Personne, i. 75, 506, 537
Petit, i. 584, 586
Petrieff, i. 440
Pettenkofer, ii. 22
Pettersson, i. 618, 619; ii. 37, 80, 83, 91, 197, 484
Pfaundler, i. 445; ii. 241, 430
Pfeiffer, i. 64
Pfordten, V. der, ii. 420
Phipson, i. 596; ii. 59
Piccini, ii. 23, 146, 197, 288, 298
Pici, ii. 57
Pickering, i. 88, 91, 99, 104, 106, 272, 333, 452, 517, 525, 529, 613;
ii. 241, 245, 246, 247
Pictet, i. 81, 129, 137; ii. 31, 241
Picton, ii. 223
Pierre, i. 452, 495; ii. 226, 485
Pierson, i. 93
Pigeon, ii. 377
Pionchon, i. 585
Pistor, i. 399
Plantamour, ii. 5
Plaset, ii. 289
Plessy, ii. 257
Plücker, i. 572
Poggiale, i. 427
Poiseuille, i. 355
Poleck, ii. 296
Poluta, ii. 30
Popp, ii. 232
Potilitzin, i. 96, 97, 98, 445, 486, 499, 502, 509, 612; ii. 29, 357
Pott, ii. 100
Poulenc, ii. 174, 289
Prange, ii. 422
Prelinger, ii. 310
Priestley, i. 17, 154, 159, 297, 379, 402
Pringsheim, i. 465
Prost, i. 98, 486
Prout, i. 31; ii. 439
Puchot, i. 452
Pullinger, ii. 389
Quincke, i. 427, 495
Rammelsberg, i. 430, 510, 525; ii. 26, 161, 485
Ramsay, i. 133, 140, 141, 232, 247, 333, 495, 496, 581; ii. 128, 491
Rantsheff, ii. 20
Raoult, i. 91, 274, 330, 331, 332, 429
Rascher, ii. 85
Raschig, i. 263; ii. 229
Rathke, i. 399
Ray, i. 17
Rayleigh, i. 226, 232, 491
Rebs, ii. 213, 217
Recoura, i. 332; ii. 289
Regnault, i. 40, 53, 54, 90, 93, 131, 133, 297, 443, 495, 584, 587,
588; ii. 50, 208, 238
Reich, ii. 91
Reiset, i. 238
Remsen, ii. 335
Retgers, ii. 157, 158, 180
Reychler, ii. 65
Reynolds, i. 581
Richards, i. 526, 585; ii. 32, 432
Riche, i. 509; ii. 127, 292
Richter, i. 193, 194; ii. 91
Ridberg, ii. 21, 24, 486
Riddle, i. 135
Rideal, ii. 297
Roberts-Austen, ii. 486
Robinson, i. 515
Rodger, ii. 213, 263
Rodwell, i. 17
Roebuck, i. 294
Röggs, ii. 119
Rohrer, ii. 343
Roozeboom, i. 106, 452, 453, 464, 496, 506, 511, 599, 613; ii. 3, 226,
341, 410
Roscoe, i. 80, 100, 101, 379, 452, 463, 485, 486, 568, 572; ii. 26,
194, 196, 197, 297, 303, 485
Rose, i. 436, 437, 518, 525, 608, 612; ii. 8, 230, 235, 248, 281, 363,
428, 485
Rosenberg, ii. 351
Rossetti, i. 428
Rouart, Le, ii. 86
Rousseau, i. 354; ii. 337, 366, 378
Roux, ii. 81
Rudberg, ii. 136
Rücker, i. 142
Rüdorff, i. 91, 428, 598, 601
Rybalkin, i. 455
Sabanéeff, i. 371
Sabatier, i. 284; ii. 66
Saint Edmé, ii. 335
Saint Gilles, i. 431
Sakurai, i. 331
Salzer, ii. 161
Sarasin, ii. 122
Sarrau, i. 140, 142
Saunders, ii. 189
Scharples, i. 576
Scheele, i. 155, 161, 412, 459, 462, 608; ii. 100, 150, 291
Scheffer, i. 453
Scheibler, ii. 292, 296
Scherer, ii. 8
Schiaparelli, ii. 318
Schidloffsky, i. 238
Schiloff, i. 212
Schlamp, i. 332
Schiff, i. 430, 588; ii. 106, 267
Schloesing, i. 238, 239, 240, 553, 610
Schmidt, i. 539
Schneider, i. 89
Schöne, i. 208, 209, 211, 394, 617; ii. 15, 72, 219, 251, 488
Schönebein, i. 198, 202, 208, 212, 509; ii. 228, 463
Schottländer, ii. 447
Schröder, i. 75
Schroederer, ii. 366
Schrötter, ii. 153, 284
Schützenberger, i. 511, 579; ii. 102, 107, 228, 367, 389
