from the stone, being blacke when it is ripe, and some whitish spots
vpon it.
The Catalonia plum is a very good plum.
The Don Alteza is also a very good plum.
The Muscadine plum, some call the Queene mother plumme, and some the
Cherry plum, is a faire red plum, of a reasonable bignesse, and ripe
about Bartholmew tide.
[Illustration:
1 _Prunum Imperiale._ The Imperiall Plum.
2 _Prunum Turcicum._ The Turkey Plum.
3 _Prunum præcox rubrum._ The red Primordian Plum.
4 _Prunum Mytellinum._ The Mussell Plum.
5 _Prunum Ambariuum._ The Amber Plum.
6 _Prunum Regineum._ The Queen mother Plum.
7 _Prunum viride._ The green Oysterly Plum.
8 _Prunum Arantiacum._ The Orenge Plum.
9 _Prunum Myristicum._ The Nutmeg Plum.
10 _Prunum Siliquosum._ The Pescod Plum.
11 _Prunum Gandauense._ The Gaunt Plum.
12 _Prunum Dactylites._ The Date Plum.
13 _Prunum Pyrinum præcox._ The early Peare Plum.
]
The Christian plum, called also the Nutmeg plum; the tree groweth very
shrubby, and will abide good for six weekes at the least after it is
gathered, and after all other plums are spent.
The Cherry plum remembred before, speaking of the Muscadine plum, is a
very good plum, but small.
The Amber plum is a round plum, as yellow on the outside almost as
yellow waxe, of a sowre vnpleasant taste that which I tasted, but I
thinke it was not the right; for I haue seene and tasted another of the
same bignesse, of a paler colour, farre better rellished, and a firmer
substance, comming cleane from the stone like an Apricocke.
The Apricocke plum is a good plum when it is in its perfection, but
that is seldome; for it doth most vsually cracke, thereby diminishing
much of its goodnesse, and besides yeeldeth gumme at the crackes.
The Eason plum is a little red plum, but very good in taste.
The Violet plum is a small and long blackish blew plum, ripe about
Bartholmew tide, a very good dry eating fruit.
The Grape plum is the Flushing Bulleis before remembred.
The Dennie plum is called also the Cheston, or the Friars plum before
remembred.
The Damaske Violet plum, or Queen mother plum spoken of before.
The blacke Damascene plum is a very good dry plum, and of a darke blew
colour when it is ripe.
The white Damson is nothing so well rellished as the other.
The great Damson or Damaske plum is greater then the ordinary Damson,
and sweeter in taste.
The blew Damson well knowne, a good fruit.
The Coserers plum is flat, like vnto a Peare plum, it is early ripe and
blacke, of a very good rellish.
The Margate plum the worst of an hundred.
The green Oysterly plum is a reasonable great plum, of a whitish green
colour when it is ripe, of a moist and sweete taste, reasonable good.
The red Mirobalane plum groweth to be a great tree quickly, spreading
very thicke and farre, very like the blacke Thorne or Sloe bush: the
fruit is red, earlier ripe, and of a better taste then the white.
The white Mirobalane plum is in most things like the former red, but
the fruit is of a whitish yellow colour, and very pleasant, especially
if it be not ouer ripe: both these had need to be plashed against a
wall, or else they will hardly beare ripe fruit.
The Oliue plum is very like a greene Oliue, but for colour and
bignesse, and groweth lowe on a small bushing tree, and ripeneth late,
but is the best of all the sorts of greene plums.
The white diapred plum of Malta, scarce knowne to any in our Land
but Iohn Tradescante, is a very good plum, and striped all ouer like
diaper, and thereby so called.
The blacke diapred plum is like the Damascene plum, being blacke with
spots, as small as pins points vpon it, of a very good rellish.
The Peake plum is a long whitish plum, and very good.
The Pishamin or Virginia plum is called a plum, but vtterly differeth
from all sorts of plums, the description whereof may truely enforme
you, as it is set downe in the tenth Chapter going before, whereunto I
referre you.
The Vse of Plums.
The great Damaske or Damson Plummes are dryed in France in
great quantities, and brought ouer vnto vs in Hogs-heads, and
other great vessels, and are those Prunes that are vsually sold
at the Grocers, vnder the name of Damaske Prunes: the blacke
Bulleis also are those (being dryed in the same manner) that
they call French Prunes, and by their tartnesse are thought to
binde, as the other, being sweet, to loosen the body.
The Bruneola Plumme, by reason of his pleasant tartnesse, is
much accounted of, and being dryed, the stones taken from them,
are brought ouer to vs in small boxes, and sold deere at the
Comfitmakers, where they very often accompany all sorts of
banquetting stuffes.
Some of these Plums, because of their firmnesse, are
vndoubtedly more wholsome then others that are sweete and
waterish, and cause lesse offence in their stomackes that eate
them; and therefore are preserued with Sugar, to be kept all
the yeare. None of them all is vsed in medicines so much as
the great Damson or Damaske Prune, although all of them for
the most part doe coole, lenifie, and draw forth choller, and
thereby are fittest to be vsed of such as haue chollericke
Agues.
CHAP. XIIII.
_Mala Armeniaca siue Præcocia._ Apricockes.
The Apricocke (as I said) is without question a kinde of Plumme, rather
then a Peach, both the flower being white, and the stone of the fruit
smooth also, like a Plumme, and yet because of the excellencie of
the fruit, and the difference therein from all other Plummes, I haue
thought it meete to entreate thereof by it selfe, and shew you the
varieties haue been obserued in these times.
The Apricocke tree riseth vp to a very great height, either standing
by it selfe (where it beareth not so kindly, and very little in our
country) or planted against a wall, as it is most vsuall, hauing a
great stemme or body, and likewise many great armes or branches,
couered with a smooth barke: the leaues are large, broad, and almost
round, but pointed at the ends, and finely dented about the edges:
the flowers are white, as the Plumme tree blossomes, but somewhat
larger, and rounder set: the fruit is round, with a cleft on the one
side, somewhat like vnto a Peach, being of a yellowish colour as well
on the inside as outside, of a firme or fast substance, and dry, not
ouermoist in the eating, and very pleasant in taste, containing within
it a broad and flat stone, somewhat round and smooth, not rugged as the
Peach stone, with a pleasant sweete kernell (yet some haue reported,
that there is such as haue their kernels bitter, which I did neuer see
or know) and is ripe almost with our first or earliest Plummes, and
thereof it tooke the name of _Præcox_; and it may bee was the earliest
of all others was then knowne, when that name was giuen.
The great Apricocke, which some call the long Apricocke, is the
greatest and fairest of all the rest.
The smaller Apricocke, which some call the small round Apricocke, is
thought to be small, because it first sprang from a stone: but that
is not so; for the kinde it selfe being inoculated, will bee alwaies
small, and neuer halfe so faire and great as the former.
The white Apricocke hath his leaues more folded together, as if it were
halfe double: it beareth but seldome, and very few, which differ not
from the ordinary, but in being more white, without any red when it is
ripe.
The Mascoline Apricocke hath a finer greene leafe, and thinner then the
former, and beareth very seldome any store of fruit, which differeth in
nothing from the first, but that it is a little more delicate.
The long Mascoline Apricocke hath his fruit growing a little longer
then the former, and differeth in nothing else.
The Argier Apricocke is a smaller fruit then any of the other, and
yellow, but as sweete and delicate as any of them, hauing a blackish
stone within it, little bigger then a Lacure Cherry stone: this with
many other sorts Iohn Tradescante brought with him returning from the
Argier voyage, whither hee went voluntary with the Fleete, that went
against the Pyrates in the yeare 1620.
The Vse of Apricockes.
Apricockes are eaten oftentimes in the same manner that other
dainty Plummes are, betweene meales of themselues, or among
other fruit at banquets.
They are also preserued and candid, as it pleaseth Gentlewomen
to bestowe their time and charge, or the Comfitmaker to sort
among other candid fruits.
Some likewise dry them, like vnto Peares, Apples, Damsons, and
other Plummes.
Matthiolus doth wonderfully commend the oyle drawne from the
kernels of the stones, to annoint the inflamed _hæmorrhoides_
or piles, the swellings of vlcers, the roughnesse of the tongue
and throate, and likewise the paines of the eares.
CHAP. XV.
_Mala Persica._ Peaches.
As I ordered the Cherries and Plummes, so I intend to deale with
Peaches, because their varieties are many, and more knowne in these
dayes then in former times: but because the Nectorin is a differing
kinde of Peach, I must deale with it as I did with the Apricocke among
the Plummes, that is, place it in a Chapter by it selfe.
The Peach tree of it selfe groweth not vsually altogether so great, or
high as the Apricocke, because it is lesse durable, but yet spreadeth
with faire great branches, from whence spring smaller and slenderer
reddish twigges, whereon are set long narrow greene leaues, dented
about the edges: the blossomes are greater then of any Plumme, of a
deepe blush or light purple colour: after which commeth the fruit,
which is round, and sometimes as great as a reasonable Apple or Pippin
(I speake of some sorts; for there be some kindes that are much
smaller) with a furrow or cleft on the one side, and couered with a
freese or cotton on the outside, of colour either russet, or red,
or yellow, or of a blackish red colour; of differing substances and
tastes also, some being firme, others waterish, some cleauing fast to
the stone on the inside, others parting from it more or lesse easily,
one excelling another very farre, wherein is contained a rugged stone,
with many chinkes or clefts in it, the kernell whereof is bitter: the
roots growe neither deepe nor farre; and therefore are subiect to the
winds, standing alone, and not against a wall. It sooner waxeth old and
decayeth, being sprung of a stone, then being inoculated on a Plumme
stocke, whereby it is more durable.
The great white Peach is white on the outside as the meate is also, and
is a good well rellished fruit.
The small white Peach is all one with the greater, but differeth in
size.
The Carnation Peach is of three sorts, two are round, and the third
long; they are all of a whitish colour, shadowed ouer with red, and
more red on the side is next the sunne: the lesser round is the more
common, and the later ripe.
The grand Carnation Peach is like the former round Peach, but greater,
and is as late ripe, that is, in the beginning of September.
The red Peach is an exceeding well rellished fruit.
The russet Peach is one of the most ordinary Peaches in the Kingdome,
being of a russet colour on the outside, and but of a reasonable
rellish, farre meaner then many other.
The Island Peach is a faire Peach, and of a very good rellish.
The Newington Peach is a very good Peach, and of an excellent good
rellish, being of a whitish greene colour on the outside, yet halfe
reddish, and is ripe about Bartholmew tide.
The yellow Peach is of a deepe yellow colour; there be hereof diuers
sorts, some good and some bad.
The St. Iames Peach is the same with the Queenes Peach, here belowe set
downe, although some would make them differing.
The Melocotone Peach is a yellow faire Peach, but differing from the
former yellow both in forme and taste, in that this hath a small
crooked end or point for the most part, it is ripe before them, and
better rellished then any of them.
[Illustration:
1 _Malus Armeniaca siue Præcocia._ The Apricocke.
2 _Malus Persica Melocotonea._ The Melocotone Peach.
3 _Persica Moschatellina._ The Nutmeg Peach.
4 _Persica nigra._ The blacke Peach.
5 _Persica Carnea longa._ The long Carnation Peach.
6 _Persica Reginea._ The Queenes Peach.
7 _Amygdalus._ The Almond.
8 _Persica du Troas._ The Peach du Troas.
9 _Nucipersica rubra optima._ The best Romane red Nectorin.
10 _Nucipersica rubra altera._ The bastard red Nectorin with a
pincking blossome.
]
The Peach _du Troas_ is a long and great whitish yellow Peach, red on
the outside, early ripe, and is another kinde of Nutmeg Peach.
The Queenes Peach is a faire great yellowish browne Peach, shadowed as
it were ouer with deepe red, and is ripe at Bartholmew tide, of a very
pleasant good taste.
The Romane Peach is a very good Peach, and well rellished.
The Durasme or Spanish Peach is of a darke yellowish red colour on the
outside, and white within.
The blacke Peach is a great large Peach, of a very darke browne colour
on the outside, it is of a waterish taste, and late ripe.
The Alberza Peach is late ripe, and of a reasonable good taste.
The Almond Peach, so called, because the kernell of the stone is
sweete, like the Almond, and the fruit also somewhat pointed like the
Almond in the huske; it is early ripe, and like the Newington Peach,
but lesser.
The Man Peach is of two sorts, the one longer then the other, both of
them are good Peaches, but the shorter is the better rellished.
The Cherry Peach is a small Peach, but well tasted.
The Nutmeg Peach is of two sorts, one that will be hard when it is
ripe, and eateth not so pleasantly as the other, which will bee soft
and mellow; they are both small Peaches, hauing very little or no
resemblance at all to a Nutmeg, except in being a little longer then
round, and are early ripe.
Many other sorts of Peaches there are, whereunto wee can giue no
especiall name; and therefore I passe them ouer in silence.
The Vse of Peaches.
Those Peaches that are very moist and waterish (as many of
them are) and not firme, doe soone putrefie in the stomacke,
causing surfeits oftentimes; and therefore euery one had neede
bee carefull, what and in what manner they eate them: yet they
are much and often well accepted with all the Gentry of the
Kingdome.
