CHAPTER XXXV

AND THE NEW

We have given the prize of power to the strong, the cunning, the

arithmetical, and we must expect nothing else but that they will use it

cunningly and arithmetically. For what else can they suppose we gave

it to them? If the power really flows from the people, and should be

used for them; if its best administration can be got, as in government,

only by the participation in it of men of all views and interests; if

in the collision of all these, as in democracy, the better policy is

progressively preponderant; if this is a policy which, with whatever

defects, is better than that which can be evolved by narrower or more

selfish or less multitudinous influences of persons or classes, then

this power should be taken up by the people. "The mere conflict of

private interests will never produce a well-ordered commonwealth of

labor," says the author of the article on political economy in the

_Encyclopædia Britannica_. The failure of monarchy and feudalism and

the visibly impending failure of our business system all reveal a

law of nature. The harmony of things insists that that which is the

source of power, wealth, and delight shall also be the ruler of it.

That which is must also seem. It is the people from whom come the

forces with which kings and millionaires ride the world, and until

the people take their proper place in the seat of sovereignty, these

pseudo owners--mere claimants and usurpers--will, by the very falsity

and iniquity of their position, be pushed into deceit, tyranny, and

cruelty, ending in downfall.

Thousands of years' experience has proved that government must begin

where it ends--with the people; that the general welfare demands that

they who exercise the powers and they upon whom these are exercised

must be the same, and that higher political ideals can be realized

only through higher political forms. Myriads of experiments to get

the substance of liberty out of the forms of tyranny, to believe

in princes, to trust good men to do good as kings, have taught the

inexorable truth that, in the economy of nature, form and substance

must move together, and are as inextricably interdependent as are,

within our experience, what we call matter and spirit. Identical is the

lesson we are learning with regard to industrial power and property. We

are calling upon their owners, as mankind called upon kings in their

day, to be good and kind, wise and sweet, and we are calling in vain.

We are asking them not to be what we have made them to be. We put power

into their hands and ask them not to use it as power. If this power is

a trust for the people, the people betrayed it when they made private

estates out of it for individuals. If the spirit of power is to change,

institutions must change as much. Liberty recast the old forms of

government into the Republic, and it must remould our institutions of

wealth into the Commonwealth.

The question is not whether monopoly is to continue. The sun sets every

night on a greater majority against it. We are face to face with the

practical issue: Is it to go through ruin or reform? Can we forestall

ruin by reform? If we wait to be forced by events we shall be astounded

to find how much more radical they are than our utopias. Louis XVI.

waited until 1793, and gave his head and all his investitures to the

people who in 1789 asked only to sit at his feet and speak their mind.

Unless we reform of our own free will, nature will reform us by force,

as nature does. Our evil courses have already gone too far in producing

misery, plagues, hatreds, national enervation. Already the leader is

unable to lead, and has begun to drive with judges armed with bayonets

and Gatling guns. History is the serial obituary of the men who thought

they could drive men.

Reform is the science and conscience with which mankind in its manhood

overcomes temptations and escapes consequences by killing the germs.

Ruin is already hard at work among us. Our libraries are full of the

official inquiries and scientific interpretations which show how our

master-motive is working decay in all our parts. The family crumbles

into a competition between the father and the children whom he breeds

to take his place in the factory, to unfit themselves to be fathers in

their turn. A thorough, stalwart resimplification, a life governed by

simple needs and loves, is the imperative want of the world. It will be

accomplished: either self-conscious volition does it, or the slow wreck

and decay of superfluous and unwholesome men and matters. The latter

is the method of brutes and brute civilizations. The other is the

method of man, so far as he is divine. Has not man, who has in personal

reform risen above the brute method, come to the height at which he can

achieve social reform in masses and by nations? We must learn; we can

learn by reason. Why wait for the cruder teacher?

We have a people like which none has ever existed before. We have

millions capable of conscious co-operation. The time must come in

social evolution when the people can organize the free-will to choose

salvation which the individual has been cultivating for 1900 years,

and can adopt a policy more dignified and more effective than leaving

themselves to be kicked along the path of reform by the recoil of their

own vices. We must bring the size of our morality up to the size of our

cities, corporations, and combinations, or these will be brought down

to fit our half-grown virtue.

