This is a play as full of genius as it is of wisdom. Yet there is an
original sin in the nature of the subject, which prevents us from
taking a cordial interest in it. The height of moral argument' which
the author has maintained in the intervals of passion or blended
with the more powerful impulses of nature, is hardly surpassed in
any of his plays. But there is in general a want of passion; the
affections are at a stand; our sympathies are repulsed and defeated
in all directions. The only passion which influences the story is
that of Angelo; and yet he seems to have a much greater passion for
hypocrisy than for his mistress. Neither are we greatly enamoured of
Isabella's rigid chastity, though she could not act otherwise than
she did. We do not feel the same confidence in the virtue that is
sublimely good' at another's expense, as if it had been out to some
less disinterested trial. As to the Duke, who makes a very imposing
and mysterious stage-character, he is more absorbed in his own plots
and gravity than anxious for the welfare of the state; more
tenacious of his own character than attentive to the feelings and
apprehensions of others. Claudio is the only person who feels
naturally; and yet he is placed in circumstances of distress which
almost preclude the wish for his deliverance. Mariana is also in
love with Angelo, whom we hate. In this respect, there may be said
to be a general system of cross-purposes between the feelings of the
different characters and the sympathy of the reader or the audience.
This principle of repugnance seems to have reached its height in the
character of Master Barnardine, who not only sets at defiance the
opinions of others, but has even thrown off all self-regard,--'one
that apprehends death no more dreadfully but as a drunken sleep;
careless, reckless, and fearless of what's past, present, and to
come.' He is a fine antithesis to the morality and the hypocrisy of
the other characters of the play. Barnardine is Caliban transported
from Prospero's wizard island to the forests of Bohemia or the
prisons of Vienna. He is the creature of bad habits as Caliban is of
gross instincts. He has, however, a strong notion of the natural
fitness of things, according to his own sensations--'He has been
drinking hard all night, and he will not be hanged that day'--and
Shakespeare has let him off at last. We do not understand why the
philosophical German critic, Schlegel, should be so severe on those
pleasant persons, Lucio, Pompey, and Master Froth, as to call them
'wretches'. They appear all mighty comfortable in their occupations,
and determined to pursue them, 'as the flesh and fortune should
serve'. A very good exposure of the want of self-knowledge and
contempt for others, which is so common in the world, is put into
the mouth of Abhorson, the jailer, when the Provost proposes to
associate Pompey with him in his office--'A bawd, sir? Fie upon him,
he will discredit our mystery.' And the same answer would serve in
nine instances out of ten to the same kind of remark, 'Go to, sir,
you weigh equally; a feather will turn the scale.' Shakespeare was
in one sense the least moral of all writers; for morality (commonly
so called) is made up of antipathies; and his talent consisted in
sympathy with human nature, in all its shapes, degrees, depressions,
and elevations. The object of the pedantic moralist is to find out
the bad in everything: his was to show that 'there is some soul of
goodness in things evil'. Even Master Barnardine is not left to the
mercy of what others think of him; but when he comes in, speaks for
himself, and pleads his own cause, as well as if counsel had been
assigned him. In one sense, Shakespeare was no moralist at all: in
another, he was the greatest of all moralists. He was a moralist in
the same sense in which nature is one. He taught what he had learnt
from her. He showed the greatest knowledge of humanity with the
greatest fellow-feeling for it.
One of the most dramatic passages in the present play is the
interview between Claudio and his sister, when she comes to inform
him of the conditions on which Angelo will spare his life.
Claudio. Let me know the point.
Isabella.--O, I do fear thee, Claudio; and I quake,
Lest thou a feverous life should'st entertain,
And six or seven winters more respect
Than a perpetual honour. Dar'st thou die?
The sense of death is most in apprehension;
And the poor beetle, that we tread upon,
In corporal sufferance finds a pang as great
As when a giant dies.
Claudio. Why give you me this shame?
