CARBURETION AND GASOLINE FEEDS
Pure gasoline vapor will not burn, and in order to render it
inflammable it must be combined with oxygen. The simplest manner
of effecting this is to mix air with it, and when the correct
proportions are obtained, the oxygen supplied by the air will be
sufficient to result in the complete combustion of the gasoline
vapor, without a surplus of either of the ingredients. This mixing
is called =carburetion=, the air being said to be =carbureted=.
A correct proportion of gasoline vapor and air results in rapid
combustion; an excess of air makes combustion slower, and excess of
gasoline vapor prevents the combustion from being complete, a residue
of carbon remaining. The correct proportions of air and gasoline
vapor are obtained by the use of a device called a =carburetor=,
which is connected to the combustion chamber by the =inlet pipe=, and
in such a manner that everything entering the combustion space by the
inlet valve must first pass through it.
Liquid gasoline is led to the carburetor from the supply tank, and
the air enters it when the pressure in the combustion space is
reduced by the piston in making the inlet stroke. The speed with
which the air flows through the carburetor depends on the extent
to which the pressure is reduced, and the gasoline vapor that
is required to form a mixture of the correct proportion must be
maintained in accordance with it. While there are various classes of
carburetors, practically all that are used for automobile engines
are of the =float-feed= type; that is, the supply of gasoline is
maintained by a =float=, just as water tanks are kept filled to a
desired depth by a hollow metal ball that floats on the liquid and
controls the valve by which the water enters.
[Illustration: FIG. 19.—CARBURETOR PRINCIPLES.]
The principal parts of a float-feed carburetor are the =float
chamber= and the =mixing chamber=, the gasoline flowing from the
supply tank to the float chamber, and from there to the mixing
chamber, where it is combined with the air. The gasoline flows out of
the float chamber through a small pipe, the end of which, called the
=spray nozzle=, projects into the mixing chamber so that the current
of air rushes past its tip (Fig. 19). When the inlet stroke is not
being performed, and there is no air passing through the mixing
chamber, the float in the float chamber keeps the gasoline at such
a level that it stands just below the tip of the spray nozzle. In
this condition the gasoline in both the float chamber and the spray
nozzle is under atmospheric pressure; but when the pressure in the
combustion space is reduced as the piston makes the inlet stroke, the
pressure in the inlet pipe and mixing chamber is also reduced, and
the gasoline will be forced out of the spray nozzle by the higher
pressure in the float chamber. The passage in the tip of the spray
nozzle is small, and the gasoline is broken up into fine drops as
it spurts out, and in this condition is partly absorbed by the air
and partly carried into the cylinder. By regulating the amount of
gasoline that may pass out of the spray nozzle, it may be adjusted
to the volume of air flowing through the mixing chamber, so that any
desired proportion may be obtained.
If the engine were to be run at a constant speed, the relative
pressures on the gasoline in the float chamber and spray nozzle,
and the quantity of gasoline forced out of the spray nozzle, would
remain in correct proportion to the volume of air; but as the engine
of an automobile is run at greatly varying speeds, the pressure in
the mixing chamber is not constant, but varies to correspond. If
the piston makes fifty inlet strokes a minute, the reduction of the
pressure in the mixing chamber is more gradual than would be the
case with the piston making two hundred inlet strokes a minute. The
more rapidly the pressure is reduced, the greater will be the effect
of the unchanging atmospheric pressure in the float chamber, and
the more gasoline will be forced out of the spray nozzle. This will
result in the presence of too much gasoline in proportion to the air,
giving a mixture that is =too rich=. It is therefore necessary to
provide an arrangement by which the pressure in the mixing chamber
will not be changed as the speed of the engine varies, and this is
accomplished by the =auxiliary air inlet=, which is closed when the
engine runs slowly, but opens to correspond with increasing speed
(Fig. 19). The faster the engine runs, the more the auxiliary air
inlet will open, to admit a correspondingly greater amount of air to
prevent the pressure in the mixing chamber from being reduced below
the point at which the required amount of gasoline is forced out of
the spray nozzle.
The most rapid combination of the gasoline and air is secured by
breaking the gasoline up into fine spray as it leaves the nozzle.
In order to break the gasoline into fine particles, the tip of the
spray nozzle is made with a fine opening, and often forms the seat
for the gasoline adjusting valve, which is a needle-pointed rod that
is screwed in or out to reduce or enlarge the opening; a further
breaking up results from the placing of a metal cone, or the end of a
rod, in such a position as to be struck by the gasoline as it flows
out.
A carburetor with an auxiliary air inlet is provided with two
points of adjustment, to control the flow of gasoline from the
float chamber to the spray nozzle, and to govern the admission of
the auxiliary air. The flow of gasoline must be just sufficient to
carburet thoroughly the air passing through the mixing chamber when
the engine runs at low speed, and the auxiliary air inlet must open
to correspond with increasing speed, to admit sufficient air to keep
the pressure reduced to proper proportions.