The leaues, because of their bitternesse, serue well being
boyled in Ale or Milke, to be giuen vnto children that haue
wormes, to help to kill them, and doe gently open the belly, if
there be a sufficient quantity vsed.
The flowers haue the like operation, that is, to purge the body
somewhat more forceably then Damaske Roses; a Syrupe therefore
made of the flowers is very good.
The kernels of the Peach stones are oftentimes vsed to be giuen
to them that cannot well make water, or are troubled with the
stone; for it openeth the stoppings of the vritory passages,
whereby much ease ensueth.
CHAP. XVI.
_Nucipersica._ Nectorins.
I presume that the name _Nucipersica_ doth most rightly belong vnto
that kinde of Peach, which we call Nectorins, and although they haue
beene with vs not many yeares, yet haue they beene knowne both in Italy
to Matthiolus, and others before him, who it seemeth knew no other
then the yellow Nectorin, as Dalechampius also: But we at this day doe
know fiue seuerall sorts of Nectorins, as they shall be presently set
downe; and as in the former fruits, so in this, I will giue you the
description of one, and briefe notes of the rest.
The Nectorin is a tree of no great bignesse, most vsually lesser then
the Peach tree, his body and elder boughes being whitish, the younger
branches very red, whereon grow narrow long greene leaues, so like
vnto Peach leaues, that none can well distinguish them, vnlesse it be
in this, that they are somewhat lesser; the blossomes are all reddish,
as the Peach, but one of a differing fashion from all the other, as I
shall shew you by and by: the fruit that followeth is smaller, rounder,
and smoother then Peaches, without any cleft on the side, and without
any douny cotton or freeze at all; and herein is like vnto the outer
greene rinde of the Wallnut, whereof as I am perswaded it tooke the
name, of a fast and firme meate, and very delicate in taste, especially
the best kindes, with a rugged stone within it, and a bitter kernell.
The Muske Nectorin, so called, because it being a kinde of the best red
Nectorins, both smelleth and eateth as if the fruit were steeped in
Muske: some thinke that this and the next Romane Nectorin are all one.
The Romane red Nectorin, or cluster Nectorin, hath a large or great
purplish blossome, like vnto a Peach, reddish at the bottome on the
outside, and greenish within: the fruit is of a fine red colour on the
outside, and groweth in clusters, two or three at a ioynt together, of
an excellent good taste.
The bastard red Nectorin hath a smaller or pincking blossome, more
like threads then leaues, neither so large nor open as the former, and
yellowish within at the bottome: the fruit is red on the outside, and
groweth neuer but one at a ioynt; it is a good fruit, but eateth a
little more rawish then the other, euen when it is full ripe.
The yellow Nectorin is of two sorts, the one an excellent fruit,
mellow, and of a very good rellish; the other hard, and no way
comparable to it.
The greene Nectorin, great and small; for such I haue seene abiding
constant, although both planted in one ground: they are both of one
goodnesse, and accounted with most to be the best rellished Nectorin of
all others.
The white Nectorin is said to bee differing from the other, in that it
will bee more white on the outside when it is ripe, then either the
yellow or greene: but I haue not yet seene it.
The Vse of Nectorins.
The fruit is more firme then the Peach, and more delectable in
taste; and is therefore of more esteeme, and that worthily.
CHAP. XVII.
_Amygdala._ Almonds.
The Almond also may be reckoned vnto the stock or kindred of the
Peaches, it is so like both in leafe and blossome, and somewhat also in
the fruit, for the outward forme, although it hath onely a dry skinne,
and no pulpe or meate to bee eaten: but the kernell of the stone or
shell, which is called the Almond, maketh recompense of that defect,
whereof some are sweete, some bitter, some great, some small, some
long, and some short.
The Almond tree groweth vpright, higher and greater then any Peach; and
is therefore vsually planted by it selfe, and not against a wall, whose
body sometime exceedeth any mans fadome, whereby it sheweth to be of
longer continuance, bearing large armes, and smaller branches also, but
brittle, whereon are set long and narrow leaues, like vnto the Peach
tree: the blossomes are purplish, like vnto Peach blossoms, but paler:
the fruit is somewhat like a Peach for the forme of the skinne or
outside, which is rough, but not with any such cleft therein, or with
any pulpe or meate fit to bee eaten, but is a thicke dry skinne when it
is ripe, couering the stone or shell, which is smooth and not rugged,
and is either long and great, or small, or thicke and short, according
as the nut or kernell within it is, which is sweete both in the greater
and smaller, and onely one smaller kinde which is bitter: yet this I
haue obserued, that all the Almond trees that I haue seene growe in
England, both of the sweete and bitter kindes, beare Almonds thicke and
short, and not long, as that sort which is called the Iorden Almond.
The Vse of Almonds.
They are vsed many ways, and for many purposes, either eaten
alone with Figges, or Raysins of the Sunne, or made into paste
with Sugar and Rosewater for Marchpanes, or put among Floure,
Egges, and Sugar, to make Mackerons, or crusted ouer with
Sugar, to make Comfits, or mixed with Rosewater and Sugar, to
make Butter, or with Barley water, to make Milke, and many
other waies, as euery one list, that hath skill in such things.
The oyle also of Almonds is vsed many waies, both inwardly
and outwardly, for many purposes; as the oyle of sweete
Almonds mixt with poudered white Sugar Candy, for coughes and
hoarsenesse, and to be drunk alone, or with some other thing
(as the Syrupe of Marsh Mallowes) for the stone, to open and
lenifie the passages, and make them slipperie, that the stone
may passe the easier. And also for women in Child bed after
their sore trauell. And outwardly either by it selfe, or with
oyle of Tartar to make a creame, to lenifie the skin, parched
with the winde or otherwise, or to annoint the stomacke either
alone, or with other things to helpe a cold.
The oyle of bitter Almonds is much vsed to be dropped into
their eares that are hard of hearing, to helpe to open them.
And as it is thought, doth more scoure and cleanse the skin
then the sweet oyle doth, and is therefore more vsed of many
for that purpose, as the Almonds themselues are.
CHAP. XVIII.
_Mala Arantia._ Orenges.
I bring here to your consideration, as you see, the Orenge tree
alone, without mentioning the Citron or Lemmon trees, in regard of
the experience we haue seen made of them in diuers places: For the
Orenge tree hath abiden with some extraordinary looking and tending of
it, when as neither of the other would by any meanes be preserued any
long time. If therefore any be desirous to keepe this tree, he must
so prouide for it, that it be preserued from any cold, either in the
winter or spring, and exposed to the comfort of the sunne in summer.
And for that purpose some keepe them in great square boxes, and lift
them to and fro by iron hooks on the sides, or cause them to be rowled
by trundels, or small wheels vnder them, to place them in an house, or
close gallerie for the winter time: others plant them against a bricke
wall in the ground, and defend them by a shed of boardes, couered ouer
with seare-cloth in the winter, and by the warmth of a stoue, or other
such thing, giue them some comfort in the colder times: but no tent or
meane prouision will preserue them.
The Orenge tree in the warme Countries groweth very high, but with vs
(or else it is a dwarfe kinde thereof) riseth not very high: the barke
of the elder stemmes being of a darke colour, and the young branches
very greene, whereon grow here and there some few thornes: the leaues
are faire, large, and very greene, in forme almost like a Bay leafe,
but that it hath a small eare, or peece of a leafe, fashioned like vnto
an heart vnder euery one of them, with many small holes to be seene in
them, if you hold them vp betweene you and the light, of a sweet but
strong smell, naturally not falling away, but alwaies abiding on, or
vntill new be come vp, bearing greene leaues continually: the flowers
are whitish, of a very strong and heady sent; after which come small
round fruit, greene at the first, while they are small, and not neere
maturitie, but being grown and ripe, are (as all men know) red on the
out side, some more pale then others, and some kindes of a deeper
yellowish red, according to the climate, and as it receiueth the
heate of the sunne, wherein is contained sower or sweete iuice, and
thicke white kernels among it: it beareth in the warme Countries both
blossomes and greene fruit continually vpon it, and ripe fruit also
with them for the best part of the yeare, but especially in Autumne and
Winter.
[Illustration:
1 _Malus Arantia._ The Orenge tree.
2 _Malus._ The Apple tree.
3 _Malum Carbonarium._ The Pomewater.
4 _Malum Curtipendulum._ The golden Pippin.
5 _Melapium._ The Pearmaine.
6 _Malum Regineum._ The Queene Apple.
7 _Malum primis maturum._ The Genneting.
8 _Malum Regale._ The pound Royall.
9 _Malum Kentij ad seruescendum._ The Kentish Codlin.
10 _Malum Regineum spurium._ The Bardfield Quining.
]
The Vse of Orenges.
Orenges are vsed as sawce for many sorts of meates, in respect
of their sweete sowernesse, giuing a rellish of delight,
whereinsoeuer they are vsed.
The inner pulpe or iuice doth serue in agues and hot diseases,
and in Summer to coole the heate of deiected stomackes, or
fainting spirits.
The dryed rinde, by reason of the sweete and strong sent,
serueth to bee put among other things to make sweet pouthers.
The outer rindes, when they are clensed from all the inner
pulpe and skins, are preserued in Sugar, after the bitternesse
by often steepings hath been taken away, & do serue either as
Succots, and banquetting stuffes, or as ornaments to set out
dishes for the table, or to giue a rellish vnto meats, whether
baked or boyled: Physically they helpe to warme a cold stomack,
and to digest or breake winde therein: or they are candid with
Sugar, and serue with other dryed Iunquets.
The water of Orange flowers is oftentimes vsed as a great
perfume for gloues, to washe them, or in stead of Rose-water to
mixe with other things.
It is vsed to bee drunke by some, to preuent or to helpe any
pestilentiall feuer.
The oyntment that is made of the flowers, is very comfortable
both for the stomache, against the could or cough, or for the
head, for paines and disinesse.
The kernels or seede beeing cast into the ground in the spring
time, will quickely grow vp, (but will not abide the winter
with vs, to bee kept for growing trees) and when they are of
a finger length high, being pluckt vp, and put among sallets,
will giue them a maruellous fine aromaticke or spicy taste,
very acceptable.
The seed or kernels are a little cordiall, although nothing so
much as the kernels of the Pomecitron.
CHAP. XIX.
_Poma._ Apples.
The sorts of Apples are so many, and infinite almost as I may say,
that I cannot giue you the names of all, though I haue endeauoured
to giue a great many, and I thinke it almost impossible for any one,
to attaine to the full perfection of knowledge herein, not onely in
regard of the multiplicitie of fashions, colours and tastes, but in
that some are more familiar to one Countrey then to another, being of
a better or worse taste in one place then in another, and therefore
diuersly called: I will therefore as I haue done before, giue you the
description of the Tree in generall, as also of the Paradise or dwarfe
Apple, because of some especiall difference, and afterwards the names
of as many, with their fashions, as haue come to my knowledge, either
by sight or relation: for I doe confesse I haue not seene all that I
here set downe, but vse the helpe of some friends, and therefore if it
happen that the seuerall names doe not answer vnto seuerall sorts, but
that the same fruit may bee called by one name in one Country, that
is called by another elsewhere, excuse it I pray you; for in such a
number, such a fault may escape vnknowne.
The Apple tree for the most part is neyther very high, great or
straight, but rather vsually boweth and spreadeth (although in some
places it groweth fairer and straighter then in others) hauing long and
great armes or boughes, and from them smaller branches, whereon doe
grow somewhat broade, and long greene leaues, nicked about the edges:
the flowers are large and white, with blush coloured sides, consisting
of fiue leaues: the fruit (as I said) is of diuers formes, colours and
tastes, and likewise of a very variable durabilitie; for some must be
eaten presently after they are gathered, and they are for the most part
the earliest ripe; others will abide longer vpon the trees, before
they bee fit to be gathered; some also will be so hard when others are
gathered, that they will not be fit to be eaten, for one, two or three
months after they bee gathered; and some will abide good but one, two
or three moneths, and no more; and some will be best, after a quarter
or halfe a yeares lying, vnto the end of that yeare or the next.
The Paradise or dwarfe Apple tree groweth nothing so high as the
former, and many times not much higher then a man may reach, hauing
leaues and flowers altogether like the other, the fruit is a faire
yellow Apple, and reasonable great, but very light and spongy or loose,
and of a bitterish sweet taste, nothing pleasant. And these faults
also are incident vnto this tree, that both bodie and branches are
much subiect vnto cancker, which will quickely eate it round, and kill
it; besides it will haue many bunches, or tuberous swellings in many
places, which grow as it were scabby or rough, and will soone cause it
to perish: the roote sendeth forth many shootes and suckers, whereby it
may be much increased. But this benefit may be had of it, to recompence
the former faults, That being a dwarfe Tree, whatsoeuer fruit shall be
grafted on it, will keepe the graft low like vnto it selfe, and yet
beare fruit reasonable well. And this is a pretty way to haue Pippins,
Pomewaters, or any other sort of Apples (as I haue, had my selfe, and
also seene with others) growing low, that if any will, they may make a
hedge rowe of these low fruits, planted in an Orchard all along by a
walke side: but take this Caueat, if you will auoide the danger of the
cancker and knots, which spoile the tree, to graft it hard vnto the
ground, that therby you may giue as little of the nature of the stock
thereunto as possibly you can, which wil vndoubtedly help it very much.
