Chapter: I shall therefore onely express

Transcriber’s Note

This book is dedicated to the memory of David T. Jones who cared deeply

about making literature like this available to the world.

Words in italics are marked with _underscores_.

Words in plain text within italics are marked with +plus signs+.

Words in blackletter are marked with =equals signs=.

Words in small capitals are shown in UPPER CASE.

Variant spelling, inconsistent hyphenation, punctuation and spelling

are retained, however a few changes have been made to correct apparent

errors, these are described in the note at the end of the book.

The characters “u”, “v”; and “i”, “j” have been left as printed, even

where they are not used consistently. “ſ” characters have been changed

to “s” throughout.

The Errata (_Faults escaped in some Copies_), which is near the end of

the book have been applied to the text.

PARADISI IN SOLE

PARADISUS TERRESTRIS

BY JOHN PARKINSON

FAITHFULLY REPRINTED

FROM THE EDITION

OF 1629

METHUEN & CO.

LONDON

1904

THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED

[Illustration:

PARADISI IN SOLE

Paradisus Terrestris.

or

A Garden of all sorts of pleasant flowers which our, English ayre

will permitt to be noursed vp:

with

A Kitchen garden of all manner of herbes, rootes, & fruites, for meate

or sause vsed with vs,

and

An Orchard of all sorte of fruitbearing Trees and shrubbes fit for our

Land

together

With the right orderinge planting & preseruing of them and their vses &

vertues Collected by John Parkinson Apothecary of London, 1629

Qui veut parangonner l’artifice a Nature

Et nos parcs a l’Eden indiscret il mesure.

Le pas de l’Elephant par le pas du ciron,

Et de l’Aigle le vol par cil du mouscheron.

]

TO

THE QVEENES

MOST EXCELLENT

MAIESTIE.

_Madame_,

Knowing your Maiestie so much delighted with all the faire Flowers

of a Garden, and furnished with them as farre beyond others, as you

are eminent before them; this my Worke of a Garden, long before this

intended to be published, and but now only finished, seemed as it were

destined, to bee first offered into your Highnesse hands, as of right

challenging the proprietie of Patronage from all others. Accept, I

beseech your Maiestie, this speaking Garden, that may informe you in

all the particulars of your store, as well as wants, when you cannot

see any of them fresh vpon the ground: and it shall further encourage

him to accomplish the remainder; who, in praying that your Highnesse

may enioy the heauenly Paradise, after the many yeares fruition of this

earthly, submitteth to be

_Your Maiesties

in all

humble deuotion_,

IOHN PARKINSON.

TO THE COVRTEOVS READER.

_Although the ancient Heathens did appropriate the first inuention

of the knowledge of Herbes, and so consequently of physicke, some

vnto +Chiron+ the Centaure, and others vnto +Apollo+ or +Æsculapius+

his sonne; yet wee that are Christians haue out of a better Schoole

learned, that God, the Creator of Heauen and Earth, at the beginning

when he created +Adam+, inspired him with the knowledge of all naturall

things (which successiuely descended to +Noah+ afterwardes, and to

his Posterity): for, as he was able to giue names to all the liuing

Creatures, according to their seuerall natures; so no doubt but hee

had also the knowledge, both what Herbes and Fruits were fit, eyther

for Meate or Medicine, for Vse or for Delight. And that +Adam+ might

exercise this knowledge, God planted a Garden for him to liue in,

(wherein euen in his innocency he was to labour and spend his time)

which hee stored with the best and choysest Herbes and Fruits the earth

could produce, that he might haue not onely for necessitie whereon

to feede, but for pleasure also; the place or garden called Paradise

importing as much, and more plainly the words set downe in +Genesis+

the second, which are these; +Out of the ground the Lord God made to

grow euerie tree pleasant to the sight and good for meate+; and in the

24. of +Numbers+, the Parable of Balaam, mentioning the Aloe trees

that God planted; and in other places if there were neede to recite

them. But my purpose is onely to shew you, that Paradise was a place

(whether you will call it a Garden, or Orchard, or both, no doubt of

some large extent) wherein +Adam+ was first placed to abide; that God

was the Planter thereof, hauing furnished it with trees and herbes, as

well pleasant to the sight, as good for meate, and that hee being to

dresse and keepe this place, must of necessity know all the things that

grew therein, and to what vses they serued, or else his labour about

them, and knowledge in them, had been in vaine. And although +Adam+

lost the place for his transgression, yet he lost not the naturall

knowledge, nor vse of them: but that, as God made the whole world, and

all the Creatures therein for Man, so hee may vse all things as well

of pleasure as of necessitie, to bee helpes vnto him to serue his God.

Let men therefore, according to their first institution, so vse their

seruice, that they also in them may remember their seruice to God, and

not (like our Grand-mother +Eve+) set their affections so strongly, on

the pleasure in them, as to deserue the losse of them in this Paradise,

yea and of Heauen also. For truly from all sorts of Herbes and Flowers

we may draw matter at all times not only to magnifie the Creator that

hath giuen them such diuersities of forms, sents and colours, that

the most cunning Worke-man cannot imitate, and such vertues and

properties, that although wee know many, yet many more lye hidden and

vnknowne, but many good instructions also to our selues: That as many

herbes and flowers with their fragrant sweete smels doe comfort, and

as it were reuiue the spirits, and perfume a whole house; euen so such

men as liue vertuously, labouring to doe good, and profit the Church

of God and the Common wealth by their paines or penne, doe as it were

send forth a pleasing savour of sweet instructions, not only to that

time wherein they liue, and are fresh, but being drye, withered and

dead, cease not in all after ages to doe as much or more. Many herbes

and flowers that haue small beautie or savour to commend them, haue

much more good vse and vertue: so many men of excellent rare parts and

good qualities doe lye hid unknown and not respected, vntill time and

vse of them doe set forth their properties. Againe, many flowers haue

a glorious shew of beauty and brauery, yet stinking in smell, or else

of no other vse: so many doe make a glorious ostentation, and flourish

in the world, when as if they stinke not horribly before God, and all

good men, yet surely they haue no other vertue then their outside to

commend them, or leaue behind them. Some also rise vp and appear like a

Lilly among Thornes, or as a goodly Flower among many Weedes or Grasse,

eyther by their honourable authoritie, or eminence of learning or

riches, whereby they excell others, and thereby may doe good to many.

The frailty also of Mans life is learned by the soone fading of them

before their flowring, or in their pride, or soone after, being either

cropt by the hand of the spectator, or by a sudden blast withered and

parched, or by the reuolution of time decaying of it owne nature: as

also that the fairest flowers or fruits first ripe, are soonest and

first gathered. The mutabilitie also of states and persons, by this,

that as where many goodly flowers & fruits did grow this years and

age, in another they are quite pulled or digged vp, and eyther weedes

and grasse grow in their place, or some building erected thereon, and

their place is no more known. The Ciuill respects to be learned from

them are many also: for the delight of the varieties both of formes,

colours and properties of Herbes and Flowers, hath euer beene powerfull

ouer dull, unnurtured, rusticke and sauage people, led only by Natures

instinct; how much, more powerfull is it, or should be in the mindes of

generous persons? for it may well bee said, he is not humane, that is

not allured with this obiect. The study, knowledge, and trauel in them,

as they haue been entertained of great Kings, Princes and Potentates,

without disparagement to their Greatnesse, or hinderance to their more

serious and weighty Affaires: so no doubt vnto all that are capable

thereof, it is not onely pleasant, but profitable, by comforting the

minde, spirits and senses with an harmelesse delight, and by enabling

the iudgement to conferre and apply helpe to many dangerous diseases.

It is also an Instructer in the verity of the genuine Plants of the

Ancients, and a Correcter of the many errours whereunto the world by

continuance hath bin diuerted, and almost therein fixed, by eradicating

in time, and by degrees, the pertinacious wilfulnesse of many, who

because they were brought vp in their errours, are most vnwilling to

leaue them without consideration of the good or euill, the right or

wrong, they draw on therewith. And for my selfe I may well say, that

had not mine owne paines and studies by a naturall inclination beene

more powerfull in mee then any others helpe (although some through

an euill disposition and ignorance haue so far traduced me as to say

this was rather another mans worke then mine owne, but I leaue them to

their folly) I had neuer done so much as I here publish; nor been fit

or prepared for a larger, as time may suddenly (by Gods permission)

bring to light, if the maleuolent dispositions of degenerate spirits

doe not hinder the accomplishment. But perswading my selfe there is

no showre that produceth not some fruit, or no word but worketh some

effect, eyther of good to perswade, or of reproofe to euince; I could

not but declare my minde herein, let others iudge or say what they

please. For I haue alwaies held it a thing vnfit, to conceale or bury

that knowledge God hath giuen, and not to impart it, and further others

therewith as much as is conuenient, yet without ostentation, which I

haue euer hated. Now further to informe the courteous Reader, both of

the occasion that led me on to this worke, and the other occurrences

to it. First, hauing perused many Herbals in Latine, I obserued that

most of them haue eyther neglected or not knowne the many diuersities

of the flower Plants, and rare fruits are known to vs at this time,

and (except +Clusius+) haue made mention but of a very few. In English

likewise we haue some extant, as +Turner+ and +Dodonæus+ translated,

who haue said little of Flowers, +Gerard+ who is last, hath no doubt

giuen vs the knowledge of as many as he attained vnto in his time, but

since his daies we haue had many more varieties, then he or they euer

heard of, as may be perceiued by the store I haue here produced. And

none of them haue particularly seuered those that are beautifull flower

plants, fit to store a garden of delight and pleasure, from the wilde

and vnfit: but haue enterlaced many, one among another, whereby many

that haue desired to haue faire flowers, haue not known eyther what to

choose, or what to desire. Diuers Bookes of Flowers also haue been set

forth, some in our owne Countrey, and more in others, all which are as

it were but handfuls snatched from the plentifull Treasury of Nature,

none of them being willing or able to open all sorts, and declare them

fully; but the greatest hinderance of all mens delight was, that none

of them had giuen any description of them, but the bare name only. To

satisfie therefore their desires that are louers of such Delights, I

took vpon me this labour and charge, and haue here selected and set

forth a Garden of all the chiefest for choyce, and fairest for shew,

from among all the seuerall Tribes and Kindreds of Natures beauty, and

haue ranked them as neere as I could, or as the worke would permit,

in affinity one vnto another. Secondly, and for their sakes that are

studious in Authors, I haue set down the names haue bin formerly giuen

vnto them, with some of their errours, not intending to cumber this

worke with all that might bee said of them, because the deciding of

the many controuersies, doubts, and questions that concerne them,

pertaine more fitly to a generall History: yet I haue beene in some

places more copious and ample then at the first I had intended, the

occasion drawing on my desire to informe others with what I thought

was fit to be known, reseruing what else might be said to another time

& worke; wherein (God willing) I will inlarge my selfe, the subiect

matter requiring it at my hands, in what my small ability can effect.

Thirdly, I haue also to embellish this Worke set forth the figures of

all such plants and flowers as are materiall and different one from

another: but not as some others haue done, that is, a number of the

figures of one sort of plant that haue nothing to distinguish them but

the colour, for that I hold to be superfluous and waste. Fourthly,

I haue also set down the Vertues and Properties of them in a briefe

manner, rather desiring to giue you the knowledge of a few certaine

and true, then to relate, as others haue done, a needless and false

multiplicitie, that so there might as well profit as pleasure be taken

from them, and that nothing might be wanting to accomplish it fully.

And so much for this first part, my Garden of pleasant and delightfull

Flowers. My next Garden consisteth of Herbes and Rootes, fit to be

eaten of the rich and poor as nourishment and food, as sawce or

condiment, as sallet or refreshing, for pleasure or profit; where I doe

as well play the Gardiner, to shew you (in briefe, but not at large)

the times and manner of sowing, setting, planting, replanting, and the

like (although all these things, and many more then are true, are set

down very largely in the seuerall bookes that others haue written of

this subiect) as also to shew some of the Kitchen vses (because they

are Kitchen herbes &c.) although I confesse but very sparingly, not

intending a treatise of cookery, but briefly to giue a touch thereof;

and also the Physicall properties, to shew some what that others haue

not set forth; yet not to play the Empericke, and giue you receipts of

medicines for all diseases, but only to shew in some sort the qualities

of Herbes, to quicken the minds of the studious. And lastly an Orchard

of all sorts of domesticke or forraine, rare and good fruits, fit for

this our Land and Countrey, which is at this time better stored and

furnished then euer in any age before. I haue herein endeauoured, as

in the other Gardens, to set forth the varieties of euery sort in as

briefe a manner as possibly could be, without superfluous repetitions

of descriptions, and onely with especiall notes of difference in

leaues, flowers and fruits. Some few properties also are set downe,

rather the chiefest then the most, as the worke did require. And

moreouer before euery of these parts I haue giuen Treatises of the

ordering, preparing and keeping the seuerall Gardens and Orchard, with

whatsoeuer I thought was conuenient to be known for euery of them._

_Thus haue I shewed you both the occasion and scope of this Worke, and

herein haue spent my time, paines and charge, which if well accepted, I

shall thinke well employed, and may the sooner hasten the fourth Part,

A Garden of Simples; which will be quiet no longer at home, then that

it can bring his Master newes of faire weather for the iourney._

Thine in what he may,

IOHN PARKINSON.

Ioanni Parkinsono _Pharmacopæo Londinensi solertissimo Botanico

consummatissimo T.D.M. S.P.D._

Poema panegyricum Opus tuum indefessi laboris, vtilitatis eximiæ

postulat, & meriti iure à me extorqueret (mi Parkinsone) si

fauentibus Musis, & secundo Apolline in bicipiti somniare Parnasso,

& repentè Poetæ mihi prodire liceret. In fœtus tui bonis auibus

in lucem editi, & prolixiorem nepotum seriem promittentis laudes,

alii Deopleni Enthusiastæ carmine suos pangant elenchos; quos sub

figmentis ampullata hyperbolicarum vocum mulcedine, vates serè auribus

mentibusne insinuant. Veritas nuditatis amans, fuco natiuum candorem

obumbranti non illustranti perpetuum indixit bellum: In simplicitate,

quam assertionum neruosa breuitas exprimit, exultat. Audi quid de te

sentiam, Tu mihi sis in posterum Crateuas Brittannus; inter omnes

quotquot mihi hic innotuerunt, peritissimus, exercitatissimus,

oculatissimus, & emunctissimæ naris Botanicus: Cuius opera in fortunata

hac Insula rem herbariam tractari, emendari, augeri, & popularibus

tuis vernaculo sermone ad amussim tradi, non decentiæ modo, sed etiam

necessitatis est. Macte tua sedulitate (Vir optime) neque te laborum

tam arduis lucubrationibus datorum hactenus pœniteat, vel deinceps

impendendorum pigeat. Difficilia quæ pulchra. Leniet debitæ laudis

dulcedo vigiliarum acerbitatem, & Olympicum stadium cito pede, à

carceribus ad metas alacriter decurrentem nobile manet βραβεῖον. Sed

memento Artem longam, Vitam esse breuem. Μηδὲν ἀναβαλλόμενος. Vide

quid ad antiquum ilium, cuius si non animam, saltem genium induisti,

Crateuam scribat Hippocrates, Τέχνης πάσης ἀλλότριον ἀναβολὴ ἰητρικῆς

δὲ καὶ πάνυ, ἐν ᾗ ψυχῆς κίνδυνος ἡ ὑπέρθεσις. Nobilissimam Medicinæ

partem Botanicam esse reputa. Floræ nunc litasti & Pomonæ, Apollini

vt audio propediem HORTO MEDICO facturus. Amabò integræ Vestæ sacra

conficito, eiusque variegatum multis simplicium morbifugorum,

myriadibus sinum absolutè pandito, quem sine velo nobis exhibeas. Nulla

dies abeat sine linea. Sic tandem fructus gloriæ referes vberrimos,

quos iustè sudoribus partos, vt in cruda & viridi senectute decerpas

diu, iisque longum fruaris opto. _Vale. Datum Londini Calendas Octobris

anno salutis 1629._

Theodorus de Mayerne _Eques aurat. in Aula Regum Magnæ

Britanniæ Iacobi & Caroli P. & F. Archiatrorum Comes._

❧ Ad eximium arte & vsu Pharmacopœum & Botanographum _I. Parkinsonum_.

[Sidenote: Gu. Turnerus. M.D.]

[Sidenote: Io. Gerardus Chirurgus.]

_Herbarum vires, primus te (magne Britanne)

Edocuit medicas, inclytus arte sophus.

Atque cluens herbis alter, Chironis alumnus,

Descripsit plantas, neu cadat vlla salus.

Fortunate senex, sis tu nunc tertius Heros

Hortos qui referas, deliciasque soli,

Et flores Veneris lætos, herbasque virentes,

Arboreos fætus, pharmacum & arte potens.

Posteritas iustos posthac tibi solvet honores,

Laudabitque tuæ dexteritatis opus._

Ottuellus Meuerell. D.M. & Collegii Med. Lond. socius.

Amico suo _Ioanni Parkinsono_.

_Extollunt alij quos (+Parkinsone+) labores

Da mihi iam veniam comminuisse tuos.

Extremos poteris credi migrasse per Indos:

Cum liber haud aliud quam tuus hortus hic est:

Ipse habitare Indos tecum facis, haud petis Indos

I nunc, & tua me comminuisse refer.

Est liber Effigies, tuus hic qui pingitur hortus,

Digna manu facies hæc, facieque manus!

Vidi ego splendentem varigatis vndique gemmis.

Vna fuit Salomon, turba quid ergo fuit?

Vt vario splendent Pallacia regia sumptu,

Et Procerum turbis Atria tota nitent:

Tunc cum festa dies veniam dedit esse superbis

Quosque ficus texit, nunc tria rura tegunt:

Plena tuo pariter spectatur Curia in Horto,

Hic Princeps, Dux hic, Sponsaque pulchra Ducis.

Quæque dies est festa dies, nec parcius vnquam

Luxuriant, lauta hæc; Quotidiana tamen.

Ecce velut Patriæ Paradisi haud immemor Exul,

Hunc naturali pingit amore sibi.

Pingit & ad vivum sub eodem nomine, & hic est

Fronticuli sudor quem cerebrique dedit:

Astat Adam medius Paradiso noster in isto

Et species nomen cuique dat ipse suum.

Hos cape pro meritis, qui florem nomine donas

Æternum florens tu tibi Nomen habe._

Guilielmus Atkins.

Ad Amicum _Ioannem Parkinsonum_ Pharmacopœum, & Archibotanicum

Londinensem.

_Africa quas profert Plantas, quas India mittit,

Quas tua dat tellus, has tuus hortus habet:

Atque harum Species, florendi tempora, vires,

Et varias formas iste libellus habet:

Nescio plus librum talem mirabor, an hortum

Totus inest horto mundus; at iste libro.

Parkinsone tuus liber, & labor, & tua sit laus,

Herbas dum nobis das; datur herba tibi._

Guilielmus Brodus Pharmacopœus ac Philobotanicus Londinensis.

Ad Amicum _Ioannem Parkinsonum_ Pharmacopœum & Botanicum insignem.

Carmen.

_Qvam magno pandis Floræ penetralia nixu

Atque facis cœlo liberiore frui?

Omnibus vt placeas, ô quam propensa voluntas,

Solicitusque labor nocte dieque premit?

Quam magno cultum studio conquirere in hortum

Herbarum quicquid mundus in orbe tenet,

Immensus sumptus, multosque extensus in annos

Te labor afficiunt? & data nulla quies.

Talia quærenti, surgit novus ardor habendi,

Nec tibi tot soli munera magna petis;

Descriptos vivâ profers sub imagine flores,

Tum profers mensæ quicquid & hortus alit,

Laudatos nobis fructus & promis honores,

Profers, quas celebrant nullibi scripta virum,

Herbarum species, quibus est quoque grata venustas:

Sic nos multiplici munere, Amice, beas.

Hoc cape pro meritis, florum dum gratia floret,

Suntque herbis vires; en tibi Nomen erit.

In serum semper tua gloria floreat ævum,

Gloria quæ in longum non peritura diem._

Thomas Iohnson vtriusque Societatis consors.

[Illustration: IOANNIS PARKINSONI PHARMACOPŒI LONDINENSIS EFFIGIES ·

LXII ÆTATIS ANNVM AGENTIS · A NATO CHRISTO CIↃDCXXIX ✻]

THE ORDERING OF THE GARDEN OF PLEASVRE.

CHAP. I.

_The situation of a Garden of pleasure, with the nature of soyles,

and how to amend the defects that are in many sorts of situations and

grounds._

The seuerall situations of mens dwellings, are for the most part

vnauoideable and vnremoueable; for most men cannot appoint forth such

a manner of situation for their dwelling, as is most fit to auoide all

the inconueniences of winde and weather, but must bee content with

such as the place will afford them; yet all men doe well know, that

some situations are more excellent than others: according therfore

to the seuerall situation of mens dwellings, so are the situations

of their gardens also for the most part. And although diuers doe

diuersly preferre their owne seuerall places which they haue chosen,

or wherein they dwell; As some those places that are neare vnto a

riuer or brooke to be best for the pleasantnesse of the water, the

ease of transportation of themselues, their friends and goods, as

also for the fertility of the soyle, which is seldome bad neare vnto

a riuers side; And others extoll the side or top of an hill, bee it

small or great, for the prospects sake; And againe, some the plaine

or champian ground, for the euen leuell thereof: euery one of which,

as they haue their commodities accompanying them, so haue they also

their discommodities belonging vnto them, according to the Latine

Prouerbe, _Omne commodum fert suum incommodum_. Yet to shew you for

euerie of these situations which is the fittest place to plant your

garden in, and how to defend it from the iniuries of the cold windes

and frosts that may annoy it, will, I hope, be well accepted. And

first, for the water side, I suppose the North side of the water to

be the best side for your garden, that it may haue the comfort of the

South Sunne to lye vpon it and face it, and the dwelling house to bee

aboue it, to defend the cold windes and frosts both from your herbes,

and flowers, and early fruits. And so likewise I iudge for the hill

side, that it may lye full open to the South Sunne, and, the house

aboue it, both for the comfort the ground shall receiue of the water

and raine descending into it, and of defence from winter and colds.

Now for the plaine leuell ground, the buildings of the house should

be on the North side of the garden, that so they might bee a defence

of much sufficiency to safeguard it from many iniurious cold nights

and dayes, which else might spoyle the pride thereof in the bud. But

because euery one cannot so appoint his dwelling, as I here appoint

the fittest place for it to be, euery ones pleasure thereof shall be

according to the site, cost, and endeauours they bestow, to cause it

come nearest to this proportion, by such helpes of bricke or stone wals

to defend it, or by the helpe of high growne and well spread trees,

planted on the North side thereof, to keepe it the warmer. And euery

of these three situations, hauing the fairest buildings of the house

facing the garden in this manner before specified, besides the benefit

of shelter it shall haue from them, the buildings and roomes abutting

thereon, shall haue reciprocally the beautifull prospect into it, and

haue both sight and sent of whatsoeuer is excellent, and worthy to giue

content out of it, which is one of the greatest pleasures a garden can

yeeld his Master. Now hauing shewed you the best place where this your

garden should be, let me likewise aduise you where it should not be,

at least that it is the worst place wherein it may be, if it be either

on the West or East side of your house, or that it stand in a moorish

ground, or other vnwholsome ayre (for many, both fruits, herbes, and

flowers that are tender, participate with the ayre, taking in a manner

their chiefest thriuing from thence) or neare any common Lay-stalles,

or common Sewers, or else neare any great Brew-house, Dye-house, or any

other place where there is much smoake, whether it be of straw, wood,

or especially of sea-coales, which of all other is the worst, as our

Citie of London can giue proofe sufficient, wherein neither herbe nor

tree will long prosper, nor hath done euer since the vse of sea-coales

beganne to bee frequent therein. And likewise that it is much the

worse, if it bee neare vnto any Barnes or Stackes of corne or hey,

because that from thence will continually with the winde bee brought

into the garden the strawe and chaffe of the corne, the dust and seede

of the hey to choake or pester it. Next vnto the place or situation,

let mee shew you the grounds or soyles for it, eyther naturall or

artificiall. No man will deny, but the naturall blacke mould is not

only the fattest and richest, but farre exceedeth any other either

naturall or artificiall, as well in goodnesse as durability. And next

thereunto, I hold the sandy loame (which is light and yet firme, but

not loose as sand, nor stiffe like vnto clay) to be little inferiour

for this our Garden of pleasure; for that it doth cause all bulbous

and tuberous rooted plants to thriue sufficiently therein, as likewise

all other flower-plants, Roses, Trees, &c. which if it shall decay by

much turning and working out the heart of it, may soone be helped with

old stable manure of horses, being well turned in, when it is old and

almost conuerted to mould. Other grounds, as chalke, sand, grauell,

or clay, are euery of them one more or lesse fertill or barren than

other; and therefore doe require such helpes as is most fit for them.

And those grounds that are ouer dry, loose, and dustie, the manure

of stall fedde beasts and cattell being buried or trenched into the

earth, and when it is thorough rotten (which will require twice the

time that the stable soyle of horses will) well turned and mixed with

the earth, is the best soyle to temper both the heate and drinesse

of them. So contrariwise the stable dung of horses is the best for

cold grounds, to giue them heate and life. But of all other sorts of

grounds, the stiffe clay is the very worst for this purpose; for that

although you should digge out the whole compasse of your Garden, carry

it away, and bring other good mould in the stead thereof, and fill vp

the place, yet the nature of that clay is so predominant, that in a

small time it will eate out the heart of the good mould, and conuert it

to its owne nature, or very neare vnto it: so that to bring it to any

good, there must bee continuall labour bestowed thereon, by bringing

into it good store of chalke, lime, or sand, or else ashes eyther of

wood or of sea-coales (which is the best for this ground) well mixed

and turned in with it. And as this stiffe clay is the worst, so what

ground soeuer commeth nearest vnto the nature thereof, is neared vnto

it in badnesse, the signes whereof are the ouermuch moysture thereof

in Winter, and the much cleaning and chapping thereof in Summer, when

the heate of the yeare hath consumed the moysture, which tyed and bound

it fast together, as also the stiffe and hard working therein: but if

the nature of the clay bee not too stiffe, but as it were tempered and

mixed with sand or other earths, your old stable soyle of horses will

helpe well the small rifting or chapping thereof, to be plentifully

bestowed therin in a fit season. Some also do commend the casting of

ponds and ditches, to helpe to manure these stiffe chapping grounds.

Other grounds, that are ouermoist by springs, that lye too neare

the vpper face of the earth, besides that the beds thereof had need

to be laid vp higher, and the allies, as trenches and furrowes, to

lye lower, the ground it selfe had neede to haue some good store of

chalke-stones bestowed thereon, some certaine yeares, if it may be,

before it be laid into a Garden, that the Winter frosts may breake the

chalke small, and the Raine dissolue it into mould, that so they may

bee well mixed together; than which, there is not any better manure

to soyle such a moist ground, to helpe to dry vp the moysture, and

to giue heate and life to the coldnesse thereof, which doth alwayes

accompany these moist grounds, and also to cause it abide longer in

heart than any other. For the sandy and grauelly grounds, although I

know the well mollified manure of beasts and cattell to be excellent

good, yet I know also, that some commend a white Marle, and some a clay

to be well spread thereon, and after turned thereinto: and for the

chalkie ground, _è conuerso_, I commend fatte clay to helpe it. You

must vnderstand, that the lesse rich or more barren that your ground

is, there needeth the more care, labour, and cost to bee bestowed

thereon, both to order it rightly, & so to preserue it from time to

time: for no artificiall or forc’t ground can endure good any long

time, but that within a few yeares it must be refreshed more or lesse,

according as it doth require. Yet you shall likewise vnderstand, that

this Garden of pleasure stored with these Out-landish flowers; that is,

bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, and other fine flowers, that I haue

hereafter described, and assigned vnto it, needeth not so much or so

often manuring with soyle, &c. as another Garden planted with the other

sorts of English flowers, or a Garden of ordinary Kitchin herbes doth.

Your ground likewise for this Garden had neede to bee well cleansed

from all annoyances (that may hinder the well doing or prospering of

the flowers therein) as stones, weedes, rootes of trees, bushes, &c.

and all other things cumbersome or hurtfull; and therefore the earth

being not naturally fine enough of it selfe, is vsed to bee fitted to

make it the finer, and that either through a hurdle made of sticks, or

lathes, or through square or round sieues platted with fine and strong

thin stickes, or with wyers in the bottome. Or else the whole earth of

the Garden being course, may be cast in the same manner that men vse

to try or fine sand from grauell, that is, against a wall; whereby the

courser and more stony, falling downe from the fine, is to be taken

away from the foote of the heape, the finer sand and ground remaining

still aboue, and on the heape. Or else in the want of a wall to cast it

against, I haue seene earth fined by it selfe in this manner: Hauing

made the floore or vpper part of a large plat of ground cleane from

stones, &c. let there a reasonable round heape of fine earth be set

in the midst thereof, or in stead thereof a large Garden flowerpot,

or other great pot, the bottome turned vpwards, and then poure your

course earth on the top or head thereof, one shouell full after another

somewhat gently, and thereby all the course stuffe and stones will fall

downe to the bottome round about the heape, which must continually be

carefully taken away, and thus you may make your earth as fine as if

it were cast against a wall, the heape being growne great, seruing in

stead thereof. Those that will not prepare their grounds in some of

these manners aforesaid, shall soone finde to their losse the neglect

thereof: for the trash and stones shall so hinder the encrease of their

roots, that they will be halfe lost in the earth among the stones,

which else might be saued to serue to plant wheresoeuer they please.

CHAP. II.

_The frame or forme of a Garden of delight and pleasure, with the

seuerall varieties thereof._

Although many men must be content with any plat of ground, of what

forme or quantity soeuer it bee, more or lesse, for their Garden,

because a more large or conuenient cannot bee had to their habitation:

Yet I perswade my selfe, that Gentlemen of the better sort and quality,

will prouide such a parcell of ground to bee laid out for their Garden,

and in such conuenient manner, as may be fit and answerable to the

degree they hold. To prescribe one forme for euery man to follow, were

too great presumption and folly: for euery man will please his owne

fancie, according to the extent he designeth out for that purpose,

be it orbicular or round, triangular or three square, quadrangular

or foure square, or more long than broad. I will onely shew you here

the seuerall formes that many men haue taken and delighted in, let

euery man chuse which him liketh best, or may most fitly agree to that

proportion of ground hee hath set out for that purpose. The orbicular

or round forme is held in it owne proper existence, to be the most

absolute forme, containing within it all other formes whatsoeuer;

but few I thinke will chuse such a proportion to be ioyned to their

habitation, being not accepted any where I think, but for the generall

Garden to the Vniuersity at Padoa. The triangular or three square is

such a forme also, as is seldome chosen by any that may make another

choise, and as I thinke is onely had where another forme cannot be had,

necessitie constraining them to be therewith content. The foure square

forme is the most vsually accepted with all, and doth best agree to

any mans dwelling, being (as I said before) behinde the house, all the

backe windowes thereof opening into it. Yet if it bee longer than the

breadth, or broader than the length, the proportion of walkes, squares,

and knots may be soon brought to the square forme, and be so cast, as

the beauty thereof may bee no lesse than the foure square proportion,

or any other better forme, if any be. To forme it therfore with walks,

crosse the middle both waies, and round about it also with hedges,

with squares, knots and trayles, or any other worke within the foure

square parts, is according as euery mans conceit alloweth of it, and

they will be at the charge: For there may be therein walkes eyther open

or close, eyther publike or priuate, a maze or wildernesse, a rocke or

mount, with a fountaine in the midst thereof to conuey water to euery

part of the Garden, eyther in pipes vnder the ground, or brought by

hand, and emptied into large Cisternes or great Turkie Iarres, placed

in conuenient places, to serue as an ease to water the nearest parts

thereunto. Arbours also being both gracefull and necessary, may be

appointed in such conuenient places, as the corners, or else where,

as may be most fit, to serue both for shadow and rest after walking.

And because many are desirous to see the formes of trayles, knots, and

other compartiments, and because the open knots are more proper for

these Out-landish flowers; I haue here caused some to be drawne, to

satisfie their desires, not intending to cumber this worke with ouer

manie, in that it would be almost endlesse, to expresse so many as

might bee conceiued and set downe, for that euery man may inuent others

farre differing from these, or any other can be set forth. Let euery

man therefore, if hee like of these, take what may please his mind, or

out of these or his own conceit, frame any other to his fancy, or cause

others to be done as he liketh best, obseruing this _decorum_, that

according to his ground he do cast out his knots, with conuenient roome

for allies and walkes; for the fairer and larger your allies and walkes

be, the more grace your Garden shall haue, the lesse harme the herbes

and flowers shall receiue, by passing by them that grow next vnto the

allies sides, and the better shall your Weeders cleanse both the beds

and the allies.

[Illustration: Drawings of garden designs]

CHAP. III.