Think you I can a resolution fetch
From flowery tenderness; if I must die,
I will encounter darkness as a bride, And hug it in mine arms.
Isabella. There spake my brother! there my father's grave
Did utter forth a voice! Yes, thou must die:
Thou art too noble to conserve a life
In base appliances. This outward-sainted deputy--
Whose settled visage and deliberate word
Nips youth i' the head, and follies doth emmew
As faulcon doth the fowl--is yet a devil.
Claudio. The princely Angelo?
Isabella. Oh, 'tis the cunning livery of hell,
The damned'st body to invest and cover
In princely guards! Dost thou think, Claudio,
If I would yield him my virginity,
Thou might'st be freed?
Claudio. Oh, heavens! it cannot be.
Isabella. Yes, he would give it thee, for this rank offence,
So to offend him still: this night's the time
That I should do what I abhor to name,
Or else thou dy'st to-morrow.
Claudio. Thou shalt not do't.
Isabella. Oh, were it but my life,
I'd throw it down for your deliverance
As frankly as a pin.
Claudio. Thanks, dear Isabel.
Isabella. Be ready, Claudio, for your death to-morrow.
Claudio. Yes.--Has he affections in him,
That thus can make him bite the law by the nose?
When he would force it, sure it is no sin;
Or of the deadly seven it is the least.
Isabella. Which is the least?
Claudio. If it were damnable, he, being so wise,
Why would he for the momentary trick
Be perdurably fin'd? Oh, Isabel!
Isabella. What says my brother?
Claudio. Death is a fearful thing.
Isabella. And shamed life a hateful.
Claudio. Aye, but to die, and go we know not where;
To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot;
This sensible warm motion to become
A kneaded clod; and the delighted spirit
To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice:
To be imprison'd in the viewless winds,
And blown with restless violence round about
The pendant world; or to be worse than worst
Of those, that lawless and incertain thoughts
Imagine howling!--'tis too horrible!
The weariest and most loathed worldly life,
That age, ache, penury, and imprisonment
Can lay on nature, is a paradise
To what we fear of death.
Isabella. Alas! alas!
Claudio. Sweet sister, let me live:
What sin you do to save a brother's life,
Nature dispenses with the deed so far,
That it becomes a virtue.
What adds to the dramatic beauty of this scene and the effect of
Claudio's passionate attachment to life is, that it immediately
follows the Duke's lecture to him, on the character of the Friar,
recommending an absolute indifference to it.
--Reason thus with life,--
If I do lose thee, I do lose a thing,
That none but fools would keep; a breath thou art,
Servile to all the skyey influences
That do this habitation, where thou keep'st,
Hourly afflict: merely, thou art death's fool;
For him thou labour'st by thy flight to shun,
And yet run'st toward him still: thou art not noble;
For all the accommodations, that thou bear'st,
Are nurs'd by baseness: thou art by no means valiant;
For thou dost fear the soft and tender fork
Of a poor worm: thy best of rest is sleep,
And that thou oft provok'st; yet grossly fear'st
Thy death, which is no more. Thou art not thyself;
For thou exist'st on many a thousand grains!;
That issue out of dust: happy thou art not;
For what thou hast not, still thou striv'st to get;
And what thou hast, forget'st; thou art not certain;
For thy complexion shifts to strange effects,
After the moon; if thou art rich, thou art poor;
For, like an ass, whose back with ingots bows,
Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey,
And death unloads thee: friend thou hast none;
For thy own bowels, which do call thee sire,
The mere effusion of thy proper loins,
Do curse the gout, serpigo, and the rheum,
For ending thee no sooner: thou hast nor youth, nor age;
But, as it were, an after-dinner's sleep,
Dreaming on both: for all thy blessed youth
Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld; and when thou art old, and rich,
Thou hast neither heat, affection, limb, nor beauty,
To make thy riches pleasant. What's yet in this,
That bears the name of life? Yet in this life
Lie hid more thousand deaths; yet death we fear,
That makes these odds all even.