The kindes or sorts of Apples.
The Summer pippin is a very good apple first ripe, and therefore to
bee first spent, because it will not abide so long as the other.
The French pippin is also a good fruit and yellow.
The Golding pippin is the greatest and best of all sorts of pippins.
The Russet pippin is as good an apple as most of the other sorts of
pippins.
The spotted pippin is the most durable pippin of all the other sorts.
The ordinary yellow pippin is like the other, and as good; for indeed
I know no sort of pippins but are excellent good well rellished
fruites.
The great pearemaine differeth little either in taste or durabilitie
from the pippin, and therefore next vnto it is accounted the best of
all apples.
The summer pearemaine is of equall goodnesse with the former, or
rather a little more pleasing, especially for the time of its eating,
which will not bee so long lasting, but is spent and gone when the
other beginneth to be good to eate.
The Russetting is also a firme and a very good apple, not so waterish
as the pippin or pearemaine, and will last the best part of the year,
but will be very mellow at the last, or rather halfe dryed.
The Broading is a very good apple.
The Pomewater is an excellent good and great whitish apple, full
of sap or moisture, somewhat pleasant sharpe, but a little bitter
withall: it will not last long, the winter frosts soone causing it to
rot, and perish.
The Flower of Kent is a faire yellowish greene apple both good and
great.
The Gilloflower apple is a fine apple, and finely spotted.
The Marligo is the same, that is called the Marigold apple, it is a
middle sized apple, very yellow on the outside, shadowed ouer as it
were with red, and more red on one side, a reasonable well rellished
fruit.
The Blandrill is a good apple.
The Dauie Gentle is a very good apple.
The Gruntlin is somewhat a long apple, smaller at the crowne then at
the stalke, and is a reasonable good apple.
The gray Costerd is a good great apple, somewhat whitish on the
outside, and abideth the winter.
The greene Costerd is like the other, but greener on the outside
continually.
The Haruy apple is a faire great goodly apple, and very well
rellished.
The Dowse apple is a sweetish apple not much accounted of.
The Pome-paris is a very good apple.
The Belle boon of two sorts winter and summer, both of them good
apples, and fair fruit to look on, being yellow and of a meane
bignesse.
The pound Royall is a very great apple, of a very good and sharpe
taste.
The Doues Bill a small apple.
The Deusan or apple Iohn is a delicate fine fruit, well rellished
when it beginneth to be fit to be eaten, and endureth good longer
then any other apple.
The Master William is greater then a pippin, but of no very good
rellish.
The Master Iohn is a better tasted apple then the other by much.
The Spicing is a well tasted fruite.
_Pome de Rambures_}
} all faire and good apples
_Pome de Capandu_ }
} brought from France.
_Pome de Calual_ }
The Queene apple is of two sorts, both of them great faire red
apples, and well rellished, but the greater is the best.
The Bastard Queene apple is like the other for forme and colour, but
not so good in taste: some call this the bardfield Queening.
The Boughton or greening is a very good and well tasted apple.
The Leather coate apple is a good winter apple, of no great bignesse,
but of a very good and sharpe taste.
The Pot apple is a plaine Country apple.
The Cowsnout is no very good fruit.
The Gildiling apple is a yellow one, not much accounted.
The Cats head apple tooke the name of the likenesse, and is a
reasonable good apple and great.
The Kentish Codlin is a faire great greenish apple, very good to eate
when it is ripe; but the best to coddle of all other apples.
The Stoken apple is a reasonable good apple.
The Geneting apple is a very pleasant and good apple.
The Worcester apple is a very good apple, as bigge as a Pomewater.
_Donime Couadis_ is a French apple, and of a good rellish.
The French Goodwin is a very good apple.
The old wife is a very good, and well rellished apple.
The towne Crab is an hard apple, not so good to be eaten rawe as
roasted, but excellent to make Cider.
The Virgilling apple is a reasonable good apple.
The Crowes egge is no good rellished fruit, but noursed vp in some
places of the common people.
The Sugar apple is so called of the sweetnesse.
Sops in wine is so named both of the pleasantnesse of the fruit, and
beautie of the apple.
The womans breast apple is a great apple.
The blacke apple or pippin is a very good eating apple, and very like
a Pearemaine, both for forme and bignesse, but of a blacke sooty
colour.
Tweenty sorts of Sweetings and none good.
The Peare apple is a small fruit, but well rellished being ripe, and
is for shape very like vnto a small short Peare, and greene.
The Paradise apple is a faire goodly yellow apple, but light and
spongy, and of a bitterish sweet taste, not to be commended.
The apple without blossome, so called because although it haue a
small shew of a blossome, yet they are but small threds rather then
leaues, neuer shewing to bee like a flower, and therefore termed
without blossome: the apple is neyther good eating nor baking fruit.
Wildings and Crabs are without number or vse in our Orchard, being
to be had out of the woods, fields and hedges rather then any where
else.
The Vse of Apples.
The best sorts of Apples serue at the last course for the
table, in most mens houses of account, where, if there grow any
rare or excellent fruit, it is then set forth to be seene and
tasted.
Diuers other sorts serue to bake, either for the Masters
Table, or the meynes sustenance, either in pyes or pans, or
else stewed in dishes with Rosewater and Sugar, and Cinamon or
Ginger cast vpon.
Some kinds are fittest to roast in the winter time, to warme a
cup of wine, ale or beere; or to be eaten alone, for the nature
of some fruit is neuer so good, or worth the eating, as when
they are roasted.
Some sorts are fittest to scald for Codlins, and are taken to
coole the stomacke, as well as to please the taste, hauing
Rosewater and Sugar put to them.
Some sorts are best to make Cider of, as in the West Countrey
of England great quantities, yea many Hogsheads and Tunnes full
are made, especially to bee carried to the Sea in long voyages,
and is found by experience to bee of excellent vse, to mixe
with water for beuerage. It is vsually seene that those fruits
that are neither fit to eate raw, roasted, nor baked, are
fittest for Cider, and make the best.
The iuice of Apples likewise, as of pippins, and pearemaines,
is of very good vse in Melancholicke diseases, helping to
procure mirth, and to expell heauinesse.
The distilled water of the same Apples is of the like effect.
There is a fine sweet oyntment made of Apples called _Pomatum_,
which is much vsed to helpe chapt lips, or hands, or for the
face, or any other part of the skinne that is rough with winde,
or any other accident, to supple them, and make them smooth.
CHAP. XX.
_Cydonia._ Quinces.
Wee haue some diuersities of Quinces, although not many, yet more then
our elder times were acquainted with, which shall be here expressed.
The Quince tree groweth oftentimes to the height and bignesse of a good
Apple tree, but more vsually lower, with crooked and spreading armes
and branches farre abroad, the leaues are somewhat round, and like the
leaues of the Apple tree, but thicker, harder, fuller of veines, and
white on the vnderside: the blossomes or flowers are white, now and
then dasht ouer with blush, being large and open, like vnto a single
Rose: the fruit followeth, which when it is ripe is yellow, and couered
with a white cotton or freeze, which in the younger is thicker and
more plentifull, but waxeth lesse and lesse, as the fruit ripeneth,
being bunched out many times in seuerall places, and round, especially
about the head, some greater, others smaller, some round like an
Apple, others long like a Peare, of a strong heady sent, accounted not
wholsome or long to be endured, and of no durabilitie to keepe, in the
middle whereof is a core, with many blackish seedes or kernels therein,
lying close together in cels, and compassed with a kinde of cleare
gelly, which is easier seene in the scalded fruit, then in the raw.
The English Quince is the ordinarie Apple Quince, set downe before, and
is of so harsh a taste being greene, that no man can endure to eate it
rawe, but eyther boyled, stewed, roasted or baked; all which waies it
is very good.
The Portingall Apple Quince is a great yellow Quince, seldome comming
to bee whole and faire without chapping; this is so pleasant being
fresh gathered, that it may be eaten like vnto an Apple without offence.
The Portingall Peare Quince is not fit to be eaten rawe like the
former, but must be vsed after some of the waies the English Quince is
appointed, and so it will make more dainty dishes then the English,
because it is lesse harsh, will bee more tender, and take lesse sugar
for the ordering then the English kinde.
The Barbary Quince is like in goodnesse vnto the Portingall Quince last
spoken of, but lesser in bignesse.
The Lyons Quince.
The Brunswicke Quince.
The Vse of Quinces.
There is no fruit growing in this Land that is of so many
excellent vses as this, seruing as well to make many dishes
of meate for the table, as for banquets, and much more for
the Physicall vertues, whereof to write at large is neither
conuenient for mee, nor for this worke: I will onely briefly
recite some, as it were to giue you a taste of that plenty
remaineth therein, to bee conuerted into sundry formes: as
first for the table, while they are fresh (and all the yeare
long after being pickled vp) to be baked, as a dainty dish,
being well and orderly cookt. And being preserued whole in
Sugar, either white or red, serue likewise, not onely as an
after dish to close vp the stomacke, but is placed among other
Preserues by Ladies and Gentlewomen, and bestowed on their
friends to entertaine them, and among other sorts of Preserues
at Banquets. Codimacke also and Marmilade, Ielly and Paste, are
all made of Quinces, chiefly for delight and pleasure, although
they haue also with them some physicall properties.
We haue for the vse of physicke, both Iuyce and Syrupe, both
Conserue and Condite, both binding and loosening medicines,
both inward and outward, and all made of Quinces.
The Ielly or Muccilage of the seedes, is often vsed to be laid
vpon womens breasts, to heale them being sore or rawe, by their
childrens default giuing them sucke.
Athenæus reciteth in his third booke, that one Philarchus
found, that the smell of Quinces tooke away the strength of a
certaine poison, called _Phariacum_. And the Spaniards haue
also found, that the strength of the iuyce of white Ellebor
(which the Hunters vse as a poyson to dippe their arrow heads
in, that they shoote at wilde beasts to kill them) is quite
taken away, if it stand within the compasse of the smell of
Quinces. And also that Grapes, being hung vp to bee kept, and
spent in Winter, doe quickly rot with the smell of a Quince.
CHAP. XXI.
_Pyra._ Peares.
The variety of peares is as much or more then of apples, and I thinke
it is as hard in this, as before in apples, for any to be so exquisite,
as that hee could number vp all the sorts that are to be had: for wee
haue in our country so manie, as I shall giue you the names of by and
by, and are hitherto come to our knowledge: but I verily beleeue that
there be many, both in our country, and in others, that we haue not yet
knowne or heard of; for euery yeare almost wee attaine to the knowledge
of some, we knew not of before. Take therefore, according to the manner
before held, the description of one, with the seuerall names of the
rest, vntill a more exact discourse be had of them, euery one apart.
The Peare tree groweth more slowly, but higher, and more vpright then
the apple tree, and not lesse in the bulke of the body: his branches
spread not so farre or wide, but growe vprighter and closer: the leaues
are somewhat broader and rounder, greene aboue, and whiter vnderneath
then those of the apple tree: the flowers are whiter and greater: the
fruit is longer then round for the most part, smaller at the stalke,
and greater at the head, of so many differing formes, colours, and
tastes, that hardly can one distinguish rightly between them, the times
also being as variable in the gathering and spending of them, as in
apples: the roote groweth deeper then the apple tree, and therefore
abideth longer, and giueth a faster, closer, & smoother gentle wood,
easie to be wrought vpon.
[Illustration:
1 _Malus Cotonea._ The Quince tree.
2 _Cydonium Lusitanicum._ The Portingall Quince.
3 _Pyrus._ The Peare tree.
4 _Pyrum Pompeianum, siue Cucumerinum hyemale._ The Winter Bon
Chretien.
5 _Pyrum pictum vel striatum._ The painted or striped Peare of
Ierusalem.
6 _Pyrum Palatinale._ The Burgomot Peare.
7 _Pyrum Cucumerinum siue Pompeianum æstivum._ The Summer Bon
Chretien.
8 _Pyrum Volemam._ The best Warden.
9 _Pyrum Librale._ The pound Peare.
10 _Pyrum Windsorianum._ The Windsor Peare.
11 _Pyrum Cucumerinum._ The Gratiola Peare.
12 _Pyrum Caryophyllatum._ The Gilloflower Peare.
]
The kindes of Peares.
The Summer bon Chretien is somewhat a long peare, with a greene and
yellow russetish coate, and will haue sometimes red sides; it is ripe
at Michaelmas: some vse to dry them as they doe Prunes, and keepe
them all the yeare after. I haue not seene or heard any more Summer
kindes hereof then this one, and needeth no wall to nourse it as the
other.
The Winter bon Chretien is of many sorts, some greater, others
lesser, and all good; but the greatest and best is that kinde that
groweth at Syon: All the kinds of this Winter fruit must be planted
against a wall, or else they will both seldome beare, and bring fewer
also to ripenesse, comparable to the wall fruit: the kindes also are
according to their lasting; for some will endure good much longer
then others.