_The many sorts of herbes and other things, wherewith the beds and

parts of knots are bordered to set out the forme of them, with their

commodities and discommodities._

It is necessary also, that I shew you the seuerall materials, wherewith

these knots and trayles are set forth and bordered; which are of two

sorts: The one are liuing herbes, and the other are dead materials;

as leade, boords, bones, tyles, &c. Of herbes, there are many sorts

wherewith the knots and beds in a Garden are vsed to bee set, to shew

forth the forme of them, and to preserue them the longer in their

forme, as also to be as greene, and sweete herbes, while they grow, to

be cut to perfume the house, keeping them in such order and proportion,

as may be most conuenient for their seuerall natures, and euery mans

pleasure and fancy: Of all which, I intend to giue you the knowledge

here in this place; and first, to begin with that which hath beene

most anciently receiued, which is Thrift. This is an euerliuing greene

herbe, which many take to border their beds, and set their knots and

trayles, and therein much delight, because it will grow thicke and

bushie, and may be kept, being cut with a paire of Garden sheeres, in

some good handsome manner and proportion for a time, and besides, in

the Summer time send forth many short stalkes of pleasant flowers, to

decke vp an house among other sweete herbes: Yet these inconueniences

doe accompany it; it will not onely in a small time ouergrow the knot

or trayle in many places, by growing so thicke and bushie, that it

will put out the forme of a knot in many places: but also much thereof

will dye with the frosts and snowes in Winter, and with the drought

in Summer, whereby many voide places will be seene in the knot, which

doth much deforme it, and must therefore bee yearely refreshed: the

thicknesse also and bushing thereof doth hide and shelter snayles and

other small noysome wormes so plentifully, that Gilloflowers, and other

fine herbes and flowers being planted therein, are much spoyled by

them, and cannot be helped without much industry, and very great and

daily attendance to destroy them. Germander is another herbe, in former

times also much vsed, and yet also in many places; and because it will

grow thicke, and may be kept also in some forme and proportion with

cutting, and that the cuttings are much vsed as a strawing herbe for

houses, being pretty and sweete, is also much affected by diuers: but

this also will often dye and grow out of forme, and besides that, the

stalkes will grow too great, hard and stubby, the rootes doe so farre

shoote vnder ground, that, vpon a little continuance thereof, will

spread into many places within the knot, which if continually they be

not plucked vp, they will spoile the whole knot it selfe; and therefore

once in three or foure yeares at the most, it must be taken vp and new

set, or else it will grow too roynish and cumbersome. Hyssope hath also

been vsed to be set about a knot, and being sweete, will serue for

strewings, as Germander: But this, although the rootes doe not runne

or creep like it, yet the stalkes doe quickly grow great aboue ground,

and dye often after the first yeares setting, whereby the grace of the

knot will be much lost. Marierome, Sauorie, and Thyme, in the like

manner being sweete herbes, are vsed to border vp beds and knots, and

will be kept for a little while, with cutting, into some conformity;

but all and euery of them serve most commonly but for one yeares vse,

and will soone decay and perish: and therefore none of these, no more

than any of the former, doe I commend for a good bordering herbe for

this purpose. Lauander Cotton also being finely slipped and set, is of

many, and those of the highest respect of late daies, accepted, both

for the beauty and forme of the herbe, being of a whitish greene mealy

colour, for his sent smelling somewhat strong, and being euerliuing and

abiding greene all the Winter, will, by cutting, be kept in as euen

proportion as any other herbe may be. This will likewise soone grow

great and stubbed, notwithstanding the cutting, and besides will now

and then perish in some places, especially if you doe not strike or put

off the snow, before the Sunne lying vpon it dissolue it: The rarity

& nouelty of this herbe, being for the most part but in the Gardens

of great persons, doth cause it to be of the greater regard, it must

therfore be renewed wholly euery second or third yeare at the most,

because of the great growing therof. Slips of Iuniper or Yew are also

receiued of some & planted, because they are alwayes green, and that

the Iuniper especially hath not that ill sent that Boxe hath, which I

will presently commend vnto you, yet both Iuniper and Yew will soon

grow too great and stubbed, and force you to take vp your knot sooner,

than if it were planted with Boxe. Which lastly, I chiefly and aboue

all other herbes commend vnto you, and being a small, lowe, or dwarfe

kinde, is called French or Dutch Boxe, and serueth very well to set out

any knot, or border out any beds: for besides that it is euer greene,

it being reasonable thicke set, will easily be cut and formed into any

fashion one will, according to the nature thereof, which is to grow

very slowly, and will not in a long time rise to be of any height,

but shooting forth many small branches from the roote, will grow very

thicke, and yet not require so great tending, nor so much perish as

any of the former, and is onely receiued into the Gardens of those

that are curious. This (as I before said) I commend and hold to bee

the best and surest herbe to abide faire and greene in all the bitter

stormes of the sharpest Winter, and all the great heates and droughts

of Summer, and doth recompence the want of a good sweet sent with his

fresh verdure, euen proportion, and long lasting continuance. Yet

these inconueniences it hath, that besides the vnpleasing sent which

many mislike, and yet is but small, the rootes of this Boxe do so much

spread themselues into the ground of the knot, and doe draw from thence

so much nourishment, that it robbeth all the herbes that grow neare

it of their sap and substance, thereby making all the earth about it

barren, or at least lesse fertile. Wherefore to shew you the remedy of

this inconuenience of spreading, without either taking vp the Boxe of

the border, or the herbes and flowers in the knot, is I thinke a secret

knowne but vnto a few, which is this: You shall take a broad pointed

Iron like vnto a Slise or Chessill, which thrust downe right into the

ground a good depth all along the inside of the border of Boxe somewhat

close thereunto, you may thereby cut away the spreading rootes thereof,

which draw so much moisture from the other herbes on the inside, and

by this meanes both preserue your herbes and flowers in the knot, and

your Boxe also, for that the Boxe will be nourished sufficiently from

the rest of the rootes it shooteth on all the other sides. And thus

much for the liuing herbes, that serue to set or border vp any knot.

Now for the dead materials, they are also, as I said before diuers:

as first, Leade, which some that are curious doe border their knots

withall, causing it to be cut of the breadth of foure fingers, bowing

the lower edge a little outward, that it may lye vnder the vpper crust

of the ground, and that it may stand the faster, and making the vpper

edge either plain, or cut out like vnto the battlements of a Church:

this fashion hath delighted some, who haue accounted it stately (at the

least costly) and fit for their degree, and the rather, because it will

be bowed and bended into any round square, angular, or other proportion

as one listeth, and is not much to be misliked, in that the Leade

doth not easily breake or spoile without much iniury, and keepeth vp

a knot for a very long time in his due proportion: but in my opinion,

the Leade is ouer-hot for Summer, and ouer-cold for Winter. Others doe

take Oaken inch boords, and sawing them foure or fiue inches broad,

do hold vp their knot therewith: but in that these boordes cannot bee

drawne compasse into any small scantling, they must serue rather for

long outright beds, or such knots as haue no rounds, halfe rounds or

compassings in them. And besides, these boordes are not long lasting,

because they stand continually in the weather, especially the ends

where they are fastened together will soonest rot and perish, and so

the whole forme will be spoyled. To preuent that fault, some others

haue chosen the shanke bones of Sheep, which after they haue beene well

cleansed and boyled, to take out the fat from them, are stucke into

the ground the small end downewards, and the knockle head vpwards, and

thus being set side to side, or end to end close together, they set

out the whole knot therewith, which heads of bones although they looke

not white the first yeare, yet after they haue abiden some frosts and

heates will become white, and prettily grace out the ground: but this

inconvenience is incident to them, that the Winter frosts will raise

them out of the ground oftentimes, and if by chance the knockle head

of any doe breake, or be strucke off with any ones foot, &c. going by,

from your store, that lyeth by you of the same sort, set another in

the place, hauing first taken away the broken peece: although these

will last long in forme and order, yet because they are but bones

many mislike them, and indeed I know but few that vse them. Tyles are

also vsed by some, which by reason they may bee brought compasse into

any fashion many are pleased with them, who doe not take the whole

Tyle at length, but halfe Tyles, and other broken pieces set somewhat

deepe, into the ground, that they may stand fast, and these take vp

but little roome, and keepe vp the edge of the beds and knots in a

pretty comely manner, but they are often out of frame, in that many

of them are broken and spoiled, both with mens feete passing by, the

weather and weight of the earth beating them downe and breaking them,

but especially the frosts in Winter doe so cracke off their edges,

both at the toppes and sides that stand close one vnto another, that

they must be continually tended and repaired with fresh and sound ones

put in the place of them that are broken or decayed. And lastly (for

it is the latest inuention) round whitish or blewish pebble stones,

of some reasonable proportion and bignesse, neither too great nor too

little, haue beene vsed by some to be set, or rather in a manner but

laide vpon the ground to fashion out the traile or knot, or all along

by the large grauelly walke sides to set out the walke, and maketh a

pretty handsome shew, and because the stones will not decay with the

iniuries of any time or weather, and will be placed in their places

againe, if any should be thrust out by any accident, as also that their

sight is so conspicuous vpon the ground, especially if they be not hid

with the store of herbes growing in the knot; is accounted both for

durability, beauty of the sight, handsomnesse in the worke, and ease in

the working and charge, to be of all other dead materials the chiefest.

And thus, Gentlemen, I haue shewed you all the varieties that I know

are vsed by any in our Countrey, that are worth the reciting (but as

for the fashion of Iawe-bones, vsed by some in the Low Countries, and

other places beyond the Seas, being too grosse and base, I make no

mention of them) among which euery one may take what pleaseth him best,

or may most fitly be had, or may best agree with the ground or knot.

Moreouer, all these herbes that serue for borderings, doe serue as

well to be set vpon the ground of a leuelled knot; that is, where the

allies and foot-pathes are of the same leuell with the knot, as they

may serue also for the raised knot, that is, where the beds of the knot

are raised higher than the allies; but both Leade, Boordes, Bones, and

Tyles, are only for the raised ground, be it knot or beds. The pebble

stones againe are onely for the leuelled ground, because they are so

shallow, that as I said before, they rather lye vpon the earth than

are thrust any way into it. All this that I haue here set downe, you

must vnderstand is proper for the knots alone of a Garden. But for to

border the whole square or knot about, to serue as a hedge thereunto,

euery one taketh what liketh him best; as either Priuet alone, or

sweete Bryer, and white Thorne enterlaced together, and Roses of one,

or two, or more sorts placed here and there amongst them. Some also

take Lauander, Rosemary, Sage, Southernwood, Lauander Cotton, or some

such other thing. Some againe plant Cornell Trees, and plash them, or

keepe them lowe, to forme them into an hedge. And some againe take a

lowe prickly shrubbe, that abideth alwayes greene, described in the end

of this Booke, called in Latine _Pyracantha_, which in time will make

an euer greene hedge or border, and when it beareth fruit, which are

red berries like vnto Hawthorne berries, make a glorious shew among the

greene leaues in the Winter time, when no other shrubbes haue fruit or

leaues.

CHAP. IV.

_The nature and names of diuers Out-landish flowers, that for their

pride, beauty, and earlinesse, are to be planted in Gardens of pleasure

for delight._

Having thus formed out a Garden, and diuided it into his fit and due

proportion, with all the gracefull knots, arbours, walkes, &c. likewise

what is fit to keepe it in the same comely order, is appointed vnto

it, both for the borders of the squares, and for the knots and beds

themselues; let vs now come and furnish the inward parts, and beds

with those fine flowers that (being strangers vnto vs, and giuing

the beauty and brauery of their colours so early before many of our

home bred flowers, the more to entice vs to their delight) are most

beseeming it; and namely, with Daffodils, Fritillarias, Iacinthes,

Saffron-flowers, Lillies, Flowerdeluces, Tulipas, Anemones, French

Cowslips, or Beares eares, and a number of such other flowers, very

beautifull, delightfull, and pleasant, hereafter described at full,

whereof although many haue little sweete scent to commend them, yet

their earlinesse and exceeding great beautie and varietie doth so

farre counteruaile that defect (and yet I must tell you with all, that

there is among the many sorts of them some, and that not a few, that

doe excell in sweetnesse, being so strong and heady, that they rather

offend by too much than by too little sent, and some againe are of so

milde and moderate temper, that they scarce come short of your most

delicate and daintiest flowers) that they are almost in all places with

all persons, especially with the better sort of the Gentry of the Land,

as greatly desired and accepted as any other the most choisest, and the

rather, for that the most part of these Out-landish flowers, do shew

forth their beauty and colours so early in the yeare, that they seeme

to make a Garden of delight euen in the Winter time, and doe so giue

their flowers one after another, that all their brauery is not fully

spent, vntil that Gilliflowers, the pride of our English Gardens, do

shew themselues: So that whosoeuer would haue of euery sort of these

flowers, may haue for euery moneth seueral colours and varieties, euen

from Christmas vntill Midsommer, or after; and then, after some little

respite, vntill Christmas againe, and that in some plenty, with great

content and without forcing; so that euery man may haue them in euery

place, if they will take any care of them. And because there bee many

Gentlewomen and others, that would gladly haue some fine flowers to

furnish their Gardens, but know not what the names of those things are

that they desire, nor what are the times of their flowring, nor the

skill and knowledge of their right ordering, planting, displanting,

transplanting, and replanting; I haue here for their sakes set downe

the nature, names, times, and manner of ordering in a briefe manner,

referring the more ample declaration of them to the worke following.

And first of their names and natures: Of Daffodils there are almost

an hundred sorts, as they are seuerally described hereafter, euery

one to be distinguished from other, both in their times, formes, and

colours, some being eyther white, or yellow, or mixt, or else being

small or great, single or double, and some hauing but one flower vpon

a stalke, others many, whereof many are so exceeding sweete, that a

very few are sufficient to perfume a whole chamber, and besides, many

of them be so faire and double, eyther one vpon a stalke, or many vpon

a stalke, that one or two stalkes of flowers are in stead of a whole

nose-gay, or bundell of flowers tyed together. This I doe affirme

vpon good knowledge and certaine experience, and not as a great many

others doe, tell of the wonders of another world, which themselues

neuer saw nor euer heard of, except some superficiall relation, which

themselues haue augmented according to their owne fansie and conceit.

Againe, let me here also by the way tell you, that many idle and

ignorant Gardiners and others, who get names by stealth, as they doe

many other things, doe call some of these Daffodils Narcisses, when

as all know that know any Latine, that Narcissus is the Latine name,

and Daffodill the English of one and the same thing; and therefore

alone without any other Epithite cannot properly distinguish seuerall

things. I would willingly therefore that all would grow iudicious, and

call euery thing by his proper English name in speaking English, or

else by such Latine name as euery thing hath that hath not a proper

English name, that thereby they may distinguish the seuerall varieties

of things and not confound them, as also to take away all excuses of

mistaking; as for example: The single English bastard Daffodill (which

groweth wilde in many Woods, Groues, and Orchards in England.) The

double English bastard Daffodill. The French single white Daffodill

many vpon a stalke. The French double yellow Daffodill. The great, or

the little, or the least Spanish yellow bastard Daffodill, or the great

or little Spanish white Daffodill. The Turkie single white Daffodill,

or, The Turkie single or double white Daffodill many vpon a stalke,

&c. Of Fritillaria, or the checkerd Daffodill, there are halfe a score

seuerall sorts, both white and red, both yellow and blacke, which are a

wonderfull grace and ornament to a Garden in regard of the Checker like

spots are in the flowers. Of Iacinthes there are aboue halfe an hundred

sorts, as they are specified hereafter; some like vnto little bells

or starres, others like vnto little bottles or pearles, both white

and blew, sky-coloured and blush, and some starlike of many pretty

various formes, and all to giue delight to them that will be curious

to obserue them. Of Crocus or Saffron flowers, there are also twenty

sorts; some of the Spring time, others flowring onely in the Autume or

Fall, earlier or later than another, some whereof abide but a while,

others indure aboue a moneth in their glorious beauty. The Colchicum or

Medowe Saffron, which some call the sonne before the father, but not

properly, is of many sorts also; some flowring in the Spring of the

yeare, but the most in Autume, whereof some haue faire double flowers

very delightfull to behold, and some partly coloured both single and

double so variable, that it would make any one admire the worke of

the Creatour in the various spots and stripes of these flowers. Then

haue wee of Lillies twenty seuerall sorts and colours, among whom I

must reckon the Crowne Imperiall, that for his stately forme deserueth

some speciall place in this Garden, as also the Martagons, both white

and red, both blush and yellow, that require to be set by themselues

apart, as it were in a small round or square of a knot, without many

other, or tall flowers growing neare them. But to tell you of all the

sorts of Tulipas (which are the pride of delight) they are so many,

and as I may say, almost infinite, doth both passe my ability, and as

I beleeue the skill of any other. They are of two especiall sorts,

some flowring earlier, and others later than their fellowes, and that

naturally in all grounds, wherein there is such a wonderfull variety

and mixture of colours, that it is almost impossible for the wit of

man to descipher them thoroughly, and to giue names that may be true

& seuerall distinctions to euery flower, threescore seuerall sorts of

colours simple and mixed of each kind I can reckon vp that I haue,

and of especiall note, and yet I doubt not, but for euery one of them

there are ten others differing from them, which may be seen at seuerall

times, and in seuerall places: & besides this glory of variety in

colors that these flowers haue, they carry so stately & delightfull

a forme, & do abide so long in their brauery (enduring aboue three

whole moneths from the first vnto the last) that there is no Lady or

Gentlewoman of any worth that is not caught with this delight, or not

delighted with these flowers. The Anemones likewise or Windeflowers

are so full of variety and so dainty, so pleasant and so delightsome

flowers, that the sight of them doth enforce an earnest longing desire

in the minde of any one to be a possessour of some of them at the

least: For without all doubt, this one kinde of flower, so variable

in colours, so differing in forme (being almost as many sorts of them

double as single) so plentifull in bearing flowers, and so durable in

lasting, and also so easie both; to preserue and to encrease, is of it

selfe alone almost sufficient to furnish a garden with their flowers

for almost halfe the yeare, as I shall shew you in a fit and conuenient

place. The Beares eares or French Cowslips must not want their deserued

commendations, seeing that their flowers, being many set together

vpon a stalke, doe seeme euery one of them to bee a Nosegay alone of

it selfe: and besides the many differing colours that are to be seene

in them, as white, yellow, blush, purple, red, tawney, murrey, haire

colour, &c. which encrease much delight in all sorts of the Gentry of

the Land, they are not vnfurnished with a pretty sweete sent, which

doth adde an encrease of pleasure in those that make them an ornament

for their wearing. Flowerdeluces also are of many sorts, but diuided

into two especiall, kindes; the one bearing a leafe like a flagge whose

roots are tuberous, thicke and short (one kinde of them being the Orris

rootes that are sold at the Apothecaries, whereof sweete powders are

made to lye among garments) the other having round rootes like vnto

Onions, and narrow long leaues somewhat like grasse: Of both these

kindes there is much variety, especially in their colours. The greater

Flagge kinde is frequent enough and dispersed in this Land, and well

doth serue to decke vp both a Garden and House with natures beauties:

But the chiefe of all is your Sable flower, so fit for a mourning

habit, that I thinke in the whole compasse of natures store, there is

not a more patheticall, or of greater correspondency, nor yet among

all the flowers I know any one comming neare vnto the colour of it.

The other kinde which hath bulbous or Onion like rootes, diuersifieth

it selfe also into so many fine colours, being of a more neate shape

and succinct forme than the former, that it must not bee wanting to

furnish this Garden. The Hepatica or Noble Liuerwoort is another flower

of account, whereof some are white, others red, or blew, or purple,

somewhat resembling Violets, but that there are white threads in the

middest of their flowers, which adde the more grace vnto them; and one

kinde of them is so double, that it resembleth a double thicke Dasie

or Marigold, but being small and of an excellent blew colour, is like

vnto a Button: but that which commendeth the flower as much as the

beauty, is the earlinesse in flowring, for that it is one of the very

first flowers that open themselues after Christmas, euen in the midst

of Winter. The Cyclamen or Sowebread is a flower of rare receipt,

because it is naturally hard to encrease, and that the flowers are like

vnto red or blush coloured Violets, flowring in the end of Summer or

beginning of Autumne: the leaues likewise hereof haue no small delight

in their pleasant colour, being knotted and circled white vpon greene,

and that which most preferreth it, is the Physicall properties thereof

for women, which I will declare when I shall shew you the seuerall

descriptions of the varieties in his proper place. Many other sorts of

flowers there are fit to furnish this Garden, as Leucoium or Bulbous

Violet, both early and late flowring. Muscari or Muske Grape flower.

Starre flowers of diuers sorts. Phalangium or Spiderwort, the chiefe

of many is that sort whose flowers are like vnto a white Lilly. Winter

Crowfoote or Wolfes bane. The Christmas flower like vnto a single

white Rose. Bell flowers of many kindes. Yellow Larkes spurre, the

prettiest flower of a score in a Garden. Flower-gentle or Floramour.

Flower of the Sunne. The Maruaile of Peru or of the world. Double Marsh

Marigold or double yellow Buttons, much differing and farre exceeding

your double yellow Crowfoote, which some call Batchelours Buttons.

Double French Marigolds that smell well, and is a greater kinde than

the ordinary, and farre surpasseth it. The double red Ranunculus or

Crowfoote (farre excelling the most glorious double Anemone) and is

like vnto our great yellow double Crowfoote. Thus having giuen you

the knowledge of some of the choisest flowers for the beds of this

Garden, let me also shew you what are fittest for your borders and for

your arbours. The Iasmine white and yellow. The double Honysockle.

The Ladies Bower, both white, and red, and purple single and double,

are the fittest of Outlandish plants to set by arbours and banqueting

houses, that are open, both before and aboue to helpe to couer them,

and to giue both sight, smell, and delight. The sorts of Roses are

fittest for Standards in the hedges or borders. The Cherry Bay or

Laurocerasus. The Rose Bay or Oleander. The white and the blew Syringa

or Pipe tree, are all gracefull and delightfull to set at seuerall

distances in the borders of knots; for some of them giue beautifull and

sweete flowers. The Pyracantha or Prickly Corall tree doth remaine with

greene leaues all the yeare, and may be plashed, or laid downe, or tyed

to make a fine hedge to border the whole knot, as is said before. The

Wilde Bay or Laurus Tinus, doth chiefly desire to be sheltered vnder a

wall, where it will best thriue, and giue you his beautifull flowers

in Winter for your delight, in recompence of his fenced dwelling. The

dwarfe Bay or Mesereon, is most commonly either placed in the midst of

a knot, or at the corners thereof, and sometimes all along a walke for

the more grace. And thus to fit euery ones fancy, I haue shewed you the

variety of natures store in some part for you to dispose of them to

your best content.

CHAP. V.

_The nature and names of those that are called vsually English flowers._

Those flowers that haue beene vsually planted in former times in

Gardens of this Kingdome (when as our forefathers knew few or none of

those that are recited before) haue by time and custome attained the

name of English flowers, although the most of them were neuer naturall

of this our Land, but brought in from other Countries at one time or

other, by those that tooke pleasure in them where they first saw them:

and I doubt not, but many other sorts than here are set downe, or

now knowne to vs, haue beene brought, which either haue perished by

their negligence or want of skill that brought them, or else because

they could not abide our cold Winters; those onely remaining with vs

that haue endured of themselues, and by their encreasing haue beene

distributed ouer the whole Land. If I should make any large discourse

of them, being so well knowne to all, I doubt I should make a long

tale to small purpose: I will therefore but briefly recite them, that

you may haue them together in one place, with some little declaration

of the nature and quality of them, and so passe to other matters.

And first of Primroses and Cowslips, whereof there are many prettie

varieties; some better knowne in the West parts of this Kingdome,

others in the North, than in any other, vntill of late being obserued

by some curious louers of varieties, they haue been transplanted

diuersly, and so made more common: for although we haue had formerly

in these parts about London greene Primroses vsually, yet we neuer saw

or heard of greene Cowslips both single and double but of late dayes,

and so likewise for Primroses to be both single and double from one

roote, and diuers vpon one stalke of diuers fashions, I am sure is not

vsuall: all which desire rather to bee planted vnder some hedge, or

fence, or in the shade, than in the Sunne. Single Rose Campions, both

white, red, and blush, and the double red Rose Campion also is knowne

sufficiently, and will abide moderate Sunne as well as the shade. The

flower of Bristow or None-such is likewise another kinde of Campion,

whereof there is both white flowring plants and blush as well as Orange

colour, all of them being single flowers require a moderate Sunne and

not the shadow: But the Orange colour Nonesuch with double flowers,

as it is rare and not common, so for his brauery doth well deserue

a Master of account that will take care to keepe and preserue it.

Batchelours Buttons both white and red, are kindes of wilde Campions

of a very double forme, and will reasonably well like the Sunne but

not the shade. Wall-flowers are common in euery Garden, as well the

ordinary double as the single, and the double kinde desireth no more

shade than the single, but the greater kindes both double and single

must haue the Sunne. Stock-Gilloflowers likewise are almost as common

as Wall-flowers, especially the single kindes in euery womans Garden,

but the double kindes are much more rare, and possessed but of a few,

and those onely that will bee carefull to preserue them in Winter; for

besides that the most of them are more tender, they yeeld no seede as

the single kindes doe to preserue them, although one kinde from the

sowing of the seed yeeld double flowers: They will all require the

comfort of the Sunne, especially the double kindes, and to be defended

from cold, yet so as in the Summer they doe not want water wherein they

much ioy, and which is as it were their life. Queenes Gilloflowers

(which some call Dames Violets, and some Winter Gilloflowers, are a

kinde of Stock-Gilloflower) planted in Gardens to serue to fill vp

the parts thereof for want of better things, hauing in mine opinion

neither sight nor sent much to commend them. Violets are the Springs

chiefe flowers for beauty, smell, and vse, both single and double, the

more shadie and moist they stand the better. Snapdragon are flowers of

much more delight, and in that they are more tender to keep, and will

hardly endure the sharpe Winters, vnlesse they stand well defended,

are scarce seene in many Gardens. Columbines single and double, of

many sorts, fashions, and colours, very variable both speckled and

party coloured, are flowers of that respect, as that no Garden would

willingly bee without them, that could tell how to haue them, yet the

rarer the flowers are, the more trouble to keepe; the ordinary sorts on

the contrary part will not be lost, doe what one will. Larkes heeles,

or spurres, or toes, as in seuerall Countries they are called, exceed

in the varietie of colours, both single and double, any of the former

times; for vntill of late dayes none of the most pleasant colours

were seene or heard of: but now the single kindes are reasonable well

disperst ouer the Land, yet the double kindes of all those pleasant

colours (and some other also as beautifull) which stand like little

double Roses, are enioyed but of a few: all of them rise from seed, and

must be sowne euery yeare, the double as well as the single. Pansyes

or Hartes eases of diuers colours, and although without sent, yet not

without some respect and delight. Double Poppies are flowers of a great

and goodly proportion, adorning a Garden with their variable colours

to the delight of the beholders, wherein there is some speciall care

to be taken, lest they turne single; and that is, if you see them

grow vp too thicke, that you must pull them vp, and not suffer them

to grow within lesse than halfe a yard distance, or more one from

another. Double Daisies are flowers not to be forgotten, although they

be common enough in euery Garden, being both white and red, both blush

and speckled, or party coloured, besides that which is called Iacke

an Apes on horsebacke, they require a moist and shadowie place; for

they are scorched away, if they stand in the Sunne in any dry place.

Double Marigolds also are the most common in all Gardens. And so are

the French Marigolds that haue a strong heady sent, both single and

double, whose glorious shew for colour would cause any to beleeue there

were some rare goodnesse or vertue in them. These all are sometimes

preserued in the Winter, if they bee well defended from the cold. But

what shall I say to the Queene of delight and of flowers, Carnations

and Gilloflowers, whose brauery, variety, and sweete smell ioyned

together, tyeth euery ones affection with great earnestnesse, both to

like and to haue them? Those that were knowne, and enioyed in former

times with much acceptation, are now for the most part lesse accounted

of, except a very few: for now there are so many other varieties of

later inuention, that trebleth the other both in number, beauty, and

worth: The names of them doe differ very variably, in that names are

imposed and altered as euerie ones fancy will haue them, that carryed

or sent them into the seuerall Countries from London, where their

truest name is to be had, in mine opinion. I will here but giue you the

names of some, and referre you to the worke ensuing for your further

knowledge. The red and the gray Hulo. The old Carnation, differing from

them both. The Gran Pere. The Cambersiue. The Sauadge. The Christall.

The Prince. The white Carnation, or Delicate. The ground Carnation. The

French Carnation. The Douer. The Oxford. The Bristow. The Westminster.

The Daintie. The Granado, and many other Gilloflowers too tedious to

recite in this place, because I haue amply declared them in the booke

following. But there is another sort of great delight and varietie,

called the Orange tawny Gilloflower, which for the most part hath risen

from seed, and doth giue seed in a more plentifull manner than any of

the former sorts, and likewise by the sowing of the seed, there hath

been gained so many varieties of that excellent worth and respect, that

it can hardly be expressed or beleeued, and called by diuers names

according to the marking of the flowers; as The Infanta. The Stript

Tawny, The Speckled Tawny. The Flackt Tawny. The Griseld Tawny, and

many others, euery one to bee distinguished from others: Some also haue

their flowers more double and large than others, and some from the same

seed haue single flowers like broad single Pinkes: the further relation

of them, viz. their order to sowe, encrease and preserue them, you

shall haue in the subsequent discourse in a place by it selfe. Pinkes

likewise both single and double are of much variety, all of them very

sweete, comming neare the Gilloflowers. Sweete Williams and Sweete

Iohns, both single and double, both white, red, and spotted, as they

are kindes of wilde Pinkes, so for their grace and beauty helpe to

furnish a Garden, yet desire not to stand so open to the Sunne as the

former. Double and single Peonies are fit flowers to furnish a Garden,

and by reason of their durability, giue out fresh pleasure euery

yeare without any further trouble of sowing. And lastly, Hollihocks

both single and double, of many and sundry colours, yeeld out their

flowers like Roses on their tall branches, like Trees, to sute you with

flowers, when almost you haue no other to grace out your Garden: the

single and double doe both yeeld seed, and yet doe after their seeding

abide many yeares. Thus haue I shewed you most of the English, as well

as (I did before) the Outlandish flowers that are fit to furnish the

knots, trailes, beds, and borders of this Garden. Roses onely, as I

said before, I reserve to circle or encompasse all the rest, because

that for the most part they are planted in the outer borders or the

quarters, and sometimes by themselues in the middle of long beds, the

sorts or kindes whereof are many, as they are declared in their proper

place: but the White Rose, the Red, and the Damaske, are the most

ancient Standards in England, and therefore accounted naturall.

CHAP. VI.

_The order and manner to plant and replant all the sorts of Out-landish

flowers spoken of before, as well those with bulbous rootes, as others

with stringie rootes._

Whereas it is the vsuall custome of most in this Land, to turne vp

their Gardens, and to plant them againe in the Spring of the yeare,

which is the best time that may bee chosen for all English flowers,

yet it is not so for your Out-landish flowers. And herein indeede hath

beene not onely the errour of a great many to hinder their rootes from

bearing out their flowers as they should, but also to hinder many to

take delight in them, because as they say they will not thriue and

prosper with them, when as the whole fault is in the want of knowledge

of the fit and conuenient time wherein they should bee planted. And

because our English Gardiners are all or the most of them vtterly

ignorant in the ordering of these Out-landish flowers, as not being

trained vp to know them, I haue here taken vpon mee the forme of a new

Gardiner, to giue instructions to those that will take pleasure in

them, that they may be the better enabled with these helpes I shall

shew them, both to know how they should be ordered, and to direct

their Gardiners that are ignorant thereof, rightly to dispose them

according to their naturall qualities. And I doe wish all Gentlemen

and Gentlewomen, whom it may concerne for their owne good, to bee as

carefull whom they trust with the planting and replanting of these

fine flowers, as they would be with so many Iewels; for the rootes of

many of them being small, and of great value, may be soone conueyed

away, and a cleanly tale faire told, that such a roote is rotten, or

perished in the ground if none be seen where it should be, or else that

the flower hath changed his colour, when it hath been taken away, or

a counterfeit one hath beene put in the place thereof; and thus many

haue been deceiued of their daintiest flowers, without remedy or true

knowledge of the defect. You shall therefore, if you will take the

right course that is proper for these kindes of flowers, not set or

plant them among your English flowers; for that when the one may be

remoued, the other may not be stirred: but plant those rootes that are

bulbous, or round like Onions, eyther in knots or beds by themselues

which is the best, or with but very few English or Out-landish flower

plants that haue stringie rootes: For you must take this for a generall

rule, that all those rootes that are like Lillies or Onions, are to

bee planted in the moneths of Iuly or August, or vnto the middle or

end of September at the furthest, if you will haue them to prosper as

they should; and not in the Spring of the yeare, when other gardening

is vsed. Yet I must likewise giue you to vnderstand, that if Tulipas,

and Daffodils, and some other that are firme and hard rootes, and

not limber or spongie, being taken vp out of the ground in their fit

season, that is, in Iune, Iuly, and August, and likewise kept well

and dry, may be reserued out of the ground vntill Christmas or after,

and then (if they could not be set sooner) being set, will thriue

reasonable well, but not altogether so well as the former, being set

long before; but if you shall remoue these bulbous rootes againe,

either presently after their planting; hauing shot their small fibres

vnder the round rootes, and sprung likewise vpwards, or before they

be in flower at the soonest (yet Tulipas, Daffodils, and many other

bulbous, may be safely remoued being in flower, and transplanted into

other places, so as they be not kept too long out of the ground) you

shall much endanger them either vtterly to perish, or to be hindered

from bearing out their flowers they then would haue borne, and for

two or three years after from bearing flowers againe. For the order

of their planting there are diuers wayes, some whereof I will shew

you in this place: Your knot or beds being prepared fitly, as before

is declared, you may place and order your rootes therein thus, Eyther

many rootes of one kind set together in a round or cluster, or longwise

crosse a bed one by another, whereby the beauty of many flowers of one

kinde being together, may make a faire shew well pleasing to many; Or

else you may plant one or two in a place dispersedly ouer the whole

knot, or in a proportion or diameter one place answering another of

the knot, as your store will suffer you, or your knot permit: Or you

may also mingle these rootes in their planting many of diuers sorts

together, that they may giue the more glorious shew when they are in

flower; and that you may so doe, you must first obserue the seuerall

kindes of them, which doe flower at one and the same time, and then

to place them in such order and so neare one vnto another, that their

flowers appearing together of seuerall colours, will cause the more

admiration in the beholders: as thus, The Vernall Crocus or Saffron

flowers of the Spring, white, purple, yellow, and stript, with some

Vernall Colchicum or Medow Saffron among them, some Dens Caninus or

Dogges teeth, and some of the small early Leucoium or Bulbous Violet,

all planted in some proportion as neare one vnto another as is fit for

them, will giue such a grace to the Garden, that the place will seeme

like a peece of tapestry of many glorious colours, to encrease euery

ones delight: Or else many of one sort together, as the blew, white,

and blush Grape flowers in the same manner intermingled, doe make a

maruellous delectable shew, especially because all of them rise almost

to an equall height, which causeth the greater grace, as well neare

hand as farre of. The like order may be kept with many other things,

as the Hepatica, white, blew, purple, and red set or sowne together,

will make many to beleeue that one roote doth beare all those colours:

But aboue and beyond all others, the Tulipas may be so matched, one

colour answering and setting of another, that the place where they

stand may resemble a peece of curious needle-worke, or peece of

painting; and I haue knowne in a Garden, the Master as much commended

for this artificiall forme in placing the colours of Tulipas, as for

the goodnesse of his flowers, or any other thing. The diuers sorts and

colours of Anemones or Winde-flowers may be so ordered likewise, which

are very beautifull, to haue the seuerall varieties planted one neare

vnto another, that their seuerall colours appearing in one place will

be a very great grace in a Garden, or if they be dispersed among the

other sorts of flowers, they will make a glorious shew. Another order

in planting you may obserue; which is this, That those plants that

grow low, as the Aconitum Hyemale or Winter-wolues bane, the Vernall

Crocus or Saffron-flowers of diuers sorts, the little early Leucoium

or Bulbous Violet, and some such other as rise not vp high, as also

some Anemones may be very well placed somewhat neare or about your

Martagons, Lillies, or Crownes Imperiall, both because these little

plants will flower earlier than they, and so will bee gone and past,

before the other greater plants will rise vp to any height to hinder

them; which is a way may well be admitted in those Gardens that are

small, to saue roome, and to place things to the most aduantage. Thus

hauing shewed you diuers wayes and orders how to plant your rootes,

that your flowers may giue the greater grace in the Garden, let mee

shew you likewise how to set these kindes of rootes into the ground;

for many know not well eyther which end to set vpwards or downewards,

nor yet to what depth they should be placed in the ground. Daffodils if

they be great rootes, will require (as must bee obserued in all other

great plants) to bee planted somewhat deeper than the smaller of the

same kinde as also that the tops or heads of the rootes be about two

or three fingers breadth hid vnder ground. The Tulipas likewise if you

set them deepe, they will be the safer from frosts if your ground be

cold, which will also cause them to be a little later before they be

in flower, yet vsually if the mould be good, they are to be set a good

hand breadth deep within the ground, so that there may be three or

foure inches of earth at the least aboue the head, which is the smaller

end of the roote: for if they shall lye too neare the vpper face or

crust of the earth, the colds & frosts will pierce and pinch them

the sooner. After the same order and manner must Hyacinthes, whether

great or small, and other such great rootes be planted. Your greater

rootes, as Martagons, Lillies, and Crownes Imperiall, must be set much

deeper than any other bulbous roote, because they are greater rootes

than others, and by themselues also, as is most vsuall either in some

square, round, triangle, or other small part in the Garden, because

they spread and take vp a very great deale of ground. All of them

likewise are to be set with the broad end of the roote downewards, and

the small end vpwards, that is, both Lillies, Daffodils, Hyacinthes,

and Tulipas, and all other sorts of round rootes, which shew one end

to bee smaller than another. But the Colchicum or Medow-Saffron onely

requireth an exception to this generall rule, in regard the roote

thereof hath a small eminence or part on the one side thereof, which

must bee set or planted downeward, and not vpward; for you shall

obserue, if the roote lye a little moist out of the ground, that it

will shoote fibres out at the small long end thereof, although you may

perceiue when you take it vp, that the fibres were at the other broad

end or side of the roote. As for the Crowne Imperiall, which is a broad

round roote and flat withall, hauing a hole in the middle, for the

most part quite thorow, when it is taken vp in his due time out of the

ground, you shall perceiue the scales or cloues of the rootes to bee

a little open on the vpperside, and close and flat on the vnderside,

which will direct you which part to set vpward; as also that the hole

is bigger aboue then it is below. The Persian Lilly is almost like

unto the Crowne Imperiall, but that the roote thereof is not so flat,

and that it hath a smaller head at the one part, whereby it may be

discerned the plainer how to be set. The Fritillaria is a small white

root diuided as it were into two parts, so that many haue doubted, as

formerly in the Crowne Imperiall, what part to set vppermost; you shall

therefore marke, that the two parts of the roote are ioyned together

at the bottome, where it shooteth out fibres or small stringie rootes,

as all other sorts of bulbous rootes doe, and withall you shall see,

that betweene the two parts of the roote a small head will appeare,

which is the burgeon that will spring vp to beare leaues and flowers.