Schuliachenko, i. 608
Schuller, ii. 180
Schultz, i. 518; ii. 273
Schulze, i. 98; ii. 215
Schuster, i. 572
Schwicker, ii. 227, 230
Scott, i. 405, 537, 558
Sechenoff, i. 80, 86
Seelheim, ii. 379
Sefström, ii. 197
Selivanoff, i. 476, 507, 508
Senderens, i. 284
Serullas, i. 485
Setterberg, i. 576
Seubert, ii. 27, 83, 343, 442
Sewitsch, i. 372
Shaffgotsch, i. 555
Shapleigh, ii. 95
Shenstone, i. 611
Shields, i. 333
Shishkoff, i. 276; ii. 56
Silberman, i. 120, 172; ii. 259
Sims, ii. 268
Skraup, ii. 346
Smith, i. 271
Smithson, ii. 100
Snyders, ii. 100
Sokoloff, ii. 85, 122
Solet, i. 509
Sonstadt, ii. 443
Sorby, i. 88
Soret, i. 66, 202, 203, 427
Spring, i. 38, 98, 434, 486; ii. 45, 50, 133, 223, 258, 288, 314, 423,
427
Stadion, i. 485
Stahl, i. 16
Stas, i. 7, 233, 379, 428, 498, 581; ii. 420, 434, 485
Staudenmaier, ii. 168
Stcherbakoff, i. 97, 428, 458, 601
Stohmann, i. 359, 360, 396
Stokes, i. 355
Stortenbeker, i. 511
Stromeyer, ii. 47
Struvé, i. 208, 612
Tait, i. 203
Tammann, i. 91, 148; ii. 170, 247
Tanatar, i. 511
Tchitchérin, ii. 21
Terreil, ii. 313
Than, i. 317
Thénard, i. 207, 229, 460, 464, 534, 539; ii. 251
Thillot, ii. 170
Thilorier, i. 385
Thomsen, i. 111, 120, 124, 131, 173, 189, 267, 359, 389, 396, 441, 453,
466, 472, 494, 502, 515, 529, 555, 582; ii. 9, 32, 50, 55, 105, 165,
208, 224, 264, 368, 370, 438, 442
Thorpe, i. 142, 285, 445, 493; ii. 27, 160, 173, 213, 259, 263, 268,
301, 313, 442, 486
Thoune, i. 294, 295
Tiemman, i. 213
Tilden, i. 516
Timeraséeff, i. 170
Timoféeff, i. 78
Tessié du Motay, i. 158
Tissandier, i. 78
Titherley, i. 539
Tivoli, ii. 183
Tomassi, ii. 339
Topsöe, i. 506
Tourbaba, i. 88; ii. 247
Trapp, i. 511
Traubé, i. 312, 611; ii. 270
Troost, i. 64, 274, 281, 320, 409, 414, 500, 538; ii. 80, 83, 102, 147,
156, 254, 379
Tscherbacheff, i. 577
Tutton, i. 543; ii. 160, 174, 412
Umoff, i. 429
Unverdorben, ii. 280
Urlaub, ii. 301
Valentine, i. 17
Van der Heyd, i. 599
Van der Plaats, i. 496; ii. 438
Van der Waals, i. 82, 140
Van Deventer, i. 599
Van Helmont, i. 379
Van Marum, i. 198
Van't Hoff, i. 64, 65, 331, 599; ii. 3
Vare, ii. 55
Vauquelin, i. 114, 619; ii. 7
Veeren, i. 612; ii. 45
Veley, i. 279
Verneuille, ii. 225
Vernon, ii. 151
Vèzes, ii. 391
Viard, ii. 285
Vignon, ii. 126, 131
Villard, i. 106, 296, 297
Villiers, ii. 259
Violette, i. 342, 345
Violle, i. 301
Vogt, i. 611
Volkovitch, ii. 201
Voskresensky, i. 345
Waage, i. 439
Wachter, i. 508
Wagner, i. 357
Wahl, ii. 310
Walden, ii. 57
Walker, ii. 143
Walmer, i. 573
Walter, ii. 256
Walters, ii. 234
Wanklyn, i. 100, 539
Warburg, i. 589; ii. 496
Warder, i. 450
Warren, ii. 102
Watson, i. 527; ii. 169
Watts, i. 526
Weber, i. 280, 583; ii. 83, 129, 131, 186, 230, 233, 234, 249
Weith, i. 502
Weitz, ii. 57
Welch, ii. 425
Weller, ii. 146
Wells, i. 477, 545; ii. 57, 370
Welsbach, ii. 96, 97
Weltzien, i. 204, 595
Wenzel, i. 193
Weruboff (_see_ Wyruboff), ii. 4