The Summer Bergomot is an excellent well rellished peare, flattish,
& short, not long like others, of a meane bignesse, and of a darke
yellowish greene colour on the outside.
The Winter Bergomot is of two or three sorts, being all of them small
fruit, somewhat greener on the outside then the Summer kindes; all
of them very delicate and good in their due time: for some will not
be fit to bee eaten when others are well-nigh spent, euery of them
outlasting another by a moneth or more.
The Diego peare is but a small peare, but an excellent well rellished
fruit, tasting as if Muske had been put among it; many of them growe
together, as it were in clusters.
The Duetete or double headed peare, so called of the forme, is a very
good peare, not very great, of a russettish browne colour on the
outside.
The Primating peare is a good moist peare, and early ripe.
The Geneting peare is a very good early ripe peare.
The greene Chesill is a delicate mellow peare, euen melting as it
were in the mouth of the eater, although greenish on the outside.
The Catherine peare is knowne to all I thinke to be a yellow red
sided peare, of a full waterish sweete taste, and ripe with the
foremost.
The King Catherine is greater then the other, and of the same
goodnesse, or rather better.
The Russet Catherine is a very good middle sized peare.
The Windsor peare is an excellent good peare, well knowne to most
persons, and of a reasonable greatnesse: it will beare fruit some
times twice in a yeare (and as it is said) three times in some places.
The Norwich peare is of two sorts, Summer and Winter, both of them
good fruit, each in their season.
The Worster peare is blackish, a farre better peare to bake (when as
it will be like a Warden, and as good) then to eate rawe; yet so it
is not to be misliked.
The Muske peare is like vnto a Catherine peare for bignesse, colour,
and forme; but farre more excellent in taste, as the very name
importeth.
The Rosewater peare is a goodly faire peare, and of a delicate taste.
The Sugar peare is an early peare, very sweete, but waterish.
The Summer Popperin} both of them are very good dry
} firme peares, somewhat spotted,
The Winter Popperin} and brownish on the outside.
The greene Popperin is a winter fruit, of equall goodnesse with the
former.
The Soueraigne peare, that which I haue seene and tasted, and so
termed vnto me, was a small brownish yellow peare, but of a most
dainty taste; but some doe take a kind of Bon Chretien, called the
Elizabeth peare, to be the Soueraigne peare; how truely let others
iudge.
The Kings peare is a very good and well tasted peare.
The peare Royall is a great peare, and of a good rellish.
The Warwicke peare is a reasonable faire and good peare.
The Greenfield peare is a very good peare, of a middle size.
The Lewes peare is a brownish greene peare, ripe about the end of
September, a reasonable well rellished fruit, and very moist.
The Bishop peare is a middle sized peare, of a reasonable good taste,
not very waterish; but this property is oftentimes seene in it, that
before the fruit is gathered, (but more vsually those that fall of
themselues, and the rest within a while after they are gathered) will
be rotten at the core, when there will not be a spot or blemish to
bee seene on the outside, or in all the peare, vntill you come neare
the core.
The Wilford peare is a good and a faire peare.
The Bell peare a very good greene peare.
The Portingall peare is a great peare, but more goodly in shew then
good indeed.
The Gratiola peare is a kinde of Bon Chretien, called the Cowcumber
peare, or Spinola’s peare.
The Rowling peare is a good peare, but hard, and not good before it
bee a little rowled or bruised, to make it eate the more mellow.
The Pimpe peare is as great as the Windsor peare, but rounder, and of
a very good rellish.
The Turnep peare is a hard winter peare, not so good to eate rawe, as
it is to bake.
The Arundell peare is most plentifull in Suffolke, and there
commended to be a verie good peare.
The Berry peare is a Summer peare, reasonable faire and great, and of
so good and wholsome a taste, that few or none take harme by eating
neuer so many of them.
The Sand peare is a reasonable good peare, but small.
The Morley peare is a very good peare, like in forme and Colour vnto
the Windsor, but somewhat grayer.
The peare pricke is very like vnto the Greenfield peare, being both
faire, great, and good.
The good Rewell is a reasonable great peare, as good to bake as to
eate rawe, and both wayes it is a good fruit.
The Hawkes bill peare is of a middle size, somewhat like vnto the
Rowling peare.
The Petworth peare is a winter peare, and is great, somewhat long,
faire, and good.
The Slipper peare is a reasonable good peare.
The Robert peare is a very good peare, plentifull in Suffolke and
Norfolke.
The pound peare is a reasonable good peare, both to eate rawe, and to
bake.
The ten pound peare, or the hundred pound peare, the truest and best,
is the best Bon Chretien of Syon, so called, because the grafts cost
the Master so much the fetching by the messengers expences, when he
brought nothing else.
The Gilloflower peare is a winter peare, faire in shew, but hard, and
not fit to bee eaten rawe, but very good to bake.
The peare Couteau is neither good one way nor other.
The Binsce peare is a reasonable good winter peare, of a russetish
colour, and a small fruit: but will abide good a long while.
The Pucell is a greene peare, of an indifferent good taste.
The blacke Sorrell is a reasonable great long peare, of a darke red
colour on the outside.
The red Sorrell is of a redder colour, else like the other.
The Surrine is no very good peare.
The Summer Hasting is a little greene peare, of an indifferent good
rellish.
Peare Gergonell is an early peare, somewhat long, and of a very
pleasant taste.
The white Genneting is a reasonable good peare, yet not equall to the
other.
The Sweater is somewhat like the Windsor for colour and bignesse, but
nothing neare of so good a taste.
The bloud red peare is of a darke red colour on the outside, but
piercing very little into the inner pulpe.
The Hony peare is a long greene Summer peare.
The Winter peare is of many sorts, but this is onely so called, to
bee distinguished from all other Winter peares, which haue seuerall
names giuen them, and is a very good peare.
The Warden or Luke Wards peare of two sorts, both white and red, both
great and small.
The Spanish Warden is greater then either of both the former, and
better also.
The peare of Ierusalem, or the stript peare, whose barke while it is
young, is as plainly seene to be stript with greene, red, and yellow,
as the fruit it selfe is also, and is of a very good taste: being
baked also, it is as red as the best Warden, whereof Master William
Ward of Essex hath assured mee, who is the chiefe keeper of the Kings
Granary at Whitehall.
Hereof likewise there is a wilde kinde no bigger then ones thumbe,
and striped in the like manner, but much more.
The Choke peares, and other Wilde peares, both great and small, as
they are not to furnish our Orchard, but the Woods, Forrests, Fields,
and Hedges, so wee leaue them to their naturall places, and to them
that keep them, and make good vse of them.
The Vse of Peares.
The most excellent sorts of Peares, serue (as I said before of
Apples) to make an after-course for their masters table, where
the goodnesse of his Orchard is tryed. They are dryed also, and
so are an excellent repaste, if they be of the best kindes, fit
for the purpose.
They are eaten familiarly of all sorts of people, of some for
delight, and of others for nourishment, being baked, stewed, or
scalded.
The red Warden and the Spanish Warden are reckoned among the
most excellent of Peares, either to bake or to roast, for the
sicke or for the sound: And indeede, the Quince and the Warden
are the two onely fruits are permitted to the sicke, to eate at
any time.
Perry, which is the iuyce of Peares pressed out, is a drinke
much esteemed as well as Cyder, to be both drunke at home, and
carried to the Sea, and found to be of good vse in long voyages.
The Perry made of Choke Peares, notwithstanding the harshnesse,
and euill taste, both of the fruit when it is greene, as also
of the iuyce when it is new made, doth yet after a few moneths
become as milde and pleasant as wine, and will hardly bee
knowne by the sight or taste from it: this hath beene found
true by often experience; and therefore wee may admire the
goodnesse of God, that hath giuen such faculty to so wilde
fruits, altogether thought vselesse, to become vsefull, and
apply the benefit thereof both to the comfort of our soules and
bodies.
For the Physicall properties, if we doe as Galen teacheth vs,
_in secundo Alimentorum_, referre the qualities of Peares to
their seuerall tastes, as before he had done in Apples, we
shall not neede to make a new worke; those that are harsh and
sowre doe coole and binde, sweet do nourish and warme, and
those betweene these, to haue middle vertues, answerable to
their temperatures, &c.
Much more might be said, both of this and the other kinds of
fruits; but let this suffice for this place and worke, vntill a
more exact be accomplished.
CHAP. XXII.
_Nux Iuglans._ The Wallnut.
Although the Wallnut tree bee often planted in the middle of great
Courtyards, where by reason of his great spreading armes it taketh vp
a great deale of roome, his shadow reaching farre, so that scarce any
thing can well grow neare it; yet because it is likewise planted in fit
places or corners of Orchards, and that it beareth fruit or nuts, often
brought to the table, especially while they are freshest, sweetest, and
fitted to be eaten, let not my Orchard want his company, or you the
knowledge of it. Some doe thinke that there are many sorts of them,
because some are much greater then others, and some longer then others,
and some haue a more frangible shell then others; but I am certainly
perswaded, that the soyle and climate where they grow, are the whole
and onely cause of the varieties and differences. Indeed Virginia hath
sent vnto vs two sorts of Wallnuts, the one blacke, the other white,
whereof as yet wee haue no further knowledge. And I know that Clusius
reporteth, he tooke vp at a banquet a long Wallnut, differing in forme
and tendernesse of shell from others, which being set, grew and bore
farre tenderer leaues then the others and a little snipt about the
edges, which (as I said) might alter with the soyle and climate: and
besides you may obserue, that many of Clusius differences are very
nice, and so I leaue it.
The Wallnut tree groweth very high and great, with a large and thicke
body or trunke, couered with a thicke clouen whitish greene barke,
tending to an ash colour; the armes are great, and spread farre,
breaking out into smaller branches, whereon doe growe long & large
leaues, fiue or seuen set together one against another, with an odde
one at the end, somewhat like vnto ashen leaues, but farre larger, and
not so many on a stalke, smooth, and somewhat reddish at the first
springing, and tender also, of a reasonable good sent, but more strong
and headie when they growe old: the fruit or nut is great and round,
growing close to the stalkes of the leaues, either by couples or by
three set together, couered with a double shell, that is to say, with
a greene thicke and soft outer rinde, and an inner hard shell, within
which the white kernell is contained, couered with a thinne yellow
rinde or peeling, which is more easily peeled away while it is greene
then afterwards, and is as it were parted into foure quarters, with a
thinne wooddy peece parting it at the head, very sweete and pleasant
while it is fresh, and for a while after the gathering; but the elder
they growe, the harder and more oily: the catkins or blowings are long
and yellow, made of many scaly leaues set close together, which come
forth early in the Spring, and when they open and fall away, vpon their
stalkes arise certaine small flowers, which turne into so many nuts.
The Vse of Wallnuts.
They are often serued to the table with other fruits while they
abide fresh and sweete; and therefore many to keepe them fresh
a long time haue deuised many wayes, as to put them into great
pots, and bury them in the ground, and so take them out as they
spend them, which is a very good way, and will keepe them long.
The small young nuts while they are tender, being preserued or
candid, are vsed among other sorts of candid fruits, that serue
at banquets.
The iuyce of the outer greene huskes are held to be a
soueraigne remedy against either poyson, or plague, or
pestilentiall feuer.
The distilled water of the huskes drunke with a little vinegar,
if the fits growe hot and tedious, is an approued remedy for
the same.
The water distilled from the leaues, is effectuall to be
applyed to fluent or running vlcers, to dry and binde the
humours.
Some haue vsed the pouder of the catkins in white wine, for the
suffocation or strangling of the mother.
The oyle of Wallnuts is vsed to varnish Ioyners workes. As
also is accounted farre to excell Linseede oyle, to mixe a
white colour withall, that the colour bee not dimmed. It is of
excellent vse for the coldnesse, hardnesse and contracting of
the sinewes and ioynts, to warme, supple, and to extend them.
CHAP. XXIII.
_Castanea Equina._ The Horse Chesnut.
Although the ordinary Chesnut is not a tree planted in Orchards, but
left to Woods, Parkes, and other such like places; yet wee haue another
sort which wee haue noursed vp from the nuts sent vs from Turky, of a
greater and more pleasant aspect for the faire leaues, and of as good
vse for the fruit. It groweth in time to be a great tree, spreading
with great armes and branches, whereon are set at seuerall distances
goodly faire great greene leaues, diuided into six, seuen, or nine
parts or leaues, euery one of them nicked about the edges, very like
vnto the leaues of _Ricinus_, or _Palma Christi_, and almost as great:
it beareth at the ends of the branches many flowers set together vpon
a long stalke, consisting of foure white leaues a peece, with many
threads in the middle, which afterwards turne into nuts, like vnto the
ordinary Chesnuts, but set in rougher and more prickly huskes: the nuts
themselues being rounder and blacker, with a white spot at the head of
each, formed somewhat like an heart, and of a little sweeter taste.
The Vse of this Chesnut.
It serueth to binde and stop any maner of fluxe, be it of bloud
or humours, either of the belly or stomacke; also the much
spitting of bloud. They are roasted and eaten as the ordinary
sort, to make them taste the better.
They are vsually in Turkie giuen to horses in their prouender,
to cure them of coughes, and helpe them being broken winded.