In the rootes of Anemones there are small round swelling heads, easie

enough to be obserued if you marke it, which must be set vpwards. All

other sorts of stringie rooted plants (and not bulbous or tuberous

rooted) that lose their greene leaues in Winter, will shew a head from

whence the leaues and flowers will spring, and all others that keepe

their greene leaues, are to bee planted in the same manner that other

herbes and flower-plants are accustomed to be. But yet for the better

thriuing of the stringie rooted plants, when you will plant them, let

me informe you of the best way of planting, and the most sure to cause

any plant to comprehend in the ground without failing, and is no common

way with any Gardiner in this Kingdome, that euer I heard or knew,

which is thus: Presuming that the stringie rooted plant is fresh and

not old gathered, and a plant that being remoued will grow againe, make

a hole in the ground large enough where you meane to set this roote,

and raise the earth within the hole a little higher in the middle then

on the sides, and set the roote thereon, spreading the strings all

abroad about the middle, that they may as it were couer the middle, and

then put the earth gently round about it, pressing it a little close,

and afterwards water it well, if it be in Summer, or in a dry time, or

otherwise moderately: thus shall euery seuerall string of the roote

haue earth enough to cause it to shoote forth, and thereby to encrease

farre better than by the vsuall way, which is without any great care

and respect to thrust the rootes together into the ground. Diuers other

flower plants are but annuall, to bee new sowne euery yeare; as the

Maruaile of the world, the Indian Cresses, or yellow Larkes heeles,

the Flower of the Sunne, and diuers others: they therefore that will

take pleasure in them, that they may enioy their flowers the earlier

in the yeare, and thereby haue ripe seede of them while warme weather

lasteth, must nurse vp their seedes in a bed of hot dung, as Melons and

Cowcumbers are, but your bed must be prouided earlier for these seeds,

than for Melons, &c. that they may haue the more comfort of the Summer,

which are to be carefully tended after they are transplanted from the

hotbed, and couered with straw from colds, whereby you shall not faile

to gaine ripe seed euery yeare, which otherwise if you should misse

of a very kindly & hot Summer, you should neuer haue. Some of these

seedes neede likewise to be transplanted from the bed of dung vnder a

warme wall, as the Flower of the Sunne, and the Maruaile of the world,

and some others, and that for a while after their transplanting, as

also in the heate of Summer, you water them at the roote with water

that hath stood a day or two in the Sunne, hauing first laid a round

wispe of hay or such other thing round about the roote, that so all

helpes may further their giuing of ripe seede. One or two rules more

I will giue you concerning these dainty flowers, the first whereof

is this, That you shall not bee carefull to water any of your bulbous

or tuberous rooted plants at any time; for they all of them do better

prosper in a dry ground than in a wet, onely all sorts of tuberous

rooted Flowerdeluces vpon their remouall had neede of a little water,

and some will doe so also to such Tulipas and other bulbous rootes as

they transplant, when they are in flower, and this is I grant in some

sort tolerable, if it bee not too much, and done onely to cause the

stalke and flower to abide sometime the longer before they wither, but

else in no other case to be permitted. The second rule is, That I would

aduise you to water none of your dainty flowers or herbes, with any

water that hath presently before been drawne out of a well or pumpe,

but onely with such water that hath stood open in the Sunne in some

cisterne, tubbe, or pot for a day at the least, if more the better: for

that water which is presently drawne out of a well, &c. is so cold,

that it presently chilleth & killeth any dainty plant be it younger or

elder grown, whereof I haue had sufficient proofe: and therfore I giue

you this caution by mine own experience. Thus haue I directed you from

point to point, in all the particulars of preparing & planting that

belong to this Garden, sauing only that yet I would further enforme

you of the time of the flowring of these Out-landish plants, according

to the seuerall moneths in the yeare, that euery one may know what

flowers euery moneth yeeldeth, and may chuse what them liketh best,

in that they may see that there is no moneth, but glorieth in some

peculiar sorts of rare flowers. I would likewise rather in this place

shew you, the true and best manner & order to encrease and preserue

all sorts of Gilloflowers & Carnations, then ioyne it with the Chapter

of Gilloflowers in the worke following, because it would in that place

take vp too much roome. And lastly, I must of necessity oppose three

sundry errours, that haue possessed the mindes of many both in former

and later times, which are, that any flower may be made to grow double

by art, that was but single before by nature: And that one may by art

cause any flower to grow of what colour they will: And that any plants

may be forced to flower out of their due seasons, either earlier or

later, by an art which some can vse. All which being declared, I then

suppose enough is spoken for an introduction to this worke, referring

many other things to the seuerall directions in the Chapters of the

booke.

CHAP. VII.

_The seuerall times of the flowring of these Out-landish flowers,

according to the seuerall moneths of the yeare._

I intend in this place onely to giue you briefly, the names of some of

the chiefest of these Out-landish flowers, according to the seuerall

moneths of the yeare wherein they flower, that euery one seeing what

sorts of flowers euery moneth yeeldeth, may take of them which they

like best. I begin with Ianuary, as the first moneth of the yeare,

wherein if the frosts be not extreme, you shall haue these flowers of

plants; the Christmas flower or Helleborus niger verus, Winter wolues

bane or Aconitum hyemale, Hepatica or Noble Liuer wort blew and red,

and of shrubbes, the Laurus Tinus or Wilde Bay tree, and Mesereon or

the dwarfe Bay: but because Ianuarie is oftentimes too deepe in frosts

and snow, I therefore referre the Hepaticas vnto the moneth following,

which is February, wherein the weather beginneth to be a little

milder, and then they will flower much better, as also diuers sorts of

Crocus or Saffron flower will appeare, the little early Summer foole

or Leucoium bulbosum, and towards the latter end thereof the Vernall

Colchicum, the Dogges tooth Violet or Dens Caninus, and some Anemones,

both single and double, which in some places will flower all the Winter

long. March will yeeld more varieties; for besides that it holdeth some

of the flowers of the former moneth, it will yeeld you both the double

blew Hepatica, and the white and the blush single: then also you shall

haue diuers other sorts of Crocus or Saffron flowers, Double yellow

Daffodils, Orientall Iacinths and others, the Crowne Imperiall, diuers

sorts of early Tulipas, some sorts of French Cowslips, both tawney,

murry, yellow and blush, the early Fritillaria or checkered Daffodill,

and some other sorts of early Daffodils, and many sorts of Anemones.

In Aprill commeth on the pride of these strangers; for herein you may

behold all the sorts of Auricula Vrsi or Beares Eares, many sorts

of Anemones, both single and double, both the sorts of Tulipas, the

earlier vntill the middle of the moneth, and the later then beginning;

which are of so many different colours, that it is almost impossible

to expresse them, the white, red, blacke, and yellow Fritillarias, the

Muscari or Muske Grape flower, both ash colour and yellow. Diuers other

sorts of Iacinths and Daffodils, both single and double, the smaller

sorts of Flowerdeluces, the Veluet Flowerdeluce and double Honysuckles,

with diuers others. May likewise at the beginning seemeth as glorious

as Aprill, although toward the end it doth decline, in regard the heate

of the Sunne hath by this time drawne forth all the store of natures

tenderest dainties, which are vsually spent by the end of this moneth,

and then those of stronger constitution come forward. Herein are to

bee seene at the beginning the middle flowring Tulipas, and at the

end the later sorts: some kindes of Daffodils, the Day Lillies, the

great white Starre flower, the Flowerdeluce of Constantinople or the

mourning Sable flower, the other sorts of Flowerdeluces. Single and

double white Crowfoote, and single and double red Crowfoot, the glory

of a Garden: the early red Martagon, the Persian Lilly, the yellow

Martagon, the Gladiolus or Corne flagge, both white, red, and blush:

the double yellow Rose, and some other sorts of Roses. In Iune doe

flower the white and the blush Martagon, the Martagon Imperiall, the

mountaine Lillies, and the other sorts of white and red Lillies, the

bulbous Flowerdeluces of diuers sorts, the red flowred Ladies bower,

the single and double purple flowred Ladies bower, the white Syringa

or Pipe tree, for the blew Pipe tree flowreth earlier, the white and

the yellow Iasmin. Iuly holdeth in flower some of the Ladies bowers

and Iasmines, and besides doth glory in the Female Balsame apple, the

Indian Cresses or yellow Larkes spurres, the purple Flower-gentle and

the Rose Bay. In August begin some of the Autumne bulbous flowers to

appeare, as the white and the purple Colchicum or Medow Saffron, the

purple mountaine Crocus or Saffron flower, the little Autumne Leucoium

and Autumne Iacinth, the Italian Starrewort, called of some the purple

Marigold, the Meruaile of Peru or of the world, the Flower of the

Sunne, the great blew Bell-flower, the great double French Marigold.

September flourisheth with the Flower of the Sunne, the Meruaile of

the world, the purple Marigold, and blew Bell-flower spoken of before,

and likewise the other sorts of Medow Saffron, and the double kinde

likewise, the siluer Crocus, the Autumne yellow Daffodill, Cyclamen

also or Sowbread shew their flowers in the end of this moneth. October

also will shew the flowers of Cyclamen, and some of the Medow Saffrons.

In Nouember, as also sometimes in the moneth before, the party coloured

Medow Saffron may bee seene, that will longest hold his flower, because

it is the latest that sheweth it selfe, and the ash coloured mountaine

Crocus. And euen December it selfe will not want the true blacke

Hellebor or Christmas flower, and the glorious shew of the Laurus Tinus

or wilde Bay tree. Thus haue I shewed you some of the flowers for euery

moneth, but I referre you to the more ample declarion of them and all

the others, vnto the work following.

CHAP. VIII.

_The true manner and order to encrease and preserue all sorts of

Gilloflowers, as well by slippes as seedes._

Because that Carnations and Gilloflowers bee the chiefest flowers of

account in all our English Gardens, I haue thought good to entreate

somewhat amply of them, and that a part by it selfe, as I said a little

before, in regard there is so much to be said concerning them, and

that if all the matters to be entreated of should haue beene inserted

in the Chapter of Gilloflowers, it would haue made it too tedious and

large, and taken vp too much roome. The particular matters whereof I

mean in this place to entreate are these: How to encrease Gilloflowers

by planting and by sowing, and how to preserue them being encreased,

both in Summer from noysome and hurtfull vermine that destroy them,

and in Winter from frosts, snowes, and windes, that spoile them. There

are two wayes of planting, whereby to encrease these faire flowers;

the one is by slipping which is the old and ready vsuall way, best

knowne in this Kingdome; the other is more sure, perfect, ready, and of

later inuention, _videlicet_, by laying downe the branches. The way to

encrease Gilloflowers by slipping, is so common with all that euer kept

any of them, that I think most persons may thinke me idle, to spend

time to set downe in writing that which is so well known vnto all:

Yet giue me leaue to tell them that so might imagine, that (when they

haue heard or read what I haue written thereof, if they did know fully

as much before) what I here write, was not to informe them, but such

as did not know the best, or so good a way as I teach them: For I am

assured, the greatest number doe vse, and follow the most vsuall way,

and that is not alwaies the best, especially when by good experience

a better way is found, and may be learned; and therefore if some can

doe a thing better than others, I thinke it is no shame to learne it

of them. You shall not then (to take the surest course) take any long

spindled branches, nor those branches that haue any young shootes from

the ioynts on them, nor yet sliue or teare any slippe or branch from

the roote; for all these waies are vsuall and common with most, which

causeth so many good rootes to rot and perish, and also so many slippes

to be lost, when as for the most part, not the one halfe, or with some,

not a third part doth grow and thriue of those slippes they set. And

although many that haue store of plants, doe not so much care what

hauocke they make to gaine some, yet to saue both labour and plants,

I doe wish them to obserue these orders: Take from those rootes from

whence you intend to make your encrease, those shootes onely that are

reasonable strong, but yet young, and not either too small and slender,

or hauing any shootes from the ioynts vpon them; cut these slippes or

shootes off from the stemme or roote with a knife, as conueniently as

the shoote or branch will permit, that is, either close vnto the maine

branch, if it be short, or leauing a ioynt or two behinde you, if it

be long enough, at which it may shoote anew: When you haue cut off

your slippes, you may either set them by and by, or else as the best

Gardiners vse to doe, cast them into a tubbe or pot with water for a

day or two, and then hauing prepared a place conuenient to set them

in, which had neede to bee of the finest, richest, and best mould you

can prouide, that they may thriue therein the better, cut off your

slippe close at the ioynt, and hauing cut away the lowest leaues close

to the stalke, and the vppermost euen at the top, with a little sticke

make a little hole in the earth, and put your slippe therein so deep,

as that the vpper leaues may be wholly aboue the ground, (some vse to

cleaue the stalke in the middle, and put a little earth or clay within

the cleft, but many good and skilfull Gardiners doe not vse it); put

the earth a little close to the slippe with your finger and thumbe,

and there let it rest, and in this manner doe with as many slippes as

you haue, setting them somewhat close together, and not too farre in

sunder, both to saue ground and cost thereon, in that a small compasse

will serue for the first planting, and also the better to giue them

shadow: For you must remember in any case, that these slippes new set,

haue no sight of the Sunne, vntill they be well taken in the ground,

and shot aboue ground, and also that they want not water, both vpon

the new planting and after. When these slippes are well grown vp,

they must be transplanted into such other places as you thinke meete;

that is, either into the ground in beds, or otherwise, or into pots,

which that you may the more safely doe, after you haue well watered

the ground, for halfe a day before you intend to transplant them, you

shall separate them seuerally, by putting down a broad pointed knife

on each side of the slippe, so cutting it out, take euery one by it

selfe, with the earth cleauing close vnto the root, which by reason of

the moisture it had formerly, and that which you gaue presently before,

will be sufficient with any care had, to cause it to hold fast vnto

the roote for the transplanting of it: for if the earth were dry, and

that it should fall away from the roote in the transplanting, it would

hazzard and endanger the roote very much, if it did thriue at all. You

must remember also, that vpon the remouing of these slips, you shadow

them from the heate of the Sunne for a while with some straw or other

thing, vntill they haue taken hold in their new place. Thus although

it bee a little more labour and care than the ordinary way is, yet it

is surer, and will giue you plants that will be so strongly growne

before Winter, that with the care hereafter specified, you shall haue

them beare flowers the next yeare after, and yeeld you encrease of

slippes also. To giue you any set time, wherein these slippes will

take roote, and begin to shoote aboue ground, is very hard to doe; for

that euery slip, or yet euery kinde of Gilloflower is not alike apt

to grow; nor is euery earth in like manner fit to produce and bring

forward the slippes that are set therein: but if both the slippe be apt

to grow, and the earth of the best, fit to produce, I thinke within a

fortnight or three weekes, you shall see them begin to put forth young

leaues in the middle, or else it may be a moneth and more before you

shall see any springing. The best time likewise when to plant, is a

speciall thing to be knowne, and of as great consequence as any thing

else: For if you slippe and set in September, as many vse to doe, or

yet in August, as some may thinke will doe well, yet (vnlesse they be

the most ordinary sorts, which are likely to grow at any time, and

in any place) the most of them, if not all, will either assuredly

perish or neuer prosper well: for the more excellent and dainty the

Gilloflower is, the more tender for the most part, and hard to nurse

vp will the slippes be. The best time therefore is, that you cut off

such slippes as are likely, and such as your rootes may spare, from the

beginning of May vntill the middle of Iune at the furthest, and order

them as I haue shewed you before, that so you may haue faire plants,

plenty of flowers, and encrease sufficient for new supply, without

offence or losse of your store. For the enriching likewise of your

earth, wherein you shall plant your slippes, that they may the better

thriue and prosper, diuers haue vsed diuers sorts of manure; as stable

soyle of horse, beasts or kine, of sheepe, and pigeons, all which are

very good when they are thoroughly turned to mould, to mixe with your

other earth, or being steeped in water, may serue to water the earth

at times, and turned in with it. And some haue likewise proued Tanners

earth, that is, their barke, which after they haue vsed, doth lye on

heapes and rot in their yards, or the like mould from wood-stackes or

yards; but especially, and beyond all other is commended the Willow

earth, that is, that mould which is found in the hollow of old Willow

trees, to be the most principall to mixe with other good earth for

this purpose. And as I haue now giuen you directions for the first

way to encrease them by slipping, so before I come to the other way,

let mee giue you a caueat or two for the preseruing of them, when

they are beginning to runne vtterly to decay and perish: The one

is, that whereas many are, ouer greedy to haue their plants to giue

them flowers, and therefore let them runne all to flower, so farre

spending themselues thereby, that after they haue done flowring, they

grow so weake, hauing out spent themselues, that they cannot possibly

be preserued from the iniuries of the succeeding Winter; you shall

therefore keepe the kinde of any sort you are delighted withall, if you

carefully looke that too many branches doe not runne vp and spindle for

flowers, but rather either cut some of them downe, before they are run

vp too high, within two or three ioynts of the rootes; or else pluck

away the innermost leaues where it springeth forwards, which you see

in the middle of euery branch, before it be runne vp too high, which

will cause them to breake out the faster into slips and suckers at

the ioynts, to hinder their forward luxurie, and to preserue them the

longer: The other is, If you shall perceiue any of your Gilloflower

leaues to change their naturall fresh verdure, and turne yellowish,

or begin to wither in anie part or branch thereof, it is a sure signe

that the roote is infected with some cancker or rottennesse, and will

soon shew it selfe in all the rest of the branches, whereby the plant

will quickly be lost: to preserue it therefore, you shall betime,

before it be runne too farre, (for otherwise it is impossible to saue

it) either couer all or most of the branches with fresh earth, or else

take the fairest slippes from it, as many as you can possibly, and

cast them into a pot or tubbe with water, and let them there abide for

two or three daies at the least: the first way hath recouered many,

being taken in time. Thus you shall see them recouer their former

stiffenesse and colour, and then you may plant them as you haue beene

heretofore directed; and although many of them may perish, yet shall

you haue some of them that will grow to continue the kinde againe.

The other or second way to encrease Gilloflowers by planting, is, as

I said before, by in-laying or laying downe the branches of them and

is a way of later inuention, and as frequently vsed, not onely for the

tawney or yellow Gilloflower, and all the varieties therof, but with

the other kinds of Gilloflowers, whereof experience hath shewed that

they will likewise take if they be so vsed; the manner whereof is thus:

You must choose out the youngest, likeliest, and lowest branches that

are nearest the ground (for the vpper branches will sooner breake at

the ioynt, than bend downe so low into the earth, without some pot

with earth raised vp vnto them) and cut it on the vnderside thereof

vpwards at the second ioynt next vnto the roote, to the middle of the

branch, and no more, and not quite thorough in any case, and then from

that second ioynt vnto the third; slit or cut the branch in the middle

longwise, that so it may be the more easily bended into the ground,

the cut ioynt seeming like the end of a slippe, when you haue bended

downe the branch where it is cut into the ground (which must bee done

very gently for feare of breaking) with a little sticke or two thrust

slopwise, crosse ouer it, keepe it downe within the earth, and raise vp

sufficient earth ouer it, that there it may lye and take roote, which

commonly will be effected within sixe weekes or two moneths in the

Summer time, and then (or longer if you doubt the time too short for it

to take sufficient roote) you may take or cut it away, and transplant

it where you thinke good, yet so as in any case you shadow it from the

heate of the Sunne, vntill it haue taken good hold in the ground. The

other way to encrease Gilloflowers, is by sowing the seede: It is not

vsuall with all sorts of Gilloflowers to giue seede, but such of them

as doe yeeld seede may be encreased thereby, in the same manner as is

here set downe. The Orange tawney Gilloflower and the varieties thereof

is the most vsuall kinde, (and it is a kinde by it selfe, how various

soeuer the plants be that rise from the seede) that doth giue seede,

and is sowne, and from thence ariseth so many varieties of colours,

both plaine and mixt, both single and double, that one can hardly set

them downe in writing: yet such as I haue obserued and marked, you

shall finde expressed in the Chapter of Gilloflowers in the worke

following. First therefore make choise of your seede that you intend

to sowe (if you doe not desire to haue as many more single flowers as

double) that it bee taken from double flowers, and not from single,

and from the best colours, howsoeuer some may boast to haue had double

and stript flowers from the seede of a single one; which if it were

so, yet one Swallow (as we say) maketh no Summer, nor a thing comming

by chance cannot bee reckoned for a certaine and constant rule; you

may be assured they will not vsually doe so: but the best, fairest,

and most double flowers come alwaies, or for the most part, from the

seede of those flowers that were best, fairest, and most double; and

I doe aduise you to take the best and most double: for euen from them

you shall haue single ones enow, you neede not sowe any worser sort.

And againe, see that your seede bee new, of the last yeares gathering,

and also that it was full ripe before it was gathered, lest you lose

your labour, or misse of your purpose, which is, to haue faire and

double flowers. Hauing now made choise of your seede, and prepared you

a bedde to sowe them on, the earth whereof must be rich and good, and

likewise sifted to make it the finer; for the better it is, the better

shall your profit and pleasure bee: hereon, being first made leuell,

plaine, and smooth, sowe your seede somewhat thinne, and not too thicke

in any case, and as euenly as you can, that they be not too many in one

place, and too few in another, which afterwards couer with fine sifted

earth ouer them about one fingers thicknesse; let this be done in the

middle of Aprill, if the time of the yeare be temperate, and not too

cold, or else stay vntill the end of the moneth: after they are sprung

vp and growne to be somewhat bigge, let them bee drawne forth that are

too close and neare one vnto another, and plant them in such place

where they shall continue, so that they stand halfe a yard of ground

distance asunder, which after the planting, let be shadowed for a time,

as is before specified; and this may bee done in the end of Iuly, or

sooner if there be cause. I haue not set downe in all this discourse of

planting, transplanting, sowing, setting, &c. any mention of watering

those slips or plants, not doubting but that euery ones reason will

induce them to thinke, that they cannot prosper without watering: But

let this Caueat be a sufficient remembrance vnto you, that you neuer

water any of these Gilloflowers, nor yet indeede any other fine herbe

or plant with cold water, such as you haue presently before drawne out

from a pumpe or Well, &c. but with such water as hath stood open in

the aire in a cisterne, tubbe, or pot, for one whole day at the least;

if it be two or three daies it will be neuer the worse, but rather the

better, as I haue related before: yet take especiall heede that you doe

not giue them too much to ouer-glut them at any time, but temperately

to irrorate, bedew or sprinkle them often. From the seedes of these

Gilloflowers hath risen both white, red, blush, stamell, tawny lighter

and sadder, marbled, speckled, striped, flaked, and that in diuers

manners, both single and double flowers, as you shall see them set

downe in a more ample manner in the Chapter of Gilloflowers. And thus

much for their encrease by the two wayes of planting and sowing: For as

for a third way, by grafting one into or vpon another, I know none such

to be true, nor to be of any more worth than an old Wiues tale, both

nature, reason, and experience, all contesting against such an idle

fancy, let men make what ostentation they please. It now resteth, that

we also shew you the manner how to preserue them, as well in Summer

from all noysome and hurtfull things, as in the Winter and Spring from

the sharp and chilling colds, and the sharpe and bitter killing windes

in March. The hurtfull things in the Summer are especially these,

too much heate of the Sunne which scorcheth them, which you must be

carefull to preuent, by placing boughes, boords, clothes or mats, &c.

before them, if they bee in the ground; or else if they bee in pots,

to remoue them into the shadow, to giue them refreshing from the

heate, and giue them water also for their life: too much water, or too

little is another annoyance, which you must order as you see there

is iust cause, by withholding or giuing them water gently out of a

watering pot, and not cast on by dishfuls: Some also to water their

Gilloflowers, vse to set their pots into tubbes or pots halfe full of

water, that so the water may soake in at the lower holes in each flower

pot, to giue moisture to the roots of the Gilloflowers onely, without

casting any water vpon the leaues, and assuredly it is an excellent way

to moisten the rootes so sufficiently at one time, that it doth saue a

great deale of paines many other times. Earwickes are a most infestuous

vermine, to spoyle the whole beauty of your flowers, and that in one

night or day; for these creatures delighting to creepe, into any

hollow or shadowie place, doe creepe into the long greene pods of the

Gilloflowers, and doe eate away the white bottomes of their leaues,

which are sweete, whereby the leaues of the flowers being loose, doe

either fall away of themselues before, or when they are gathered, or

handled, or presently wither within the pods before they are gathered,

and blowne away with the winde. To auoide which inconuenience, many

haue deuised many waies and inuentions to destroy them, as pots with

double verges or brimmes, containing a hollow gutter betweene them,

which being filled with water, will not suffer these small vermine to

passe ouer it to the Gilloflowers to spoile them. Others haue vsed old

shooes, and such like hollow things to bee set by them to take them in:

but the best and most vsuall things now vsed, are eyther long hollow

canes, or else beasts hoofes, which being turned downe vpon stickes

ends set into the ground, or into the pots of earth, will soone drawe

into them many Earwickes, lying hid therein from sunne, winde, and

raine, and by care and diligence may soone bee destroyed, if euery

morning and euening one take the hoofes gently off from the stickes,

and knocking them against the ground in a plain allie, shake out all

the Earwicks that are crept into them, which quickly with ones foot may

be trode to peeces. For sodain blasting with thunder and lightening,

or fierce sharp windes, &c. I know no other remedy, vnlesse you can

couer them therefrom when you first foresee the danger, but patiently

to abide the losse, whatsoeuer some haue aduised, to lay litter about

them to auoide blasting; for if any shall make tryall thereof, I am

in doubt, he shall more endanger his rootes thereby, being the Summer

time, when any such feare of blasting is, than any wise saue them from

it, or doe them any good. For the Winter preseruation of them, some

haue aduised to couer them with Bee-hiues, or else with small Willow

stickes, prickt crossewise into the ground ouer your flowers, and bowed

archwise, and with litter laid thereon, to couer the Gilloflowers

quite ouer, after they haue been sprinkled with sope ashes and lyme

mixt together: and this way is commended by some that haue written

thereof, to be such an admirable defence vnto them in Winter, that

neither Ants, nor Snailes, nor Earwickes shall touch them, because of

the sope ashes and lyme, and neyther frosts nor storms shall hurt them,

because of the litter which so well will defend them; and hereby also

your Gilloflowers will bee ready to flower not onely in the Spring

very early, but euen all the Winter. But whosoeuer shall follow these

directions, may peraduenture finde them in some part true, as they are

there set downe for the Winter time, and while they are kept close and

couered; but let them bee assured, that all such plants, or the most

part of them, will certainely perish and dye before the Summer be at an

end: for the sope ashes and lyme will burne vp and spoile any herbe;

and againe it is impossible for any plant that is kept so warme in

Winter, to abide eyther the cold or the winde in the Spring following,

or any heate of the Sun, but that both of them will scorch them, and

carry them quite away. One great hurt vnto them, and to all other

herbes that wee preserue in Winter, is to suffer the snow to lye vpon

them any time after it is fallen, for that it doth so chill them, that

the Sunne afterward, although in Winter, doth scorch them and burne

them vp: looke therefore vnto your Gilloflowers in those times, and

shake or strike off the snow gently off from them, not suffering it to

abide on them any day or night if you can; for assure your selfe, if it

doth not abide on them, the better they will be. The frosts likewise

is another great annoyance vnto them, to corrupt the rootes, and to

cause them to swell, rot, and break: to preuent which inconuenience, I

would aduise you to take the straw or litter of your horse stable, and

lay some thereof about euery roote of your Gilloflowers (especially

those of the best account) close vnto them vpon the ground, but be as

carefull as you can, that none thereof lye vpon the greene leaues,

or as little as may be, and by this onely way haue they been better

defended from the frosts that spoile them in Winter, then by any other

that I haue seen or knowne. The windes in March, and Sunneshine dayes

then, are one of the greatest inconueniences that happeneth vnto them;

for they that haue had hundreds of plants, that haue kept faire and

greene all the Winter vntill the beginning or middle of March, before

the end thereof, haue had scarce one of many, that either hath not

vtterly perished, or been so tainted, that quickly after haue not been

lost; which hath happened chiefly by the neglect of these cautions

before specified, or in not defending them from the bitter sharp windes

and sunne in this moneth of March. You shall therefore for their better

preseruation, besides the litter laid about the rootes, which I aduise

you not to remoue as yet, shelter them somewhat from the windes, with

eyther bottomlesse pots, pales, or such like things, to keep away the

violent force both of windes and sun for that moneth, and for some

time before & after it also: yet so, that they be not couered close

aboue, but open to receiue ayre & raine. Some also vse to wind withes

of hey or straw about the rootes of their Gilloflowers, and fasten

them with stickes thrust into the ground, which serue very well in the

stead of the other. Thus haue I shewed you the whole preseruation of

these worthy and dainty flowers, with the whole manner of ordering them

for their encrease: if any one haue any other better way, I shall be

as willing to learne it of them, as I haue beene to giue them or any

others the knowledge of that I haue here set downe.

CHAP. IX.