Weselski, i. 507
Weyl, i. 255
Wheeler, i. 545
Wichelhaus, ii. 179
Wiedemann, i. 439, 588
Wilhelmj, ii. 315
Willgerodt, i. 508; ii. 29
Williamson, ii. 268
Wilm, ii. 376, 388
Winkler, i. 78, 79, 577, 594, 621; ii. 25, 30, 66, 97, 102, 124, 125,
147, 234, 246, 355, 483
Wischin, ii. 384
Wislicenus, i. 267, 294
Witt, ii. 3
Wöhler, i. 410, 619; ii. 85, 103, 107, 146, 285, 289, 420, 425
Wollaston, i. 8
Wreden, i. 507
Wright, ii. 321
Wroblewski, i. 79, 80, 106, 139, 387; ii. 226
Wülfing, ii. 119
Wülner, i. 91, 572
Würtz, i. 301, 476; ii. 171, 173, 213, 267
Wyruboff, ii. 4, 9
Young, i. 134, 136, 140, 141, 247, 495, 496
Zaboudsky, i. 354
Zaencheffsky, i. 140
Zimmermann, ii. 26, 303, 355, 485
Zinin, i. 276
Zörensen, i. 284
Zorn, i. 295
* * * * *
SUBJECT INDEX
Acid, acetic sp. gr. of solutions of, i. 59
-- arsenic, ii. 181
-- bismuthic, ii. 190
-- boric, ii. 64
-- carbamic, i. 408
-- chamber, i. 294
-- chloric, i. 482
-- chloroplatino-phosphorous, ii. 390
-- chlorosulphonic, ii. 268
-- chlorous, i. 481
-- chromic, i. 208; ii. 282
-- chromo-sulphuric, ii. 288
-- cyanic, i. 409
-- cyanuric, i. 409
-- dithionic, ii. 256
-- ferric, ii. 344
-- fluoboric, ii. 69
-- graphitic, i. 351
-- hydriodic, i. 501, 503, 505, 506
-- hydroborofluoric, ii. 69
-- hydrobromic, i. 80, 503, 505, 506
-- hydrochloric, i. 448, 451, 453
-- hydrocyanic, i. 406, 411
-- hydroferrocyanic, ii. 348
-- hydrofluoric, i. 49
-- hydrofluosilic, ii. 106
-- hydroplatinocyanic, ii. 386
-- hydrosulphurous, ii. 228
-- hydroruthenocyanic, ii. 388
-- hypochlorous, i. 479, 481
-- hyponitrous, i. 265, 294
-- hypophosphoric, ii. 161
-- hypophosphorous, ii. 172
-- iodic, i. 100, 508
-- isethionic, ii. 250
-- metantimonic, ii. 188
-- metaphosphoric, ii. 162, 169
-- metastannic, ii. 131
-- molybdic, ii. 292
-- nitric, i. 268, 272
-- Nordhausen, ii. 233
-- orthophosphoric, ii. 162
-- osmic, ii. 384
-- pentathionic, ii. 257
-- percarbonic, i. 394
-- perchloric, i. 484
-- periodic, i. 510
-- permanganic, ii. 313
-- permolybdic, ii. 297
-- pernitric, i. 264
-- persulphuric, ii. 251
-- pertungstic, ii. 297
-- phosphamic, ii. 179
-- phosphamolybdic, ii. 293
-- phosphorous, ii. 171
-- polysilicic, ii. 117
-- pyrophosphoric, ii. 169
-- pyrosulphuric, ii. 234
-- silenic, ii. 272
-- silicotungstic, ii. 295
-- stannic, ii. 130
-- sulphonic, ii. 249
-- sulphuric, i. 76, 77, 89, 111, 290, 294; ii. 235, 238, 241
-- telluric, ii. 272
-- tetrathionic, ii. 257
-- thiocarbonic, ii. 263
-- thiocyanic, ii. 263
-- thionic, ii. 255
-- thiosulphuric, ii. 230
-- trithionic, ii. 257
-- tungstic, ii. 292, 294
-- vanadic, ii. 196
Acids, i. 185
-- avidity of, i. 389, 442
-- basicity of, i. 387
-- complex, i. 197; ii. 293
-- fuming, i. 102
-- organic, i. 394, 396, 405
Acetylene, i. 372
Actinium, ii. 59
Affinity, chemical, i. 26, 389
Air, i. 131, 231, 233
Alchemy, i. 14
Alcohol, i. 53, 88
Alkali, metals, i. 558, 577
-- waste, ii. 204
Alkalis, i. 186