Industry and monopoly cannot live together. Our modern perfection of

exchange and division of labor cannot last without equal perfection of

morals and sympathy. Every one is living at the mercy of every one else

in a way entirely peculiar to our times. Nothing is any longer made by

a man; parts of things are made by parts of men, and become wholes by

the luck of a good-humor which so far keeps men from flying asunder.

It takes a whole company to make a match. A hundred men will easily

produce a hundred million matches, but not one of them could make one

match. No farm gets its plough from the cross-roads blacksmith, and

no one in the chilled-steel factory knows the whole of the plough.

The life of Boston hangs on a procession of reciprocities which must

move, as steadily and sweetly as the roll of the planets, between its

bakeries, the Falls of St. Anthony, and the valley of the Red River.

Never was there a social machinery so delicate. Only on terms of love

and justice can men endure contact so close.

The break-down of all other civilizations has been a slow decay. It

took the Northerners hundreds of years to march to the Tiber. They

grew their way through the old society as the tree planting itself on

a grave is found to have sent its roots along every fibre and muscle

of the dead. Our world is not the simple thing theirs was, of little

groups sufficient to themselves, if need be. New York would begin to

die to-morrow if it were not for Illinois and Dakota. We cannot afford

a revulsion in the hearts by whose union locomotives run, mills grind,

factories make. Practical men are speculating to-day on the possibility

that our civilization may some afternoon be flashed away by the tick of

a telegraph. All these co-operations can be scattered by a word of hate

too many, and we left, with no one who knows how to make a plough or a

match, a civilization cut off as by the Roman curse from food and fire.

Less sensitive civilizations than ours have burst apart.

Liberty and monopoly cannot live together. What chance have we against

the persistent coming and the easy coalescence of the confederated

cliques, which aspire to say of all business, "This belongs to us,"

and whose members, though moving among us as brothers, are using

against us, through the corporate forms we have given them, powers

of invisibility, of entail and accumulation, unprecedented because

impersonal and immortal, and, most peculiar of all, power to act as

persons, as in the commission of crimes, with exemption from punishment

as persons? Two classes study and practise politics and government:

place hunters and privilege hunters. In a world of relativities

like ours size of area has a great deal to do with the truth of

principles. America has grown so big--and the tickets to be voted, and

the powers of government, and the duties of citizens, and the profits

of personal use of public functions have all grown so big--that the

average citizen has broken down. No man can half understand or half

operate the fulness of this big citizenship, except by giving his whole

time to it. This the place hunter can do, and the privilege hunter.

Government, therefore--municipal, State, national--is passing into the

hands of these two classes, specialized for the functions of power by

their appetite for the fruits of power. The power of citizenship is

relinquished by those who do not and cannot know how to exercise it to

those who can and do--by those who have a livelihood to make to those

who make politics their livelihood.

These specialists of the ward club, the primary, the campaign, the

election, and office unite, by a law as irresistible as that of the

sexes, with those who want all the goods of government--charters,

contracts, rulings, permits. From this marriage it is easy to imagine

that among some other people than ourselves, and in some other

century than this, the off-spring might be the most formidable,

elusive, unrestrained, impersonal, and cruel tyranny the world has

yet seen. There might come a time when the policeman and the railroad

president would equally show that they cared nothing for the citizen,

individually or collectively, because aware that they and not he were

the government. Certainly such an attempt to corner "the dear people"

and the earth and the fulness thereof will break down. It is for us

to decide whether we will let it go on till it breaks down of itself,

dragging down to die, as a savage dies of his vice, the civilization

it has gripped with its hundred hands; or whether, while we are still

young, still virtuous, we will break it down, self-consciously, as the

civilized man, reforming, crushes down the evil. If we cannot find a

remedy, all that we love in the word America must die. It will be an

awful price to pay if this attempt at government of the people, by the

people, for the people must perish from off the face of the earth

to prove to mankind that political brotherhood cannot survive where

industrial brotherhood is denied. But the demonstration is worth even

that.