The auxiliary air inlet may be operated either by the reduced
pressure that permits the atmospheric pressure to open a valve, or
by the governor of the engine, which opens the inlet as the speed
increases, and closes it on slowing down. The first of these two
types, called an =automatic carburetor=, is in most general use for
automobiles, and is sufficiently satisfactory, but is not as accurate
as the =mechanically controlled= type, which acts independently of
pressure, and exactly according to the speed of the engine.
[Illustration: FIG. 20.—AUTOMATIC CARBURETORS.]
Carburetors may be divided into two types, according to design:
those in which the float and mixing chambers are side by side, and
those in which the mixing chamber passes through the center of the
float chamber (Fig. 20). The former is along the lines of the first
forms of float-feed carburetors, and the latter is of more recent
design, its object being a more compact device, and one that is not
affected by a change of level when the car is on a hill. Both have
advantages and disadvantages, and the use of one as against the other
is optional and a matter of opinion.
The carburetors illustrated are not of any particular makes, and are
intended to show principles rather than construction.
In carburetors with a side mixing chamber the float is usually a
metal box, the joints of which are as far as possible proof against
leakage. Guides prevent it from having any but an up-and-down motion,
and in thus moving it controls the gasoline inlet valve by a rod
attached to it, or by a separate valve stem. In this carburetor a
separate valve stem is used, and it is moved through the action
of a rocker arm controlled by the float. This construction is
usual when the gasoline enters the float chamber from the bottom,
the flow being permitted or checked by a needle valve. When the
level in the float chamber drops as the gasoline runs out of the
spray nozzle, the float sinks, and lifts the valve point from its
seat. This admits gasoline from the supply tank, and the float in
rising on it depresses the valve point, shutting off the flow. The
gasoline adjusting valve is in the passage between the float and
mixing chambers. The main or initial air inlet is in the side, the
air being drawn through the mixing chamber, and past the spray
nozzle. The auxiliary air inlet is a simple valve, opening inward,
and held against its seat by a coil spring, the tension of which
is adjustable. The pressure in the mixing chamber being reduced in
accordance with the increasing speed of the engine, the valve is
opened more and more as the atmospheric pressure against the outer
surface of the valve overcomes the tension of the spring.
In carburetors with central mixing chamber the float is ring- or
horseshoe-shaped, and usually made of cork, well varnished to prevent
the absorption of the gasoline. The air enters at the bottom, passing
directly to the mixing chamber. The auxiliary air inlet is at the
top, and is of the arrangement already described. The mixture passes
out at the side, and may be controlled by a =throttle=, which may be
a damper arrangement, as shown, or other device by which the quantity
passing to the combustion space is at the will of the operator.
The float and mixing chambers of a mechanically operated carburetor
are the same as in the side-float chamber type, the difference being
in the control of the auxiliary air inlet (Fig. 21). This consists of
a tube attached to the mixture outlet, within it sliding another tube
moved by the governor as that expands or contracts with the speed of
the engine. There are openings in the sides of both tubes, but when
the sliding tube is at its inmost position these are not in line,
and consequently are closed. When the governor acts with increased
engine speed, the sliding tube is drawn out, and one or more openings
come into line, air entering through them to the mixing chamber.
The faster the engine runs, the larger become the openings, and in
consequence the greater is the amount of air that they admit. The
illustration shows the ball type of gasoline valve, the ball on the
end of the valve stem being drawn against its seat as the float rises.
[Illustration: FIG. 21.—MECHANICALLY CONTROLLED CARBURETOR.]
While these types are in practically universal use for automobile
engines, there are other methods by which the proportions of the
mixture may be maintained. In one form the gasoline drops on a funnel
made of fine wire gauze, which is placed in the mixing chamber in
such a manner that the air in entering passes through it. The liquid
forms a film over the gauze, and is picked up by the air, as it is
in a condition that permits it to evaporate rapidly. In surface
carburetors air is forced through the gasoline tank, or through an
absorbent material soaked with gasoline, and becomes thoroughly
saturated. This mixture is then thinned with pure air until the
desired proportion is obtained, when it passes to the combustion
space. The objections to these forms arise from the clogging of the
parts with the impurities present in gasoline, and while they give
excellent results when new, they deteriorate rapidly and present such
resistance to the flow of the air current that they become useless.
[Illustration: =Fig. 22.=—FLOAT FEED CARBURETOR WITH GRAVITY GASOLINE
FEED. 1, Filling cap; 2, tank; 3, gasoline valve; 5, trap and
strainer; 6, carburetor; 7, float chamber; 8, float; 9, float valve;
10, spray nozzle; 11, gasoline adjustment; 12, air adjustment; =13,
throttle=; =14, mixing chamber=; =15, initial air inlet=; 16, primer.]