Allotropism, i. 207
Alloys, i. 537; ii. 128
Alumina, ii. 75
Aluminium, ii. 70, 85
-- bromide, ii. 84
-- bronze, ii. 88
-- carbide, ii. 88
-- chloride, ii. 80, 83
-- double chlorides, ii. 84
-- fluoride, ii. 83
-- hydroxide, ii. 75
-- iodide, ii. 85
-- nitrate, ii. 80
-- sulphate, ii. 82
Alums, ii. 5, 82, 343
Alunite, ii. 80
Amalgams, ii. 58
Amides, i. 258, 406
Amidogen, i. 258
-- hydrate, i. 258
Amines, i. 416
Ammonia, i. 229, 246
-- of crystallisation, i. 257
-- heat of solution of, i. 74
-- in air, i. 240
-- liquefaction of, i. 250
-- salts, i. 254
-- soda process, i. 524
-- solutions of, i. 80, 252
Ammonium, i. 254
-- amalgam, i. 255
-- bicarbonate, i. 527
-- carbamate, i. 407, 408
-- carbonate, i. 407
-- cobalt salts, ii. 359
-- dichromate, ii. 279
-- molybdate, ii. 292
-- nitrate, i. 273, 274
-- nitrite, i. 284
-- phosphates, ii. 167
-- sulphate, ii. 269
-- sulphide, ii. 218
Analogy of elements, i. 573, 578
Anthracite, i. 345
Antimoniuretted hydrogen, ii. 189
Antimony, ii. 186
-- chlorides, ii. 189
-- oxides, ii. 187, 188
-- sulphides, ii. 221
Aqua Regia, i. 467
Aqueous radicle, i. 213
Argon, i. 226, 232; App. III.
Arsenic, ii. 179
-- anhydride, ii. 181
-- sulphides, ii. 221
-- tribromide, ii. 181
-- trichloride, ii. 180
-- trifluoride, ii. 181
Arsenious anhydride, ii. 184
-- oxychloride, ii. 180
Arsenites, ii. 185
Arseniuretted hydrogen, ii. 182
Astrakhanite, i. 59
Atmolysis, i. 156
Atomic theory, i. 216
-- volumes, ii. 33
-- weights, i. 21
Atoms and molecules, i. 322
Barium, i. 614, 617
-- chlorate, i. 483
-- chloride, i. 615
-- hydroxide, i. 616
-- metatungstate, ii. 295
-- nitrate, i. 615
-- oxide, i. 616
-- peroxide, i. 157, 160, 209, 617
-- sulphate, i. 614, 615
Bauxite, ii. 76
Benzalazine, i. 258
Berthollet's doctrine, i. 433
Beryllium, i. 618
-- atomic weight of, i. 325, 618
-- chloride, i. 584
-- oxide, i. 619
Binary theory, i. 195
Bismuth, ii. 189
-- nitrates, ii. 192
-- oxides, ii. 190, 191
Blast furnace, ii. 324
Bleaching, i. 469
-- powder, i. 162, 477
Boiling point, absolute, i. 130
Borates, ii. 63
Borax, ii. 61
Boric anhydride, ii. 64
Boron, ii. 60, 66
-- chloride, ii. 69
-- fluoride, ii. 67, 68
-- iodide, ii. 70
-- nitride, i. 227; ii. 67
-- oxide, ii. 60
-- specific heat of, i. 585
-- sulphide, ii. 62
Bromides, ii. 32
Bromine, i. 494
Bronze, ii. 127
Butyl alcohol, solubility of, i. 75
Cadmium, ii. 47
-- iodide, ii. 48
-- oxide, ii. 48
-- sulphide, ii. 47
Cæsium, i. 576
Calcium, i. 590, 604
-- carbonate, i. 592, 608, 609, 610
-- chloride, i. 237, 612
-- -- crystallohydrates of, i. 613
-- fluoride, i. 491
-- hypochlorite, i. 162
-- iodide, i. 604
-- peroxide, i. 607
-- phosphate, ii. 167
-- sulphate, i. 611
-- sulphide, ii. 220
Calomel, ii. 54
Carbamide, i. 409
Carbides, i. 349, 353
Carbon, i. 338
-- bisulphide, ii. 258
-- molecule of, i. 354
-- oxysulphide, ii. 264
-- tetrachloride, i. 473
Carbonic anhydride, i. 379