_That there is not any art whereby any flower may be made to grow

double, that was naturally single, nor of any other sent or colour than

it first had by nature; nor that the sowing or planting of herbes one

deeper than other, will cause them to be in flower one after another,

euery moneth in the yeare._

The wonderfull desire that many haue to see faire, double, and sweete

flowers, hath transported them beyond both reason and nature, feigning

and boasting often of what they would haue, as if they had it. And I

thinke, from this desire and boasting hath risen all the false tales

and reports, of making flowers double as they list, and of giuing them

colour and sent as they please, and to flower likewise at what time

they will, I doubt not, but that some of these errours are ancient, and

continued long by tradition, and others are of later inuention: and

therefore the more to be condemned, that men of wit and iudgement in

these dayes should expose themselues in their writings, to be rather

laughed at, then beleeued for such idle tales. And although in the

contradiction of them, I know I shall vndergoe many calumnies, yet

notwithstanding, I will endeauour to set downe and declare so much, as

I hope may by reason perswade many in the truth, although I cannot

hope of all, some being so strongly wedded to their owne will, and the

errours they haue beene bred in, that no reason may alter them. First

therefore I say, that if there were any art to make some flowers to

grow double, that naturally were single, by the same art, all sorts of

flowers that are single by nature, may be made to grow double: but the

sorts of flowers that are single by nature, whereof some are double,

were neuer made double by art; for many sorts abide still single,

whereof there was neuer seene double: and therefore there is no such

art in any mans knowledge to bring it to passe. If any man shall say,

that because there are many flowers double, whereof there are single

also of the same kinde, as for example, Violets, Marigolds, Daisyes,

Daffodils, Anemones, and many other, that therefore those double

flowers were so made by the art of man: _viz._ by the obseruation of

the change of the Moone, the constellations or coniunctions of Planets,

or some other Starres or celestiall bodies. Although I doe confesse

and acknowledge, that I thinke some constellations, and peraduenture

changes of the Moone, &c. were appointed by the God of nature, as

conducing and helping to the making of those flowers double, that

nature hath so produced, yet I doe deny, that any man hath or shall

euer be able to proue, that it was done by any art of man, or that any

man can tell the true causes and seasons, what changes of the Moone,

or constellations of the Planets, wrought together for the producing

of those double flowers, or can imitate nature, or rather the God of

nature, to doe the like. If it shall bee demanded, From whence then

came these double flowers that we haue, if they were not so made by

art? I answer, that assuredly all such flowers did first grow wilde,

and were so found double, as they doe now grow in Gardens, but for

how long before they were found they became double, no man can tell;

we onely haue them as nature hath produced them, and so they remaine.

Againe, if any shall say, that it is likely that these double flowers

were forced so to be, by the often planting and transplanting of them,

because it is obserued in most of them, that if they stand long in

any one place, and not be often remoued, they will grow still lesse

double, and in the end turne single. I doe confesse, that _Facilior

est descensus quàm ascensus_, and that the vnfruitfulnesse of the

ground they are planted in, or the neglect or little care had of them,

or the growing of them too thicke or too long, are oftentimes a cause

of the diminishing of the flowers doublenesse; but withall you shall

obserue, that the same rootes that did beare double flowers (and not

any other that neuer were double before) haue returned to their former

doublenesse againe, by good ordering and looking vnto: single flowers

haue only beene made somewhat fairer or larger, by being planted in

the richer and more fruitfull ground of the Garden, than they were

found wilde by nature; but neuer made to grow double, as that which

is naturally so found of it selfe: For I will shew you mine owne

experience in the matter. I haue been as inquisitiue as any man might

be, with euery one I knew, that made any such report, or that I thought

could say any thing therein, but I neuer could finde any one, that

could assuredly resolue me, that he knew certainly any such thing to

be done: all that they could say was but report, for the obseruation

of the Moone, to remoue plants before the change, that is, as some

say, the full of the Moone, others the new Moone, whereupon I haue

made tryall at many times, and in many sorts of plants, accordingly,

and as I thought fit, by planting & transplanting them, but I could

neuer see the effect desired, but rather in many of them the losse of

my plants. And were there indeed such a certaine art, to make single

flowers to grow double, it would haue beene knowne certainly to some

that would practise it, and there are so many single flowers, whereof

there were neuer any of the kinde seene double, that to produce such of

them to be double, would procure both credit and coyne enough to him

that should vse it; but _Vltra posse non est esse_: and therefore let

no man beleeue any such reports, bee they neuer so ancient; for they

are but meere tales and fables. Concerning colours and sents, the many

rules and directions extant in manie mens writings, to cause flowers

to grow yellow, red, greene, or white, that neuer were so naturally,

as also to be of the sent of Cinamon, Muske, &c. would almost perswade

any, that the matters thus set downe by such persons, and with some

shew of probability, were constant and assured proofes thereof: but

when they come to the triall, they all vanish away like smoake. I will

in a few words shew you the matters and manners of their proceedings to

effect this purpose: First (they say) if you shall steepe your seedes

in the lees of red Wine, you shall haue the flowers of those plants to

be of a purple colour. If you will haue Lillies or Gilloflowers to be

of a Scarlet red colour, you shall put Vermillion or Cynaber betweene

the rinde and the small heads growing about the roote: if you will

haue them blew, you shall dissolue Azur or Byse between the rinde and

the heads: if yellow, Orpiment: if greene, Vardigrease, and thus of

any other colour. Others doe aduise to open the head of the roote,

and poure into it any colour dissolued, so that there be no fretting

or corroding thing therein for feare of hurting the roote, and looke

what colour you put in, iust such or neare vnto it shall the colour of

the flower bee. Some againe doe aduise to water the plants you would

haue changed, with such coloured liquor as you desire the flower to be

of, and they shall grow to be so. Also to make Roses to bee yellow,

that you should graft a white Rose (some say a Damaske) vpon a Broome

stalke, and the flower will be yellow, supposing because the Broome

flower is yellow, therefore the Rose will be yellow. Some affirme the

like, if a Rose be grafted on a Barbery bush, because both the blossome

and the barke of the Barbery is yellow, &c. In the like manner for

sents, they haue set downe in their writings, that by putting Cloues,

Muske, Cinamon, Benzoin, or any other such sweete thing, bruised with

Rose water, betweene the barke and the body of trees, the fruit of

them will smell and taste of the same that is put vnto them; and if

they bee put vnto the toppe of the rootes, or else bound vnto the head

of the roote, they will cause the flowers to smell of that sent the

matter put vnto them is of: as also to steep the seeds of Roses, and

other plants in the water of such like sweet things, and then to sowe

them, and water them morning and euening with such like liquor, vntill

they be growne vp; besides a number of such like rules and directions

set downe in bookes so confidently, as if the matters were without all

doubt or question: whenas without all doubt and question I will assure

you, that they are all but meere idle tales & fancies, without all

reason or truth, or shadow of reason or truth: For sents and colours

are both such qualities as follow the essence of plants, euen as formes

are also; and one may as well make any plant to grow of what forme

you will, as to make it of what sent or colour you will; and if any

man can forme plants at his will and pleasure, he can doe as much as

God himselfe that created them. For the things they would adde vnto

the plants to giue them colour, are all corporeall, or of a bodily

substance, and whatsoeuer should giue any colour vnto a liuing and

growing plant, must be spirituall: for no solide corporeall substance

can ioyne it selfe with the life and essence of an herbe or tree, and

the spirituall part of the colour thereof is not the same with the

bodily substance, but is a meere vapour that riseth from the substance,

and seedeth the plant, whereby it groweth, so that there is no ground

or colour of reason, that a substantiall colour should giue colour to a

growing herbe or tree: but for sent (which is a meere vapour) you will

say there is more probability. Yet consider also, that what sweete sent

soeuer you binde or put vnto the rootes of herbes or trees, must be

either buried, or as good as buried in the earth, or barke of the tree,

whereby the substance will in a small time corrupt and rot, and before

it can ioyne it selfe with the life, spirit, and essence of the plant,

the sent also will perish with the substance: For no heterogeneall

things can bee mixed naturally together, as Iron and Clay; and no

other thing but homogeneall, can be nourishment or conuertible into

the substance of man or beast: And as the stomach of man or beast

altereth both formes, sents, and colours of all digestible things; so

whatsoeuer sent or colour is wholsome, and not poysonfull to nature,

being receiued into the body of man or beast, doth neither change the

bloud or skinne into that colour or sent was receiued: no more doth

any colour or sent to any plant; for the plants are onely nourished

by the moisture they draw naturally vnto them, be it of wine or any

other liquor is put vnto them, and not by any corporeal substance, or

heterogeneall vapour or sent, because the earth like vnto the stomach

doth soone alter them, before they are conuerted into the nature and

substance of the plant. Now for the last part I vndertooke to confute,

that no man can by art make all flowers to spring at what time of

the yeare hee will; although, as I haue here before shewed there are

flowers for euery moneth of the yeare, yet I hope there is not any one,

that hath any knowledge in flowers and gardening, but knoweth that the

flowers that appeare and shew themselues in the seuerall moneths of

the yeare, are not one and the same, and so made to flower by art; but

that they are seuerall sorts of plants, which will flower naturally

and constantly in the same moneths one yeare, that they vse to doe in

another, or with but little alteration, if the yeares proue not alike

kindly: As for example, those plants that doe flower in Ianuary and

February, will by no art of industry of man be caused to flower in

Summer or in Autumne; and those that flower in Aprill and May, will not

flower in Ianuary or February; or those in Iuly, August, &c. either

in the Winter or Spring: but euery one knoweth their owne appointed

naturall times, which they constantly obserue and keepe, according

to the temperature of the yeare, or the temper of the climate, being

further North or South, to bring them on earlier or later, as it doth

with all other fruits, flowers, and growing greene herbes, &c. except

that by chance, some one or other extraordinarily may be hindered in

their due season of flowring, and so giue their flowers out of time, or

else to giue their flowers twice in the yeare, by the superaboundance

of nourishment, of the mildnesse of the season, by moderate showers of

raine, &c. as it sometimes also happeneth with fruits, which chance,

as it is seldome, and not constant, so we then terme it but _Lusus

naturæ_: or else by forcing them in hot stoues, which then will perish,

when they haue giuen their flowers or fruits. It is not then, as some

haue written, the sowing of the seedes of Lillies, or any other plants

a foote deepe, or halfe a foote deepe, or two inches deepe, that will

cause them to be in flower one after, another, as they are sowne euery

moneth of the yeare; for it were too grosse to thinke, that any man of

reason and iudgement would so beleeue. Nor is it like wise in the power

of any man, to make the same plants to abide a moneth, two, or three,

or longer in their beauty of flowring, then naturally they vse to doe;

for I thinke that were no humane art, but a supernaturall worke. For

nature still bendeth and tendeth to perfection, that is, after flowring

to giue fruit or seede; nor can it bee hindered in the course thereof

without manifest danger of destruction, euen as it is in all other

fruit-bearing creatures, which stay no longer, then their appointed

time is naturall vnto them, without apparent damage. Some things I

grant may be so ordered in the planting, that according to that order

and time which is obserued in their planting, they shall shew forth

their faire flowers, and they are Anemones, which will in that manner,

that I haue shewed in the worke following, flower in seuerall moneths

of the yeare; which thing as it is incident to none or very few other

plants, and is found out but of late, so likewise is it knowne but vnto

a very few. Thus haue I shewed you the true solution of these doubts:

And although they haue not beene amplified with such Philosophicall

arguments and reasons, as one of greater learning might haue done, yet

are they truely and sincerely set downe, that they may serue _tanquam

galeatum_, against all the calumnies and obiections of wilfull and

obdurate persons, that will not be reformed. As first, that all double

flowers were so found wilde, being the worke of nature alone, and not

the art of any man, by planting or transplanting, at or before the new

or full Moone, or any other obseruation of time, that hath caused the

flower to grow double, that naturally was single: Secondly, that the

rules and directions, to cause flowers to bee of contrary or different

colours or sents, from that they were or would be naturally, are meere

fancies of men, without any ground of reason of truth. And thirdly,

that there is no power or art in man, to cause flowers to shew their

beauty diuers moneths before their naturall time, nor to abide in their

beauty longer then the appointed naturall time for euery one of them.

THE GARDEN OF PLEASANT FLOWERS.

CHAP. I.

_Corona Imperialis._ The Crowne Imperiall.

Because the Lilly is the more stately flower among manie: and amongst

the wonderfull varietie of Lillies, knowne to vs in these daies, much

more then in former times, whereof some are white, others blush, some

purple, others red or yellow, some spotted, others without spots, some

standing vpright, others hanging or turning downewards, The Crowne

Imperiall for his stately beautifulness, deserueth the first place in

this our Garden of delight, to be here entreated of before all other

Lillies; but because it is so well knowne to most persons, being in a

manner euery where common, I shall neede onely to giue you a relation

of the chiefe parts thereof (as I intend in such other things) which

are these: The roote is yellowish on the outside, composed of fewer,

but much thicker scales, then any other Lilly but the Persian, and

doth grow sometimes to be as great as a pretty bigge childes head,

but somewhat flat withall, from the sides whereof, and not from the

bottome, it shooteth forth thicke long fibres, which perish euery

yeare, hauing a hole in the midst thereof, at the end of the yeare,

when the old stalke is dry and withered, and out of the which a new

stalke doth spring againe (from a bud or head to be seen within the

hollownesse on the one side) the yeare following: the stalke then

filling vp the hollownesse, riseth vp three or foure, foote high,

being great, round, and of a purplish colour at the bottome, but

greene aboue, beset from thence to the middle thereof with many long

and broad greene leaues, very like to the leaues of our ordinary white

Lilly, but somewhat shorter and narrower, confusedly without order,

and from the middle is bare or naked without leaues, for a certaine

space vpwards, and then beareth foure, sixe, or tenne flowers, more

or lesse, according to the age of the plant, and the fertility of

the soyle where it groweth: The buddes at the first appearing are

whitish, standing vpright among a bush or tuft of greene leaues,

smaller then those below, and standing aboue the flowers, after a

while they turne themselues, and hang downewards euerie one vpon his

owne footestalke, round about the great stemme or stalke, sometimes

of an euen depth, and other while one lower or higher than another,

which flowers are neare the forme of an ordinary Lilly, yet somewhat

lesser and closer, consisting of sixe leaues of an Orange colour,

striped with purplish lines and veines, which adde a great grace to

the flowers: At the bottome of the flower next vnto the stalke, euery

leafe thereof hath on the outside a certaine bunch or eminence, of a

darke purplish colour, and on the inside there lyeth in those hollow

bunched places, certaine cleare drops of water like vnto pearles, of a

very sweete taste almost like sugar: in the midst of each flower is a

long white stile or pointell, forked or diuided at the end, and sixe

white chiues tipt with yellowish pendents, standing close about it:

after the flowers are past, appeare sixe square seede vessels standing

vpright, winged as it were or welted on the edges, yet seeming but

three square, because each couple of those welted edges are ioyned

closer together, wherein are contained broad, flat, and thinne seedes,

of a pale brownish colour, like vnto other Lillies, but much greater

and thicker also. The stalke of this plant doth oftentimes grow flat,

two, three, or foure fingers broad, and then beareth many more flowers,

but for the most part smaller then when it beareth round stalkes. And

sometimes it happeneth the stalke to be diuided at the top, carrying

two or three tufts of greene leaues, without any flowers on them. And

sometimes likewise, to beare two or three rowes or crownes of flowers

one aboue another vpon one stalke, which is seldome and scarce seene,

and besides, is but meere accidentall: the whole plant and euery part

thereof, as well rootes, as leaues and flowers, doe smell somewhat

strong as it were the fauour of a Foxe, so that if any doe but come

neare it, he cannot but smell it, which yet is not vnwholsome.

I haue not obserued any variety in the colour of this flower, more then

that it will be fairer in a cleare open ayre, and paler, or as it were

blasted in a muddy or smoakie ayre. And although some haue boasted of

one with white flowers, yet I could neuer heare that any such hath

endured in one vniforme colour.

The Place.

This plant was first brought from Constantinople into these

Christian Countries, and by the relation of some that sent it,

groweth naturally in Persia.

The Time.

It flowereth most commonly in the end of March, if the weather

be milde, and springeth not out of the ground vntill the end

of February, or beginning of March, so quicke it is in the

springing: the heads with seed are ripe in the end of May.

The Names.

It is of some called _Lilium Persicum_, the Persian Lilly: but

because wee haue another, which is more vsually called by that

name, as shall be shewed in the next Chapter, I had rather

with Alphonsus Pancius the Duke of Florence his Physitian,

(who first sent the figure thereof vnto Mᶴʳ. Iohn de Brancion)

call it _Corona Imperialis_, the Crowne Imperiall, then by any

other name, as also for that this name is now more generally

receiued. It hath been sent also by the name _Tusai_, and

_Tuschai_, and _Turfani_, or _Turfanda_, being, as it is like,

the Turkish names.

The Vertues.

For any Physicall Vertues that are in it, I know of none, nor

haue heard that any hath been found out: notwithstanding the

strong sent would perswade it might be applyed to good purpose.

CHAP. II.

_Lilium Persicum._ The Persian Lilly.

The roote of the Persian Lilly is very like vnto the root of the Crowne

Imperiall, and losing his fibres in like maner euery yeare, hauing a

hole therin likewise where the old stalke grew, but whiter, rounder,

and a little longer, smaller, and not stinking at all like it, from

whence springeth vp a round whitish greene stalke, not much lower

than the Crowne Imperiall, but much smaller, beset from the bottome

to the middle thereof, with many long and narrow leaues, of a whitish

or blewish greene colour, almost like to the leafe of a Tulipa: from

the middle vpwards, to the toppe of the stalke, stand many flowers one

aboue another round about it, with leaues at the foote of euery one of

them, each whereof is pendulous or hanging downe the head, like vnto

the Crowne Imperiall, and not turning vp any of the flowers againe,

but smaller than in any other kinde of Lilly, yea not so bigge as

the flower of a Fritillaria, consisting of sixe leaues a peece, of a

dead or ouerworne purplish colour, hauing in the midst a small long

pointell, with certaine chiues tipt with yellow pendents: after the

flowers are past (which abide open a long time, and for the most part

flower by degrees, the lowest first, and so vpwards) if the weather be

temperate, come sixe square heads or seede vessels, seeming to be but

three square, by reason of the wings, very like to the heads of the

Crowne Imperiall, but smaller and shorter, wherein are contained such

like flat seed, but smaller also, and of a darker colour.

[Illustration:

1 _Corona Imperialis._ The Crown Imperiall.

2 _Lilium Persicum._ The Persian Lilly.

3 _Martagon Imperiale._ The Martagon Imperiall.

]

The Place.

This was, as it is thought, first brought from Persia vnto

Constantinople, and from thence, sent vnto vs by the meanes of

diuers Turkie Merchants, and in especiall, by the procurement

of Mʳ. Nicholas Lete, a worthy Merchant, and a louer of all

faire flowers.

The Time.

It springeth out of the ground very neare a moneth before

the Crowne Imperiall, but doth not flower till it bee quite

past (that is to say) not vntill the latter end of Aprill, or

beginning of May: the seed (when it doth come to perfection, as

it seldome doth) is not ripe vntill Iuly.

The Names.

It hath been sent by the name of _Pennachio Persiano_, and

wee thereupon doe most vsually call it _Lilium Persicum_,

The Persian Lilly. Clusius saith it hath been sent into the

Low Countries vnder the name of Susam giul, and he thereupon

thinking it came from Susis in Persia, called it _Lilium

Susianum_, The Lilly of Susis.

The Vertues.

Wee haue not yet heard, that this hath beene applyed for any

Physicall respect.

CHAP. III.

_Martagon Imperiale, siue Lilium Montanum maius._

The Martagon Imperiall.

Vnder this title of _Lilium Montanum_, or _Lilium Siluestre_, I do

comprehend only those kindes of Lillies, which carry diuers circles

of greene leaues set together at certaine distances, round about the

stalke, and not sparsedly as the two former, and as other kindes that

follow, doe. And although there bee many of this sort, yet because

their chiefest difference is in the colour of the flower, wee will

containe them all in one Chapter, and begin with the most stately of

them all, because of the number of flowers it beareth vpon one stalke.

The Imperiall Lilly hath a scaly roote, like vnto all the rest of the

Lillies, but of a paler yellow colour, closely compact or set together,

being short and small oftentimes, in comparison of the greatnesse of

the stemme growing from it. The stalke is brownish and round at the

bottome, and sometimes flat from the middle vpwards, three foote high

or more, beset at certaine distances with rondles or circles of many

broad leaues, larger and broader for the most part than any other of

this kinde, and of a darke green colour: It hath two or three, and

sometimes foure of these rondles or circles of leaues, and bare without

any leafe betweene; but aboue toward the tops of the stalkes, it hath

here and there some leaues vpon it, but smaller than any of the other

leaues: at the toppe of the stalke come forth many flowers, sometime

three or foure score, thicke thrust, or confusedly set together, and

not thinne or sparsedly one aboue another, as in the lesser of this

kinde of Mountaine Lilly. It hath been sometimes also obserued in this

kinde, that it hath borne manie flowers at three seuerall spaces of

the stalke, one aboue another, which hath made a goodly shew; each

flower whereof is pendulous, hanging downe, and each leafe of the

flower turning vp againe, being thicke or fleshy, of a fine delayed

purple colour, spotted with many blackish or brownish spots, of a very

pleasant sweet sent, which maketh it the more acceptable: in the middle

of the flower hangeth downe a stile or pointell, knobbed or buttoned at

the end with sixe yellow chiues, tipt with loose pendents of an Orient

red or Vermillion colour, which will easily sticke like dust vpon any

thing that toucheth them: the heads or seede vessels are small and

round, with small edges about them, wherein is contained flat browne

seede like other Lillies, but lesser. This root is very apt to encrease

or set of, as we call it, wherby the plant seldome commeth to so great

a head of flowers, but riseth vp with many stalkes, and then carry

fewer flowers.

[Sidenote: _Martagon Imperiale flore non punctato._]

Of this kinde there is sometimes one found, that beareth flowers

without any spots: the leaues whereof and stalke likewise are paler,

but not else differing.

_Martagon flore albo._ The White Martagon.

We haue also some other of this kind, the first wherof hath his stalke

& leafe greener than the former, the stalke is a little higher, but not

bearing so thicke a head of flowers, although much more plentifull than

the lesser Mountaine Lilly, being altogether of a fine white colour,

without any spots, or but very few, and that but sometimes also: the

pendents in the middle of this flower are not red, as the former, but

yellow; the roote of this, and of the other two that follow, are of a

pale yellow colour, the cloues or scales of them being brittle, and

not closely compact, yet so as if two, and sometimes three scales or

cloues grew one vpon the head or vpperpart of another; which difference

is a speciall note to know these three kindes, from any other kinde

of Mountaine Lilly, as in all old rootes that I haue seene, I haue

obserued, as also in them that are reasonably well growne, but in the

young rootes it is not yet so manifest.

_Martagon flore albo maculato._ The White spotted Martagon.

The second is like vnto the first in all things, saue in this, that

the flowers hereof are not altogether so white, and besides hath many

reddish spots on the inside of the leaues of the flower, and the stalke

also is not so greene but brownish.

_Martagon flore carneo._ The blush Martagon.

A third sort there is of this kinde, whole flowers are wholly of a

delayed flesh colour, with many spots on the flowers, and this is the

difference hereof from the former.

_Lilium Montanum siue siluestre minus._ The lesser Mountaine Lilly.

The lesser Mountaine Lilly is so like in root vnto the greater that is

first described, that it is hard to distinguish them asunder; but when

this is sprung vp out of the ground, which is a moneth after the first:

it also carrieth his leaues in rondles about the stalke, although not

altogether so great nor so many. The flowers are more thinly set on the

stalkes one aboue another, with more distance betweene each flower than

the former, and are of a little deeper flesh colour or purple, spotted

in the same manner. The buds or heads of flowers, in some of these

before they be blowne, are hoary white, or hairie, whereas in others,

there is no hoarinesse at all, but the buddes are smooth and purplish:

in other things this differeth not from the former.

[Sidenote: _Lilium Montanum non maculatum._]

Of this sort also there is one that hath but few spots on the flowers,

whose colour is somewhat paler than the other.

[Illustration:

1 _Martagon flore albo._ The white Martagon.

2 _Martagon siue Lilium Canadense maculatum._ The spotted Martagon,

or Lilly of Canada.

3 _Martagon Pomponeum._ The Martagon Pompony, or early red Martagon.

]

_Martagon Canadense maculatum._ The spotted Martagon of Canada.

Although this strange Lilly hath not his flowers hanging downe, and

turning vp again, as the former kinds set forth in this Chapter, yet

because the green leaues stand at seuerall ioynts as they do, I must

needs insert it here, not knowing where more fitly to place it. It hath

a small scaly roote, with many small long fibres thereat, from whence

riseth vp a reasonable great stalke, almost as high as any of the

former, bearing at three or foure distances many long and narrow greene

leaues, but not so many or so broad as the former, with diuers ribbes

in them: from among the vppermost rundle of leaues breake forth foure

or fiue flowers together, euery one standing on a long slender foote

stalke, being almost as large as a red Lilly, but a little bending

downewards, and of a faire yellow colour, spotted on the inside with

diuers blackish purple spots or strakes, hauing a middle pointell, and

sixe chiues, with pendents on them.

The Place.

All these Lillies haue been found in the diuers Countries of

Germany, as Austria, Hungaria, Pannonia, Stiria, &c. and are

all made Denisons in our London Gardens, where they flourish as

in their owne naturall places. The last was brought into France

from Canada by the French Colonie, and from thence vnto vs.

The Time.

They flower about the later end of Iune for the most part, yet

the first springeth out of the ground a moneth at the least

before the other, which are most vsually in flower before it,

like vnto the Serotine Tulipas, all of them being early vp, and

neuer the neere.

The Names.

The first is vsually called _Martagon Imperiale_, the Imperiall

Martagon, and is _Lilium Montanum maius_, the greatest

Mountaine Lilly; for so it deserueth the name, because of the

number of flowers vpon a head or stalke. Some haue called it

_Lilium Sarasenicum_, and some _Hemerocallis_, but neither of

them doth so fitly agree vnto it.

The second is _Lilium Montanum maius flore albo_, and of some

_Martagon Imperiale flore albo_, but most vsually _Martagon

flore albo_, the white Martagon. The second sort of this second

kinde, is called _Martagon flore albo maculato_, the spotted

white Martagon. And the third, _Martagon flore carneo_, the

blush Martagon.

The third kinde is called _Lilium Montanum_, the Mountaine

Lilly, and some adde the title _minus_, the lesser, to know it

more distinctly from the other. Some also _Lilium Siluestre_,

as Clusius, and some others, and of Matthiolus _Martagon_. Of

diuers women here in England, from the Dutch name, Lilly of

Nazareth. The last hath his title _Americanum & Canadense_, and

in English accordingly.

CHAP. IV.

1. _Martagon Pomponeum siue Lilium rubrum præcox, vel Lilium

Macedonicum._

The early red Martagon, or Martagon Pompony.

As in the former Chapter we described vnto you such Lillies, whose

flowers being pendulous, turne their leaues backe againe, and haue

their greene leaues, set by spaces about the stalke: so in this wee

will set downe those sorts, which carry their greene leaues more

sparsedly, and all along the stalke, their flowers hanging downe,

and turning vp againe as the former, and begin with that which is of

greatest beauty, or at least of most rarity.

[Sidenote: 1. Martagon Pomponeum angusti folium praecox.]

1. This rare Martagon hath a scaly root closely compact, with broader

and thinner scales than others, in time growing very great, and of a

more deepe yellow colour then the former, from whence doth spring vp a

round greene stalke in some plants, and flat in others, two or three

foote high, bearing a number of small, long, and narrow greene leaues,

very like vnto the leaues of Pinkes, but greener, set very thicke

together, and without order about the stalke, vp almost vnto the toppe,

and lesser by degrees vpwards, where stand many flowers, according to

the age of the plant, and thriuing in the place where it groweth; in

those that are young, but a few, and more sparsedly, and in others that

are old many more, and thicker set: for I haue reckoned threescore

flowers and more, growing thicke together on one plant with mee, and an

hundred flowers on another: these flowers are of a pale or yellowish

red colour, and not so deep red as the red Martagon of Constantinople,

hereafter set down, nor fully so large: yet of the same fashion, that

is, euery flower hanging downe, and turning vp his leaues againe. It is

not so plentifull in bearing of seede as the other Lillies, but when it

doth, it differeth not but in being lesse.

[Sidenote: 2. Martagon angusti folium magis serotinum.]

There is another, whose greene leaues are not so thicke set on the

stalke, but else differeth not but in flowring a fortnight later.

[Sidenote: 3. Martagon Pomponeum latifolium praecox.]

There is another also of this kind, so like vnto the former in root,

stalk, flower, & maner of growing, that the difference is hardly

discerned; but consisteth chiefly in these two points: First, that the

leaues of this are a little broader and shorter then the former; and

secondly, that it beareth his flowers a fortnight earlier than the

first. In the colour or forme of the flower, there can no difference

bee discerned, nor (as I said) in any other thing. All these Lillies

doe spring very late out of the ground, euen as the yellow Martagons

doe, but are sooner in flower then any others.

[Sidenote: 4. Martagon flore phaeniceo.]

A fourth kinde hereof hath of late been knowne to vs, whose leaues are

broader and shorter than the last, and the flowers of a paler red,

tending to yellow, of some called a golden red colour: but flowreth not

so early as they.

2. _Lilium rubrum Byzantinum, siue Martagon Constantinopolitanum._

The red Martagon of Constantinople.

1. The red Martagon of Constantinople is become so common euery where,

and so well knowne to all louers of these delights, that I shall seeme

vnto them to lose time, to bestow many lines vpon it; yet because it

is so faire a flower, and was at the first so highly esteemed, it

deserueth his place and commendations, howsoeuer encreasing the plenty

hath not made it dainty. It riseth out of the ground early in the

spring, before many other Lillies, from a great thicke yellow scaly

root, bearing a round brownish stalke, beset with many faire greene

leaues confusedly thereon, but not so broad as the common white Lilly,

vpon the toppe whereof stand one, two, or three, or more flowers, vpon

long footestalkes, which hang downe their heads, and turne vp their

leaues againe, of an excellent red crimson colour, and sometimes paler,

hauing a long pointell in the middle, compassed with sixe whitish

chiues, tipt with loose yellow pendents, of a reasonable good sent,

but somewhat faint. It likewise beareth seede in heads, like vnto the

other, but greater.

_Martagon Constantinopolitanum maculatum._

The red spotted Martagon of Constantinople.

We haue another of this kinde, that groweth somewhat greater and

higher, with a larger flower, and of a deeper colour, spotted with

diuers blacke spots, or strakes and lines, as is to be seene in the

Mountaine Lillies, and in some other hereafter to be described; but is

not so in the former of this kinde, which hath no shew of spots at all.

The whole plant as it is rare, so it is of much more beauty than the

former.

2. _Martagon Pannonicum, siue Exoticum flore spadiceo._

The bright red Martagon of Hungarie.

Although this Martagon or Lilly bee of another Countrey, yet by reason

of the neerenesse both in leafe and flower vnto the former, may more

fitly be placed next vnto them, then in any other place. It hath his

roote very like the other, but the leaues are somewhat larger, and more

sparsedly set vpon the stalke, else not much vnlike: the flowers bend

downe, and turne vp their leaues againe, but somewhat larger, and of a

bright red, tending to an Orenge colour, that is, somewhat yellowish,

and not crimson, like the other.

3. _Martagon Luteum punctatum._ The Yellow spotted Martagon.

1. This Yellow Martagon hath a great scaly or cloued roote, and yellow,

like vnto all these sorts of turning Lillies, from whence springeth vp

a round greene strong stalke, three foote high at the least, confusedly

set with narrow long greene leaues, white on the edges vp to the very

toppe thereof almost, hauing diuers flowers on the head, turning vp

againe as the former doe, of a faint yellowish, or greenish yellow

colour, with many blacke spots or strakes about the middle of the leafe

of euery flower, and a forked pointell, with sixe chiues about it, tipt

with reddish pendents, of a heauie strong smell, not very pleasant to

many. It beareth seede very plentifully, in great heads, like vnto the

other former Lillies, but a little paler.

2. _Martagon Luteum non maculatum._ The Yellow Martagon without spots.

The other yellow Martagon differeth in no other thing from the former,

but onely that it hath no spots at all vpon any of the leaues of the

flowers; agreeing with the former, in colour, forme, height, and all

things else.

3. _Martagon Luteum serotinum._ The late flowring Yellow Martagon.

There is yet another yellow Martagon, that hath no other difference

then the time of his flowring, which is not vntill Iuly, vnlesse in

this, that the flower is of a deeper yellow colour.

The Place.

The knowledge of the first kindes of these early Martagons

hath come from Italy, from whence they haue bin sent into the

Low-Countries, and to vs, and, as it seemeth by the name,

whereby they haue bin sent by some into these parts, his

originall should be from the mountaines in Macedonia.

The second sort is sufficiently knowne by his name, being first

brought from Constantinople, his naturall place being not

farre from thence, as it is likely. But the next sort of this

second kinde, doth plainly tell vs his place of birth to be the

mountaines of Pannonia or Hungarie.

The third kindes grow on the Pyrenæan mountains, where they

haue been searched out, and found by diuers louers of plants,

as also in the Kingdome of Naples.

The Time.

The first early Martagons flower in the end of May, or

beginning of Iune, and that is a moneth at the least before

those that come from Constantinople, which is the second kinde.

The two first yellow Martagons flower somewhat more early, then

the early red Martagons, and sometimes at the same time with

them. But the third yellow Martagon, as is said, flowreth a

moneth later or more, and is in flower when the red Martagon of

Constantinople flowreth. And although the early red and yellow

Martagons, spring later then the other Martagons or Lillies,

yet they are in flower before them.

The Names.

The first early red Lillies or Martagons haue beene sent vnto

vs by seuerall names, as _Martagon Pomponeum_, and thereafter

are called Martagon of Pompony, and also _Lilium_ or _Martagon

Macedonicum_, the Lilly or Martagon of Macedonia. They are also

called by Clusius _Lilium rubrum præcox_, the one _angustiore

folio_, the other _latiore folio_. And the last of this kinde

hath the title _flore phæniceo_ added or giuen vnto it, that

is, the Martagon or Lilly of Macedonia with gold red flowers.

The Martagons of Constantinople haue beene sent by the Turkish

name _Zufiniare_, and is called _Martagon_, or _Lilium

Byzantinum_ by some, and _Hemerocallis Chalcedonica_ by others;

but by the name of the Martagon of Constantinople they are most

commonly receiued with vs, with the distinction of _maculatum_

to the one, to distinguish the sorts. The last kinde in this

_classis_, hath his name in his title, as it hath been sent

vnto vs.

The Yellow Martagons are distinguished in their seuerall

titles, as much as is conuenient for them.

CHAP. V.

_Lilium Aureum & Lilium Rubrum._ The Gold and Red Lillies.

There are yet some other kindes of red Lillies to bee described, which

differ from all the former, and remaine to be spoken of in this place.

Some of them grow high, and some lowe, some haue small knots, which wee

call bulbes, growing vpon the stalkes, at the ioynts of the leaues or

flowers, and some haue none: all which shall be intreated of in their

seuerall orders.