CHAP. XXIIII.
_Morus._ The Mulberrie.
There are two sorts of Mulberries sufficiently known to most, the
blackish and the white: but wee haue had brought vs from Virginia
another sort, which is of greater respect then eyther of the other
two, not onely in regard of the raritie, but of the vse, as you shall
presently vnderstand.
1. _Morus nigra._ The blacke Mulberrie.
The blacke Mulberrie tree groweth oftentimes tall and great, and
oftentimes also crooked, and spreading abroade, rather then high; for
it is subiect to abide what forme you will conforme it vnto: if by
suffering it to grow, it will mount vp, and if you will binde it, or
plash the boughes, they will so abide, and be carried ouer arbours, or
other things as you will haue it. The bodie groweth in time to bee very
great, couered with a rugged or thicke barke, the armes or branches
being smoother, whereon doe grow round thicke leaues pointed at the
ends, and nicked about the edges, and in some there are to be seene
deep gashes, making it seeme somewhat like the Vine leafe: the flowers
are certaine short dounie catkings, which turne into greene berries at
the first, afterwards red, and when they are full ripe blacke, made of
many graines set together, like vnto the blacke berrie, but longer and
greater: before they are ripe, they haue an austere and harsh taste,
but when they are full ripe, they are more sweete and pleasant; the
iuice whereof is so red, that it will staine the hands of them that
handle and eate them.
2. _Morus alba._ The white Mulberrie.
The white Mulberrie tree groweth not with vs to that greatnesse or
bulke of bodie that the blacke doth, but runneth vp higher, slenderer,
more knotty, hard and brittle, with thinner spreade armes and branches:
the leaues are like the former, but not so thicke set on the branches,
nor so hard in handling, a little paler also, hauing somewhat longer
stalkes: the fruit is smaller and closer set together, greene, and
somewhat harsh before they be ripe, but of a wonderfull sweetnesse,
almost ready to procure loathing when they are thorough ripe, and
white, with such like seede in them as in the former, but smaller.
3. _Morus Virginiana._ The Virginia Mulberrie.
The Virginia Mulberry tree groweth quickely with vs to be a very great
tree, spreading many armes and branches, whereon grow faire great
leaues, very like vnto the leaues of the white Mulberrie tree: the
berry or fruit is longer and redder then either of the other, and of a
very pleasant taste.
[Illustration:
1 _Nux Iuglans._ The Wallnut.
2 _Castanea equina._ The horse Chestnut.
3 _Morus nigra vel alba._ The Mulberry.
4 _Morus Virginiana._ The Virginia Mulberry.
5 _Laurus vulgaris._ The ordinary Bay tree.
6 _Laurea Cerasus Virginiana._ The Virginia Cherry Bay.
]
The Vse of Mulberries.
The greatest and most especiall vse of the planting of white
Mulberries, is for the feeding of Silke wormes, for which
purpose all the Easterne Countries, as Persia, Syria, Armenia,
Arabia &c. and also the hither part of Turkie, Spaine also and
Italie, and many other hot Countries doe nourish them, because
it is best for that purpose, the wormes feeding thereon, giuing
the finest and best silke; yet some are confident that the
leaues of the blacke will doe as much good as the white: but
that respect must be had to change your seede, because therein
lyeth the greatest mysterie. But there is a Booke or Tractate
printed, declaring the whole vse of whatsoeuer can belong vnto
them: I will therefore referre them thereunto, that would
further vnderstand of that matter.
Mulberries are not much desired to be eaten, although they be
somewhat pleasant, both for that they staine their fingers and
lips that eate them, and doe quickly putrefie in the stomacke,
if they bee not taken before meate.
They haue yet a Physicall vse, which is by reason of the
astringent quality while they are red, and before they bee
ripe, for sore mouthes and throats, or the like, whereunto also
the Syrup, called Diamoron, is effectuall.
_Corollarium._
A COROLLARIE
To this Orchard.
There are certaine other trees that beare no fruit fit to bee eaten,
which yet are often seene planted in Orchards, and other fit and
conuenient places about an house, whereof some are of especiall vse,
as the Bay tree &c. others for their beauty and shadow are fit for
walkes or arbours; some being euer green are most fit for hedge-rowes;
and some others more for their raritie then for any other great vse,
whereof I thought good to entreat apart by themselues, and bring them
after the fruit trees of this Orchard, as an ornament to accomplish the
same.
1. _Laurus._ The Bay tree.
There are to bee reckoned vp fiue kindes of Bay trees, three whereof
haue been entreated of in the first part, a fourth wee will only bring
here to your consideration, which is that kinde that is vsually planted
in euery mans yard or orchard, for their vse throughout the whole land,
the other we will leaue to bee considered of in that place is fit for
it.
The Bay tree riseth vp oftentimes to carry the face of a tree of a
meane bignesse in our Countrey (although much greater in the hoter) and
oftentimes shooteth vp with many suckers from the roote, shewing it
selfe more like to a tall shrubbe or hedge-bush, then a tree, hauing
many branches, the young ones whereof are sometimes reddish, but
most vsually of a light or fresh greene colour, when the stemme and
elder boughes are couered with a darke greene barke: the leaues are
somewhat broad, and long pointed as it were at both the ends, hard and
sometimes crumpled on the edges, of a darke greene colour aboue, and
of a yellowish greene vnderneath, in smell sweet, in taste bitter, and
abiding euer greene: the flowers are yellow and mossie, which turne
into berries that are a little long as well as round, whose shell or
outermost peele is greene at the first, and black when it is ripe;
wherein is contained an hard bitter kernell, which cleaueth in two
parts.
The Vse of Bayes.
The Bay leaues are of as necessary vse as any other in Garden
or Orchard; for they serue both for pleasure and profit, both
for ornament and for vse, both for honest Ciuill vses, and for
Physicke, yea both for the sicke and for the sound, both for
the liuing and for the dead: And so much might be said of this
one tree, that if it were all told, would as well weary the
Reader, as the Relater: but to explaine my selfe; It serueth
to adorne the house of God as well as of man: to procure
warmth, comfort and strength to the limmes of men and women, by
bathings and annoyntings outward, and by drinkes &c. inward to
the stomacke, and other parts: to season vessels &c. wherein
are preserued our meates, as well as our drinkes: to crowns or
encircle as with a garland, the heads of the liuing, and to
sticke and decke forth the bodies of the dead: so that from
the cradle to the graue we haue still vse of it, we haue still
neede of it.
The berries likewise serue for stitches inward, and for paines
outward, that come of cold eyther in the ioynts, sinewes, or
other places.
2. _Laurea Cerasus, siue Laurus Virginiana._
The Virginian Bay, or Cherry Baye.
This Virginian (whether you will call it a Baye, or a Cherrie, or a
Cherrie Bay, I leaue it to euery ones free will and iudgement, but
yet I thinke I may as well call it a Bay as others a Cherrie, neither
of them being answerable to the tree, which neyther beareth such
berries as are like Cherries, neither beareth euer greene leaues like
the Bay: if it may therefore bee called the Virginia Cherry Bay, for
a distinction from the former Bay Cherry that beareth faire blacke
Cherries, it will more fitly agree thereunto, vntill a more proper may
be imposed) riseth vp to be a tree of a reasonable height, the stemme
or bodie thereof being almost as great as a mans legge, spreading
forth into diuers armes or boughes, and they againe into diuers small
branches, whereon are set without order diuers faire broade greene
leaues, somewhat like vnto the former Bay leaues, but more limber and
gentle, and not so hard in handling, broader also, and for the most
part ending in a point but in many somewhat round pointed, very finely
notched or toothed about the edges, of a bitter taste, very neere
resembling the taste of the Bay leafe, but of little or no sent at
all, either greene or dryed, which fall away euery autumne, and spring
afresh euery yeare: the blossomes are small and white, many growing
together vpon a long stalke, somewhat like the Bird Cherry blossomes,
but smaller, and come forth at the ends of the young branches, which
after turne into small berries, euery one set in a small cup or huske,
greene at the first, and blacke when they are ripe, of the bignesse
of a small pease, of a strong bitter taste, and somewhat aromaticall
withall, but without any fleshy substance like a Cherry at all vpon it;
for it is altogether like a berry.
The Vse of this Virginia Cherry Bay.
Being a stranger in our Land, and possessed but of a very few,
I doe not heare that there hath beene any triall made thereof
what properties are in it: let this therefore suffice for this
present, to haue shewed you the description and forme thereof,
vntill we can learne further of his vses.
3. _Pinus._ The Pine tree.
My purpose in this place is not to shew you all the diuersities of Pine
trees, or of the rest that follow, but of that one kinde is planted
in many places of our Land for ornament and delight, and there doth
reasonably well abide: take it therefore into this Orchard, for the
raritie and beautie of it, though we haue little other vse of it.
The Pine tree groweth with vs, though slowely, to a very great height
in many places, with a great straight bodie, couered with a grayish
greene barke, the younger branches are set round about, with very
narrow long whitish greene leaues, which fall away from the elder, but
abide on the younger, being both winter and summer alwaies greene. It
hath growing in sundry places on the branches, certaine great hard
wooddy clogs (called of some apples, of others nuts) composed of many
hard wooddy scales, or tuberous knobs, which abide for the most part
alwaies greene in our Countrey, and hardly become brownish, as in other
Countries, where they haue more heat and comfort of the Sun, and where
the scales open themselues; wherein are contained white long and round
kernels, very sweete while they are fresh, but quickely growing oylely
and rancide.
The Vse of the Pine apples and kernels.
The Cones or Apples are vsed of diuers Vintners in this City,
being painted, to expresse a bunch of grapes, whereunto they
are very like, and are hung vp in their bushes, as also to
fasten keyes vnto them, as is seene in many places.
The kernels within the hard shels, while they are fresh or
newly taken out, are vsed many waies, both with Apothecaries,
Comfit-makers, and Cookes: for of them are made medicines,
good to lenifie the pipes and passages of the lungs and
throate, when it is hoarse. Of them are made Comfits, Pastes,
Marchpanes, and diuers other such like: And with them a cunning
Cooke can make diuers Keck shoses for his Masters table.
Matthiolus commendeth the water of the greene apples
distilled, to take away the wrinkles in the face, to abate the
ouer-swelling breasts of Maidens, by fomenting them after with
linnen clothes, wet in the water; and to restore such as are
rauisht into better termes.
4. _Abies._ The Firre tree.
The Firre tree groweth naturally higher then any other tree in these
parts of Christendome where no Cedars grow, and euen equalling or
ouer-topping the Pine: the stemme or bodie is bare without branches for
a great height, if they bee elder trees, and then branching forth at
one place of the bodie foure wayes in manner of a crosse, those boughes
againe hauing two branches at euery ioynt, on which are set on all
sides very thicke together many small narrow long hard whitish greene
leaues, and while they are young tending to yellownesse, but nothing
so long or hard or sharpe pointed as the Pine tree leaues, growing
smaller and shorter to the end of the branches: the bloomings are
certaine small long scaly catkins, of a yellowish colour, comming forth
at the ioynts of the branches, which fall away: the cones are smaller
and longer then of the Pine tree, wherein are small three square seede
contained, not halfe so big as the Pine kernels.
The Vse of the Firre tree.
The vse of this tree is growne with vs of late daies to bee
more frequent for the building of houses then euer before: for
hereof (namely of Deale timber and Deale boords) are framed
many houses, and their floores, without the helpe of any other
timber or boord of any other tree almost; as also for many
other workes and purposes. The yellow Rossen that is vsed as
well to make salues as for many other common vses, is taken
from this tree, as the Pitch is both from the Pitch and Pine
trees, and is boyled to make it to bee hard, but was at the
first a yellow thin cleere Turpentine, and is that best sort of
common Turpentine is altogether in vse with vs, as also another
more thicke, whitish, and troubled, both which are vsed in
salues, both for man and beast (but not inwardly as the cleere
white Venice Turpentine is) and serueth both to draw, cleanse
and heale. Dodonæus seemeth to say, that the cleere white
Turpentine, called Venice Turpentine, is drawn from the Firre:
but Matthiolus confuteth that opinion, which Fulsius also held
before him.
[Illustration:
1 _Pinus._ The Pine tree.
2 _Abies._ The Firre tree.
3 _Ilex._ The euer greene Oake.
4 _Cupressus._ The Cipresse tree.
5 _Arbutus._ The Strawberry tree.
6 _Alaternus._ The euer greene Priuet.
]
5. _Ilex arbor._ The euer-greene Oake.
The _Ilex_ or euer-greene Oake riseth in time to be a very great tree,
but very long and slow in growing (as is to be seene in the Kings priuy
Garden at Whitehall, growing iust against the backe gate that openeth
into the way going to Westminster, and in some other places) spreading
many fair large great armes and branches, whereon are set small and
hard greene leaues, somewhat endented or cornered, and prickly on the
edges, especially in the young trees, and sometimes on those branches
that are young and newly sprung forth from the elder rootes, but else
in a manner all smooth in the elder growne, abiding greene all the
winter as well as summer, and are of a grayish greene on the vnderside.