-- -- assimilation of by plants, i. 393
-- -- dissociation of, i. 392, 393, 399
-- -- in air, i. 238, 242
-- -- liquid, i. 385
-- -- solutions of, i. 80, 86
-- -- specific heat of, i. 393
Carbonic oxide, i. 396
-- -- and nickel, i. 405
Carborundum, ii. 107
Carboxyl, i. 395
Carnallite, i. 421, 544, 560
Catalytic phenomena, i. 211
Caustic potash, i. 550
-- soda, i. 529
Cements, ii. 122
Cerite metals, ii. 93
Cerium, ii. 93
Chamber crystals, i. 290; ii. 230
Charcoal, i. 343
Chemical change, rate of, ii. 314
-- transformations, i. 3
Chloranhydrides, i. 468; ii. 174, 175, 177
Chlorates, i. 482
Chlorides, i. 455, 466; ii. 31
Chlorine, i. 463
-- compounds, heat of formation of, i. 44
-- crystallohydrates of, i. 464
-- oxides, i. 479
-- preparation of, i. 460
-- solubility of, i. 463
Chloroform, i. 473
Chlorophosphamide, ii. 179
Chloryl compounds, i. 476
Chrome alum, ii. 283
Chromic acid, i. 208
-- anhydride, ii. 280
-- oxide, ii. 284, 285
Chromium, ii. 276, 289
-- chlorides, ii. 285
-- fluorides, ii. 280, 289
Chromyl chloride, ii. 281
Chryseone, ii. 108
Clay, ii. 70
Coal, i. 345
Cobalt, ii. 353
-- dioxide, ii. 366
-- fluoride, ii. 358
Cobaltamine salts, ii. 359
Cobaltic oxide, ii. 362
Cobalto-amine, ii. 359
Cobaltous hydroxide, ii. 358
Cohesion of liquids, i. 52
Coke, i. 345
Collodion cotton, i. 275
Colloids, i. 63; ii. 77, 423
Combination, chemical, i. 3
Combining weights, i. 21; ii. 439
Combustion, imperfect, i. 341
-- heat of, i. 172, 176, 399, 400
Compounds, definite and indefinite, i. 31
-- types of, ii. 10
Compressibility of solutions, i. 88
Conductivity, electro-molecular, i. 389
Contact reactions, i. 163, 290
Copper, ii. 400
-- carbonate, ii. 411
-- complex salts of, ii. 412
-- nitrate, ii. 411
-- nitride, ii. 409
-- sulphate, ii. 413
Corundum, ii. 75
Critical points, i. 141
Cryohydrates, i. 99
Cryoscopic investigations of solutions, i. 90, 332
Crystals, i. 51
Crystalline form, ii. 7
Crystallo-hydrates, i. 102
Crystalloids, i. 63
Cupellation, ii. 417
Cyanides, i. 406
Cyanogen, i. 406, 414
-- chloride, ii. 176
Decomposition, chemical, i. 4
Deliquescence, i. 104
Delta metal, ii. 414
Desiccator, i. 58
Detonating gas, i. 115, 170, 173
Depression of freezing point of solutions, i. 90, 92, 330
Dialysis, i. 63; ii. 114
Diamond, i. 350, 353
Didymium, ii. 93
Diffusion, rate of, i. 63
Dimorphism, i. 610, ii. 178
Disinfectants, i. 245
Disodium orthophosphate, ii. 166
Dissociation, i. 36, 282, 608
Distillation, dry, i. 4, 247, 342
Dust, atmospheric, i. 241
Efflorescence, i. 103
Ekacadmium, ii. 59
Ekasilicon, ii. 25
Electro-chemical theory, i. 195
Electric energy and thermal units, i. 582
Electrolysis, i. 116
Elements, i. 20
-- grouping of, ii. 1
-- typical, ii. 19
Emulsions, i. 98
Energy, chemical, i. 29
Equations, chemical, i. 278
Equivalents, law of, i. 194
Equivalent weights, i. 581
Ethane, i. 366
Ether, critical points of, i. 141
Ethylene, i. 370
Ethyl silicates, i. 104