_Lilium pumilum cruentum._ The dwarfe red Lilly.

The dwarfe red Lilly hath a scaly roote, somewhat like vnto other

Lillies, but white, and not yellow at all, and the cloues or scales

thicker, shorter, and fewer in number, then in most of the former: the

stalke hereof is not aboue a foote and a halfe high, round and greene,

set confusedly with many faire and short greene leaues, on the toppe

of which doe stand sometimes but a few flowers, and sometimes many, of

a faire purplish red colour, and a little paler in the middle, euery

flower standing vpright, and not hanging downe, as in the former, on

the leaues whereof here and there are some blacke spots, lines or

markes, and in the middle of the flower a long pointell, with some

chiues about it, as is in the rest of these Lillies.

[Sidenote: _Lilium rubrum multiplici flore._]

This kinde is sometimes found to yeeld double flowers, as if all the

single flowers should grow into one, and so make it consist of many

leaues, which notwithstanding his so continuing sundry yeares, vpon

transplanting, will _redire ad ingenium_, that is, quickly come againe

to his old byas or forme.

[Illustration:

1 _Martagon rubrum siue luteum._ The red or the yellow Martagon.

2 _Lilium Bulbiferum._ The red bulbed Lilly.

3 _Lilium aureum._ The gold red Lilly.

4 _Lilium album._ The white Lilly.

]

_Lilium Aureum._ The Gold red Lilly.

The second red Lilly without bulbes groweth much higher then the first,

and almost as high as any other Lilly: the roote hereof is white and

scaly, the leaues are somewhat longer, and of a darke or sad greene

colour; the flowers are many and large, standing vpright as all these

sorts of red Lillies doe, of a paler red colour tending to an Orenge on

the inside, with many blacke spots and lines on them, as in the former,

and more yellow on the outside: the seede vessels are like vnto the

roundish heads of other Lillies, and so are the seedes in them likewise.

1. _Lilium minus bulbiferum._ The dwarfe bulbed Lilly.

The first of the Lillies that carrieth bulbes on the stalke, hath a

white scaly roote like the former; from whence riseth vp a small round

stalke, not much higher then the first dwarfe Lilly, seeming to be

edged, hauing many leaues thereon of a sad green colour set about it,

close thrust together: the greene heads for flowers, will haue a kind

of woollinesse on them, before the flowers begin to open, and betweene

these heads of flowers, as also vnder them, and among the vppermost

leaues, appeare small bulbes or heads, which being ripe if they be

put into the ground, or if they fall of themselues, will shoote forth

leaues, and beare flowers within two or three yeares like the mother

plant, and so will the bulbes of the other hereafter described: the

flowers of this Lilly are of a faire gold yellow colour, shadowed ouer

with a shew of purple, but not so red as the first, or the next to bee

described. This Lilly will shoote strings vnder ground, like as the

last red Lilly will doe also, whereat will grow white bulbed roots,

like the rootes of the mother plant, thereby quickly encreasing it

selfe.

2. _Lilium Cruentum bulbiferum._ The Fierie red bulbed Lilly.

The second bulbed Lilly riseth vp with his stalke as high as any of

these Lillies, carrying many long and narrow darke greene leaues about

it, and at the toppe many faire red flowers, as large or larger then

any of the former, and of a deeper red colour, with spots on them

likewise, hauing greater bulbes growing about the toppe of the stalke

and among the flowers, then any else.

_Lilium Cruentum flore pleno._ The Fierie red double Lilly.

The difference of this doth chiefly consist in the flower, which is

composed of manie leaues, as if many flowers went to make one, spotted

with black spots, and without any bulbes when it thus beareth, which is

but accidentall, as the former double Lilly is said to be.

3. _Lilium maius bulbiferum._ The greater bulbed red Lilly.

The third red Lilly with bulbes, riseth vp almost as high as the last,

and is the most common kinde we haue bearing bulbes. It hath many

leaues about the stalke, but not of so sad a greene colour as the

former: the flowers are of as pale a reddish yellow colour as any of

the former, and comming neerest vnto the colour of the Gold red Lilly.

This is more plentifull in bulbes, and in shooting strings, to encrease

rootes vnder ground, then the others.

The Place.

These Lillies doe all grow in Gardens, but their naturall

places of growing is the Mountaines and the Vallies neere

them in Italy, as Matthiolus saith: and in many Countries of

Germany, as Hungarie, Austria, Stiria, and Bohemia, as Clusius

and other doe report.

The Time.

They flower for the most part in Iune, yet the first of these

is the earliest of all the rest.

The Names.

All these Lillies are called _Lilia Rubra_, Red Lillies:

Some call them _Lilium Aureum_, _Lilium Purpureum_, _Lilium

Puniceum_, _&_ _Lilium Cruentum_. Some also call them _Martagon

Chimistarum_. Clusius calleth these bulbed Lillies _Martagon

Bulbiferum_. It is thought to be _Hyacinthus Poetarum_, but I

referre the discussing thereof to a fitter time. Wee haue, to

distinguish them most fitly (as I take it) giuen their proper

names in their seuerall titles.

CHAP. VI.

_Lilium Album._ The White Lilly.

Now remaineth onely the White Lilly, of all the whole family or stocke

of the Lillies, to bee spoken of, which is of two sorts. The one is our

common or vulgar White Lilly; and the other, that which was brought

from Constantinople.

_Lilium Album vulgare._ The ordinary White Lilly.

The ordinary White Lilly scarce needeth any description, it is so well

knowne, and so frequent in euery Garden; but to say somewhat thereof,

as I vse to doe of euery thing, be it neuer so common and knowne; it

hath a cloued or scaly roote, yellower and bigger then any of the red

Lillies: the stalke is of a blackish greene colour, and riseth as high

as most of the Lillies, hauing many faire, broad, and long greene

leaues thereon, larger and longer beneath, and smaller vpon the stalke

vpwards; the flowers are many or few, according to the age of the

plant, fertility of the soile, and time of standing where it groweth:

and stand vpon long greene footstalkes, of a faire white colour, with a

long pointell in the middle, and white chiues tipt with yellow pendents

about it; the smell is somewhat heady and strong.

_Lilium Album Byzantinum._ The White Lilly of Constantinople.

The other White Lilly, differeth but little from the former White

Lilly, either in roote, leafe, or flower, but only that this vsually

groweth with more number of flowers, then euer we saw in our ordinary

White Lilly: for I haue seene the stalke of this Lilly turne flat, of

the breadth of an hand, bearing neere two hundred flowers vpon a head,

yet most commonly it beareth not aboue a dozen, or twenty flowers, but

smaller then the ordinary, as the greene leaues are likewise.

The Place.

The first groweth onely in Gardens, and hath not beene declared

where it is found wilde, by any that I can heare of. The other

hath beene sent from Constantinople, among other rootes, and

therefore is likely to grow in some parts neere thereunto.

The Time.

They flower in Iune or thereabouts, but shoote forth greene

leaues in Autumne, which abide greene all the Winter, the

stalke springing vp betweene the lower leaues in the Spring.

The Names.

It is called _Lilium Album_, the White Lilly, by most Writers;

but by Poets _Rosa Iunonis_, Iuno’s Rose. The other hath his

name in his title.

The Vertues.

This Lilly aboue all the rest, yea, and I thinke this onely,

and none of the rest is vsed in medicines now adayes, although

in former times Empericks vsed the red; and therefore I haue

spoken nothing of them in the end of their Chapters, reseruing

what is to be said in this. This hath a mollifying, digesting,

and cleansing quality, helping to suppurate tumours, and

to digest them, for which purpose the roote is much vsed.

The water of the flowers distilled, is of excellent vertue

for women in trauell of childe bearing, to procure an easie

deliuery, as Matthiolus and Camerarius report. It is vsed also

of diuers women outwardly, for their faces to cleanse the skin,

and make it white and fresh. Diuers other properties there are

in these Lillies, which my purpose is not to declare in this

place. Nor is it the scope of this worke; this that hath been

said is sufficient: for were it not, that I would giue you some

taste of the qualities of plants (as I said in my Preface) as

I goe along with them, a generall worke were fitter to declare

them then this.

CHAP. VII.

_Fritillaria._ The checkerd Daffodill.

Although diuers learned men do by the name giuen vnto this delightfull

plant, thinke it doth in some things partake with a Tulipa or

Daffodill, and haue therefore placed it betweene them; yet I, finding

it most like vnto a little Lilly, both in roote, stalke, leafe, flower,

and seede, haue (as you see here) placed it next vnto the Lillies, and

before them. Hereof there are many sorts found out of late, as white,

red, blacke, and yellow, besides the purple, which was first knowne;

and of each of them there are also diuers sorts: and first of that

which is most frequent, and then of the rest, euery one in his place

and order.

1. _Fritillaria vulgaris._ The common checkerd Daffodill.

The ordinary checkerd Daffodill (as it is vsually called, but might

more properly be called the small checkerd Lilly) hath a small round

white roote, and somewhat flat, made as it were of two cloues, and

diuided in a maner into two parts, yet ioyning together at the bottome

or seate of the roote, which holdeth them both together: from betweene

this cleft or diuision, the budde for the stalke &c. appeareth, which

in time riseth vp a foote, or a foote and a halfe high, being round and

of a brownish greene colour, especially neere vnto the ground, whereon

there standeth dispersedly foure or fiue narrow long and greene leaues,

being a little hollow: at the toppe of the stalke, betweene the vpper

leaues (which are smaller then the lowest) the flower sheweth it selfe,

hanging or turning downe the head, but not turning vp againe any of his

leaues, as some of the Lillies before described doe; (sometimes this

stalke beareth two flowers, and very seldome three) consisting of sixe

leaues, of a reddish purple colour, spotted diuersly with great spots,

appearing like vnto square checkers, of a deeper colour; the inside

of the flower is of a brighter colour then the outside, which hath

some greennesse at the bottome of euery leafe: within the flower there

appeare sixe chiues tipt with yellow pendents, and a three-forked

stile or pointell compassing a greene head, which when the flower is

past, riseth vpright againe, and becommeth the seede vessell, being

somewhat long and round, yet hauing a small shew of edges, flat at the

head, like the head of a Lilly, and without any crowne as the Tulipa

hath, wherein is contained pale coloured flat seede, like vnto that of

a Lilly, but smaller.

[Sidenote: _Fritillaria vulgaris pallidior, praecox, & serotina._]

There is some variety to be seene in this flower; for in some the

colour is paler, and in others againe of a very high or deepe colour:

sometimes also they haue eight leaues, and sometimes ten or twelue, as

if two flowers were made one, which some thereupon haue called a Double

Fritillaria. Some of them likewise doe flower very early, euen with or

before the early flowring Tulipas; and some againe flower not vntill a

moneth or more after the former.

[Illustration:

1 _Fritillaria vulgaris._ The common Fritillaria.

2 _Fritillaria flore atrorubente._ The dark red Fritillaria.

4 _Fritillaria alba._ The white Fritillaria.

7 _Fritillaria lutea punctata._ The yellow checkerd Fritillaria.

8 _Fritillaria lutea Italica._ The great yellow Italian Fritillaria.

10 _Fritillaria lutea Lusitanica._ The small yellow Fritillaria

of Portugal.

11 _Fritillaria Pyrenæa._ The blacke Fritillaria.

12 _Fritillaria umbellifera._ The Spanish blacke Fritillaria.

]

2. _Fritillaria flore atrorubente._ The bloud red Fritillaria.

The roote of this Fritillaria is somewhat rounder and closer then the

former, from whence the stalke riseth vp, being shorter and lower then

in any other of these kindes, hauing one or two leaues thereon, and

at the top thereof two or three more set closer together, which are

broader, shorter, and whiter then any of them before, almost like vnto

the leaues of the yellow Fritillaria, from among which toppe leaues

commeth forth the flower, somewhat bending downe, or rather standing

forth, being larger then any of the former, and almost equall in

bignesse vnto the yellow Fritillaria, of a duskie gray colour all ouer

on the outside, and of a very darke red colour on the inside, diuersly

spotted or straked: this very hardly encreaseth by the roote, and as

seldome giueth ripe seede, but flowreth with the other first sorts, and

before the blacke, and abideth lesse time in flower then any.

3. _Fritillaria maxima purpurea siue rubra._

The great purple or red Fritillaria.

This great Fritillaria hath his roote equall to the bignesse of the

rest of his parts, from whence riseth vp one, & oftentimes two stalks,

hauing one, two or three flowers a peece on them, as nature and the

seasons are fitting: euery one of these flowers are larger and greater

then any of the former described, and pendulous as they are, of a sad

red or purplish colour, with many thwart lines on them, and small

long markes, which hardly seeme checkerwise, nor are so eminent or

conspicuous as in the former: the stalke is strong and high, whereon

are set diuers long whitish greene leaues, larger and broader then

those of the former.

4. _Fritillaria alba._ The white Fritillaria.

The white Fritillaria is so like vnto the first, that I shall not neede

to make another description of this: it shall (I hope) be sufficient to

shew the chiefe differences, and so proceed to the rest. The stalke and

leaues of this are wholly greene, whereby it may easily be knowne from

the former, which, as is said, is brownish at the bottome. The flower

is white, without almost any shew of spot or marke in it, yet in some

the markes are somewhat more plainly to be seene, and in some againe

there is a shew of a faint kinde of blush colour to be seene in the

flower, especially in the inside, the bottomes of the leaues of euery

flower sometimes are greenish, hauing also a small list of greene,

comming downe towards the middle of each leafe: the head or seede

vessell, as also the seede and the roote, are so like vnto the former,

that the most cunning cannot distinguish them.

5. _Fritillaria flore duplici albicante._

The double blush Fritillaria.

This Fritillaria hath a round flattish white roote, very like vnto the

last Fritillaria, bearing a stalke with long greene leaues thereon,

little differing from it, or the first ordinary Fritillaria: the

flower is said to be constant, composed of many leaues, being ten at

the least, and most vsually twelue, of a pale whitish purple colour,

spotted like vnto the paler ordinary Fritillaria that is early, so that

one would verily thinke it were but an accidentall kinde thereof,

whereas it is (as is said before) held to bee constant, continuing in

this manner.

6. _Fritillaria flore luteo puro._ The pure yellow Fritillaria.

The pure yellow Fritillaria hath a more round, and not so flat a

whitish roote as the former kindes, and of a meane bignesse; from the

middle riseth vp a stalke a foote and a halfe high, and sometimes

higher, whereon are set without order diuers long and somewhat broad

leaues of a whitish greene colour, like vnto the leaues of the blacke

Fritillaria, but not aboue halfe so broad: the flower is somewhat small

and long, not much vnlike to the blacke for shape and fashion, but

that the leaues are smaller and rounder pointed, of a faint yellowish

colour, without any shew of spots or checkers at all, eyther within

or without the flower, hauing some chiues and yellow pendents in the

middle, as is to be seene in all of them: the seede is like the first

kinde.

7. _Fritillaria flore luteo vario siue punctato._

The checkerd yellow Fritillaria.

This Fritillaria groweth not much lower then the former, and brownish

at the rising vp, hauing his leaues whiter, broader, and shorter then

it, and almost round pointed. The flower is greater, and larger spread

then any other before, of a faire pale yellow colour, spotted in very

good order, with fine small checkers, which adde a wonderfull pleasing

beauty thereunto: it hath also some lists of greene running downe the

backe of euery leafe. It seldome giueth seede; the roote also is like

the other, but not so flat.

8. _Fritillaria lutea maxima Italica._

The great yellow Italian Fritillaria.

This kinde of Fritillaria riseth vp with a round and browne greene

stalke, whereon are set diuers leaues somewhat broad and short, which

compasse the stalke at the bottome of them, of a darke greene colour;

at the toppe of the stalke, which bendeth a little downewards, doe most

vsually stand three or foure leaues, betweene which commeth forth most

vsually but one flower, which is longer then the last, hanging downe

the head as all the others doe, consisting of sixe leaues, of a darke

yellowish purple colour, spotted with some small red checkers. This

kinde flowreth late, and not vntill all the rest are past.

9. _Fritillaria Italorum polyanthos flore parno._

The small Italian Fritillaria.

This small Italian Fritillaria carrieth more store of flowers on the

stalke, but they are much smaller, and of a yellowish greene colour,

spotted with long and small darke red checkers or markes: the stalke

hath diuers small short greene leaues thereon, vnto the very toppe.

10. _Fritillaria lutea Iuncifolia Lusitanica._

The small yellow Fritillaria of Portugall.

The leaues of this Fritillaria are so small, narrow and long, that it

hath caused them to take the name of rushes, as if you should call it,

The rush leafed Fritillaria, which stand on a long weake round stalke,

set without order the flower is small and yellow, but thicker checkerd

with red spots then any of the other yellow Fritillaria’s; the stalk of

the flower, at the head thereof, being also of a yellowish colour.

11. _Fritillaria Pyrenæa siue Apenninea._ The blacke Fritillaria.

The roote of this kinde doth often grow so great, that it seemeth like

vnto the roote of a small Crowne Imperiall: the stalke is strong,

round, and high, set without order, with broader and whiter greene

leaues then any of the former, bearing one, two, or three flowers;

sometimes at the toppe, being not so large as those of the ordinary

purple Fritillaria, but smaller, longer, and rounder, sometimes a

little turning vp the brims or edges of the leaues againe, and are of

a yellowish shining greene colour on the inside, sometimes spotted

with red spots almost through the whole inside of the flower, vnto the

very edge, which abideth of a pale yellow colour, and sometimes there

are very few spots to be seene, and those from the middle onely on

the inside (for on the outside there neuer appeareth any spots at all

in this kinde) and sometimes with no shew of spots at all, sometimes

also of a more pale greene, and sometime of a more yellow colour: the

outside of the flowers doe likewise vary, for in some the outside of

the leaues are of a darke sullen yellow, &c. else more pale yellow, and

in other of a darke purplish yellow colour, which in some is so deepe,

and so much, that it rather seemeth blacke then purple or yellow, and

this especially about the bottome of the flower, next vnto the stalke,

but the edges are still of a yellowish greene: the head of seede, and

the seede likewise is like vnto the former, but bigger in all respects.

12. _Fritillaria Hispanica vmbellifera._

The Spanish blacke Fritillaria.

This Fritillaria is no doubt of kindred to the last recited, it is

so like, but greater in all parts thereof, as if growing in a more

fruitfull soile, it were the stronger and lustier to beare more store

of flowers: the flowers grow foure or fiue from the head together,

hanging downe round about the stalke, like vnto a Crowne Imperiall, and

are of a yellowish greene colour on the inside, spotted with a few red

spots, the outside being blackish as the former.

The Place.

The first of these plants was first brought to our knowledge

from France, where it groweth plentifully about Orleance;

the other sorts grow in diuers other Countries, as some in

Portugall, Spaine, Italy, &c. as their names doe import, and

as in time they haue been obserued by those that were curious

searchers of these rarities, haue been sent to vs.

The Time.

The early kindes doe flower in the beginning of Aprill or

thereabouts, according to the mildenesse or sharpenesse of the

precedent Winter. The other doe flower after the first are

past, for a moneths space one after another, and the great

yellow is very late, not flowring vntill about the middle or

end of May.

The Names.

This hath receiued diuers names: some calling it _Flos

Meleagridis_, the Ginny Hen Flower, of the variety of the

colours in the flower, agreeing with the feathers of that

Bird. Some call it _Narcissus Caparonius_, of the name of the

first inuentor or finder thereof, called Noel Caperon, an

Apothecary dwelling in Orleance, at the time he first found it,

and was shortly after the finding thereof taken away in the

Massacre in France. It is now generally called _Fritillaria_,

of the word _Fritillus_, which diuers doe take for the Chesse

borde or table whereon they play, whereunto, by reason of the

resemblance of the great squares or spots so like it, they did

presently referre it. It is called by Lobel _Lilionarcissus

purpureus variegatus, & sessulatus_, making it a kinde of

Tulipa; but as I said in the beginning of the Chapter, it

doth most neerely resemble a small pendulous Lilly, and might

therefore rightly hold the name of _Lilium variegatum_, or

in English, the checkerd Lilly. But because the errour which

first referred it to a Daffodill, is growne strong by custome

of continuance, I leaue to euery one their owne will, to call

it in English eyther Fritillaria, as it is called of most, or

the checkerd Daffodill, or the Ginnie Hen flower, or, as I doe,

the checkerd Lilly. I shall not neede in this place further to

explaine the seuerall names of euery of them, hauing giuen you

them in their titles.

The Vertues.

I haue not found or heard by any others of any property

peculiar in this plant, to be applied either inwardly or

outwardly for any disease: the chiefe or onely vse thereof

is, to be an ornament for the Gardens of the curious louers

of these delights, and to be worne of them abroad, which for

the gallant beauty of many of them, deserueth their courteous

entertainment, among many other the like pleasures.

CHAP. VIII.

_Tulipa._ The Turkes Cap.

Next vnto the Lillies, and before the Narcissi or Daffodils, the

discourse of Tulipas deserueth his place, for that it partaketh of both

their natures; agreeing with the Lillies in leaues, flowers, and seede,

and somewhat with the Daffodils in rootes. There are not onely diuers

kindes of Tulipas, but sundry diuersities of colours in them, found

out in these later dayes by many the searchers of natures varieties,

which haue not formerly been obserued: our age being more delighted in

the search, curiosity, and rarities of these pleasant delights, then

any age I thinke before. But indeede, this flower, aboue many other,

deserueth his true commendations and acceptance with all louers of

these beauties, both for the stately aspect, and for the admirable

varietie of colours, that daily doe arise in them, farre beyond all

other plants that grow, in so much, that I doubt, although I shall in

this Chapter set downe the varieties of a great many, I shall leaue

more vnspoken of, then I shall describe; for I may well say, there

is in this one plant no end of diuersity to be expected, euery yeare

yeelding a mixture and variety that hath not before been obserued, and

all this arising from the sowing of the seede. The chiefe diuision

of Tulipas, is into two sorts: _Præcoces_, early flowring Tulipas,

and _Serotinæ_, late flowring Tulipas. For that sort which is called

_Mediæ_ or _Dubiæ_, that is, which flower in the middle time betweene

them both, and may be thought to be a kinde or sort by it selfe, as

well as any of the other two: yet because they doe neerer participate

with the _Serotinæ_ then with the _Præcoces_, not onely in the colour

of the leafe, being of the same greennesse with the _Serotinæ_, and

most vsually also, for that it beareth his stalke and flower, high and

large like as the _Serotinæ_ doe; but especially, for that the seede

of a _Media Tulipa_ did neuer bring forth a _Præcox_ flower (although

I know Clusius, an industrious, learned, and painfull searcher and

publisher of these rarities, saith otherwise) so farre as euer I

could, by mine owne care or knowledge, in sowing their seede apart, or

the assurance of any others, the louers and sowers of Tulipa seede,

obserue, learne, or know: and because also that the seede of the

_Serotinæ_ bringeth forth _Medias_, and the seede of _Medias Serotinæ_,

they may well bee comprehended vnder the generall title of _Serotinæ_:

But because they haue generally receiued the name _Mediæ_, or middle

flowring Tulipas, to distinguish between them, and those that vsually

doe flower after them; I am content to set them downe, and speake of

them seuerally, as of three sorts. Vnto the place and ranke likewise

of the _Præcoces_, or early flowring Tulipas, there are some other

seuerall kinds of Tulipas to be added, which are notably differing, not

onely from the former _Præcox Tulipa_, but euery one of them, one from

another, in some speciall note or other: as the _Tulipa Boloniensis

flore rubro_, the red Bolonia Tulipa. _Tulipa Boloniensis flore luteo_,

the yellow Bolonia Tulipa. _Tulipa Persica_, Persian Tulipa. _Tulipa

Cretica_, the Candie Tulipa, and others: all which shall bee described

and entreated of, euery one apart by it selfe, in the end of the ranke

of the _Præcoces_, because all of them flower much about their time.

To begin then with the _Præcox_, or early flowring Tulipas, and after

them with the _Medias_ and _Serotinas_, I shall for the better method,

diuide their flowers into foure primary or principall colours, that is

to say, White, Purple, Red and Yellow, and vnder every one of these

colours, set downe the seuerall varieties of mixtures we haue seene

and obserued in them, that so they may be both the better described by

me, and the better conceiued by others, and euery one placed in their

proper ranke. Yet I shall in this, as I intend to doe in diuers other

plants that are variable, giue but one description in generall of the

plant, and then set downe the varietie of forme or colour afterwards

briefly by themselues.

_Tulipa præcox._ The early flowring Tulipa.

The early Tulipa (and so all other Tulipas) springeth out of the ground

with his leaues folded one within another, the first or lowest leafe

riseth vp first, sharpe pointed, and folded round together, vntill

it be an inch or two aboue the ground, which then openeth it selfe,

shewing another leafe folded also in the bosome or belly of the first,

which in time likewise opening it selfe, sheweth forth a third, and

sometimes a fourth and a fifth: the lower leaues are larger then the

vpper, and are faire, thicke, broad, long, and hollow like a gutter,

and sometimes crumpled on the edges, which will hold water that falleth

thereon a long time, of a pale or whitish greene colour, (and the

_Mediæ_ and _Serotinæ_ more greene) couered ouer as it were with a

mealinesse or hoarinesse, with an eye or shew of rednesse towards the

bottome of the leaues, and the edges in this kinde being more notable

white, which are two principall notes to know a _Præcox Tulipa_ from

a _Media_ or _Serotina_: the stalke with the flower riseth vp in the

middle, as it were through these leaues, which in time stand one aboue

another, compassing it at certaine vnequall distances, and is often

obserued to bend it selfe crookedly downe to the ground, as if it would

thrust his head thereinto, but turning vp his head (which will be

the flower) againe, afterwards standeth vpright, sometimes but three

or foure fingers or inches high, but more often halfe a foote, and a

foot high, but the _Medias_, and _Serotinas_ much higher, carrying

(for the most part) but one flower on the toppe thereof, like vnto a

Lilly for the forme, consisting of sixe leaues, greene at the first,

and afterwards changing into diuers and sundry seuerall colours and

varieties, the bottomes likewise of the leaues of these sometimes, but

most especially of the _Mediæ_, being as variable as the flower, which

are in some yellow, or green, or blacke, in others white, blew, purple,

or tawnie; and sometimes one colour circling another: some of them haue

little or no sent at all, and some haue a better then others. After

it hath been blowne open three or foure dayes or more, it will in the

heate of the Sunne spread it selfe open, and lay it selfe almost flat

to the stalke: in the middle of the flower standeth a greene long head

(which will be the seed vessell) compassed about with sixe chiues,

which doe much vary, in being sometimes of one, and sometimes of

another colour, tipt with pendents diuersly varied likewise: the head

in the middle of the flower groweth after the flower is fallen, to be

long, round, and edged, as it were three square, the edges meeting at

the toppe, where it is smallest, and making as it were a crowne (which

is not seen in the head of any Lilly) and when it is ripe, diuideth

it selfe on the inside into sixe rowes, of flat, thinne, brownish,

gristly seede, very like vnto the seede of the Lillies, but brighter,

stiffer, and more transparent: the roote being well growne is round,

and somewhat great, small and pointed at the toppe, and broader, yet

roundish at the bottome, with a certaine eminence or seate on the one

side, as the roote of the Colchicum hath; but not so long, or great, it

hath also an hollownesse on the one side (if it haue borne a flower)

where the stalke grew, (for although in the time of the first springing

vp, vntill it shew the budde for flower, the stalke with the leaues

thereon rise vp out of the middle of the roote; yet when the stalke is

risen vp, and sheweth the budde for flower, it commeth to one side,

making an impression therein) couered ouer with a brownish thin coate

or skin, like an Onion, hauing a little woollinesse at the bottome;

but white within, and firme, yet composed of many coates, one folding

within another, as the roote of the Daffodils be, of a reasonable

good taste, neyther very sweete, nor yet vnpleasant. This description

may well serue for the other Tulipas, being _Medias_ or _Serotinas_,

concerning their springing and bearing, which haue not any other great

variety therein worth the note, which is not expressed here; the chiefe

difference resting in the variety of the colours of the flower, and

their seuerall mixtures and markes, as I said before: sauing onely,

that the flowers of some are great and large, and of others smaller,

and the leaues of some long and pointed, and of others broad and

round, or bluntly pointed, as shall bee shewed in the end of the

Chapter: I shall therefore onely expresse the colours, with the mixture

or composure of them, and giue you withall the names of some of them,

(for it is impossible I thinke to any man, to giue seuerall names to

all varieties) as they are called by those that chiefly delight in them

with vs.

[Illustration:

1 _Tulipa præcox alba siue rubra, &c. vnius coloris._ The early white

or red Tulipa, &c. being of one colour.

2 _Tulipa, præcox purpurea oris albis._ The early purple Tulipa with

white edges, or the Prince.

3 _Tulipa præcox variegata._ The early stript Tulipa.

4 _Tulipa præcox rubra oris luteis._ The early red Tulipa with yellow

edges, or the Duke.

]

_Tulipa præcox Alba._

1 _Niuea tota interdum purpureis staminibus, vel saltem

luteis, fundo puro haud luteo._

2 _Alba siue niuea fundo luteo._

3 _Albida._

4 _Alba, venis cærulis in dorso._

5 _Alba purpureis oris._ {_Harum flores

{vel

6 _Alba carneis oris._ {constantes,

{vel

7 _Alba sanguineis oris._ {dispergentes._

8 _Alba oris magnis carneis, & venis intro respicientibus._

9 _Alba extra, carnei vero coloris intus, oras habens carneas

saturatiores._

10 _Albida, oris rubris, vel oris purpureis._

11 _Alba, purpurascentibus maculis extra, intus vero carnei

viuacissimi._

12 _Alba, purpureis maculis aspersa extra, intus vero alba

purpurantibus oris._

13 _Dux Alba, i. e. coceineis & albis variata flaminis, à

medio ad oras intercursantibus._

14 _Princessa, i.e. argentei coloris maculis

purpurascentibus._

15 _Regina pulcherrima, albis & sanguineis aspersa radijs &

punctis._

The early White Tulipa.

1 The flower whereof is either pure snow white, with purple

sometimes, or at least with yellow chiues, without any yellow

bottome.

2 Or pure white with a yellow bottome.

3 Or milk white that is not so pure white.

4 White with blew veines on the outside.

5 White with purple edges. {Some of these

{abiding constant,

6 White with blush edges. {& others

{spreading

7 White with red edges. {or running.

8 White with great blush edges, and some strakes running from

the edge inward.

9 White without, and somewhat blush within, with edges of a

deeper blush.

10 Whitish, or pale white with red or purple edges.

11 Whitish without, with some purplish veins & spots, & of a

liuely blush within.

12 White without, spotted with small purple spots, and white

within with purple edges.

13 A white Duke, that is, parted with white & crimson flames,

from the middle of each leafe to the edge.

14 The Princesse, that is, a siluer colour spotted with fine

deepe blush spots.

15 The Queen, that is, a fine white sprinkled with bloud red

spots, and greater strakes.

_Tulipa præcox purpurea._

1 _Purpurea satura rubescens, vel violacea._

2 _Purpurea pallida, Columbina dicta._

3 _Persici coloris saturi._

4 _Persici coloris Pallidioris._

5 _Paeoniæ floris coloris._

6 _Rosea._

7 _Chermesiua peramæna._

8 _Chermesiua parum striata._

9 _Princeps, i.e. purpurea saturatior vel dilutior, oris

albis magnis vel paruis, fundo luteo, vel albo orbe, quæ

multum variatur, & colore, & oris, ita vt purpurea elegans

oris magnis albis; dicta est, Princeps excellens, &_

10 _Princeps Columbina, purpurea dilutior._

11 _Purpurea Chermesina, rubicandioris coloris, albidis vel

albis oris._

12 _Purpurea, vel obsoleta albidis oris Princeps Brancion._

13 _Purpurea diluta, oris dilutioris purpurei coloris._

14 _Purpurea in exterioribus, carnei vero ad medium intus,

oris albis, fundo luteo._

15 _Purpurea albo plumata extra, oris albis, purpurascens

intus, fundo luteo, vel orbe albo._

16 _Alia, minus elegans plumata, minoribusq., oris albidis._

The early purple Tulipa.

1 A reddish purple, or more violet.

2 A pale purple, called a Doue colour.

3 A deep Peach colour.

4 A paler Peach colour.

5 A Peony flower colour.

6 A Rose colour.

7 A Crimson very bright.

8 A Crimson stript with a little white.

9 A Prince or Bracklar, that is, a deepe or pale purple, with

white edges, greater or smaller, and a yellow bottome, or

circled with white, which varieth much, both in the purple &

edges, so that a faire deep purple, with great white edges,

is called, The best or chiefe Prince, and

10 A paler purple with white edges, called a Doue coloured

Prince.

11 A Crimson Prince or Bracklar.

12 A Brancion Prince, or purple Brancion.

13 A purple with more pale purple edges.

14 Purple without, and blush halfe way within, with white

edges, and a yellow bottome.

15 Purple feathered with white on the out side, with white

edges, and pale purple within, the ground being a little

yellow, or circled with white.

16 Another very neere vnto it, but not so fairely feathered,

being more obscure, and the edges not so great or whitish.

_Tulipa præcox rubra._

1 _Rubra vulgaris fundo luteo, aliquando nigro._

2 _Rubra satura oris luteis paruis, dicta Roan._

3 _Baro, i. e. rubra magis intensa, oris luteis paruis._

4 _Dux maior & minor, i.e. rubra magis aut minus elegans

satura, oris luteis maximis vel minoribus, & fundo luteo

magno. Alia alijs est magis amœna, in alijs etiam fundo nigro

vel obscuro viridi._

5 _Ducissa, i. e. Duci similis, at plus lutei quàm rubri,

oris magnis luteis, & rubore magis aut minus intus in gyrum

acto, fundo item luteo magno._

6 _Testamentum Brancion i.e., rubra sanguinea satura, aut

minus rubra, oris pallidis, magnis vel paruis: alia alijs

magis aut minus elegans diuersimodo._

7 _Flambans, ex rubore & flauedine radiata, vel striata fundo

luteo._

8 _Mali Aurantij coloris, ex rubore, & flauedinè integre, non

separatim mixta, oris luteis paruis, vel absq., oris._

9 _Minij, siue Cinabaris coloris, i.e. ex purpurea, rubedine,

& flauedine radiata, vnguibus luteis, & aliquando oris._

10 _Rex Tuliparum, i.e. ex sanguineo & aureo radiatim mixta,

à flammea diuersa, fundo luteo, orbe rubro._

11 _Tunica Morionis, i.e. ex rubore & aureo separatim

diuersa._

The early red Tulipa.