Aristotle's lost books of the Republics told the story of two hundred

and fifty attempts at free government, and these were but some of

the many that had to be melted down in the crucible of fate to teach

Hamilton and Jefferson what they knew. Perhaps we must be melted by the

same fierce flames to be a light to the feet of those who come after

us. For as true as that a house divided against itself cannot stand,

and that a nation half slave and half free cannot permanently endure,

is it true that a people who are slaves to market-tyrants will surely

come to be their slaves in all else, that all liberty begins to be

lost when one liberty is lost, that a people half democratic and half

plutocratic cannot permanently endure.

The secret of the history we are about to make is not that the world is

poorer or worse. It is richer and better. Its new wealth is too great

for the old forms. The success and beauties of our old mutualities

have made us ready for new mutualities. The wonder of to-day is the

modern multiplication of products by the union of forces; the marvel

of to-morrow will be the greater product which will follow when that

which is co-operatively produced is co-operatively enjoyed. It is the

spectacle of its concentration in the private fortunes of our day which

reveals this wealth to its real makers--the whole people--and summons

them to extend the manners and institutions of civilization to this new

tribal relation.

Whether the great change comes with peace or sword, freely through

reform or by nature's involuntary forces, is a mere matter of detail,

a question of convenience--not of the essence of the thing. The change

will come. With reform, it may come to us. If with force, perhaps not

to us. But it will come. The world is too full of amateurs who can play

the golden rule as an aria with variations. All the runs and trills

and transpositions have been done to death. All the "sayings" have

been said. The only field for new effects is in epigrams of practice.

Titillation of our sympathies has become a dissipation. We shed a daily

tear over the misery of the slums as the toper takes his dram, and our

liver becomes torpid with the floods of indignation and sentiment we

have guzzled without converting them into their co-efficients of action.

"Regenerate the individual" is a half-truth; the reorganization of the

society which he makes and which makes him is the other half. Man alone

cannot be a Christian. Institutions are applied beliefs. The love of

liberty became liberty in America by clothing itself in the complicated

group of structures known as the government of the United States. Love

is a half-truth, and kissing is a good deal less than half of that.

We need not kiss all our fellow-men, but we must do for them all we

ask them to do for us--nothing less than the fullest performance of

every power. To love our neighbor is to submit to the discipline and

arrangement which make his life reach its best, and so do we best love

ourselves.

History has taught us nothing if not that men can continue to associate

only by the laws of association. The golden rule is the first and last

of these, but the first and last of the golden rule is that it can

be operated only through laws, habits, forms, and institutions. The

Constitution and laws of the United States are, however imperfectly,

the translation into the language of politics of doing as you would be

done by--the essence of equal rights and government by consent. To ask

individuals to-day to lead by their single sacrifices the life of the

brother in the world of business is as if the American colonist had

been asked to lead by his individual enterprise the life of the citizen

of a republic. That was made possible to him only by union with others.

The business world is full of men who yearn to abandon its methods and

live the love they feel; but to attempt to do so by themselves would be

martyrdom, and that is "caviare to the general." "We admire martyrdom,"

Mazzini, the martyr, said, "but we do not recommend it." The change

must be social, and its martyrdoms have already begun.

The new self-interest will remain unenforced in business until we

invent the forms by which the vast multitudes who have been gathered

together in modern production can organize themselves into a people

there as in government. Nothing but this institutionalization will save

them from being scattered away from each other again, and it can be

achieved only by such averaging and concessions and co-operations as

are the price of all union. These will be gains, not losses. Soldiers

become partners in invincibility by the discipline which adopts an

average rate of march instead of compelling all to keep step with the

fastest and stay with the strongest. Moralists tell men to love each

other and the right. How, by doing what things, by leaving what undone,

shall men love each other? What have the ethicals to say upon the

morality of putting public highways in private hands, and of allowing

these private hands to make a private and privileged use of them? If

bad, will a mere "change of heart," uninstitutionalized, change them?