Euchlorine, i. 484
Eudiometer, i. 169
Expansion, linear, of elements, ii. 31
Explosion, rate of transmission of, i. 171
Explosives, i. 275, 276
Felspar, ii. 122
Fermentation, i. 242
Ferric chloride, i. 558; ii. 340
-- hydrates, ii. 339
-- nitrate, ii. 340
-- orthophosphate, ii. 342
-- oxide, ii. 339
Ferrous chloride, ii. 335
-- sulphate, ii. 335
-- -- solubility of, i. 72
-- sulphide, ii. 210
Flame, i. 177, 179
Fluoborates, ii. 69
Fluorides, i. 491, 493
Fluorine, i. 203, 489
Fluorspar, i. 491
Formula, chemical, i. 151, 326
Freezing mixtures, i. 76
Fuel, calorific capacity of, i. 360
Furnace, electrical, i. 352
Fusco-cobaltic salts, ii. 360
Gadolinite metals, ii. 93
Gallium, ii. 88, 90
Gas, illuminating, i. 361
-- producers, i. 397
Gases, absorption of, i. 348
-- diffusion of, i. 83
-- expansion of, i. 133
-- liquefaction of, i. 134, 135, 137
-- measurement of, i. 78, 300
-- solution of, i. 68, 78, 86
-- theory of, i. 81, 83, 140
Germanium, ii. 26, 124
-- chloride, ii. 125
-- oxide, ii. 125
Glass, i. 123
-- soluble, ii. 110
Glauber's salt, i. 517
Glycols, ii. 117
Gold, ii. 442
-- alloys, i. 446, 447
-- chlorides, ii. 448, 450
-- colloid, ii. 447
-- cyanide, ii. 450
-- extraction of, ii. 444, 445
-- fulminating, ii. 450
-- oxides, ii. 448
-- refining, ii. 446
Graduators, i. 424
Graphite, i. 350, 351
Gros' salt, ii. 393
Guignet's green, ii. 285
Gunpowder, i. 557
Gypsum, i. 593, 611
Halogens, i. 445, 487, 499
Halogen compounds, heat of formation of, i. 494, 502; ii. 32
-- -- boiling-points of, i. 502
Hausmannite, ii. 10
Helium, i. 570; ii. 498
Hemimorphism, ii. 9
Homeomorphism, ii. 8
Homologous compounds, i. 358
Humus, i. 344
Hydrates, i. 109, 185
Hydrazine, i. 258
Hydrides, i. 621; ii. 23
Hydrocarbons, i. 355, 359
Hydrogen, i. 123, 129, 130, 142, 143, 146
-- pentasulphide, ii. 217
-- peroxide, i. 207, 312
Hydrosols, i. 98
Hydroxyl, i. 192, 213
Hydroxylamine, i. 262
Hypochlorites, i. 481
Hyponitrites, i. 294
Imides, i. 258
Indium, ii. 27, 37, 88, 97
Iodates, i. 509
Iodides, ii. 32
-- of nitrogen, i. 507
Iodine, i. 320, 321, 496, 497, 498
-- chlorides of, i. 511
Iodosobenzol, i. 508
Iridious oxide, ii. 382
Iridium, ii. 382
Iron, i. 585; ii. 317, 322
-- and carbonic oxide, ii. 345
-- cast, ii. 325
-- nitride, ii. 346
-- ores, ii. 319
-- sulphate, ii. 335
Isethionic acid, ii. 250
Isomorphism, i. 203, 368; ii. 1, 4, 8
Kaolin, ii. 70
Lakes, ii. 77
Lanthanum, ii. 93
Laughing gas, ii. 297
Law of Avogadro-Gerhardt, i. 309
-- -- Berthollet, i. 445
-- -- Boyle and Mariotte, i. 132
-- -- combining weights, i. 221
-- -- Dulong and Petit, i. 584
-- -- equivalents, i. 194
-- -- even numbers, i. 357
-- -- Gay Lussac, i. 133, 304, 307
-- -- Guldberg and Waage, i. 441
-- -- Henry and Dalton, i. 78
-- -- indestructibility of matter, i. 6
-- -- Kirchoff, i. 568
-- -- limits, i. 357
-- -- maximum work, i. 120
-- -- multiple proportions, i. 109, 214
-- -- partial pressures, i. 82