1 An ordinary red, with a yellow, & sometimes a blacke

bottome.

2 A deep red, with a small edge of yellow, called a Roane.

3 A Baron, that is, a faire red with a small yellow edge.

4 A Duke, a greater and a lesser, that is, a more or less

faire deep red, with greater or lesser yellow edges, and a

great yellow bottome. Some of this sort are much more or

lesse faire then others, some also haue a blacke or darke

greene bottome.

5 A Dutchesse, that is like vnto the Duke, but more yellow

then red, with greater yellow edges, and the red more or

lesse circling the middle of the flower on the inside, with a

large yellow bottome.

6 A Testament Brancion, or a Brancion Duke, that is, a

faire deepe red, or lesse red, with a pale yellow or butter

coloured edge, some larger others smaller: and some more

pleasing then others, in a very variable manner.

7 A Flambant, differing from the Dutchesse; for this hath no

such great yellow edge, but streaks of yellow through the

leafe vnto the very edge.

8 An Orenge colour, that is, a reddish yellow, or a red and

yellow equally mixed, with small yellow edges, and sometimes

without.

9 A Vermillion, that is, a purplish red, streamed with

yellow, the bottome yellow, and sometimes the edges.

10 The Kings flower, that is, a crimson or bloud red,

streamed with a gold yellow, differing from the Flambant, the

bottome yellow, circled with red.

11 A Fooles coate, parted with red and yellow guardes.

_Tulipa præcox lutea._

1 _Lutea siue flaua._

2 _Pallida lutea siue straminea._

3 _Aurea, oris rubicundis._

4 _Straminea, oris rubris._

5 _Aurea, rubore perfusa extra._

6 _Aurea, vel magis pallida, rubore in gyrum acta simillima

Ducissæ, nisi minus rubedinis habet._

7 _Aurea, extremitatibus rubris, dici potest, Morionis Pilæus

præcox._

The early yellow Tulipa.

1 A faire gold yellow without mixture.

2 A strawe colour.

3 A faire yellow with reddish edges.

4 A strawe colour, with red edges.

5 A faire yellow, reddish on the out side onely.

6 A gold or paler yellow, circled on the inside a little with

red, very like the Dutchesse, but that it hath lesse red

therein.

7 A gold yellow with red toppes, and may be called, The early

Fooles Cap.

_Tulipa de Caffa._ The Tulipa of Caffa.

There is another sort or kinde of early Tulipa, differing from the

former, whose pale greene leaues being as broad and large as they, and

sometimes crumpled or waued at the edges, in some haue the edges onely

of the said leaues for a good breadth, of a whitish or whitish yellow

colour, and in others, the leaues are lifted or parted with whitish

yellow and greene: the stalke riseth not vp so high as the former,

and beareth a flower at the toppe like vnto the former, in some of a

reddish yellow colour, with a russet coloured ground or bottome, and in

others, of other seuerall colours: the seede and roote is so like vnto

others of this kinde, that they cannot be distinguished.

There is (as I doe heare) of this kinde, both _Præcoces_ and _Serotinæ_

early flowring, and late flowring, whereof although wee haue not so

exact knowledge, as of the rest, yet I thought good to speake so much,

as I could hitherto vnderstand of them, and giue others leaue (if I doe

not) hereafter to amplifie it.

_Tulipa Boloniensis, siue Bombycina flore rubro major._

The greater red Bolonia Tulipa.

There are likewise other kindes of early Tulipas to bee spoken of,

and first of the red Bolonia Tulipa; the roote whereof is plainly

discerned, to be differing from all others: for that it is longer, and

not hauing so plaine an eminence at the bottome thereof, as the former

and later Tulipas, but more especially because the toppe is plentifully

stored with a yellowish silke-like woollinesse: the outside likewise or

skinne is of a brighter or paler red, not so easie to be pilled away,

and runneth vnder ground both downeright and sidewise (especially in

the countrey ground and ayre, where it will encrease aboundantly, but

not either in our London ayre, or forc’t grounds) somewhat like vnto

the yellow Bolonia Tulipa next following. It shooteth out of the ground

with broad and long leaues, like the former; but neither so broad, nor

of so white or mealy a greene colour as the former, but more darke then

the late flowring Tulipa, so that this may bee easily discerned by his

leafe from any other Tulipa aboue the ground, by one that is skilfull.

It beareth likewise three or foure leaues vpon the stalke, like the

former, and a flower also at the toppe of the same fashion, but that

the leaues hereof are alwayes long, and somewhat narrow, hauing a large

blacke bottome, made like vnto a cheuerne, the point whereof riseth vp

vnto the middle of the leafe, higher then any other Tulipa; the flower

is of a pale red colour, nothing so liuely as in the early or late red

Tulipas, yet sweeter for the most part then any of them, and neerest

vnto the yellow Bolonia Tulipa, which is much about the same sent.

_Tulipa pumilio rubra, siue Bergomensis rubra media & minor._

The dwarfe red Bergomo Tulipa, a bigger and a lesser.

There are two other sorts hereof, and because they were found about

Bergomo, do carry that name, the one bigger or lesser then another, yet

neither so great as the former, hauing very little other difference to

bee obserued in them, then that they are smaller in all parts of them.

_Tulipa Boloniensis flore luteo._ The yellow Bolonia Tulipa.

The roote of this Tulipa may likewise bee knowne from the former red

(or any other Tulipa) in that it seldome commeth to bee so bigge, and

is not so woolly at the toppe, and the skinne or outside is somewhat

paler, harder, and sharper pointed: but the bottome is like the former

red, and not so eminent as the early or late Tulipas. This beareth

much longer and narrower leaues then any (except the Persian & dwarfe

yellow Tulipas) and of a whitish greene colour: it beareth sometimes

but one flower on a stalke, and sometimes two or three wholly yellow,

but smaller, & more open then the other kinds, and (as I said) smelleth

sweete, the head for seede is smaller then in others, and hath not that

crowne at the head thereof yet the seed is like, but smaller.

_Tulipa Narbonensis, siue Monspeliensis vel pumilio._

The French or dwarfe yellow Tulipa.

This Tulipa is very like vnto the yellow Bolonia Tulipa, both in roote,

leafe, and flower, as also in the colour thereof, being yellow: the

onely difference is, that it is in all things lesser and lower, and is

not so apt to beare, nor so plentifull to encrease by the roote.

_Tulipa Italica maior & minor._

The Italian Tulipa the greater and the lesser.

Both these kindes of Tulipas doe so neere resemble the last kinde,

that I might almost say they were the same, but that some difference

which I saw in them, maketh mee set them apart; and consisteth in these

things, the stalkes of neither of both these rise so high, as of the

first yellow Bolonia Tulipa: the leaues of both sorts are writhed in

and out at the edges, or made like a waue of the sea, lying neerer the

ground, and the flower being yellow within, is brownish or reddish on

the backe, in the middle of the three outer leaues the edges appearing

yellow. Both these kindes doe differ one from the other in nothing, but

in that one is bigger, and the other smaller then the other which I saw

with Iohn Tradescante, my very good friend often remembred.

_Tulipa Lusitanica, siue pumilio versicolor._

The dwarfe stript Tulipa.

This dwarfe Tulipa is also of the same kindred with the three last

described; for there is no other difference in this from them, then

that the flower hath some red veins running in the leaues thereof.

There are two other sorts of dwarfe Tulipas with white flowers, whereof

Lobel hath made mention in the Appendix to his _Aduersaria_; the one

whereof is the same that Clusius setteth forth, vnder the title of

_Pumilio altera_: but because I haue not seen either of them both, I

speake no further of them.

_Tulipa pumilio alba._ The white dwarfe Tulipa.

But that white flower that Iohn Tradescante shewed me, and as hee

saith, was deliuered him for a white Pumilio, had a stalke longer then

they set out theirs to haue, and the flower also larger, but yet had

narrower leaues then other sorts of white Tulipas haue.

_Tulipa Bicolor._ The small party coloured Tulipa.

Vnto these kindes, I may well adde this kinde of Tulipa also, which was

sent out of Italy, whose leaues are small, long, and narrow, and of a

darke greene colour, somewhat like vnto the leaues of an Hyacinth: the

flower is small also, consisting of sixe leaues, as all other Tulipas

doe, three whereof are wholly of a red colour, and the other three

wholly of a yellow.

[Illustration:

1 _Tulipa Bombycina flore rubro._ The red Bolonia Tulipa.

2 _Tulipa Boloniensis flore luteo._ The yellow Bolonia Tulipa.

3 _Tulipa pumilio rubra siue lutea._ The red or yellow dwarfe Tulipa.

4 _Folium Tulipa de Cassa per totum striuatum._ The leafe of the

Tulipa of Cassa striped throughout the whole leafe.

5 _Folium Tulipa Cassa per oras striatum._ The leafe of the Tulipa of

Cassa striped at the edges onely.

6 _Tulipa Persica._ The Persian Tulipa.

7 _Tulipa Cretica._ The Tulipa of Candie.

8 _Tulipa Armeniaca._ The Tulipa of Amenia.

]

_Tulipa Persica._ The Persian Tulipa.

This rare Tulipa, wherewith we haue beene but lately acquainted, doth

most fitly deserue to be described in this place, because it doth so

neerely participate with the Bolonia and Italian Tulipas, in roote,

leafe, and flower: the roote hereof is small, couered with a thicke

hard blackish shell or skinne, with a yellowish woollinesse both at the

toppe, and vnder the shell. It riseth out of the ground at the first,

with one very long and small round leafe, which when it is three or

foure inches high, doth open it selfe, and shew forth another small

leafe (as long almost as the former) breaking out of the one side

thereat, and after it a third, and sometimes a fourth, and a fift;

but each shorter then other, which afterwards be of the breadth of

the dwarfe yellow Tulipa, or somewhat broader but much longer then

any other, and abiding more hollow, and of the colour of the early

Tulipas on the inside: the stalke riseth vp a foot and a halfe high

sometimes, bearing one flower thereon, composed of sixe long and

pointed leaues of the forme of other small Tulipas, and not shewing

much bigger then the yellow Italian Tulipa, and, is wholly white, both

inside and outside of all the leaues, except the three outtermost,

which haue on the backe of them, from the middle toward the edges, a

shew of a brownish blush or pale red colour, yet deeper in the midst,

and the edges remaining wholly white: the bottomes of all these leaues

are of a darke or dun tawnie colour, and the chiues and tippes of a

darkish purple or tawnie also. This doth beare seed but seldome in our

country, that euer I could vnderstand, but when it doth, it is small

like vnto the Bolonia or dwarfe yellow Tulipas, being not so plentifull

also in parting, or setting of by the roote as they, and neuer groweth

nor abideth so great as it is brought vnto vs, and seldome likewise

flowreth after the first yeare: for the rootes for the most part with

euery one grow lesse and lesse, decaying euery yeare, and so perish for

the most part by reason of the frosts and cold, and yet they haue been

set deepe to defend them, although of their owne nature they will runne

downe deep into the ground.

_Tulipa Byzantina duobus floribus Clusij._

The small Tulipa of Constantinople.

The small Tulipa of Constantinople, beareth for the most part but two

leaues on the stalke, which are faire and broad, almost like vnto the

Candy Tulipa, next hereunto to be described: the stalke it selfe riseth

not aboue a foote high, bearing sometimes but one flower, but most

commonly two thereon, one below another, and are no bigger then the

flowers of the yellow Bolonia Tulipa, but differing in colour; for this

is on the outside of a purplish colour, mixed with white and greene,

and on the inside of a faire blush colour, the bottome and chiues being

yellow, and the tippes or pendents blackish: the roote is very like the

yellow Bolonia Tulipa.

_Tulipa Cretica._ The Tulipa of Candie.

This Tulipa is of later knowledge with vs then the Persian, but doth

more hardly thriue, in regard of our cold climate; the description

whereof, for so much as wee haue knowledge, by the sight of the roote

and leafe, and relation from others of the flower, (for I haue not yet

heard that it hath very often flowred in our Country) is as followeth.

It beareth faire broad leaues, resembling the leaues of a Lilly, of a

greenish colour, and not very whitish: the stalke beareth thereon one

flower, larger and more open then many other, which is either wholly

white, or of a deepe red colour, or else is variably mixed, white with

a fine reddish purple, the bottomes being yellow, with purplish chiues

tipt with blackish pendents: the roote is small, and somewhat like the

dwarfe yellow Tulipa, but somewhat bigger.

_Tulipa Armeniaca._ The Tulipa of Armenia.

This small Tulipa is much differing from all the former (except the

small or dwarfe white Tulipas remembred by Lobel and Clusius, as is

before set downe) in that it beareth three or foure small, long, and

somewhat narrow greene leaues, altogether at one ioynt or place; the

stalke being not high, and naked or without leaues from them to the

toppe, where it beareth one small flower like vnto an ordinary red

Tulipa, but somewhat more yellow, tending to an Orenge colour with a

blacke bottome: the roote is not much bigger then the ordinary yellow

Bolonia Tulipa, before set downe.

And these are the sorts of this first _Classis_ of early Tulipas.

_Tulipa Media._ The meaner or middle flowring Tulipa.

For any other, or further description of this kinde of Tulipa, it shall

not neede, hauing giuen it sufficiently in the former early Tulipa, the

maine difference consisting first in the time of flowring, which is

about a moneth after the early Tulipas, yet some more some lesse; for

euen in the _Præcoces_, or early ones, some flower a little earlier,

and later then others, and then in the colours of the flowers; for wee

haue obserued many colours, and mixtures, or varieties of colours

in the _Medias_, which we could neuer see in the _Præcoces_, and so

also some in the _Præcoces_, which are not in the _Medias_: yet there

is farre greater varieties of mixture of colours in these _Medias_,

then hath been obserued in all the _Præcoces_, (although Clusius saith

otherwise) eyther by my selfe, or by any other that I haue conuersed

with about this matter, and all this hath happened by the sowing of the

seede, as I said before. I will therefore in this place not trouble

you with any further circumstance, then to distinguish them, as I haue

done in the former early Tulipas, into their foure primary colours, and

vnder them, giue you their seuerall varieties and names, for so much

as hath come to my knowledge, not doubting, but that many that haue

trauelled in the sowing of the seed of Tulipas many yeares, may obserue

each of them to haue some variety that others haue not: and therefore

I thinke no one man can come to the knowledge of all particular

distinctions.

_Tulipa media alba._

1 _Niuea, fundo albo vel luteo._

2 _Argentea, quasi alba cineracea fundo lutescente, purpureis

staminibus._

3 _Margaritina alba, carneo dilutissima._

4 _Alba, fundo cæruleo vel nigro._

5 _Albida._

6 _Alba, oris rubris._ {_Hæc tria genera in

{in aliquibus

7 _Alba, purpureis oris._ {constantertenent

{tenent oras, in

8 _Alba, oris coccineis._ {alijs dispergunt._

9 _Albida primum, deinde albidior, oris purpureis, & venis

intrò respicientibus, dicta nobis Hackquenay._

10 _Alba, sanguineo colore variata, fundo vel albissimo, vel

alio._

11 _Alba, radiatim disposita flammis, & maculis coccineis._

12 _Alba, purpurea rubedine plumata, diuersarum specierum,

quæ cum superiore, vel albo, vel luteo, vel paruo cæruleo

constant fundo, quæ constanter tenent punctatos colores, &

non dispergunt, sed post trium aut quatuor dierum spatium

pulchriores apparent._

13 _Panni argentei coloris, i.e. alba, plumata, punctata,

striata, vel diuersimodè variata, rubedine dilutiore, vel

saturatiore purpurea, interius vel exterius, vel vtrinq.,

diuersarum specierum._

14 _Tunica morionis alba varia, i.e. ex albo & purpureo

striata diuersimodè, fundo albo vel alio._

15 _Holias alba vel albida, absq., fundo, vel fundo purpureo

cæruleo, vel cæruleo albo circundato, diuersè signata, vel

variata intus ad medietatem foliorum, sursum in orbem vt

plurimum, vel ad oras pertingens amplas & albas. Hæ species

tantoperè multiplicantur, vt vix sint explicabiles._

_Tanta est huius varietas, vel multitudine, vel striarum

paucitate & distinctione, vel fundis variantibus, vt ad

tædium esset perscribere._

The white meane flowring Tulipa.

1 A snow white, with a white or yellow bottome.

2 A siluer colour, that is, a very pale or whitish ashe

colour, with a yellowish bottome and purple chiues.

3 A Pearle colour, that is, white, with a wash or shew of

blush.

4 A white, with a blew or blacke bottome.

5 A Creame colour.

6 A white, with red edges. {These three sorts

{doe hold their

7 A white, with purple edges. {their edges constant

{in some, but well

8 A white, with crimson edges. {spread in others.

9 A pale or whitish yellow, which after a few dayes groweth

more white, with purplish red edges, and some streakes

running inward from the edge, which we call an Hackney.

10 A white mixed with a bloud red very variably, and with a

pure white, or other coloured bottome.

11 A white, streamed with crimson flames, and spots through

the whole flower.

12 A white, speckled with a reddish purple, more or lesse, of

diuers sorts, with white, yellow, or blew bottomes, all which

doe hold their markes constant, and doe not spread their

colours, but shew fairer after they haue stood blown three or

foure dayes.

13 A cloth of siluer of diuers sorts, that is, a white

spotted, striped, or otherwise marked with red or purple, in

some paler, in some deeper, either on the inside, or on the

outside, or on both.

14 A white Fooles coate of diuers sorts, that is, purple or

pale crimson, and white, as it were empaled together, eyther

with a white ground or other, whereof there is great variety.

15 A white Holias, that is, a faire white, or paler white,

eyther without a bottome, or with a blewish purple bottome,

or blew and white circling the bottome, and from the middle

vpwards, speckled and straked on the inside for the most

part, with bloud red or purplish spots and lines vnto the

very edges, which abide large and white. Of this kinde there

are found very great varieties, not to be expressed.

Of this sort there is so much variety, some being larger or

fairer marked then others, their bottomes also varying, that

it is almost impossible to express them.

_Tulipa media purpurea._

1 _Purpurea satura._

2 _Purpurea dilutior, diuersarum specierum, quarum Rosea vna,

Carnea sit altera._

3 _Persicicoloris, duarum aut trium specierum._

4 _Chermesina, obscura aut pallida._

5 _Stamela, intensior aut remissior._

6 _Xerampelina._

7 _Purpurea, striata._

8 _Persici saturi, vel diluti coloris, vndulata, vel radiata._

9 _Columbina, oris & radijs albis._

10 _Purpurea rubra, oris, albis, similis Præcoci, dicta

Princeps._

11 _Chermesina, vel Heluola, lineis albis in medio, & versus

oras, fundo cæruleo, vel albo, itemq., albo orbe._

12 _Purpurea remissior, aut intensior, oris albis, paruis aut

magnis, vt in Principe præcoci, fundo vel cæruleo, orbe albo,

vel albo orbe cæruleo amplo._

13 _Holias Heluola, sanguineis guttis intus à medio sursum in

orbem, fundo cæruleo._

14 _Tunica Morionis purpurea rubra satura, albido striata,

quam in alba saturatior, fundo ex cæruleo & albo._

15 _Purpurea rubra satura vel diluta, albo vel albedine,

punctata vel striata diuersimodè, dicta Cariophyllata._

The meane flowring purple Tulipa.

1 A faire deep purple.

2 A paler purple, of many sorts, whereof a Rose colour is

one, a Blush another.

3 A Peach colour of two or three sorts.

4 A Crimson, deepe, or pale.

5 A Stamell, darke or light.

6 A Murrey.

7 A purple, stript and spotted.

8 A Peach colour, higher or paler, waued or stript.

9 A Doue colour, edged and straked with white.

10 A faire red purple, with white edges, like vnto the early

Tulipa, called a Prince.

11 A faire crimson, or Claret wine colour, with white lines

both in the middle, and towards the edges, most haue a blew

bottome, yet some are white, or circled with white.

12 A light or deepe purple, with white edges, greater or

smaller, like the early Prince, the bottomes eyther blew

circled with white, or white circled with a large blew.

13 A purple Holias, the colour of a pale Claret wine, marked

and spotted with bloud red spots, round about the middle of

each leafe vpward on the inside onely, the bottome being blew.

14 A Crimson Fooles Coate, a darke crimson, and pale white

empaled together, differing from the white Fooles Coate, the

bottome blew and white.

15 A deeper or paler reddish purple, spotted or striped

with a paler or purer white, of diuers sorts, called the

Gilloflower Tulipa.

[Illustration:

1 _Tulipa rubra & lutea varia._ The Fooles Coate red and yellow.

2 _Tulipa Holeas alba absq. fundo._ The white Holeas without a

bottome.

3 _Tulipa argentea, vel punctata, &c._ The cloth of siluer, or other

spotted Tulipa.

4 _Tulipa alba flammis coccineis._ The white Fooles Coate.

5 _Tulipa Holeas alba, &c. fundo purpureo, &c._ A white Holeas, &c.

with a purple bottome, &c.

6 _Tulipa rubra & lutea flammea, &c._ A red and yellow flamed Tulipa,

&c.

7 _Tulipa alba striata & punctata._ A white striped and spotted

Tulipa.

8 _Tulipa altera variata, &c._ Another variable Tulipa.

]

_Tulipa media rubra._

1 _Rubra communis, fundo luteo, vel nigro._

2 _Mali Aurantij coloris._

3 _Cinabaris coloris._

4 _Lateritij coloris._

5 _Rubra, luteo aspersa._

6 _Rubra, oris luteis._

7 _Testamentum Brancion rubra satura, oris pallidis,

diuersarum specierum, rubore variantium, & orarum

amplitudine._

8 _Cinabaris radiata, magis aut minus serotina._

9 _Rubra purpurascens obsoleta exterioribus folijs, perfusa

luteo intus, oris pallidis luteis._

10 _Rubra purpurascens elegans extra & intus lutescens, oris

pallidis luteis, fundo luteo vel viridi._

11 _Rubra flambans coccinea, crebris maculis luteis absq.

fundo._

12 _Flambans elegantior rubra, i.e. radijs luteis

intercursantibus ruborem._

13 _Flambans remissior vtroq. colore._

14 _Panni aurei coloris._

15 _Tunica Morionis verior, seu Palto du Sot. optima, tænijs

amplis amœnis & crebris, exrubro & flauo separatim diuisis &

excurrentibus, flos constans._

16 _Tunica Morionis altera, tænijs minoribus & minus

frequentibus, magis aut minus alia alijs inconstans._

17 _Tunica Morionis pallida, i. e. tænijs vel strijs

frequentioribus in vtroq. colore pallidis, flos est constans

& elegans._

18 _Pileus Morionis, radijs luteis, in medio foliorum latis,

per ruborem excurrentibus, fundo luteo, apicibus luteis, &

tribus exterioribus folijs luteis oris rubris, vel absq.

oris._

19 _Le Suisse, tænijs radiata magnis ex rubore & pallore._

20 _Altera dicta Goliah à floris magnitudine, tænijs radiata

simillima le Suisse, nisi rubor & albedo sint elegantiores._

21 _Holias rubra, i.e. sanguinea argenteis radijs, & guttis

in orbem dispositis, præsertim interiùs, fundo viridi saturo._

22 _Holias coccinea, rubra coccinea, albo radiata in orbem,

circa medium foliorum interiùs, fundo albo._

23 _Alia huic similis, fundo albo & cæruleo._

The meane flowring red Tulipa.

1 A faire red which is ordinary, with a yellow or blacke

bottome.

2 A deepe Orenge colour.

3 A Vermillion.

4 A pale red, or Bricke colour.

5 A Gingeline colour.

6 A red with small yellow edges.

7 A Testament Brancion of diuers sorts, differing both in the

deepnesse of the red, and largenesse of the pale coloured

edges.

8 A Vermillion flamed, flowring later or earlier.

9 A dead purplish red without, and of a yellowish red within,

with pale yellow edges.

10 A bright Crimson red on the outside, more yellowish on

the inside, with pale yellow edges, and a bottome yellow or

greene.

11 A red Flambant, spotted thicke with yellow spots without

any bottome.

12 A more excellent red Flambant, with flames of yellow

running through the red.

13 A pale coloured Flambant.

14 A cloth of gold colour.

15 A true Fooles Coate, the best is a faire red & a faire

yellow, parted into guards euery one apart, varied through

euery leafe to the very edge, yet in most abiding constant.

16 Another Fooles Coate, not so fairely marked, nor so much,

some of these are more or lesse constant in their marks, &

some more variable then others.

17 A pale Fooles Coate, that is, with pale red, and pale

yellow guardes or stripes very faire and constant.

18 A Fooles Cappe, that is, with lists or stripes of yellow

running through the middle of euery leafe of the red, broader

at the bottome then aboue, the bottome being yellow, the

three outer leaues being yellow with red edges, or without.

19 A Swisse, pained with a faire red and pale white or strawe

colour.

20 A Goliah, so called of the bignesse of the flower, most

like to the Swisse in the marks and guardes, but that the red

and white is more liuely.

21 A red Holias. A bloud red stript with siluer white veines

and spots, with a darke green bottome.

22 A Crimson red Holias, that is, a faire purplish red,

spotted with white circlewise about the middle of the inner

leaues, and a white bottome.

23 Another like thereunto, with a blew and white bottome.

[Illustration:

1 _Tulipa tricolor._ A Tulipa of three colours.

2 _Tulipa Macedonica, siue de Caffa varia._ The Tulipa of Caffa

purple, with pale white stripes.

3 _Tulipa Heluola chermesina versicolor._ A pure Claret wine colour

variable.

4 _Tulipa Caryophyllata Wilmeri._ Mr. Wilmers Gilloflower Tulipa.

5 _Tulipa Chermesina flammis albis._ A Crimson with white flames.

6 _Tulipa Goliah._ A kind of Zwisser called Goliah.

7 _Tulipa le Zwisse._ A Tulipa called the Zwisser.

8 _Tulipa alba flammis coccineis._ Another white Flambant or Fooles

Coate.

9 _Tulipa Cinnabarina albo flammata._ The Vermillion flamed.

10 _Tulipa plumata rubra & lutea._ The feathered Tulipa red and

yellow.

]

_Tulipa media lutea._

1 _Lutea, siue Aurea vulgaris._

2 _Straminea._

3 _Sulphurea._

4 _Mali Aurantij pallidi coloris._

5 _Lutea dilutè purpurea striata, aurei panni pallidi instar._

6 _Pallidè lutea fuscedine adumbrata._

7 _Flaua, oris rubris magnis, aut paruis._

8 _Straminea oris rubris magnis intensis, vel paruis

remissis._

9 _Obscura & fuliginosa lutea, instar Folij decidui, ideoq.

Folium mortuum appellatur._

10 _Flaua, rubore perfusa, etiamque striata per totum, dorso

coccineo, oris pallidis._

11 _Pallidè lutea, perfusa & magis aut minus rubore striata,

fundo vel luteo, vel viridi._

12 _Testamentum Clusij, i.e. lutea pallida fuligine obfusca,

exteriùs & interiùs ad oras vsq. pallidas, per totum vero

floris medium, maculis interiùs aspersa instar omnium aliarum

Holias, dorso obscuriore, fundo viridi._

13 _Flambans lutea, diuersimodè intus magis aut minus

striata, vel in alijs extra maculata rubore, fundo vt

plurimum nigro, vel in alijs luteo._

14 _Flambans pallidior & elegantior._

15 _Holias lutea intensior vel remissior diuersimodè, in

orbem radiata interius, rubris maculis ad supremas vsq. oras,

aliquoties crebrè, aliàs parcè, fundo viridi, vel tanetto

obscuro._

16 _Holias straminea rubore striata & punctata, instar alba

Holias._

17 _Tunica Morionis lutea, alijs dicta Flammea, in qua color

flavus magis & conspicuus rubore, diuersimodè radiata._

_Huc reddenda esset viridarum Tuliparum classis, quæ

diuersarum etiam constat specierum. Vna viridis intensior

cuius flos semper ferè semiclausus manet staminibus

simbriatis. Altera remissior, instar Psittacipennarum

viridium, luteo variata oris albis. Tertia adhuc dilutiori

viriditate oris purpureis. Quarta, cujus folia æqualiter

purpura diluta, & viriditate diuisa sunt. Quinta, folijs

longissimis stellæmodo expansis, ex rubore & viriditate

coacta._

The meane flowring yellow Tulipa.

1 A faire gold yellow.

2 A Strawe colour.

3 A Brimstone colour pale yellowish greene.

4 A pale Orenge colour.

5 A pale cloth of gold colour.

6 A Custard colour a pale yellow shadowed ouer with a browne.

7 A gold yellow with red edges, greater or smaller.

8 A Strawe colour with red edges, deeper or paler, greater or

smaller.

9 A sullen or smoakie yellow, like a dead leafe that is

fallen, and therefore called, _Fucille mort_.

10 A yellow shadowed with red, and striped also through all

the leaues, the backside of them being of a red crimson, and

the edges pale.

11 A pale yellow, shadowed and striped with red, in some more

in some lesse, the bottomes being either yellow or green.

12 A _Testamentum Clusij_, that is, a shadowed pale yellow,

both within & without, spotted round about the middle on the

inside, as all other Holias are, the backe of the leaues

being more obscure or shadowed with pale yellow edges, and a

greene bottome.

13 A yellow Flambant of diuers sorts, that is, the whole

flower more or lesse streamed or spotted on the inside, and

in some on the outside with red, the bottome in most being

blacke, yet in some yellow.

14 A paler yellow Flambant more beautifull.

15 A yellow Holias, paler or deeper yellow very variable,

spotted on the inside round about the middle, with red

sometimes plentifully, or else sparingly with a green or dark

tawny bottome.

16 A strawe coloured Holias, spotted and streamed with red,

as is to bee seene in the white Holias.

17 A yellow Fooles coate, of some called a flame colour,

wherein the yellow is more then the red, diuersly streamed.

Vnto these may be added the greene Tulipa which is also of

diuers sorts. One hauing a great flower of a deepe green

colour, seldome opening it selfe, but abiding alwaies as it

were halfe shut vp and closed, the chiues being as it were

feathered. Another of a paler or yellowish green, paned with

yellow, and is called, The Parret, &c. with white edges. A

third of a more yellowish green, with red or purplish edges.

A fourth, hath the leaues of the flower equally almost

parted, with greene and a light purple colour, which abiding

a long time in flower, groweth in time to be fairer marked:

for at the first it doth not shew it selfe so plainely

diuided. Some call this a greene Swisser. A fifth hath the

longest leaues standing like a starre, consisting of greene

and purple.

_Tulipa Serotina._ The late flowring Tulipa.

The late flowring Tulipa hath had his description expressed in the

precedent discourse, so that I shall not neede to make a repetition of

what hath already beene set downe. The greatest matter of knowledge in

this kinde is this, That it hath no such plentifull variety of colours

or mixtures in his flowers, as are in the two former sorts, but is

confined within these limits here expressed, as farre as hath come to

our knowledge.

_Tulipa Serotina._

_Rosea intensior, aut remissior._

_Rubra vulgaris, aut saturatior, & quasi nigricans, fundo

luteo vel nigro orbe, aureo incluso, dicta Oculus Solis._

_Lutea communis._

_Lutea oris rubris._

_Lutea guttis sanguineis, fundo nigro vel vario._

The late flowring Tulipa.

A Rose Colour deeper or paler.

An ordinary red, or else a deeper red like blacke bloud, with

a blacke or yellow bottome, or blacke circled with yellow,

called the Suns eye.

An ordinary yellow.

A yellow with red edges.

A yellow with red spots and veines, the bottome black or

discoloured.

There yet remaine many obseruations, concerning these beautifull

flowers, fit to be knowne, which could not, without too much prolixity,

be comprehended within the body of the description of them; but are

reserued to bee intreated of a part by themselues.

All sorts of Tulipas beare vsually but one stalke, and that without

any branches: but sometimes nature is so plentifull in bearing, that

it hath two or three stalkes, and sometimes two, or more branches out

of one stalke (euery stalke or branch bearing one flower at the toppe)

but this is but seldome seene; and when it doth happen once, it is

hardly seene againe in the same roote, but is a great signe, that the

roote that doth thus, being an old roote, will the same yeare part into

diuers rootes, whereof euery one, being of a reasonable greatnesse,

will beare both his stalke and flower the next yeare, agreeing with the

mother plant in colour, as all the of-sets of Tulipas doe for the most

part: for although the young of-sets of some doe vary from the maine

roote, euen while it groweth with them, yet being separated, it will

bee of the same colour with the mother plant.

There groweth oftentimes in the _Medias_, and sometimes also in the

_Præcoces_, but more seldome, a small bulbe or roote, hard aboue the

ground, at the bottome of the stalke, and betweene it and the lower

leafe, which when the stalke is dry, and it ripe, being put into the

ground, will bring forth in time a flower like vnto the mother plant,

from whence it was taken.

The flowers also of Tulipas consist most commonly of sixe leaues, but

sometimes they are seene to haue eight or tenne, or more leaues; but

vsually, those rootes beare but their ordinary number of sixe leaues

the next yeare: the head for seede then, is for the most part foure

square, which at all other times is but three square, or when the

flower wanteth a leafe or two, as sometimes also it doth, it then is

flat, hauing but two sides.

The forme of the flower is also very variable; for the leaues of some

Tulipas are all sharpe pointed, or all blunt and round pointed, and

many haue the three outer leaues sharpe pointed, and the three inner

round or pointed, and some contrariwise, the three outermost round

pointed, and the three inner sharpe pointed. Againe, some haue all the

leaues of the flowers long and narrow, and some haue them broader and

shorter. Some _Præcoces_ also haue their flowers very large and great,

equall vnto eyther the _Media_, or _Serotina_, which most commonly are

the largest, and others haue them as small as the Bolonia Tulipa.