It beareth in the spring time certaine slender long branches (like as
other Okes doe) with small yellowish mossie flowers on them, which fall
away, and are vnprofitable, the acornes not growing from those places,
but from others which are like vnto those of our ordinary Oake, but
smaller and blacker, and set in a more rugged huske or cuppe. This and
no other kinde of _Ilex_ doe I know to grow in all our land in any
Garden or Orchard: for that kind with long and narrower leaues, and
not prickly, growing so plentifully as Matthiolus saith in Tuscane,
I haue not seen: and it is very probable to bee the same that Plinie
remembreth to haue the leafe of an Oliue; but not as some would haue
it, that _Smilax_ Theophrastus maketh mention of in his third Booke
and sixteenth Chapter of his Historie of Plants, which the Arcadians
so called, and had the leafe of the _Ilex_, but not prickly: for
Theophrastus saith, the timber of _Smilax_ is smooth and soft, and this
of the _Ilex_ is harder, and stronger then an Oake.
The Vse of the _Ilex_ or euer-greene Oake.
Seeing this is to be accounted among the kindes of Oake (and
all Oakes by Dioscorides his opinion are binding) it is also
of the same qualitie, but a little weaker, and may serue to
strengthen weake members. The young tops and leaues are also
vsed in gargles for the mouth and throate.
6. _Cupressus._ The Cypresse tree.
The Cypresse tree that is noursed vp by vs, in our Country, doth grow
in those places where it hath beene long planted, to a very great
height, whose bodie and boughes are couered with a reddish ash-coloured
bark; the branches grow not spreading, but vpright close vnto the
bodie, bushing thicke below, and small vpwards, spire fashion, those
below reaching neere halfe the way to them aboue, whereon doe grow euer
greene leaues, small, long and flat, of a resinous sweete smell, and
strong taste, somewhat bitter: the fruit, which are called nuts, grow
here and there among the boughes, sticking close vnto them, which are
small, and clouen into diuers parts, but close while they are young, of
a russetish browne colour; wherein are contained small browne seede,
but not so small as motes in the Sunne, as Matthiolus and others make
them to be.
The Vse of the Cypresse tree.
For the goodly proportion this tree beareth, as also for his
euer-greene head, it is and hath beene of great account with
all Princes, both beyond, and on this side of the Sea, to plant
them in rowes on both sides of some spatious walke, which
by reason of their high growing, and little spreading, must
be planted the thicker together, and so they giue a goodly,
pleasant and sweet shadow: or else alone, if they haue not
many, in the middle of some quarter, or as they thinke meete.
The wood thereof is firme and durable, or neuer decaying, of
a brown yellow colour, and of a strong sweete smell, whereof
Chests or Boxes are made to keepe apparell, linnen, furres, and
other things, to preserue them from moths, and to giue them a
good smell.
Many Physicall properties, both wood, leaues and nuts haue,
which here is not my purpose to vnfold, but only to tell you,
that the leaues being boyled in wine, and drunke, helpe the
difficultie of making vrine, and that the nuts are binding,
fit to bee vsed to stay fluxes or laskes, and good also for
ruptures.
7. _Arbutus._ The Strawberry tree.
The Strawberry tree groweth but slowly, and riseth not to the height
of any great tree, no not in France, Italy, or Spaine: and with vs the
coldnesse of our country doth the more abate his vigour, so that it
seldome riseth to the height of a man: the barke of the body is rough,
and smooth in the younger branches: the leaues are faire and greene,
very like vnto Baye leaues, finely dented or snipped about the edges,
abiding alwayes greene thereon both Winter and Summer: the flowers come
forth at the end of the branches vpon long stalkes, not clustering
thicke together, but in long bunches, and are small, white, and hollow,
like a little bottle, or the flower of Lilly Conually, which after
turne into rough or rugged berries, most like vnto Strawberries (which
hath giuen the name to the tree) somewhat reddish when they are ripe,
of a harsh taste, nothing pleasant, wherein are contained many small
seedes: It hardly bringeth his fruit to ripenesse in our countrey; for
in their naturall places they ripen not vntill Winter, which there is
much milder then with vs.
The Vse of the Strawberry tree.
Amatus Lusitanus I thinke is the first that euer recorded, that
the water distilled from the leaues and flowers hereof, should
bee very powerfull against the plague and poysons: for all the
ancient Writers doe report, that the fruit hereof being eaten,
is an enemy to the stomacke and head. And Clusius likewise
setteth downe, that at Lishbone, and other places in Portingall
where they are frequent, they are chiefly eaten, but of the
poorer sort, women and boyes. They are somewhat astringent or
binding, and therefore may well serue for fluxes. It is chiefly
noursed with vs for the beauty and rarenesse of the tree; for
that it beareth his leaues alwayes green.
8. _Alaternus._ The euer greene Priuet.
The tree which we haue growing in our country called _Alaternus_,
groweth not to be a tree of any height; but abiding lowe, spreadeth
forth many branches, whereon are set diuers small and hard, greene
leaues, somewhat round for the forme, and endented a little by the
edges: it beareth many small whitish greene flowers at the ioynts of
the stalkes, and setting on of the lower leaues clustering thicke
together, which after turne into small blacke berries, wherein are
contained many small graines or seedes: the beauty and verdure of these
leaues abiding so fresh all the yeare, doth cause it to be of the
greater respect; and therefore findeth place in their Gardens onely,
that are curious conseruers of all natures beauties.
The Vse of the euer greene Priuet.
It is seldome vsed for any Physicall property, neither with vs,
nor in the places where it is naturall and plentifull: but as
Clusius reporteth, hee learned that the Portingall Fishermen do
dye their nets red with the decoction of the barke hereof, and
that the Dyers in those parts doe vse the small peeces of the
wood to strike a blackish blew colour.
9. _Celastrus Theophrasti Clusio._ Clusius his Celastrus.
Although the Collectour (who is thought to be Ioannes Molineus of the
great Herball or History of plants, and generally bearing Daleschampius
name, because the finding and relation of diuers herbes therein
expressed, is appropriate to him, and printed at Lyons) of all our
moderne Writers doth first of all others appoint the _Celastrus_,
whereof Theophrastus onely among all the ancient Writers of plants
maketh mention, to be the first _Alaternus_ that Clusius hath set forth
in his History of rarer plants: yet I finde, that Clusius himselfe
before his death doth appropriate that _Celastrus_ of Theophrastus
to another plant, growing in the Garden at Leyden, which formerly of
diuers had beene taken to be a kinde of _Laurus Tinus_, or the wilde
Baye; but he impugning that opinion for diuers respects, decyphreth
out that Leyden tree in the same manner that I doe: and because it is
not onely faire, in bearing his leaues alwayes greene, but rare also,
being noursed vp in our Land in very few places, but principally with a
good old Lady, the widow of Sir Iohn Leuson, dwelling neere Rochester
in Kent; I thought it fit to commend it for an ornament, to adorne this
our Garden and Orchard. It groweth vp to the height of a reasonable
tree, the body whereof is couered with a darke coloured barke, as the
elder branches are in like manner; the younger branches being greene,
whereon are set diuers leaues thicke together, two alwayes at a ioynt,
one against another, of a sad but faire greene colour on the vpperside,
and paler vnderneath, which are little or nothing at all snipped about
the edges, as large as the leaues of the _Laurus Tinus_, or wilde Baye
tree: at the end of the young branches breake forth between the leaues
diuers small stalkes, with foure or fiue flowers on each of them, of
a yellowish greene colour, which turne into small berries, of the
bignesse of blacke Cherries, greene at the first, and red when they
begin to be ripe, but growing blacke if they hang too long vpon the
branches, wherein is contained a hard shell, and a white hard kernell
within it, couered with a yellowish skin. This abideth (as I said
before) with greene leaues as well Winter as Summer; and therefore
fittest to be planted among other of the same nature, to make an euer
greene hedge.
The Vse of Clusius his Celastrus.
Being so great a stranger in this part of the Christian world,
I know none hath made tryall of what property it is, but that
the taste of the leaues is somewhat bitter.
10. _Pyracantha._ The euer greene Hawthorne, or prickly Corall tree.
This euer greene shrubbe is so fine an ornament to a Garden or Orchard,
either to be noursed vp into a small tree by it selfe, by pruining
and taking away the suckers and vnder branches, or by suffering it to
grow with suckers, thicke and plashing the branches into a hedge, for
that it is plyable to be ordered either way; that I could not but giue
you the knowledge thereof, with the description in this manner. The
younger branches are couered with a smooth darke blewish greene barke,
and the elder with a more ash coloured, thicke set with leaues without
order, some greater and others smaller, somewhat like both in forme and
bignesse vnto the leaues of the Barberry tree, but somewhat larger,
and more snipt about the edges, of a deeper green colour also, and
with small long thornes scattered here & there vpon the branches: the
flowers come forth as well at the ends of the branches, as at diuers
places at the ioynts of the leaues, standing thicke together, of a pale
whitish colour, a little dasht ouer with a shew of blush, consisting
of fiue leaues a peece, with some small threads in the middle, which
turne into berries, very like vnto Hawthorne berries, but much redder
and dryer, almost like polished Corall, wherein are contained foure or
fiue small yellowish white three square seede, somewhat shining. It is
thought to be the _Oxyacantha_ of Dioscorides; but seeing Dioscorides
doth explaine the forme of the leafe in his Chapter of Medlars, which
he concealed in the Chapter of _Oxyacantha_, it cannot be the same: for
_Mespilus Anthedon_ of Theophrastus, or _Aronia_ of Dioscorides, hath
the leafe of _Oxyacantha_, as Dioscorides saith, or of Smalladge, as
Theophrastus, which cannot agree to this Thorne; but doth most liuely
delineate out our white Thorne or Hawthorne, that now there is no
doubt, but that _Oxyacantha_ of Dioscorides is the Hawthorne tree or
bush.
[Illustration:
1 _Celastrus Theophrasti Clusio._ Clusius his Celastrus.
2 _Pyracantha._ The euer green prickly Corall tree.
3 _Taxus._ The Yewe tree.
4 _Buxus arbor._ The Boxe tree.
5 _Buxus humilis._ The lowe or dwarfe Boxe.
6 _Sabina._ The Sauine tree.
7 _Paliurus._ Christs thorne.
8 _Larix._ The Larch tree.
]
The Vse of this Corall tree.
Although Lobel maketh mention of this tree to grow both in
Italy, and Prouence in France, in some of their hedges, yet
he saith it is neglected in the naturall places, and to be
of no vse with them: neither doe I heare, that it is applyed
to any Physicall vse with vs, but (as I before said) it is
preserued with diuers as an ornament to a Garden or Orchard, by
reason of his euer greene leaues, and red berries among them,
being a pleasant spectacle, and fit to be brought into the
forme of an hedge, as one please to lead it.
11. _Taxus._ The Yewe tree.
The Yewe tree groweth with vs in many places to bee a reasonable great
tree, but in hoter countries much bigger, couered with a reddish gray
scaly barke; the younger branches are reddish likewise, whereon grow
many winged leaues, that is, many narrow long darke greene leaues,
set on both sides of a long stalke or branch, neuer dying or falling
away, but abiding on perpetually, except it be on the elder boughes:
the flowers are small, growing by the leaues, which turne into round
red berries, like vnto red Asparagus berries, in taste sweetish, with
a little bitternesse, and causing no harme to them for any thing hath
been knowne in our country.
The Vse of the Yewe tree.
It is found planted both in the corners of Orchards, and
against the windowes of Houses, to be both a shadow and an
ornament, in being alwayes greene, and to decke vp Houses
in Winter: but ancient Writers haue euer reckoned it to be
dangerous at the least, if not deadly.
12. _Buxus._ The Boxe tree.
The Boxe tree in some places is a reasonable tall tree, yet growing
slowly; the trunke or body whereof is of the bignesse of a mans thigh,
which is the biggest that euer I saw: but sometimes, and in other
places it groweth much lower, vsually not aboue a yard, or a yard and
a halfe high, on the backe sides of many Houses, and in the Orchards
likewise: the leaues are small, thicke and hard, and still the greater
or lesser the tree is, the greater or lesser are the leaues, round
pointed, and of a fresh shining greene colour: the flowers are small
and greenish, which turne into heads or berries, with foure hornes,
whitish on the outside, and with reddish seede within them.
[Sidenote: _Buxus aureus._ Gilded Boxe.]
There is another kinde hereof but lately come to our knowledge,
which differeth not in any thing from the former, but onely that
all the leaues haue a yellow lift or gard about the edge of them on
the vpperside, and none on the lower, which maketh it seeme very
beautifull; and is therefore called gilded Boxe.
[Sidenote: _Buxus humilis._ Dwarfe Boxe.]
We haue yet another kinde of Boxe, growing small and lowe, not aboue
halfe a foote, or a foote high at the most, vnlesse it be neglected,
which then doth grow a little more shrubby, bearing the like leaues,
but smaller, according to the growth, and of a deeper greene colour:
I could neuer know that this kinde euer bore flower or seede, but is
propagated by slipping the roote, which encreaseth very much.
The Vse of Boxe.