-- -- periodic, ii. 17
-- -- phases, ii. 410
-- -- reversed spectra, i. 568
-- -- specific heats, i. 584
-- -- substitution, i. 260, 365
-- -- volumes, i. 304
Lead, ii. 134
-- acetate, ii. 137
-- carbonate, ii. 140
-- chloride, ii. 139
-- chromate, ii. 136, 279
-- dioxide, ii. 142
-- nitrate, ii. 139
-- oxide, ii. 137
-- red, ii. 142
-- salts of, i. 491
-- tetrachloride, ii. 144
-- tetrafluoride, ii. 144
-- white, ii. 140
Leucone, ii. 107
Levigation, ii. 72
Light, chemical action of, i. 465
Lime, i. 605
Liquids, boiling points of, i. 135
Lithium, i. 574
-- carbonate, i. 575
Litharge, ii. 137
Litmus, i. 185
Lixiviation, methodical, i. 521
Luteocobaltic salts, ii. 359
Magnus' salt, ii. 392
Magnesia, i. 597
Magnesium, i. 590, 594
-- carbonate, i. 592, 602
-- chloride, i. 602
-- crystallohydrates of, i. 601
-- double salts of, i. 597
-- nitride, i. 595
-- silicide, ii. 102
-- sulphate, i. 600
Manganese, ii. 303
-- nitrides, ii. 310
-- oxides, ii. 306, 307, 308, 313
-- peroxide, i. 159; ii. 305
-- sulphate, ii. 307
Mass, influence of, i. 32, 436
Matches, ii. 154
Matter, primary, ii. 440
-- transmutability of, i. 14
Mercury, ii. 48
-- ammonia compounds, ii. 57
-- basic salts of, ii. 54
-- chlorides, ii. 52, 53, 54
-- compounds, heat of formation, ii. 50
-- cyanide, ii. 55
-- fulminating, ii. 56
-- iodide, ii. 55
-- nitrates, ii. 51
-- nitrides, ii. 56
-- oxides, ii. 53
-- sulphate, ii. 57
-- sulphides, ii. 221
Metalepsis, i. 28, 471
Metalloids, i. 23
Metals, i. 23
-- of alkaline earths, i. 64, 590, 591
-- of alkalis, i. 543
-- displacement of, ii. 427
Methane, i. 360
Moisture, determination of, in gases, i. 40
-- influence upon reaction, i. 403
Molecular volumes, ii. 37
-- weight and boiling point, i. 331
-- -- -- coefficient of refraction, i. 336
-- -- -- latent heat, i. 329
-- -- -- specific gravity of solutions, i. 335
-- -- -- surface tension, i. 334
Molecules, i. 319, 322
Molybdates, ii. 292
Molybdenum, ii. 290
-- anhydride, ii. 291
-- fluo-compounds, ii. 298
-- sulphides, ii. 297
Monophosphamide, ii. 178
Monosodium orthophosphate, ii. 167
Morphotropy, ii. 10
Naphtha, i. 373, 377
Nascent state, i. 33, 145, 146
Neodymium, ii. 97
Nickel, ii. 353
-- alloys, ii. 367
-- and carbonic oxide, ii. 367
-- fluoride, ii. 358
-- hydroxide, ii. 358
-- oxide, ii. 365
-- sulphate, i. 97; ii. 359
-- tetra-carboxyl, ii. 367
Niobium, i. 199; ii. 194, 198
Nitrates, i. 273
Nitres, i. 268, 555
Nitric anhydride, i. 280
-- oxide, i. 286
Nitrides, i. 227, 258, 620
Nitriles, i. 406
Nitrites, i. 284
Nitro-cellulose, i. 275
Nitro-compounds, i. 274
Nitrogen, i. 223, 225, 475
-- chloride, i. 476
-- iodide, i. 507
-- oxides of, i. 267, 280, 284, 294, 295
-- sulphide, ii. 270
Nitro-prussides, ii. 351
Nitroso-compounds, i. 288
Nitrosulphates, ii. 229
Nitrosyl chloride, ii. 176
Norwegium, ii. 59
Occlusion, i. 143
Olefiant gas, i. 370
Organo-metallic compounds, i. 356
Osmium, ii. 372, 382, 384