The bottomes of the leaues of the flowers are also variably

diuersified, and so are both the chiues or threeds that stand vp about

the head, and the tips or pendents that are hanging loose on the toppes

of them; and by the difference of the bottomes or chiues, many flowers

are distinguished, which else are very like in colour, and alike also

marked.

For the smell also there is some diuersity; for that the flowers of

some are very sweete, of others nothing at all, and some betweene both,

of a small sent, but not offensiue: and yet some I haue obserued haue

had a strong ill sent; but how to shew you to distinguish them, more

then by your owne sense, I cannot: for the seedes of sweete smelling

Tulipas doe not follow their mother plant, no more then they doe in the

colour.

And lastly, take this, which is not the least obseruation, worth the

noting, that I haue obserued in many: When they haue beene of one

entire colour for diuers yeares, yet in some yeare they haue altered

very much, as if it had not beene the same, viz. from a purple or

stamell, it hath beene variably either parted, or mixed, or striped

with white, eyther in part, or through the whole flower, and so in a

red or yellow flower, that it hath had eyther red or yellow edges, or

yellow or red spots, lines, veines, or flames, running through the red

or yellow colour, and sometimes it hath happened, that three leaues

haue been equally parted in the middle with red yellow, the other three

abiding of one colour, and in some the red had some yellow in it, and

the yellow some red spots in it also; whereof I haue obserued, that

all such flowers, not hauing their originall in that manner, (for some

that haue such or the like markes from the beginning, that is, from the

first and second yeares flowring, are constant, and doe not change) but

as I said, were of one colour at the first, doe shew the weaknesse and

decay of the roote, and that this extraordinary beauty in the flower,

is but as the brightnesse of a light, vpon the very extinguishing

thereof, and doth plainly declare, that it can doe his Master no more

seruice, and therefore with this iollity doth bid him good night.

I know there is a common opinion among many (and very confidently

maintained) that a Tulipa with a white flower, hath changed to beare

a red or yellow, and so of the red or yellow, and other colours, that

they are likewise inconstant, as though no flowers were certaine: but I

could neuer either see or heare for certaine any such alteration, nor

any other variation, but what is formerly expressed. Let not therefore

any iudicious be carried away with any such idle conceit, but rather

suspect some deceit in their Gardeners or others, by taking vp one, and

putting in another in the place, or else their owne mistaking.

Now for the sowing, planting, transplanting, choise, and ordering of

Tulipas, which is not the least of regard, concerning this subiect in

hand, but (as I think) would be willingly entertained; What I haue by

my best endeauours learned, by mine owne paines in almost forty yeares

trauell, or from others informations, I am willing here to set downe;

not doubting, but that some may adde what hath not come to my knowledge.

First, in the sowing of seedes of Tulipas, I haue not obserued

(whatsoeuer others haue written) nor could of certainty learne of

others, that there doth arise from the seedes of _Præcoces_ any

_Medias_ or _Serotine_ Tulipas, (or but very seldome) nor am certainly

assured of any: but that the seedes of all _Præcoces_ (so they be

not doubtfull, or of the last flowring sorts) will bring _Præcoces_:

And I am out of doubt, that I neuer saw, nor could learne, that euer

the seede of the _Medias_ or _Serotines_ haue giuen _Præcoces_; but

_Medias_ or _Serotines_, according to their naturall kinde. But if

there should bee any degeneration, I rather incline to thinke, that

it sooner commeth to passe (_à meliore ad pelus_, for _facilis est

descensus_, that is) that _Præcoces_ may giue _Medias_, then that

_Medias_ or _Serotines_ should giue _Præcoces_.

For the choise of your seede to sowe. First, for the _Præcoces_,

Clusius saith, that the _Præcox Tulipa_, that beareth a white flower,

is the best to giue the greatest variety of colours. Some among vs

haue reported, that they haue found great variety rise from the seede

of the red _Præcox_, which I can more hardly beleeue: but Clusius his

experience hath the greater probability, but especially if it haue

some mixture of red or purple in it. The purple I haue found to be the

best, next thereunto is the purple with white edges, and so likewise

the red with yellow edges, each of them will bring most of their owne

colours. Then the choise of the best _Medias_, is to take those colours

that are light, rather white then yellow, and purple then red; yea

white, not yellow, purple, not red: but these againe to be spotted is

the best, and the more the better; but withall, or aboue all in these,

respect the ground or bottome of the flower, (which in the _Præcox

Tulipa_ cannot, because you shall seldome see any other ground in them

but yellow) for if the flower be white, or whitish, spotted, or edged,

and straked, and the bottome blew or purple (such as is found in the

Holias, and in the Cloth of siluer), this is beyond all other the most

excellent, and out of question the choisest of an hundred, to haue the

greatest and most pleasant variety and rarity. And so in degree, the

meaner, in beauty you sowe, the lesser shall your pleasure in rarities

be. Bestowe not your time in sowing red or yellow Tulipa seede, or the

diuers mixtures of them; for they will (as I haue found by experience)

seldome be worth your paines. The _Serotina_, or late flowring Tulipa,

because it is seldome seene, with any especiall beautifull variety, you

may easily your selues ghesse that it can bring forth (euen as I haue

also learned) no raritie, and little or no diuersity at all.

The time and manner to sowe these seedes is next to be considered. You

may not sowe them in the spring of the yeare, if you hope to haue any

good of them; but in the Autumne, or presently after they be thorough

ripe and dry: yet if you sowe them not vntill the end of October,

they will come forward neuer the worse, but rather the better; for it

is often seene, that ouer early sowing causeth them to spring out of

the ground ouer early, so that if a sharp spring chance, to follow,

it may go neere to spoile all, or the most of your seede. Wee vsually

sowe the same yeares seede, yet if you chance to keepe of your owne,

or haue from others such seed, as is two years old, they will thriue

and doe well enough especially if they were ripe and well gathered:

You must not sowe them too thicke, for so doing hath lost many a pecke

of good seede, as I can tell; for if the seede lye one vpon another,

that it hath not roome vpon the sprouting, to enter and take roote in

the earth, it perisheth by and by. Some vse to tread downe the ground,

where they meane to sowe their seede, and hauing sowne them thereon,

doe couer them ouer the thicknesse of a mans thumbe with fine sifted

earth, and they thinke they doe well, and haue good reason for it: for

considering the nature of the young Tulipa rootes, is to runne downe

deeper into the ground, euery yeare more then other, they thinke to

hinder their quicke descent by the fastnesse of the ground, that so

they may encrease the better. This way may please some, but I doe not

vse it, nor can finde the reason sufficient; for they doe not consider,

that the stiffenesse of the earth, doth cause the rootes of the young

Tulipas to bee long before they grow great, in that a stiffe ground

doth more hinder the well thriuing of the rootes, then a loose doth,

and although the rootes doe runne downe deeper in a loose earth, yet

they may easily by transplanting be holpen, and raised vp high enough.

I haue also seene some Tulipas not once remoued from their sowing to

their flowring; but if you will not lose them, you must take them vp

while their leafe or stalk is fresh, and not withered: for if you doe

not follow the stalke downe to the roote, be it neuer so deepe, you

will leaue them behinde you. The ground also must be respected; for the

finer, softer, and richer the mould is, wherein you sowe your seede,

the greater shall be your encrease and varietie: Sift it therefore from

all stones and rubbish, and let it be either fat naturall ground of it

selfe, or being muckt, that it bee thoroughly rotten: but some I know,

to mend their ground, doe make such a mixture of grounds, that they

marre it in the making.

After the seede is thus sowne, the first yeares springing bringeth

forth leaues, little bigger then the ordinary grasse leaues; the second

yeare bigger, and so by degrees euery yeare bigger then other. The

leaues of the _Præcoces_ while they are young, may be discerned from

the _Medias_ by this note, which I haue obserued. The leaues of them

doe wholly stand vp aboue the ground, shewing the small footstalkes,

whereby euerie leafe doth stand, but the leaues of the _Medias_ or

_Serotines_ doe neuer wholly appeare out of the ground, but the lower

part which is broad, abideth vnder the vpper face of the earth. Those

Tulipas now growing to bee three yeares old, (yet some at the second,

if the ground and ayre be correspondent) are to bee taken vp out of

the ground, wherein yee shall finde they haue runne deepe, and to

be anew planted, after they haue been a little dryed and cleansed,

eyther in the same, or another ground againe, placing them reasonable

neare one vnto another, according to their greatnesse, which being

planted and couered ouer with earth againe, of about an inch or two

thicknesse, may be left vntaken vp againe for two yeare longer, if you

will, or else remoued euery yeare after, as you please; and thus by

transplanting them in their due season (which is still in the end of

Iuly, or beginning of August, or thereabouts) you shall according to

your seede and soyle, haue some come to bearing, in the fifth yeare

after the flowring, (and some haue had them in the fourth, but that

hath beene but few, and none of the best, or in a rich ground) some in

the sixth and seuenth, and some peraduenture, not vntill the eighth

or tenth yeare: but still remember, that as your rootes grow greater,

that in re-planting you giue them the more roome to be distant one from

another, or else the one will hinder, if not rot the other.

The seede of the _Præcoces_ doe not thriue and come forward so fast as

the _Medias_ or _Serotines_, nor doe giue any of-sets in their running

downe as the _Medias_ doe, which vsually leaue a small roote at the

head of the other that is runne downe euery yeare; and besides, are

more tender, and require more care and attendance then the _Medias_,

and therefore they are the more respected.

This is a generall and certaine rule in all Tulipas, that all the while

they beare but one leafe, they will not beare flower, whether they bee

seedlings, or the of-sets of elder rootes, or the rootes themselues,

that haue heretofore borne flowers; but when they shew a second leafe,

breaking out of the first, it is a certaine signe, that it will then

beare a flower, vnlesse some casualty hinder it, as frost or raine, to

nip or spoile the bud, or other vntimely accident befall it.

To set or plant your best and bearing Tulipas somewhat deeper then

other rootes, I hold it the best way; for if the ground bee either

cold, or lye too open to the cold Northerne ayre, they will be

the better defended therein, and not suffer the frosts or cold to

pierce them so soone: for the deepe frosts and snowes doe pinch the

_Præcoces_ chiefly, if they bee too neare the vppermost crust of

the earth; and therefore many, with good successe, couer ouer their

ground before Winter, with either fresh or old rotten dung, and that

will maruellously preserue them. The like course you may hold with

seedlings, to cause them to come on the forwarder, so it bee after the

first yeares sowing, and not till then.

To remoue Tulipas after they haue shot forth their fibres or small

strings, which grow vnder the great round rootes, (that is, from

September vntill they bee in flower) is very dangerous; for by remouing

them when they haue taken fast hold in the ground, you doe both hinder

them in the bearing out their flower, and besides, put them in hazzard

to perish, at least to bee put backe from bearing for a while after,

as oftentimes I haue proued by experience: But when they are now risen

to flower, and so for any time after, you may safely take them vp if

you will, and remoue them without danger, if you haue any good regard

vnto them, vnlesse it be a young bearing roote, which you shall in so

doing much hinder, because it is yet tender, by reason it now beareth

his first flower. But all Tulipa roots when their stalke and leaues are

dry, may most safely then be taken vp out of the ground, and be so kept

(so that they lye in a dry, and not in a moist place) for sixe moneths

without any great harme: yea I haue knowne them that haue had them nine

moneths out of the ground, and haue done reasonable well, but this

you must vnderstand withall, that they haue not been young but elder

rootes, and they haue been orderly taken vp and preserued. The dryer

you keep a Tulipa roote the better, so as you let it not lye in the

sunne or winde, which will pierce it and spoile it.

Thus Gentlewomen for your delights, (for these pleasures are the

delights of leasure, which hath bred your loue & liking to them, and

although you are herein predominant, yet cannot they be barred from

your beloued, who I doubt not, wil share with you in the delight as

much as is fit) haue I taken this paines, to set downe, and bring to

your knowledge such rules of art, as my small skill hath enabled mee

withall concerning this subiect, which of all other, seemed fittest

in this manner to be enlarged, both for the varietie of matter, and

excellency of beautie herein, and also that these rules set forth

together in one place, might saue many repetitions in other places, so

that for the planting and ordering of all other bulbous rootes, and

the sowing the seedes of them, you may haue recourse vnto these rules,

(_tanquam ad normam & examen_) which may serue in generall for all

other, little diuersitie of particulars needing exception.

The Place.

The greater Tulipas haue first beene sent vs from

Constantinople, and other parts of Turkie, where it is said

they grow naturally wilde in the Fields, Woods, and Mountaines;

as Thracia, Macedonia, Pontus about the Euxine Sea, Cappadocia,

Bithynia, and about Tripolis and Aleppo in Syria also: the

lesser haue come from other seuerall places, as their names doe

decipher it out vnto vs; as Armenia, Persia, Candye, Portugall,

Spaine, Italy, and France. They are all now made denizens

in our Gardens, where they yeeld vs more delight, and more

encrease for their proportion, by reason of the culture, then

they did vnto their owne naturals.

The Time.

These doe flower some earlier, some later, for three whole

moneths together at the least, therein adorning out a Garden

most gloriously, in that being but one kinde of flower, it is

so full of variety, as no other (except the Daffodils, which

yet are not comparable, in that they yield not that alluring

pleasant variety) doe the like besides. Some of the _Præcoces_

haue beene in flower with vs, (for I speake not of their owne

naturall places, where the Winters are milder, and the Spring,

earlier then ours) in the moneth of Ianuary, when the Winter

before hath beene milde, but many in February, and all the

_Præcoces_, from the beginning to the end of March, if the

yeare be kindly: at what time the _Medias_ doe begin, and abide

all Aprill, and part of May, when the _Serotines_ flower and

fade; but this, as I said, if the yeare be kindly, or else each

kinde will be a moneth later. The seede is ripe in Iune and

Iuly, according to their early or late flowring.

The Names.

There haue beene diuers opinions among our moderne Writers, by

what name this plant was knowne to the ancient Authors. Some

would haue it be _Cosmosandatos_, of the Ancient. Dodonæus

referreth it to πυπῶν of Theophrastus, in his seuenth Booke

and thirteenth Chapter: but thereof he is so briefe, that

besides the bare name, wee cannot finde him to make any further

relation of forme, or quality. And Bauhinus, vpon Matthiolus

Commentaries of Dioscorides, and in his Pinax also, followeth

his opinion. Camerarius in his Hortus Medicus is of opinion,

it may be referred to the Helychrysum of Crateua. Gesner, as I

thinke, first of all, and after him Lobel, Camerarius, Clusius

and many others, referre it to the Satyrium of Dioscorides:

and surely this opinion is the most probable for many reasons.

First, for that this plant doth grow very frequent in many

places of Greece, and the lesser Asia, which were no doubt

sufficiently knowne both to Theophrastus, and Dioscorides,

and was accounted among bulbous rootes, although by sundry

names. And secondly, as Dioscorides setteth forth his Satyrium,

so this most commonly beareth three leaues vpon a stalke

(although sometimes with vs it hath foure or fiue) like vnto

a Lilly, whereof some are often seen to be both red, in the

first springing, and also vpon the decaying, especially in a

dry time, and in a dry ground: the flower likewise of some

is white, and like a Lilly; the roote is round, and as white

within as the white of an egge, couered with a browne coate,

hauing a sweetish, but not vnpleasant taste, as any man without

danger many try. This description doth so liuely set forth

this plant, that I thinke wee shall not neede to be any longer

in doubt, where to finde Dioscorides his Satyrium Triphyllum,

seeing wee haue such plenty growing with vs. And thirdly, there

is no doubt, but that it hath the same qualities, as you shall

hereafter heare further. And lastly, that plant likewise that

beareth a red flower, may very well agree with his Erythronium;

for the descriptions in Dioscorides are both alike, as are

their qualities, the greatest doubt may be in the seede, which

yet may agree vnto Lin or Flaxe as fitly, or rather more then

many other plants doe, in many of his comparisons, which yet

wee receiue for currant. For the seede of Tulipas are flat,

hard, and shining as the seede of _Linum_ or Flaxe, although

of another colour, and bigger, as Dioscorides himselfe setteth

it downe. But if there should be a mistaking in the writing

of λὶνου for κρὶνου or λεῖριου in the Greeke Text, as the

slippe is both easie and likely, it were then out of all

question the same: for the seede is very like vnto the seede

of Lillies, as any man may easily discerne that know them,

or will compare them. It is generally called by all the late

Writers, _Tulipa_, which is deriued from the name _Tulpan_,

whereby the Turkes of _Dalmatia_ doe entitle their head

Tyres, or Caps; and this flower being blowne, laide open, and

inuerted, doth very well resemble them. We haue receiued the

early kinde from Constantinople, by the name of _Cafa lale_,

and the other by the name of _Cauala lale_. Lobel and others

doe call it _Lilio-narcissus_, because it doth resemble a Lilly

in the leafe, flower, and seede, and a Daffodil in the roote.

We call it in English the Turkes Cap, but most vsually Tulipa,

as most other Christian Countries that delight therein doe.

Daleschampius calleth it Oulada.

The Vertues.

Dioscorides writeth, that his first Satyrium is profitable for

them that haue a convulsion in their necke, (which wee call a

cricke in the necke) if it be drunke in harsh (which we call

red) wine.

That the roots of Tulipas are nourishing, there is no doubt,

the pleasant, or at least the no vnpleasant taste, may hereunto

perswade; for diuers haue had them sent by their friends from

beyond Sea, and mistaking them to bee Onions, haue vsed them as

Onions in their pottage or broth, and neuer found any cause of

mislike, or any sense of euill quality produced by them, but

accounted them sweete Onions.

Further, I haue made tryall of them my selfe in this manner. I

haue preserued the rootes of these Tulipas in Sugar, as I haue

done the rootes of Eringus, Orchis, or any other such like, and

haue found them to be almost as pleasant as the Eringus rootes,

being firme and sound, fit to be presented to the curious; but

for force of Venereous quality, I cannot say, either from my

selfe, not hauing eaten many, or from any other, on whom I haue

bestowed them: but surely, if there be any speciall propertie

in the rootes of Orchis, or some other tending to that purpose,

I thinke this may as well haue it as they. It should seeme,

that Dioscorides doth attribute a great Venereous faculty to

the seede, whereof I know not any hath made any especiall

experiment with vs as yet.

CHAP. IX.

_Narcissus._ The Daffodill.

There hath beene great confusion among many of our moderne Writers of

plants, in not distinguishing the manifold varieties of Daffodils;

for euery one almost, without consideration of kinde or forme, or

other speciall note, giueth names so diuersly one from another, that

if any one shall receiue from seuerall places the Catalogues of their

names (as I haue had many) as they set them down, and compare the

one Catalogue with the other, he shall scarce haue three names in a

dozen to agree together, one calling that by one name, which another

calleth by another, that very few can tell what they meane. And this

their confusion, in not distinguishing the name of _Narcissus_ from

_Pseudonarcissus_, is of all other in this kinde the greatest and

grossest errour. To auoide therefore that gulfe, whereof I complaine

that so manie haue bin endrenched; and to reduce the Daffodils into

such a methodicall order, that euery one may know, to what _Classis_

or forme any one doth appertaine, I will first diuide them into

two principall or primary kindes: that is, into _Narcissos_, true

Daffodils, and _Pseudonarcissos_, bastard Daffodils: which distinction

I hold to be most necessarie to be set downe first of all, that euery

one may be named without confusion vnder his owne primary kind, and

then to let the other parts of the subdiuision follow, as is proper

to them, and fittest to expresse them. Now to cause you to vnderstand

the difference betweene a true Daffodill and a false, is this; it

consisteth onely in the flower, (when as in all other parts they cannot

bee distinguished) and chiefly in the middle cup or chalice; for that

we doe in a manner onely account those to bee _Pseudonarcissos_,

bastard Daffodils, whose middle cup is altogether as long, and sometime

a little longer then the outter leaues that doe encompasse it, so

that it seemeth rather like a trunke or long nose, then a cup or

chalice, such as almost all the _Narcissi_, or true Daffodils haue; I

say almost, because I know that some of them haue their middle cup so

small, that we rather call it a crowne then a cup; and againe, some of

them haue them so long, that they may seem to be of the number of the

_Pseudonyms_, or bastard Daffodils: but yet may easily be knowne from

them, in that, although the cup of some of the true Daffodils be great,

yet it is wider open at the brim of edge, and not so long and narrow

all alike as the bastard kindes are; and this is the chiefe and onely

way to know how to seuer these kindes, which rule holdeth certaine in

all, except that kinde which is called _Narcissus Iuncifolius reflexo

flore_, whose cup is narrow, and as long as the leaues that turne vp

againe.

Secondly, I will subdiuide each of these again apart by themselues,

into foure sorts; and first the _Narcissos_, or true Daffodils into

_Latifolios_, broad leafed Daffodils.

_Angustifolios_, narrow leafed Daffodils.

_Iuncifolios_, Rushe Daffodils, and

_Marinos_, Sea Daffodils.

These sorts againe doe comprehend vnder them some other diuisions,

whereby they may the better be distinguished, and yet still bee

referred to one of those foure former sorts: as

_Monanthos_, that is, Daffodils that beare but one flower, or two at

the most vpon a stalke, and

_Polyanthos_, those that beare many flowers together vpon a stalke: as

also

_Simplici flore_, those that beare single flowers, and

_Multiplici flore_, or _flore pleno_, that is, haue double flowers.

_Vernales_, those that flower in the Spring, and among them some that

are earlier; and therefore called

_Præcoces_, early flowring Daffodils, and

_Autumnales_, those that flower in Autumne onely.

And lastly, with the _Pseudonarcissos_, or bastard Daffodils, I will

keepe the same order, to distinguish them likewise into their foure

seuerall sorts; and as with the true Daffodils, so with these false,

describe vnder euery sort: first, those that beare single flowers,

whether one or many vpon a stalke; and then those that beare double

flowers, one or many also. As for the distinctions of _maior_ and

_minor_, greater and lesser, and of _maximus_ and _minimus_, greatest

and least, they doe not onely belong to these Daffodils; and therefore

must be vsed as occasion permitteth, but vnto all other sort of plants.

To begin therefore, I thinke fittest with that stately Daffodill, which

for his excellency carrieth the name of None such.

1. _Narcissus latifolius omnium maximus, amplo calice flauo, siue

Nompareille._

The great None such Daffodill, or Incomparable Daffodill.

This _Narcissus Nompareille_ hath three or foure long and broad leaues,

of a grayish greene colour, among which riseth vp a stalke two foote

high at the least, at the toppe whereof, out of a thinne skinnie huske,

as all Daffodils haue, commeth forth one large single flower, and no

more vsually, consisting of sixe very pale yellow large leaues, almost

round at the point, with a large cuppe in the middle, somewhat yellower

then the leaues, the bottome whereof next vnto the stalke is narrow and

round, rising wider to the mouth, which is very large and open, and

vneuenly cut in or indented about the edges. The cup doth very well

resemble the chalice, that in former dayes with vs, and beyond the Seas

is still vsed to hold the Sacramentall Wine, that is with a narrower

bottome, and a wide mouth. After the flower is past, sometimes there

commeth (for it doth not often) a round greene head, and blacke round

seede therein, like vnto other Daffodils, but greater. The roote is

great, as other Daffodils that beare large flowers, and is couered ouer

with a brownish coate or skinne. The flower hath little or no sent at

all.

[Sidenote: _Flore geminato._]

This doth sometimes bring forth a flower with ten or twelue leaues, and

a cup much larger, as if it would be two, euen as the flower seemeth.

2. _Narcissus omnium maximus flore & calice flauo._

The great yellow Incomparable Daffodill.

This other kinde differeth neither in forme, nor bignesse of leafe or

flower from the former, but in the colour of the circling leaues of the

flower, which are of the same yellow colour with the cup.

[Sidenote: _Flore geminato._]

This doth sometimes degenerate and grow luxurious also, bringing forth

two flowers vpon a stalke, each distinct from other, and sometimes

two flowers thrust together, as if they were but one, although it be

but seldome; for it is not a peculiar kinde that is constant, yearly

abiding in the same forme.

3. _Narcissus maximus griseus calice flauo._

The gray Peerlesse Daffodill.

This Peerlesse Daffodill well deserueth his place among these kindes,

for that it doth much resemble them, and peraduenture is but a

difference raised from the seede of the former, it is so like in leafe

and flower, but that the leaues seeme to be somewhat greater, and the

sixe outer leaues of the flower to be of a glistering whitish gray

colour, and the cup yellow, as the former, but larger.

4. _Narcissus latifolius flauo flore amplo calice, siue Mattenesse._

The lesser yellow Nompareille, or the Lady Mattenesses Daffodill.

The leaues of this Daffodill, are somewhat like vnto the leaues of the

first kind, but not altogether so long or broad: the stalke likewise

riseth not vp fully so high, and beareth one flower like the former,

but lesser, and both the cuppe and the leaues are of one colour, that

is, of a pale yellow, yet more yellow then in the former: the cup of

this also is lesser, and a little differing; for it is neither fully

so small in the bottome, nor so large at the edges, nor so crumpled at

the brimmes, so that all these differences doe plainly shew it to be

another kinde, quite from the former.

The Place.

The places of none of these are certainly knowne to vs where

they grow naturally, but we haue them onely in our Gardens, and

haue beene sent, and procured from diuers places.

The Time.

They flower sometimes in the end of March, but chiefly in

Aprill.

The Names.

The first and second haue been sent vs by the name of _Narcisse

Nompareille_, as it is called in French; and in Latine,

_Narcissus omnium maximus amplo calice flauo_, and _Narcissus

Incomparabilis_, that is, the Incomparable Daffodill, or the

greatest Daffodill of all other, with a large yellow cuppe:

but assuredly, although this Daffodill doth exceed many other,

both in length and bignesse, yet the great Spanish bastard

Daffodill, which shall be spoken of hereafter, is in my

perswasion oftentimes a farre higher and larger flower; and

therefore this name was giuen but relatiuely, we may call it

in English, The great None such Daffodill, or the Incomparable

Daffodill, or the great Peerlesse Daffodill, or the Nompareille

Daffodill, which you will: for they all doe answer either the

French or the Latine name; and because this name _Nompareille_

is growne currant by custome, I know not well how to alter it.

The third kinde may passe with the title giuen it, without

controule. The last is very well knowne beyond the Seas,

especially in the Low Countries, and those parts, by the Lady

Mattenesse Daffodill, because Clusius receiued it from her. We

may call it in English, for the correspondency with the former,

The lesser yellow Nompareille, or Peerlesse Daffodill, or the

Lady Mattenesse Daffodill, which you will.

_Narcissus Indicus flore rubro, dictus Iacobæus._

The Indian Daffodill with a red flower.

This Indian Daffodill is so differing, both in forme, not hauing a

cuppe, and in colour being red, from the whole Family of the Daffodils

(except the next that followeth, and the Autumne Daffodils) that some

might justly question the fitnesse of his place here. But because as

all the plants, whether bulbous or other, that come from the Indies,

either East or West (although they differ very notably, from those that

grow in these parts of the world) must in a generall suruey and muster

be ranked euery one, as neere as the surueiours wit will direct him,

vnder some other growing with vs, that is of neerest likenesse; Euen so

vntill some other can direct his place more fitly, I shall require you

to accept of him in this, with this description that followeth, which

I must tell you also, is more by relation then knowledge, or sight of

the plant it selfe. This Daffodill hath diuers broad leaues, somewhat

like vnto the common or ordinary white Daffodill, of a grayish greene

colour; from the sides whereof, as also from the middle of them, rise

vp sometimes two stalkes together, but most vsually one after another

(for very often it flowreth twice in a Summer) and often also but one

stalke alone, which is of a faint reddish colour, about a foote high or

more, at the toppe whereof, out of a deepe red skinne or huske, commeth

forth one flower bending downwards, consisting of sixe long leaues

without any cup in the middle, of an excellent red colour, tending to a

crimson; three of these leaues that turne vpwards, are somewhat larger

then those three that hang downewards, hauing sixe threads or chiues in

the middle, tipt with yellow pendents, and a three forked stile longer

then the rest, and turning vp the end thereof againe: the roote is

round and bigge, of a brownish colour on the outside, and white within.

This is set forth by Aldinus, Cardinall Farnesius his Physitian, that

at Rome it rose vp with stalks of flowers before any leaues appeared.

The Place, Time, and Names.

This naturally groweth in the West Indies, from whence it was

brought into Spaine, where it bore both in Iune and Iuly, and

by the Indians in their tongue named AZCAL XOCHITL, and hath

beene sent from Spaine, vnto diuers louers of plants, into

seuerall parts of Christendome, but haue not thriued long in

these transalpine colde Countries, so far as I can heare.

_Narcissus Trapezunticus flore luteo præcocissimus._

The early Daffodill of Trebizond.

Because this Daffodill is so like in flower vnto the former, although

differing in colour, I thought it the fittest place to ioyne it the

next thereunto. This early Daffodill hath three or foure short very

greene leaues, so like vnto the leaues of the Autumne Daffodill,

that many may easily bee deceiued in mistaking one for another, the

difference consisting chiefly in this, that the leaues of this are not

so broad or so long, nor rise vp in Autumne: in the midst of these

leaues riseth vp a short green stalke, an handfull high, or not much

higher vsually, (I speake of it as it hath often flowred with mee,

whether the cause be the coldnesse of the time wherein it flowreth, or

the nature of the plant, or of our climate, I am in some doubt; but I

doe well remember, that the stalkes of some plants, that haue flowred

later with me then the first, haue by the greater strength, and comfort

of the Sunne, risen a good deale higher then the first) bearing at the

top, out of a whitish thinne skinne stripped with greene, one flower a

little bending downewards, consisting of sixe leaues, laid open almost

in the same manner with the former Indian Daffodill, whereof some doe

a little turne vp their points againe, of a faire pale yellow colour,

hauing sixe white chiues within it, tipt with yellow pendents, and

a longer pointell: the roote is not very great, but blackish on the

outside, so like vnto the Autumne Daffodill, but that it is yellow

vnder the first or outermost coate, that one may easily mistake one for

another.

The Place.

It was sent vs from Constantinople among other rootes, but

as wee may ghesse by the name, it should come thither from

Trapezunte or Trebizond.

The Time.

It flowreth sometimes in December, if the former part of the

Winter haue been milde; but most vsually about the end of

Ianuary, or else in Februarie the beginning or the end.

The Names.

Wee doe vsually call it from the Turkish name, _Narcissus

Trapezunticus_, and some also call it _Narcissus vernus

præcox_, as Clusius doth, in English, The early Daffodill of

Trebizond.

[Illustration:

1 _Narcissus Nonpareille._ The incomparable Daffodill.

2 _Narcissus Mattenesse._ The lesser yellow Nompareille

Daffodill.

3 _Narcissus Iacobæus flore rubro._ The red Indian Daffodill.

4 _Narcissus Trapezunticus._ The early Daffodill of Trabesond.

5 _Narcissus Montanus albus apophysibus præditus._ The white winged

Daffodill.

6 _Narcissus Montanus, siue Nompareille totus albus._ The white

Nompareille, or Peerlesse Daffodill.

7 _Narcissus albus oblongo calice._ The white Daffodill with a long

cup.

]

_Narcissus Montanus albus apophysibus præditus._

The white Mountaine Daffodill with eares, or The white winged Daffodill.

This Mountaine Daffodill riseth vp with three or four broad leaues,

somewhat long, of a whitish greene colour, among which riseth vp a

stalke a foote and a halfe high, whereon standeth one large flower,

and sometimes two, consisting of sixe white leaues a peece, not very

broad, and without any shew of yellownesse in them, three whereof haue

vsually each of them on the back part, at the bottome vpon the one side

of them, and not on both, a little small white peece of a leafe like an

eare, the other three hauing none at all: the cup is almost as large,

or not much lesse then the small Nompareille, small at the bottome, and

very large, open at the brimme, of a faire yellow colour, and sometimes

the edges or brimmes of the cup will haue a deeper yellow colour about

it, like as if it were discoloured with Saffron: the flower is verie

sweete, the roote is great and white, couered with a pale coate or

skinne, not verie blacke, and is not very apt to encrease, seldome

giuing of-sets; neither haue I euer gathered seede thereof, because it

passeth away without bearing any with me.

_Narcissus Montanus, siue Nompareille totus albus amplo calice._

The white Nompareille Daffodill.

This white Nompareille Daffodill, is in roote and leafe very like vnto

the former mountain or winged Daffodill, but that they are a little

larger: the stalke from among the leaues riseth vp not much higher then

it, bearing at the top one large flower, composed of sixe long white

leaues, each whereof is as it were folded halfe way together, in the

middle whereof standeth forth a large white cup, broader at the mouth

or brims then at the bottome, very like vnto the lesser Nompareille

Daffodill before remembred, which hath caused it to be so entituled:

the sent whereof is no lesse sweete then the former.

The Place.

The naturall places of these Daffodils are not certainly knowne

to vs; but by the names they carry, they should seeme to bee

bred in the Mountaines.

The Time.

These flower not so early as many other kindes doe, but rather

are to bee accounted among the late flowring Daffodils; for

they shew not their flowers vntill the beginning of May, or the

latter end of Aprill, with the soonest.

The Names.

The names set downe ouer the heads of either of them be such,

whereby they are knowne to vs; yet some doe call the first

_Narcissus auriculatus_, that is to say, The Daffodill with

eares: and the other, _Narcissus Nompareille totus albus_, that

is to say, The white Nompareille, or Peerlesse Daffodill.

1. _Narcissus albus oblongo calice luteo præcox minor._

The small early white Daffodill with a long cup.

The leaues of this early Daffodill are broad, very greene, and not

whitish as others, three or foure standing together, about a foote

long or better, among which riseth vp a greene stalke, not full so

high as the leaues, bearing one flower at the toppe thereof of a

reasonable bignesse, but not so great as the later kindes that follow

are, consisting of six whitish leaues, but not perfect white, hauing

a show of a Creame colour appearing in them; in the middle is a long

round yellow cup, about halfe an inch long or better. The smell of this

flower is reasonable sweete, the roote is of a reasonable bignesse, yet

lesser then the rootes of the later kindes.

2. _Narcissus pallidus oblongo calice flauo præcox._

The early Strawe coloured Daffodill with a long cup.