The wood of the Boxe tree is vsed in many kindes of small
works among Turners, because it is hard, close, and firme,
and as some haue said, the roots much more, in regard of the
diuers waues and crooked veines running through it. It hath no
Physicall vse among the most and best Physitians, although some
haue reported it to stay fluxes, and to be as good as the wood
of _Guaiacum_, or _Lignum vitæ_ for the French disease. The
leaues and branches serue both Summer and Winter to decke vp
houses; and are many times giuen to horses for the bots.
The lowe or dwarfe Boxe is of excellent vse to border vp a
knot, or the long beds in a Garden, being a maruailous fine
ornament thereunto, in regard it both groweth lowe, is euer
greene, and by cutting may bee kept in what maner euery one
please, as I haue before spoken more largely.
13. _Sabina._ The Sauine tree or bush.
The Sauine tree or bush that is most vsuall in our country, is a small
lowe bush, not so high as a man in any place, nor so bigge in the
stemme or trunke as a mans arme, with many crooked bending boughes and
branches, whereon are set many small, short, hard, and prickly leaues,
of a darke green colour, fresh and green both Winter and Summer: it is
reported, that in the naturall places it beareth small blacke berries,
like vnto Iuniper, but with vs it was neuer knowne to beare any.
The Vse of Sauine.
It is planted in out-yards, backsides, or voide places of
Orchards, as well to cast clothes thereon to dry, as for
medicines both for men and horses: being made into an oyle, it
is good to annoint childrens bellies for to kill the Wormes:
and the powder thereof mixed with Hogs grease, to annoint the
running sores or scabs in their heads; but beware how you giue
it inwardly to men, women, or children. It is often put into
horses drenches, to helpe to cure them of the bots, and other
diseases.
14. _Paliurus._ Christs thorne.
This thorny shrubbe (wherewith as it is thought, our Sauiour Christ was
crowned, because as those that haue trauelled through Palestina and
Iudæa, doe report no other thorne doth grow therein so frequent, or so
apt to be writhed) riseth in some places to a reasonable height, but in
our country seldome exceedeth the height of a man, bearing many slender
branches, full of leaues, set on either side thereof one by one, which
are somewhat broad and round, yet pointed, and full of veines, thicke
set also with small thornes, euen at the foote of euery branch, and at
the foote of euery leafe one or two, some standing vpright, others a
little bending downe: the flowers are small and yellow, standing for
the most part at the end of the branches, many growing vpon a long
stalke, which after turne into round, flat, and hard shelly fruit, yet
couered with a soft fleshy skinne, within which are included two or
three hard, small, and browne flat seeds, lying in seuerall partitions.
The leaues hereof fall away euery yeare, and spring forth afresh againe
the next May following. The rarity and beauty of this shrubbe, but
chiefly (as I thinke) the name hath caused this to be much accounted of
with all louers of plants.
The Vse of Christs thorne.
Wee haue so few of these shrubbes growing in our country, and
those that are, doe, for any thing I can vnderstand, neuer
beare fruit with vs; that there is no other vse made hereof
then to delight the owners: but this is certainly receiued for
the _Paliurus_ of Dioscorides and Theophrastus, and thought
also by Matthiolus to be the very true _Rhamnus tertius_ of
Dioscorides. Matthiolus also seemeth to contradict the opinion
is held by the Physitians of Mompelier, and others, that it
cannot be the _Paliurus_ of Theophrastus. It is held to be
effectuall to helpe to breake the stone, both in the bladder,
reines, and kidneyes; the leaues and young branches haue an
astringent quality, and good against poysons and the bitings of
serpents.
15. _Larix._ The Larch tree.
The Larch tree, where it naturally groweth, riseth vp to be as tall as
the Pine or Firre tree, but in our Land being rare, and noursed vp but
with a few, and those onely louers of rarities, it groweth both slowly,
and becommeth not high: the barke hereof is very rugged and thicke, the
boughes and branches grow one aboue another in a very comely order,
hauing diuers small yellowish knobs or bunches set thereon at seuerall
distances; from whence doe yearely shoote forth many small, long, and
narrow smooth leaues together, both shorter and smaller, and not so
hard or sharpe pointed as either the Pine or Firre tree leaues, which
doe not abide the Winter as they doe, but fall away euery yeare, as
other trees which shed their leaues, and gaine fresh euery Spring: the
blossomes are very beautifull and delectable, being of an excellent
fine crimson colour, which standing among the greene leaues, allure
the eyes of the beholders to regard it with the more desire: it also
beareth in the naturall places (but not in our Land that I could heare)
small soft cones or fruit, somewhat like vnto Cypresse nuts, when they
are greene and close.
The Vse of the Larch tree.
The coles of the wood hereof (because it is so hard and durable
as none more) is held to be of most force being fired, to cause
the Iron oare to melt, which none other would doe so well.
Matthiolus contesteth against Fuchsius, for deeming the Venice
Turpentine to be the liquid Rossen of the Firre tree, which he
assureth vpon his owne experience and certaine knowledge, to
be drawne from this Larch tree, and none other; which cleere
Turpintine is altogether vsed inwardly, and no other, except
that of the true Turpintine tree, and is very effectuall to
cleanse the reines, kidneyes, and bladder, both of grauell
and the stone, and to prouoke vrine: it is also of especiall
property for the _gonorrhæa_, or running of the reines, as it
is called, with some powder of white Amber mixed therewith,
taken for certaine dayes together. Taken also in an Electuary,
it is singular good for to expectorate rotten flegme, and to
helpe the consumption of the lungs. It is vsed in plaisters
and salues, as the best sort of Turpintine. The Agaricke that
is vsed in physicke, is taken from the bodies and armes of
this tree. And Matthiolus doth much insist against Brasauolus,
that thought other trees had produced Agaricke, affirming them
to be hard _Fungi_, or Mushroms (such as wee call Touch-wood)
wherwith many vse to take fire, strooke thereinto from steele.
16. _Tilia._ The Line or Linden tree.
There are two sorts of Line trees, the male and the female; but because
the male is rare to be seene, and the female is more familiar, I will
onely giue you the description of the female, and leaue the other.
The female Line tree groweth exceeding high and great, like vnto an
Elme, with many large spreading boughes, couered with a smooth barke,
the innermost being very plyant and bending from whence come smaller
branches, all of them so plyable, that they may bee led or carried into
any forme you please: the leaues thereon are very faire, broad, and
round, somewhat like vnto Elme leaues, but fairer, smoother, and of a
fresher greene colour, dented finely about the edges, and ending in a
sharpe point: the flowers are white, and of a good smell, many standing
together at the top of a stalke, which runneth all along the middle
ribbe of a small long whitish leafe; after which come small round
berries, wherein is contained small blackish seede: this tree is wholly
neglected by those that haue them, or dwell neere them, because they
suppose it to be fruitlesse, in regard it beareth chaffie huskes, which
in many places fall away, without giuing ripe seede.
[Illustration:
1 _Tilia famina._ The Line or Linden tree.
2 _Tamariscus._ The Tamariske tree.
3 _Acer maius latifolium._ The Sycomore tree.
4 _Staphylodendron._ The bladder nut.
5 _Rhus Myrtifolia._ The Mirtle leafed Sumach.
6 _Rhus Virginiana._ The Bucks horne tree.
7 _Vitis seu potius Hedera Virginensis._ The Virginia Vine or rather
Iuie.
]
The Vse of the Line tree.
It is planted both to make goodly Arbours, and Summer
banquetting houses, either belowe vpon the ground, the boughes
seruing very handsomely to plash round about it, or vp higher,
for a second aboue it, and a third also: for the more it is
depressed, the better it will grow. And I haue seene at Cobham
in Kent, a tall or great bodied Line tree, bare without boughes
for eight foote high, and then the branches were spread round
about so orderly, as if it were done by art, and brought to
compasse that middle Arbour: And from those boughes the body
was bare againe for eight or nine foote (wherein might bee
placed halfe an hundred men at the least, as there might be
likewise in that vnderneath this) & then another rowe of
branches to encompasse a third Arbour, with stayres made for
the purpose to this and that vnderneath it: vpon the boughes
were laid boards to tread vpon, which was the goodliest
spectacle mine eyes euer beheld for one tree to carry.
The coles of the wood are the best to make Gunpowder. And being
kindled, and quenched in vinegar, are good to dissolue clotted
bloud in those that are bruised with a fall. The inner barke
being steeped in water yeeldeth a slimie iuyce, which is found
by experience, to be very profitable for them that haue been
burnt with fire.
17. _Tamarix._ Tamariske tree.
The Tamariske tree that is common in our country, although in some
places it doth not grow great, yet I haue seene it in some other, to be
as great as a great apple tree in the body, bearing great arms; from
whose smaller branches spring forth young slender red shootes, set
with many very fine, small, and short leaues, a little crisped, like
vnto the leaues of Sauine, not hard or rough, but soft and greene: the
flowers be white mossie threads, which turne into dounie seede, that is
carried away with the winde.
[Sidenote: _Tamariscus solijs albidis._ White Tamariske.]
There is another kinde hereof very beautifull and rare, not to be seene
in this Land I thinke, but with Mʳ. William Ward, the Kings seruant in
his Granary, before remembred, who brought me a small twigge to see
from his house at Boram in Essex, whose branches are all red while they
are young, and all the leaues white, abiding so all the Summer long,
without changing into any shew of greene like the other and so abideth
constant yeare after yeare, yet shedding the leaues in Winter like the
other.
The Vse of Tamariske.
The greatest vse of Tamariske is for spleneticke diseases,
either the leaues or the barke made into drinkes; or the wood
made into small Cans or Cups to drinke in.
18. _Acer maius latifolium._ The great Maple or Sycomore tree.
The Sycomore tree, as we vsually call it (and is the greatest kind of
Maple, cherished in our Land onely in Orchards, or elsewhere for shade
and walkes, both here in England, and in some other countries also)
groweth quickly to bee a faire spreading great tree, with many Boughes
and branches, whose barke is somewhat smooth: the leaues are very
great, large, and smooth, cut into foure or fiue diuisions, and ending
into so many corners, euery one standing on a long reddish stalke:
the bloomings are of a yellowish green colour, growing many together
on each side of a long stalke, which after turne into long and broad
winged seede, two alwaies standing together on a stalke, and bunched
out in the middle, where the seed or kernell lyeth, very like vnto the
common Maple growing wilde abroad, but many more together, and larger.
The Vse of the Sycomore tree.
It is altogether planted for shady walkes, and hath no other
vse with vs that I know.
19. _Nux Vesicaria._ The bladder Nut.
This tree groweth not very high, but is of a meane stature, when it is
preserued and pruined to grow vpright, or else it shooteth forth many
twigges from the rootes, and so is fit to plant in a hedge rowe, as it
is vsed in some places: the body and armes are couered with a whitish
greene barke: the branches and leaues on them are like vnto the Elder,
hauing three or fiue leaues set one against another, with one of them
at the end, each whereof is nicked or dented about the edges: the
flowers are sweete and white, many growing together on a long stalke,
hanging downeward, in forme resembling a small Daffodill, hauing a
small round cup in the middle, and leaues about it: after which come
the fruit, inclosed in russetish greene bladders, containing one or
two brownish nuts, lesser then Hasell nuts, whose outer shell is not
hard and woody, like the shell of a nut, but tough, and hard withall,
not easie to breake, within which is a greene kernell, sweetish at the
first, but lothsome afterwards, ready to procure casting, and yet liked
of some people, who can well endure to eate them.
The Vse of the Bladder Nut.
The greatest vse that I know the tree or his fruit is put vnto,
is, that it is receiued into an Orchard, either for the rarity
of the kinde, being suffered to grow into a tree, or (as I said
before) to make an hedge, being let grow into suckers.
Some Quacksaluers haue vsed these nuts as a medicine of rare
vertue for the stone, but what good they haue done, I neuer yet
could learne.
20. _Rhus Myrtifolia._ The Mirtle leafed Sumach.
This lowe shrubbe groweth seldome to the height of a man, hauing
many slender branches, and long winged leaues set thereon, euery one
whereof is of the bignesse of the broad or large Mirtle leafe, and set
by couples all the length of the ribbe, running through the middle of
them. It beareth diuers flowers at the tops of the branches, made of
many purple threads, which turne into small blacke berries, wherein
are contained small, white, and rough seed, somewhat like vnto Grape
kernels or stones. This vseth to dye down to the ground in my Garden
euery Winter, and rise vp again euery Spring, whether the nature
thereof were so, or the coldnesse of our climate the cause thereof, I
am not well assured. It is also rare, and to be seen but with a few.
The Vse of this Sumach.
It is vsed to thicken or tanne leather or hides, in the same
manner that the ordinary Sumach doth; as also to stay fluxes
both in men and women.
21. _Rhus Virginiana._
The Virginia Sumach, or Buckes horne tree of Virginia.