Osmotic pressure, i. 64
Osmuridium, ii. 383
Oxamide, i. 406
Oxidation, i. 16
Oxides, i. 183; ii. 36
Oxycobaltamine salts, ii. 359
Oxygen, i. 152, 157, 158, 163
-- compounds, heat of formation of, i. 120, 466
Ozone, i. 198, 229
Palladium, ii. 369
-- hydride, i. 143; ii. 380
Palladous chloride, ii. 379
-- iodide, ii. 379
Paracyanogen, i. 414
Paramorphism, ii. 9
Parasulphatammon, ii. 269
Peat, i. 344
Peligot's salt, ii. 281
Percentage composition, i. 326
Perchloric anhydride, ii. 282
Periodates, i. 510
Permanganic anhydride, ii. 313
Permolybdates, ii. 297
Peroxide, chloric, i. 484
Peroxides, i. 159; ii. 15, 23
Perstannic oxide, ii. 133
Persulphates, ii. 253
Petroleum, i. 373
Phenol, solubility of, i. 75
Phlogiston, i. 17
Phosgene gas, ii. 175
Phospham, ii. 178
Phosphides, ii. 157
Phosphine, ii. 158, 160
Phosphonium iodide, ii. 159
Phosphoric anhydride, ii. 161
Phosphorous anhydride, ii. 160
Phosphorus, ii. 149
-- ammonium compounds, ii. 178
-- chlorides, ii. 174
-- fluorides, ii. 173
-- iodides, i. 505, 506; ii. 172
-- oxychlorides, ii. 175
-- sulphides, ii. 213
-- sulphochloride, ii. 213
-- thermo-chemical data for, ii. 153
Phosphuretted hydrogen, ii. 158, 160
Photography, ii. 431
Photo-salts, ii. 432
Plants, chemical reactions in, i. 547
-- and nitrogen, i. 230
Platinic chloride, ii. 377
-- hydroxide, ii. 379
Platino-ammonium compounds, ii. 391
-- chlorides, i. 467; ii. 378
-- cyanides, ii. 386
-- nitrites, ii. 390
-- sulphites, ii. 390
Platinous chloride, ii. 379
Platinum, ii. 376
-- alloys, ii. 373
-- black, ii. 376
-- metals, ii. 369, 375
-- oxide, ii. 378
Poly-haloid salts, i. 545
Polymerism, i. 207, 367
Polysulphides, ii. 217
Potassium, i. 544, 558
-- aurate, ii. 449
-- bromide, i. 550
-- carbonate, i. 549
-- chlorate, i. 161, 482
-- chloride, i. 72, 543
-- chromate, ii. 280
-- cyanide, i. 412, 551
-- dichromate, ii. 278
-- ferricyanide, ii. 346
-- ferrocyanide, i. 346, 412
-- hydrosulphide, ii. 219
-- hydroxide, i. 548
-- iodide, i. 550
-- manganate, ii. 310
-- nitrate, i. 553
-- oxides, i. 559
-- permanganate, ii. 311
-- stannate, ii. 133
-- sulphate, i. 72, 549
-- sulphide, ii. 219
-- telluride, ii. 274
Praseocobaltic salts, ii. 361
Praseodidymium, ii. 97
Proteid substances, i. 224
Prout's hypothesis, ii. 439
Prussian blue, i. 419; ii. 349
Purpureocobaltic salts, ii. 361
Purpureotetramine salts, ii. 361
Pyrocollodion, i. 275
Pyronaphtha, i. 375
Pyrosulphuryl chloride, i. 321; ii. 235
Reactions, chemical, i. 3
-- -- conditions for, i. 34
-- -- contact, i. 39
-- -- endothermal, i. 30
-- -- exothermal, i. 30
-- -- limit of, i. 437
-- -- rate of, ii. 152
Recalescence, ii. 333
Reduction, i. 16
Refraction equivalent, i. 336
Regenerative furnaces, i. 398
Reiset's salts, ii. 394
Respiration, i. 152, 154, 387
Rhodium, ii. 381
Rock salt, i. 421
Roseocobaltic salts, ii. 360
Rosetetramine salts, ii. 361
Rubidium, i. 576
Ruthenium, ii. 372, 382, 384