There are two methods of supplying the carburetor with gasoline. Of
these the most usual is the =gravity feed=, in which the tank is
placed at a higher level than the carburetor, so that the gasoline
flows down to it. The tank is usually placed under the seat, and the
piping so arranged that the carburetor is the lowest point of the
system. This method of feeding is satisfactory if the tank can be
placed sufficiently above the carburetor to have the flow unaffected
by an ordinary hill, but if it is not so placed, a steep ascent may
tilt the car to such an extent that the carburetor is above the level
of the gasoline in the tank, in which case the flow of course ceases.
The =pressure feed=, which has been adopted on all high-grade cars,
operates through the maintenance of pressure in the supply tank, the
gasoline being forced out without regard to gravity. The tank is
tight, so that the pressure cannot escape, and is connected by a long
pipe of small diameter either with the combustion space of one of the
cylinders or with the exhaust pipe, so that the pressure of the
burned gases is maintained in it. As the pressure cannot exist until
the engine is running, a hand air pump is usually provided, by which
a sufficient pressure may be produced in the tank to force out enough
gasoline for starting. It is necessary to use as long a pressure pipe
as possible, in order to prevent the possibility of flame passing
through it to the supply of fuel, a long pipe, exposed to the air,
cooling the gases to such an extent that they cannot ignite the
gasoline.
[Illustration: FIG. 23.—PRESSURE FEED GASOLINE SYSTEM. 1, Filling
cap; 2, tank; 3, pressure pipe; 4 and 5, check and relief valves;
6, hand pump; 7, check valve; 8, pressure gauge; 9, feed pipe; 10,
carburetor.]
The pressure pipe is always fitted with a =check and relief valve=,
which acts as a safety valve in preventing the pressure in the tank
from reaching a point at which the joints might be strained, and
also retains the pressure which would otherwise escape when the
engine stops. In some cars an auxiliary gasoline tank is provided on
the dash, being fed by pressure from the main tank, and from which
gasoline flows to the carburetor by gravity. The short distance
of this tank from the carburetor and its elevation prevent the
possibility of the flow being stopped by any tilting of the car short
of an upset.
[Illustration: FIG. 23A.—TYPES OF FLOAT VALVES.]
Because of the liability of the presence of water in the gasoline,
as well as dirt and grit, the gasoline line should be fitted with
a =strainer=, or =trap=. This may be in any position, but it is
usual to have it close to the carburetor, if not built into it. The
simplest strainer consists of a number of thicknesses of fine wire
gauze, so arranged that it may be easily taken out for cleaning. This
will separate the dirt from the gasoline, and water may be caught in
a trap, which is a pocket where the water, being heavier than the
gasoline, may settle and be drawn off.
CARBURETOR PARTS
Practically all the carburetors on the market are combinations of a
few forms of float valves, auxiliary air inlets, and spray nozzles.
In addition to the forms shown in Figs. 20 and 21, the most usual
float valves may be seen in Fig. 23A. In the first two types shown
in this diagram, the float valve stems are separate from the floats,
and are sufficiently heavy to shut off the flow of gasoline by their
weight. In the third type, the gasoline enters the float chamber
from the top, and as the valve stem is attached to the float, the
rising of the float results in the shutting off of the gasoline. The
fourth type is in use on carburetors with central mixing chambers,
the float being hinged to one wall of the float chamber. The loose
valve stem is supported by the hinge, and rises to a seat in the
valve when the gasoline is at the proper depth on the float chamber.
[Illustration: FIG. 23B.—TYPES OF AUXILIARY AIR INLETS.]
Fig. 23B illustrates the most usual forms of auxiliary air inlets.
In the first type, the valve disk slides on the valve stem, and
enlarges the size of the main air inlet. All of the air thus passes
the spray nozzle. In the second type, the inlet for the auxiliary
air is separate from the main air inlet, the two currents meeting
in the mixing chamber, and the extra air diluting the rich mixture
that is formed at the spray nozzle. This action is more correct in
theory than that of the preceding type, and better practical results
are obtained from it. These air valves are defective in opening
and closing too abruptly, and in tending to vibrate rather than to
remain open a fixed distance. The air inlet illustrated in the fourth
diagram was designed to overcome these faults. When the engine is
not operating, the air inlets are closed by a hollow piston that
is held up by a spring. The upper part of the piston rod carries a
metal disk that is attached by a flexible leather washer to the walls
of an upper chamber. The portion of the chamber above the disk is
tightly closed, except for a small hole in the cover that provides
the only communication between the atmosphere and the air confined in
the chamber. When the engine runs at speed, the atmospheric pressure
against the upper side of the disk is greater than the pressure
against the lower side, and the disk is therefore forced downward
against the action of the spring. The movement of the disk moves the
piston, and as this latter slides downward it uncovers the openings
and admits air. The small size of the opening in the cover prevents
air from entering or leaving the chamber above the disk rapidly,
and the movement of the piston is therefore steady and free from
jerks. The third diagram illustrates two positions of a mechanically
operated auxiliary air inlet, controlled by a governor.