This strange tree becommeth in some places to bee of a reasonable
height and bignesse, the wood whereof is white, soft, and pithy in
the middle, like vnto an Elder, couered with a darke coloured barke,
somewhat smooth: the young branches that are of the last yeares growth
are somewhat reddish or browne, very soft and smooth in handling,
and so like vnto the Veluet head of a Deere, that if one were cut off
from the tree, and shewed by it selfe, it might soone deceiue a right
good Woodman, and as they grow seeme most like thereunto, yeelding a
yellowish milke when it is broken, which in a small time becommeth
thicke like a gumme: the leaues grow without order on the branches, but
are themselues set in a seemly order on each side of a middle ribbe,
seuen, nine, ten, or more on a side, and one at the end, each whereof
are somewhat broad and long, of a darke greene colour on the vpperside,
and paler greene vnderneath, finely snipped or toothed round about the
edges: at the ends of the branches come forth long and thicke browne
tufts, very soft, and as it were woolly in handling, made all of short
threads or thrums; from among which appeare many small flowers, much
more red or crimson then the tufts, which turne into a very small
seede: the roote shooteth forth young suckers farre away, and round
about, whereby it is mightily encreased.
The Vse of this Sumach.
It is onely kept as a rarity and ornament to a Garden or
Orchard, no bodie, that I can heare of, hauing made any tryall
of the Physicall properties.
22. _Vitis, seu potius Hedera Virginensis._
The Virginia Vine, or rather Iuie.
This slender, but tall climing Virginia Vine (as it was first called;
but Iuie, as it doth better resemble) riseth out of the ground with
diuers stems, none much bigger then a mans thumbe, many lesse; from
whence shoote forth many long weake branches, not able to stand
vpright, vnlesse they be sustained: yet planted neere vnto a wall or
pale, the branches at seuerall distances of the leaues will shoote
forth small short tendrels, not twining themselues about any thing, but
ending into foure, fiue, or six, or more small short and somewhat broad
clawes, which will fasten like a hand with fingers so close thereunto,
that it will bring part of the wall, morter, or board away with it, if
it be pulled from it, and thereby stay it selfe, to climbe vp to the
toppe of the highest chimney of a house, being planted thereat: the
leaues are crumpled, or rather folded together at the first comming
forth, and very red, which after growing forth, are very faire, large,
and greene, diuided into foure, fiue, six, or seuen leaues, standing
together vpon a small foote-stalke, set without order on the branches,
at the ends whereof, as also at other places sometime, come forth
diuers short tufts of buds for flowers; but we could neuer see them
open themselues, to shew what manner of flower it would be, or what
fruit would follow in our country: the roote spreadeth here and there,
and not very deepe.
The Use of this Virginian.
We know of no other vse, but to furnish a Garden, and to
encrease the number of rarities.
And thus haue I finished this worke, and furnished it with whatsoeuer
Art and Nature concurring, could effect to bring delight to those
that liue in our Climate, and take pleasure in such things; which how
well or ill done, I must abide euery ones censure: the iudicious and
courteous I onely respect, let Momus bite his lip, and eate his heart;
and so Farewell.
_FINIS._
Index omnium stirpium
quæ in hoc opere continentur.
A.
_Abies_, page 600
_Abrotanum fæminum, siue Santolina_, 449
_Acanthus Aculeatus_, 330
_Acanthus sativus_, ibid
_Acer maius siue Sycomorus_, 610
_Acetosa_, 486
_Aconitum bacciferum, +i.e.+ Christophoriana_, 214
_Aconitum flore albido_, 214
_Aconitum hyemale_, ibid
_Aconitum luteum Ponticum_, ibid
_Aconitum salutiferum_, 216
_Admirabilis pervana_, 364
_Æthiopis_, 385
_Aglaophotis, +i.e.+ Pæonia_
_Alaternus_, 603
_Albucum_, 148
_Alcea Ægyptia siue Bamia_, 369
_Alcea Americana_, 368
_Alcea fruticosa pentaphyllea_, ib
_Alcea peregrina siue vesicaria_, ib
_Alisma Dodonæi, +i.e.+ Saponaria_
_Alisma Dioscoridis Fab. Columna, +i.e.+ Auricula Vrsi_
_Alisma syluarum, +i.e.+ Paralysis_
_Allium_, 513
_Althæa frutex_, 369
_Amaracus, +i.e.+ Maiorana_
_Amarella, +i.e.+ Matricaria_
_Amaranthus panniculis sparsis_, 371
_Amaranthus purpureus_, ib
_Amaranthus tricolor_, ib
_Amaranthus luteus, +i.e.+ Heliocrysum_
_Ambreboi, +i.e.+ Cyanus Orientalis_
_Amellus Virgilij, +i.e.+ Aster Atticus Italorum_
_Amomum Plinij, +i.e.+ Pseudocapsicum Dodonæi_
_Amygdalus_, 583
_Anagyris altera, +i.e.+ Laburnum_
_Anchusa_, 251
_Anemone eiusque species_, 199 _ad_ 214
_Anethum_, 494
_Angelica_, 529
_Anthemis flore luteo_, 294
_Anthemis Leucanthemis, +i.e.+ Chamemælum_
_Anthericos_, 148
_Antimelum, +i.e.+ Mandragoras_
_Antirrhinum_, 269
_Apium_, 491
_Apocynum Syriacum_, 444
_Apocynum Virginianum_, 445
_Aquilegia_, 271
_Arbor Alpina Plinij, +i.e.+ Laburnum_
_Arbor Iudæ_, 437
_Arbor Vitæ_, 438
_Arbutus_, 603
_Argyrocome, +i.e.+ Gnaphalium Americanum_
_Armerius_, 319
_Armoraria pratensis_, 256
_Armoraria altera, +i.e.+ Muscipula Lobelij_
_Arthanita, +i.e.+ Cyclamen_
_Arthritica, +i.e.+ Paralysis_
_Arundo Indica, siue Canna Indica_, 376
_Asarum_, 532
_Asparagus_, 503
_Asphodelus bulbosus albus_, 138
_Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni_, ibid
_Asphodelus hyacinthinus, +i.e.+ bulbosus_
_Asphodelus maior albus_, 146
_Asphodelus minor luteus, +i.e.+ Hastula regia_
_Aster Atticus Italorum_, 299
_Aster Pervanus Columnæ, +i.e.+ Battatas de Canada_
_Attamusco, +i.e.+ Narcissus Virginianus_
_Atriplex, +i.e.+ Olus aureum_
_Auellana, & Byzantina_
_Aurelia, +i.e.+ Chrysocome_
_Auricula muris maior, +i.e.+ Pulmonaria Gallorum_
_Auricula Vrsi eiusque species_, 235
B.
_Balaustium_, 430
_Balsamina fæmina & Balsamella_, 278
_Balsamita mas & fæmina_, 482
_Balsamum alpinum, +i.e.+ Ledum Alpinum_, 424
_Bamia, +i.e.+ Alcea Ægyptia_
_Baptisecula, +i.e.+ Cyanus_
_Barba hirci, +i.e.+ Tragopogon_
_Battatas Hispanorum, Virginianum, & Canadense_, 518
_Behen rubrum, +i.e.+ Valeriana rubra Dodonæi_
_Bellis cærulea siue Globularia_, 321
_Bellis maior flore pleno_, 322
_Bellis minor flore pleno eiusque species_, ibid
_Belvidere Italorum, +i.+ Scoparia, siue Linaria magna_, 268
_Ben rubrum Monspeliense, +i.+ Muscipula Lobelij_
_Berberis_, 561
_Beta_, 488
_Binizade & Binizante, +i.+ Anemone tenuifolia_
_Blattaria_, 383
_Blito de tre colori_, 372
_Blitum_, 488
_Bolbonach, +i.+ Viola lunaris & latifoliæ_, 265
_Borrago, Borrago semper virens_, 249
_Botanaria, +i.+ Globularia_
_Branca vrsina, +i.+ Acanthus sativus_
_Brassica eiusque species_, 503
_Bubonium siue Inguinalis, +i.+ Aster Atticus Italorum_
_Bulbus agrestis, +i.+ Colchicum_
_Buccinum Romanorum, +i.+ Delphinium_
_Bulbus Eriophorus_, 124
_Bulbus esculentus Lacunæ, +i.+ Ornithogalum luteum_, 140
_Bulbus Leucanthemos, +i.+ Ornithogalum album_
_Bulbus vnifolius_, 140
_Bulbus vomitorius Matthioli, +i.+ Muscari_
_Buglossum_, 249
_Buglossum Hispanicum, +i.+ Anchusa_
_Buglossum luteum_, 486
_Bunias dulcis, +i.+ Napus_, 509
_Buphthalmum_, 293
_Buphthalmum maius, +i.+ Helleborus niger ferulaceus_
_Buxus arbor. Buxus humilis, & Buxus versicolibus folijs_, 606
C.
_Cacalia Loniceri, +i.+ Lilium Conuallium_
_Calcaris flos, +i.+ Delphinium_
_Calceolus Mariæ_, 367
_Calendula maxima & simplex_, 296, 298
_Callionymus Gesneri, +i.+ Lilium conuallium_
_Caltha, +i.+ Calendula_
_Caltha Africana, +i.+ Flos Africanus_
_Caltha palustris flore pleno_, 224
_Camomilla vulgaris, & flore pleno_, 290
_Campanula maior pyramidalis_, 354
_Campana lazura, +i.+ Convolvulus cæruleus maior_, 359
_Campanula persicifolia alba & cærulea_, 353
_Canicida, +i.+ Aconitum luteum Ponticum_
_Canis cerebrum, +i.+ Antirrhinum_
_Cannacorus, +i.+ Canna Indica_
_Canna Indica flore luteo punctato_, 376
_Canna Indica flore rubro_, ibid
_Cantabrica Plinij, +i.+ Caryophyllus_
_Capnos fabacea radice, +i.+ Radix caua minor_, 275
_Caprifolium perfoliatum siue Italicum_, 405
_Cardamine flore pleno, & trifolia_, 389
_Carduus benedictus_, 530
_Carduus Eriocephalus, +i.+ tomentosus_, 332
_Carduus mollis_ 330
_Carlina humilis_ 332
_Carthamus siue Cnicus sativus_, 329
_Carum_, 515
_Caryophylli maiores & maximi_, 316
_Caryophylli syluestres_, 314
_Caryophyllus marinus & mediterraneus_, 317
_Caryophyllus Indicus, +i.+ Flos Africanus_
_Cassaua, +i.+ Iucca_, 434
_Cavala lale, +i.+ Tulipæ præcoces_
_Caffalale, +i.+ Tulipa mediæ_
_Caucason, +i.+ Moly Indicum_
_Caulis vulgaris, Crispa, Sabaudica_, 504
_Caulis florida_, ibid
_Caulo rapum_, ibid
_Cedrus Lycia_, 436
_Celastrus_, 603
_Cepa alba, rubra &c._, 510
_Cerasa Indiana_, 432
_Cerasus flore pleno_, 402
_Cerasorum diuersitas_, 571
_Cerasus Trapezuntina, +i.+ Laurocerasus_
_Cercis_, 437
_Cerefolium maius & vulgare_, 494
_Cervicaria, +i.+ Trachelium_
_Chamæcistus Frisicus_, 424
_Chamæcyparissus, +i.+ Santolina_
_Chamædaphne_, 498
_Chamædrys_, 456
_Chamæiris angustifolia_, 187
_Chamæiris latifolia_, 186
_Chamælæa Alpina_, 397
_Chamælæa Germanica, +i.+ Mesereon_, 397
_Chamælea tricoccos_, ibid
_Chamælea, vide Carlina_
_Chamæmalus, +i.+ Malus Paradiseus_
_Chamæmelum, +i.+ Camomilla_
_Chamænerium flore Delphinij_, 270
_Chamæpauce Cordi, +i.+ Ledum Silesiacum_
_Chamærhododendros Chamælææfolio Lobelij, +i.+ Ledum Alpinum_
_Charantia fœmina, +i.+ Balsamina fæmina_
_Cheiri siue Keiri, +i.+ Leucoium luteum_, 256
_Chondrilla aurea, +i.+ Pilosella maior_, 300
_Chrysanthemum odoratum, +i.+ Chamæmelum nudum_
_Chrysanthemum Peruvianum, +i.+ Flos Solis_
_Chrysanthemum Creticum_, 295
_Chrysocome siue Stœchas citrina_, 374
_Cichorium_, 495
_Cinara alba, rubra, moschata &c._, 518
_Circæa, +i.+ Mandragoras_
_Cistus annuus_, 422
_Cistus mas_, 421
_Cistus fæmina_, 422
_Cistus Ledon_, ibid
_Claues sancti Petri, +i.+ Paralysis_
_Clematis Daphnoides, +i.+ Vinca peruinca_, 391
_Clematis altera siue vrens flore albo_, ibid
_Clematis peregrina flore rubro_, 392
_Clematis peregrina flore purpureo_, ibid
_Clematis peregrina flore purpureo pleno_, ibid
_Clematis peregrina flore carneo pleno_, 393
_Clematis cærulea Pannonica_, ibid
_Clematis surrecta siue Flammula Iouis_, ibid
_Clematis flore albo plena, vel surrecta flore duplici_, 392
_Clematis Virginiana, +i.+ Maracoc_, 393
_Clymenum Matthioli, +i.+ Lathyrus latifolius siue sum perenne_
_Cneorum Matthioli_, 397
_Cneorum nigrum & album Theophrasti_, 426
_Cnicus siue Carthamus sativus_, 329
_Colchicum Anglicum Byzantinum &c._, 154 _&c._