The leaues of this Daffodill are as greene as the former, but much

narrower; and the leaues of the flower are more enclining to yellow,

but yet very pale, as if it were a light strawe colour, and seeme to

bee a little more narrow and pointed then the former: the cup of this,

is as long and yellow as the precedent. The smell whereof is very like

the former, yet neither of them being so sweete as those that follow.

3. _Narcissus albus oblongo calice luteo serotinus maier._

The great late flowring white Daffodill with a long cup.

This later flowring Daffodill hath his leaues somewhat narrow & long,

of a grayish or whitish greene colour, among which the stalke riseth

vp a foote and a halfe high, bearing one flower at the toppe, made of

six white leaues, hauing the cup in the middle thereof as long as the

former, and of a deepe yellow: the edges of this cuppe are sometimes

plaine, and sometimes a little crumpled; they are often also circled at

the brimmes with a Saffron colour, and often also without it, the smell

whereof is very pleasant, and not heady: the roote hereof is reasonable

bigge, and couered ouer rather with a pale then blackish skinne. This

flower doth sometimes alter his forme into eight leaues, which being

narrow and long, seeme like a white starre, compassing a yellow trunke.

4. _Narcissus totus pallidus oblongo calice serotinus minor._

The late pale coloured Daffodill with a long cup.

There is another of this kinde, whose flowers is wholly of a pale

white, or yellowish colour, differing neither in leafe nor roote from

the former.

5. _Narcissus pallidus oblongo calice flauo serotinus._

The Strawe coloured late flowring Daffodill with a long yellow cup.

The chiefe difference of this Daffodill from the former, consisteth

in the colour of the cup, which is a more yellow colour, and a little

larger then the former, and the brimmes or edges of the cup of a deeper

yellow, or Saffron colour. The smell of this is no lesse sweete then in

the former.

6. _Narcissus albus oblongo calice flauo serotinus, duobus floribus in

caule._

The late white Daffodill with a long cup, and two flowers on a stalke.

This Daffodill is surely a kinde of it selfe, although it be so like

the former, abiding constant in his forme and manner of flowring,

vsually bearing without missing two flowers vpon a stalke, very like

vnto the former great white kinde, that one cannot know any greater

matter of difference betweene them, then that it beareth two flowers

on a stalke: the cuppes whereof are seldome touched with any shew of

Saffron colour on them at the brimmes or edges, as some of the former

haue.

The Place.

All these Daffodils doe grow on the Pyrenæan mountaines, and

haue been sought out, and brought into these parts, by those

curious or couetous searchers of these delights, that haue made

vs partakers of them.

The Time.

The former kindes flower earlier by a fortnight then the later,

the one in the later end of March, and the other not vntill the

middle of Aprill.

The Names.

Their names are giuen to euery one of them in their seuerall

titles, as fitly as may best agree with their natures; and

therefore I shall not neede to speake any further of them.

_Narcissus medioluteus vulgaris._

The common white Daffodill called Primrose Peerlesse.

This Daffodill is so common in euery Country Garden almost through

England, that I doubt I shall but spend my time in vaine, to describe

that which is so well knowne, yet for their sakes that know it not,

I will set downe the description of it in this manner. It hath long

limber and broad leaues, of a grayish greene colour, among which riseth

vp a stalke, bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie huske sometimes

but one flower, but most commonly two flowers, and seldome three or

more, but larger for the most part, then any that beare many flowers

vpon a stalke, of a pale whitish Creame colour, tending somewhat neare

vnto the colour of a pale Primrose (which hath caused our Countrey

Gentlewomen, I thinke, to entitle it Primrose Peerlesse) with a small

round flat Crowne, rather then a cup in the middle, of a pale yellow

colour, with some pale chiues standing therein, being of a sweete, but

stuffing sent: the roote is reasonable great, and encreasing more then

a better plant.

_Narcissus mediocroceus serotinus._ The late flowring white Daffodill.

This Daffodill hath much smaller leaues, and shorter then the last,

the stalke also riseth not so high by much, and beareth but one flower

thereon, of a pure white colour, made of six small leaues, and somewhat

narrow, standing seuerally one from another, and not so close together

as the former, but appearing like a starre: the cup is small and round,

of a pale yellow colour, but saffrony about the brims, hauing six small

pale chiues in the middle, the smell whereof is much sweeter then in

the former.

The Place.

The first is thought to grow naturally in England, but I could

neuer heare of his naturall place. I am sure it is plentifull

enough in all Country Gardens, so that wee scarce giue it place

in our more curious parkes. The second liueth only with them

that delight in varieties.

The Time.

The first Daffodill flowreth in the middle time, being neither

of the earliest, nor of the latest; but about the middle, or

end of April. The other flowreth with the latest in May.

The Names.

I shall not neede to trouble you with further repetitions of

names, they hauing been set downe in their titles, which are

proper to them.

[Illustration:

1 _Narcissus vulgaris medio luteus._ The common White Daffodill, or

Primrose Peerlesse.

2 _Narcissus medio purpureus maximus._ The great white purple ringed

Daffodill.

3 _Narcissus medio purpureus præcox._ The early purple ringed

Daffodill.

4 _Narcissus medio purpureus stellatus._ The starry purple ringed

Daffodill.

5 _Narcissus Persicus._ The Persian Daffodill.

6 _Narcissus Autumnalis minor._ The lesser Winter Daffodill.

7 _Narcissus Autumnalis maior._ The greater Winter Daffodill.

]

1. _Narcissus medio purpureus præcox._

The early purple ringed Daffodill.

This early Daffodill hath many long grayish greene leaues, somewhat

narrower and stiffer than the former common white Daffodill, among

which riseth vp a long naked hollow stalke (as all other Daffodils

haue) bearing at the toppe one flower, and seldome two, made of sixe

long white leaues, standing close together about the stalke; the cup

is yellow, and so flat, that it might rather bee called a crowne: for

it standeth very close to the middle, and very open at the brimmes,

circled with a reddish or purple coloured ring, hauing certaine chiues

in the middle of it also. The smell hereof is very sweete, exceeding

many other.

2. _Narcissus medio purpureus serotinus._

The late purple ringed Daffodill.

The leaues of this Daffodill are alwayes broader then the former early

one, and some are very neare twice as broad: the flower is very like

the former, being large, and his leaues standing close one to the side

of another; the ring likewise that compasseth the yellow coronet, is

sometimes of a paler reddish purple, and sometimes as deep a red as the

former: so that it differeth not in any other materiall point, then

that it flowreth not vntill the other is past and gone. The sent of

this is like the former, the roote hereof is greater, as well as the

leafe and flower.

3. _Narcissus medio purpureus maximus._

The great white purple ringed Daffodill.

There is another kinde, whose flower (as well as leaues and rootes) is

larger then any other of this kinde, which only maketh it a distinct

sort from the other: it flowreth also with the later sort of these

purple ringed Daffodils.

4. _Narcissus medio purpureus stellaris._

The starry purple ringed Daffodill.

This Daffodill hath his leaues a little narrower and greener then the

former sorts, the flower also of this hath his sixe white leaues not

so broad, but narrower, and seeming longer then they, not closing

together, but standing apart one from another, making it seem like a

white starre: it hath also a yellow coronet in the middle, circled

about with purple, like the former. This doth smell nothing so sweete

as the first but yet hath a good sent.

The Place.

The first, third, and fourth of these Daffodils, haue always

beene sent vs from Constantinople among other bulbous rootes,

so that wee know no further of their naturall places.

The second groweth in many places of Europe, both in Germany,

France, and Italy, as Clusius hath noted.

The Time.

The first flowreth very early in March, euen with the first

Daffodils. The second, third, and fourth, about a moneth after.

The Names.

The early and starre Daffodils, haue been sent vs by the

Turkish name of _Deuebohini_, and _Serincade_. But their names,

they haue receiued since, to bee endenizond with vs, are set

downe in their seuerall titles.

_Narcissus Persicus._ The Persian Daffodill.

This Persian Daffodill differeth from all other kindes of Daffodils in

his manner of growing, for it neuer hath leaues and flowers at one

time together, wherein it is like vnto a Colchicum, yet in roote and

leafe it is a Daffodill. The roote is a little blackish on the outside,

somewhat like the roote of the Autumne Daffodill, from whence riseth vp

a naked foote stalke, bearing one pale yellow flower, breaking through

a thinne skinne, which first enclosed it, composed of six leaues, the

three outermost being a little larger then the rest, in the middle of

the flower there are six small chiues, and a longer pointell. The whole

flower is of an vnpleasant sent. After the flower is past, come vp the

leaues, sometimes before Winter, but most vsually after the deepe of

Winter is past with vs, in the beginning of the yeare, which are broad,

long, and of a pale greene colour, like the leaues of other Daffodils,

but not greene as the Autumne Daffodill is, and besides they doe a

little twine themselues, as some of the Pancratium, or bastard Sea

Daffodils doe.

_Narcissus Autumnalis maior._ The greater Autumne or Winter Daffodill.

The greater Autumne Daffodill riseth vp with three or foure faire broad

and short leaues at the first, but afterwards grow longer, of a very

deepe or darke greene colour, in the middle of which riseth vp a short,

stiffe, rounded footestalke, bearing one faire yellow flower on the

head thereof (inclosed at the first in a thinne skinne, or huske) and

consisteth of six leaues as the former, with certaine chiues in the

middle, as all or most other Daffodils haue, which passeth away without

shew of any seed, or head for seed, although vnder the head there is a

little greene knot, which peraduenture would beare seede, if our sharpe

Winters did not hinder it. The roote is great and round, couered ouer

with a blackish skinne or coate.

_Narcissus Autumnalis minor._ The lesser Autumne or Winter Daffodill.

Clusius setteth downe, that the manner of the flowring of this lesser

Daffodill, is more like vnto the Persian Daffodill, then vnto the

former greater Autumne kind; but I doe fine that it doth in the same

sort, as the greater kinde, rise vp with his leaues first, and the

flowers a while after: the flower of this is lesser, and a little paler

then the flower of the greater kinde, but consisting in like sort of

six leaues, narrow and sharpe pointed; the greene leaues also are

almost of as deepe a green colour, as the greater kinde, but smaller

and narrower, and a little hollow in the middle. The roote is also

alike, but lesser, and couered with a blackish skinne as the former.

This hath sometimes borne blacke round seede in three square heads.

The Place.

The Persian Daffodill hath beene sent sometimes, but very

seldome, among other roots from Constantinople, and it is

probable by the name whereby it was sent, that it should

naturally grow in Persia.

The other two haue likewise beene sent from Constantinople, and

as it is thought, grow in Thracia, or thereabouts.

The Time.

They all doe flower much about one time, that is, about the end

of September, and in October.

The Names.

The first hath been sent by the name of _Serincade Persiana_,

and thereupon is called _Narcissus Persicus_, The Persian

Daffodill.

The other two haue been thought by diuers to be Colchica, and

so haue they called them, vpon no other ground, but that their

flower is in forme and time somewhat like Colchicum, when as

if they had marked them better, they might plainly discerne,

that in all other things they did resemble Daffodils; but now

the names of _Colchicum luteum maius, & minus_, is quite

lost, time hauing worne them out, and they are called by most

Herbarists now adayes, _Narcissus Autumnalis maior & minor_,

The greater and the lesser Autumne Daffodill.

Thus farre haue I proceeded with those Daffodils, that hauing broad

leaues, beare but one single flower, or two at the most vpon a stalke:

And now to proceed with the rest, that haue broad leaues, and beare

single flowers, but many vpon a stalke.

_Narcissus Africanus aureus maior._

The great yellow Daffodill of Africa.

This braue and stately Daffodill hath many very long and broad leaues,

of a better green colour, then many others that are grayish, among

which appeareth a stalke, not rising to the height of the leaues,

bearing at the toppe out of a skinnie hose many faire, goodly, and

large flowers, to the number of ten or twelue, if the roote bee well

growne, and stand in a warme place, euery one being larger then any

of the French, Spanish, or Turkie Daffodils, that beare many single

flowers vpon a stalke, and commeth neere vnto the bignesse of the

English Daffodill, called Primrose Peerlesse, before described, or that

French kinde hereafter described, that beareth the largest flowers,

many vpon a stalke (which some would make to bee a kinde of English

Daffodill, but bearing more flowers) and of a faire shining yellow

colour, hauing large, round, and open cups or boules, yellower then the

outer leaues; and is of so exceeding sweete a sent, that it doth rather

offend the senses by the aboundance thereof: the roote is great, and

couered with a blackish browne coate or skinne.

_Narcissus Africanus aureus minor._ The lesser Barbary Daffodill.

This lesser kinde is very neere the same with the former, but that it

lacketh somewhat of his statlinesse of height, largenesse of flower and

cup (being a paler yellow) and beauty of colour, for it beareth neither

of these equall vnto the former, but is in them all inferiour. And thus

by this priuatiue, you may vnderstand his positive, and that shall be

sufficient at this time.

_Narcissus Byzantinus totus luteus._ The yellow Turkie Daffodill.

Whereas the last described, came short of the beauty of the former, so

this lacketh of that beauty is in the last; for this, although it haue

very long leaues, and a high stalke, yet the flowers are neither so

many, as not being aboue foure or fiue, nor so large, being not much

greater then the ordinary French Daffodill hereafter described, nor the

colour so faire, but much paler, and the cup also smaller; and herein

consisteth the chiefest differences betweene this, and both the other,

but that the sent of this is also weaker.

The Place.

The first and the second grow in Barbary, about Argiers, and

Fez, as by the relation of them, that haue brought them into

these parts, wee haue been enformed.

The last hath been often brought from Constantinople among

other varieties of Daffodils, but from whence they receiued

them, I could neuer learne.

The Time.

These Daffodils do flower very early, euen with the first sort

of Daffodils, I meane after they haue been accustomed vnto our

climate: for oftentimes vpon their first bringing ouer, they

flower in Ianuary or February, especially if they be preserued

from the frosts, and kept in any warme place; for they are very

tender, and will soone perish, being left abroad.

The Names.

The first is called by diuers in French, _Narcisse d’ Algiers_

and in many places of the Low Countries, _Narcissen van Heck_,

or _Narcissus Heckius_; by diuers others _Narcissus Africanus

aureus maior_, we may call it in English, The great African

Daffodill, or the great Barbary Daffodill, or the great yellow

Daffodill of Argiers, which you please.

The second hath no other variation of name, then a diminutiue

of the former, as is set downe in the title.

The third is no doubt the same, that Clusius setteth downe

in the twelfth Chapter of his second Booke of the History of

more rare plants, and maketh the fourth sort, which came from

Constantinople, and may also be the same, which he maketh his

fifth, which (as he saith) he receiued from Doctour _Simor

Touar_ of Seuill in Spaine. Wee call it, from the place from

whence we receiued it, _Narcissus Byzantinus_, with the

addition of _totus luteus_, to put a difference from other

sorts that come from thence also: in English, The yellow single

Daffodill of Turkie.

_Narcissus Sulphureus maior._ The greater Lemon coloured Daffodill.

The greater of these Daffodils, beareth three or foure greene and very

long leaues, a foote and a halfe long at the least, among which riseth

vp a round, yet crested stalke, not so high as the leaues, bearing

fiue or sixe single flowers thereon, euery one of them being greater

then the ordinary French or Italian Daffodils, with many flowers vpon

a stalke; of a faint, but yet pleasant yellow colour at the first,

which after they haue been in flower a fortnight or thereabouts, change

into a deeper, or more sullen yellow colour: the cup in the middle is

likewise larger, then in those formerly named, and of a deeper yellow

colour then the outer leaues, hauing onely three chiues within it. The

smell is very pleasant.

_Narcissus Sulphureus minor._ The lesser Lemon coloured Daffodill.

This lesser Daffodill hath broader and shorter leaues then the former,

of the colour of other Daffodils, and not greene like the former: the

stalke of this riseth vp higher then the leaues, bearing foure or

fiue flowers vpon shorter footestalkes, and no bigger then the French

Daffodill, of a pale yellow, which most doe call a Brimstone colour,

the cup or rather crowne in the middle, is small, and broad open, of a

little deeper yellow, hauing many chiues within it, and is as it were

sprinkled ouer with a kinde of mealinesse. The smell of this is not

full so pleasant as the former.

The Place.

Both these haue been gathered on the Pyrenæan Mountaines, and

both likewise haue been sent out of Italy.

The Time.

They both flower in the middle time of the Daffodils flowring,

that is, in Aprill.

The Name.

They haue their Latine names expressed in their titles and so

are their English also, if you please so to let them passe; or

else according to the Latine, you may call them, The greater

and the lesser Brimstone coloured Daffodils; some haue called

them _Narcissus Italicus_, but the Italians themselues haue

sent them by the name of _Narcisso Solfarigno_.

_Narcissus totus albus polyanthos._

The milke white Daffodill many vpon a stalke.

The leaues of this Daffodill are of a meane size, both for length

and breadth, yet somewhat greener then in the ordinary sorts, that

haue some whitenesse in them: the flowers are many vpon the stalke,

as small for the most part, as any of these kindes that beare many

together, being wholly of a milke, or rather snow white colour, both

the cuppe, which is small, and the outer leaues that compasse it; after

which come small heads, wherein is contained round blacke seede, as

all other Daffodils doe, although some greater, and others lesser,

according to the proportion of the plants: the roote is couered ouer

with a blackish skinne or coate; the smell is very sweete.

There are two other sorts more of this kinde, the differences whereof

are, that the one hath his leaues somewhat broader, and the flowers

greater then the former: And the other smaller leaues and flowers also,

whose cups being small, are neuer seene fully open, but as it were

halfe closed at the brimmes.

_Narcissus latifolius totus albus, mediocri calice reflexus._

The milke white Daffodill with the great cup.

There is yet another sort of these milke white Daffodils, whose leaues

are as broad as any of the former, and whose cup in the middle of the

flower, is somewhat larger then in any of the lesser sorts, and lesser

then in the greater kinde: but the leaues of the flowers doe a little

turne themselues vpwards, which maketh a chiefe difference.

The Place.

These Daffodils grow in Spaine, from whence I receiued many

that flourished a while, but perished by some fierce cold

Winters: they likewise grow in France, from whence many also

haue been brought vnto vs. They haue likewise been sent from

Constantinople to vs, among other kindes of Daffodils.

The Time.

They that come from Constantinople, for the most part doe

flower earlier then the other, euen after they are accustomed

to our ayre. Some of them flower notwithstanding in the end of

March, the rest in Aprill.

The Names.

They are vsually called _Narcissus totus albus polyanthos_,

adding thereunto the differences of _maior_, _medius_, and

_minor_, that is, The milke white Daffodill, the greater, the

middle, and the lesser; for so some doe distinguish them. The

last, for distinction, hath his name in his title sufficient to

expresse him.

1. _Narcissus Narbonensis, siue medio luteus præcox._

The early French Daffodill.

The leaues of this Daffodill, spring vp out of the ground a moneth or

two sometimes before the other of this kinde, that follow; being also

shorter and narrower: the stalke likewise is not very high, bearing

diuers flowers at the top, breaking through a thinne skinne, as is

vsuall with all the Daffodils, euery one whereof is small, consisting

of six white leaues, and small yellow cup in the middle, which is of

a prettie small sent, nothing so strong as many others: the roote is

great and round, and seldome parteth into of-sets, euen as all the

other that follow, bearing many single flowers, doe.

[Illustration:

1 _Narcissus Africanus aureus maior._ The great yellow Daffodill

of Africa.

2 _Narcissus Africanus luteus minor._ The lesser yellow Daffodill

of Africa.

3 _Narcissus Narbonensis medio luteus._ The French Daffodill.

4 _Narcissus Pisanus, vel totus albus._ The Italian Daffodill, or the

all white Daffodill.

5 _Narcissus Mussart._ Mussart his Daffodill.

6 _Narcissus Anglicus polyanthos._ The great English Daffodill.

]

2. _Narcissus Narbonensis vulgaris._ The ordinary French Daffodill.

This Daffodill hath long and broad greene leaues, a little hollowish

in the middle, and edged on both sides; the stalke is a foote and a

halfe high, bearing at the toppe diuers flowers, somewhat larger then

the former, consisting of six white leaues, somewhat round; the cup is

yellow in the middle, small and round, like vnto an Acorne cuppe, or a

little fuller in the middle: this is the forme of that sort which was

first brought vnto vs: But since there is found out some, whose cup

is shorter, others flatter, some of a paler, others of a deeper yellow

colour, and some that haue their cuppe longer then the rest. The rootes

of them all are couered with a blackish skin or coate.

3. _Narcissus Narbonensis maior amplo flore._

The French Daffodill with great flowers.

The leaues of this Daffodill are somewhat like vnto the last, but

not so broad, yet full as long, and spring sooner out of the ground,

yet not so early as the first of these kindes: the stalke hereof is

flatter, and riseth higher, bearing foure or fiue flowers, much larger

then any of this kinde; for euery one of them doth equall the English

Daffodill, before described, but whiter then it, and the yellow cup

larger, and more open then in any of the rest. The roote of this is not

so great, or round, as the former, but is more plentifull in of-sets,

then any other of these French, or Italian kindes.

4. _Narcissus Pisanus._ The Italian Daffodill.

This Italian Daffodill hath his leaues as large, or larger then the

second French Daffodill, and his stalke somewhat higher, bearing many

white flowers, very like vnto the common French Daffodill, but somewhat

larger also; and the yellow cup in the middle likewise is larger, and

rounder, then is vsually seen in any of the French kinds, except the

last with the greatest flowers.

5. _Narcissus mediocroceus polyanthos._

The French Daffodill with Saffron coloured cups.

This French Daffodill hath diuers leaues of a grayish greene colour,

not so broad or long as the last recited Daffodill, but comming neerer

vnto the second French kinde, the flowers likewise are white, and many

vpon a stalke, like thereunto, but the yellow cup is somewhat large,

and circled with a Saffron like brimme or edge, which maketh the

chiefest difference.

6. _Narcissus mediocroceus alter, dictus Mussart._

Mussart his Daffodill.

The affinity between this & the last, (for it is not the same to be

expressed vnder one title) hath made me ioyne it next vnto it, yet

because it hath a notable difference, it deserueth a place by himselfe.

The leaues are large and long, and the flowers, being white, are

larger also then in any other, except the greatest, but the cup hereof

is small and short, rather seeming a coronet then a cup, of a deepe

Saffron colour all about the brimmes or edges.

7. _Narcissus Anglicus polyanthos._ The great English Daffodill.

This Daffodill hath his leaues not much broader or longer, then the

French kinde with great flowers, before described, the stalke with

flowers riseth not fully so high as it, bearing many flowers thereon,

not altogether so white, yet whiter then the former English Daffodill,

called Primrose Peerlesse, but nothing so large, and with short, broad,

and almost round leaues, standing close one vnto another: the yellow

cup in the middle is bowle fashion, being somewhat deeper then in any

of the former kinds, but not much greater: the smell hereof is very

sweete and pleasant.

8. _Narcissus Narbonensis, siue medio luteus serotinus maior._

The greater late flowring French Daffodill.

The roote as well as the leaues of this Daffodill, are greater, larger,

broader, and longer then in any other of the former French, or Italian

kindes; the stalke is as high as any of them, bearing at the toppe fiue

or sixe white flowers, standing open spread like a starre, and not

close together, euery one whereof is large, and round pointed, the cup

is yellow, small and short, yet not lying flat to the flower, but a

little standing out with some threads in the middle, as all the former

Daffodils haue. This is not so sweete as the earlier kindes.

9. _Narcissus medioluteus alter serotinus calice breui._

The lesser late flowring French Daffodill.

This Daffodill is of the same kinde with the last described, the onley

difference is, that it is lesser, and the yellow cuppe in the middle of

the flower, is somewhat shorter then the former, although the former be

shorter then many others, otherwise it differeth not, no not in time;

for it flowreth late as the former doth.

The Place.

These Daffodils haue been brought vs from diuers places; The

first and second grow naturally in many places of Spaine, that

are open to the Sea: they grow likewise about Mompelier, and

those parts in France. They haue been likewise sent among many

other sorts of Daffodils from Constantinople, so that I may

thinke, they grow in some places neere thereunto.

The fourth groweth plentifully in Italy, about Pisa in Tuscane,

from whence we haue had plants to furnish our Gardens.

The seuenth is accounted beyond Sea to be naturall of our

Country, but I know not any with vs that haue it, but they haue

had it from them.

The rest haue been brought at diuers times, but wee know no

further of their naturall places.

The Time.

The first flowreth earlier then any of the rest by a moneth,

euen in the beginning of March, or earlier, if the weather

be milde. The other in Aprill, some a little before or after

another. The late kinds flower not vntill May.

The Names.

There can be no more said of the names of any of them, then

hath beene set out in their titles; for they distinguish euery

sort as fitly as we can: onely some doe call the first two

sorts, by the name of _Donax Narbonensis_.

After all these Daffodils, that hauing broad leaues beare single

flowers, either one or many vpon a stalke, I shall now goe on to set

forth those broad leafed Daffodils, that carry double flowers, either

one or many vpon a stalke together, in the same order that we haue vsed

before.

1. _Narcissus albus multiplex._ The double white Daffodill.

The leaues of this Daffodill are not very broad, but rather of a meane

size, being of the same largenesse with the leaues of the purple

ringed Daffodill, the stalke riseth vp to be a foote and a halfe

high, bearing out of a thinne white skinne or hose, one flower and no

more, consisting of many leaues, of a faire white colour, the flower

is larger then any other double white Daffodill, hauing euery leafe,

especially the outermost, as large almost as any leafe of the single

Daffodill with the yellow cup, or purple ring. Sometimes it happeneth,

that the flower is very little double, and almost single, but that

is either in a bad ground, or for that it hath stood long in a place

without remouing; for then it hath such a great encrease of rootes

about it, that it draweth away into many parts, the nourishment that

should be for a few: but if you doe transplant it, taking away the

of-sets, and set his rootes single, it will then thriue, and beare his

flower as goodly and double, as I haue before described it: and is very

sweete.

2. _Narcissus mediopurpureus multiplex._

The double purple ringed Daffodill.

There is little difference in the leaues of this kinde, from the leaues

of the single purple ringed Daffodill; for it is probable it is of

the same kinde, but by natures gift (and not by any humane art) made

more plentifull, which abideth constant, and hath not that dalliance,

which oftentimes nature sheweth, to recreate the senses of men for

the present, and appeareth not againe in the same forme: the chiefest

difference is, that the flower (being but sometimes one on a stalke,

and sometimes two) consisteth of six white outer leaues, as large as

the leaues of the single kinde, hauing many small yellow peeces, edged

with purple circles round about them, instead of a cup; and in the

middle of these peeces, stand other six white leaues, lesser then the

former, and a yellow cup edged with a purple circle likewise, parted

into peeces, and they comprehend a few other white leaues, smaller than

any of the other, hauing among them some broken peeces of the cup,

with a few chiues also in the middle of the flower. The flower is very

sweete.

There is of this kinde another, whose flower hath not so plaine a

distinction, of a triple rowe of leaues in it: but the whole flower is

confusedly set together, the outer leaues being not so large, and the

inner leaues larger then the former; the broken yellow cuppe, which is

tipt with purple, running diuersly among the leaues; so that it sheweth

a fairer, and more double flower then the former, as it is indeed.

3. _Narcissus medioluteus corona duplici._

The Turkie Daffodill with a double crowne.

This Daffodill hath three or foure leaues, as large and long almost, as

the great double Daffodill of Constantinople next following hath: the

stalke likewise is very neere as great, but as high altogether, bearing

at the toppe foure or fiue flowers, the leaues whereof are as large,

as of the first or second kinde of French Daffodils, before described,

but not altogether of so pure a white colour; and being six in number,

stand like the former single French Daffodils, but that the yellow cup

in the middle of this is thicke and double, or as it were crumpled

together, not standing very high to be conspicuous, but abiding lowe

and short, so that it is not presently marked, vnlesse one looke vpon

it precisely; yet is exceeding sweete. The roote is like vnto the roote

of the purple ringed Daffodill, or somewhat bigger.

4. _Narcissus Chalcedonicus flore pleno albo polyanthos._

The double white Daffodill of Constantinople.

This beautifull and goodly Daffodill (wherewith all Florists greatly

desire to bee acquainted, as well for the beauty of his double flowers,

as also for his superabounding sweete smell, one stalke with flowers

being instead of a nosegay) hath many very broad, and very long leaues,

somewhat greener then gray, among which riseth vp a strong round

stalke, being sometimes almost flat, and ribbed, bearing foure or

fiue, or more white flowers at the toppe, euery one being very great,

large, and double, the leaues being confusedly set together, hauing

little peeces of a yellow cup running among them, without any shew of

that purple ring that is in the former, and fall away without bearing

seed, euen as all, or most other double flowers doe: the smell is so

exceeding sweet and strong, that it will soone offend the senses of

any, that shall smell much vnto it: the roote is great and thicke,

couered with a blackish coate.

5. _Narcissus Chalcedonicus fimbriatus multiplex polyanthos._

The great double purple ringed Daffodill of Constantinople.

This Daffodill differeth very little or nothing in leafe from the

former, the onely difference is in the flowers, which although they bee

double, and beare many vpon a stalke, like vnto them, yet this hath the

peeces of the yellow cuppes tipt with purple, as if they were shred

or scattered among the white leaues, whereas the other hath only the

yellow, without any shew of purple tips vpon them: the smell of this is

as strong as of the other.

[Illustration:

1 _Narcissus albus multiplex._ The double white Daffodill.

2 _Narcissus medioluteus corona duplici._ The Turkie Daffodill with a

double crowne.

3 _Narcissus mediopurpureus multiplex._ The double purple ringed

Daffodill.

4 _Narcissus Chalcedonicus flore pleno albo polyanthos._ The double

white Daffodill of Constantinople.

]

6. _Narcissus Cyprius flore pleno lutes polyanthos._

The double yellow Daffodill of Cyprus.

The leaues of this Daffodill are almost as broad and long as the

former, the stalke is a foot high and more, bearing foure or fiue

flowers on the top, euery one very double, and of a fine pale yellow

colour, of a strong heady sent. The root of this is also like the

former.

The Place.

The first of these Daffodils, was full brought into England

by Mʳ. Iohn de Franqueuille the elder, who gathered it in his

owne Countrey of Cambray, where it groweth wild, from whose

sonne, Mʳ. Iohn de Franqueuille, now liuing, we all haue had

it. The rest haue come from Constantinople at seuerall times;

and the last is thought to come from Cyprus. Wee haue it

credibly affirmed also, that it groweth in Barbary about Fez

and Argiers. Some of the double white kindes grow in Candy, and

about Aleppo also.

The Time.

The Turkie kindes doe for the most part all flower early, in

the end of March, or beginning of Aprill at the furthest, and

the first double, about the middle or end of April.

The Names.

All these Daffodils, except the first, haue had diuers Turkish

names set vpon the packets, wherein they haue been sent, but

there is small regard of certainty to be expected from them;

for that the name _Serincade_, without any more addition, which

is a single Daffodill, hath beene imposed vpon that parcell of

rootes, that have borne most of them double flowers of diuers

sorts; and the name _Serincade Catamer lale_ which signifieth a

double flowered Daffodill, hath had many single white flowers,

with yellow cups, and some whose flowers have been wholly

white, cuppe and all, and some purple ringed, and double also

among them. Their names, whereby they are knowne and called

with vs, are, as fitly as may be, imposed in their titles: And

this I hope shall suffice, to have spoken of these sorts of

Daffodils.

Hauing finished the discourse of the former sort of broad leafed

Daffodils, it is fit to proceede to the next, which are _Angustifolios

Narcissos_, those Daffodils that have narrow leaures, and first to set

down those that beare single flowers, whether one or many flowers vpon

a stalke, and then those that beare double flowers in the same manner.

_Narcissus Virginens._ The Virginia Daffodill.

This plant I thought fittest to place here in the beginning of this

_Classis_, not finding where better to shroud it. It hath two or three

long, and very narrow leaues, as greene as the leaues of the great

_Leucoium bulbosum_, and shining withall, which grow sometimes reddish,

especially at the edges: the stalke riseth vp a spanne high, bearing

one flower and no more on the head thereof, standing vpright like a

little Lilly or Tulipa, made of six leaues, wholly white, both within

and without, except that at the bottome next to the stalke, and a

little on the backside of the three outer leaues, it hath a small dash

or shew of a reddish purple colour: it hath in the middle a few chiues,

standing about a small head pointed; which head groweth to bee small

and long, containing small blackish flat seede: the roote is small,

long, and round, a little blackish on the outside, and white on the

inside.

The Place.

This bulbous plant was brought vs from Virginia, where they

grow aboundantly; but they hardly thriue and abide in our

Gardens to beare flowers.

The Time.

It flowreth in May, and seldome before.

The Names.

The Indians in Virginia do call it _Attamusco_, some among vs

do call it _Lilionarcissus Virginianus_, of the likenesse of

the flower to a Lilly, and the leaues and roote to a Daffodill.

Wee for breuity doe called it _Narcissus Virgineus_, that is,

The Daffodill of Virginia, or else you may call it according to

the former Latine name, The Lilly Daffodill of Virginia, which

you will; for both names may serue well to expresse the plant.

_Narcissus angustifolius albidus præcox oblongo calice._

The early white narrow leafed Daffodill with a long cup.

This Daffodill hath three or foure narrow, long, and very green leaues,

a foot long for the most part: the stalke riseth not vp so high as the

leaves, whereon standeth one flower, not altogether so great as the

late flowring Daffodill, with a long cuppe, described before among

the broad leafed ones, which consisteth of six pale coloured leaves,

not pure white, but hauing a wash of light yellow among the white:

the cuppe in the middle is round and long, yet not so long as to bee

accounted a bastard Daffodill, within which is a middle pointell,

compassed with six chiues, hauing yellow mealy pendents.

The Place.

The Daffodill groweth with the other sorts of broad leafed

ones, on the Pyrenæan Mountaines, from whence they have beene

brought vnto vs, to furnish our Gardens.

The Time.

It flowreth early, a month before the other sorts of the same

fashion, that is, in the beginning of March, if the time be

milde, which the other before spoken of the doe not.

The Names.

It hath no other name that I know, then is expressed in the

title.