New freedoms cannot be operated through the old forms of slavery. The

ideals of Washington and Hamilton and Adams could not breathe under

kingly rule. Idle to say they might. Under the mutual dependence of

the inside and outside of things their change has all through history

always been dual. Change of heart is no more redemption than hunger

is dinner. We must have honesty, love, justice in the heart of the

business world, but for these we must also have the forms which will

fit them. These will be very different from those through which the

intercourse of man with man in the exchange of services now moves to

such ungracious ends. Forms of Asiatic and American government, of

early institutions and to-day's, are not more different. The cardinal

virtues cannot be established and kept at work in trade and on the

highways with the old apparatus. In order that the spirit that gave

rebates may go to stay, the rebate itself must go. If the private

use of private ownership of highways is to go, the private ownership

must go. There must be no private use of public power or public

property. These are created by the common sacrifices of all, and

can be rightfully used only for the common good of all--from all, by

all, for all. All the grants and franchises that have been given to

private hands for private profit are void in morals and void in that

higher law which sets the copy for the laggard pens of legislatures and

judges. "No private use of public powers" is but a threshold truth. The

universe, says Emerson, is the property of every creature in it.

No home so low it may not hope that out of its fledglings one may grow

the hooked claw that will make him a millionaire. To any adventurer

of spirit and prowess in the Italy of the Renaissance might come

the possibility of butchering or poisoning his way to a castle or a

throne. Such prizes of power made the peninsula a menagerie of tyrants,

murderers, voluptuaries, and multitudes of misery. We got republican

liberty by agreeing each with the other never to seek to become kings

or lords or dukes. We can get industrial and economic liberty only by a

like covenant never to let ourselves or any one else be millionaires.

There can be no public prosperity without public virtue, and no public

virtue without private virtue. But private cannot become public except

by organization. Our attempts at control, regulation, are but the

agitations of the Gracchi, evidencing the wrong, but not rising to the

cure. We are waiting for some genius of good who will generalize into

one body of doctrine our partial truths of reform, and will help us

live the generalization. Never was mankind, across all lines of race,

creed, and institutions, more nearly one in discontent and restless

consciousness of new powers and a new hope and purpose, never more

widely agitated by influences leading in one direction, never more

nearly a committee of the whole on the question of the day. Never

before were the means for flashing one thought into the minds of the

million, and flashing that thought into action, what they are to-day.

The good word or good deed of Chicago in the morning may be the

inspiration of Calcutta before nightfall. The crusades were but an eddy

in comparison with the universal tide waiting for another Peter the

Hermit to lead us where the Man who is to rise again lies in the hands

of the infidel.

Our problem can be read from its good side or its bad, and must be read

from both, as: Business has become a vice, and defeats us and itself;

or, Humanity quickens its step to add to its fellowships the new

brotherhood of labor. The next emancipation, like all emancipations,

must destroy and build. The most constructive thinker in history

said, Love one another; but he also drove the money-changers from the

temple, and denounced the scribes and Pharisees, and has been busy for

nineteen hundred years pulling down tenements unfit for the habitation

of the soul. We see something new and something old. Old principles

run into mania, a wicked old world bursting into suicidal explosion,

as Carlyle said of the French Revolution. New loves, new capabilities,

new institutions, created by the expansion of old ideals and new

opportunities of human contact. Our love of those to whom we have been

"introduced" is but unlocking a door through which all men will pass

into our hearts. What makes men lovable is not the accident of our

knowing them. It is that they are men. Before 1776 there were thirteen

patriotisms in America.

The bishops of Boswell's day had no ear for the lamentations of the

victims of the slave-trade, but there came a new sympathy which rose

superior to their divine displeasure that this commerce of Christian

merchants should be attacked. We are coming to sympathize with the

animals, and Queen Victoria contributes money to a hospital for the

succor of decayed old gentlemen and lady cats. By-and-by royal hearts

may widen to include men and women evicted in Ireland, or--worse

fate--not evicted from Whitechapel. The spirit that defended the

slave-trade now finds its last ditch behind the text, The poor ye

have with you always. But a new sympathy rises again, like that which

declared that the poor should be free of the slave-trade and slavery,

and declares that the poor shall be freed from starvation of body,

mind, and soul. Slave-trade, slavery, poverty; the form varies, but

against them all runs the refusal of the human heart to be made happy

at the cost of the misery of others, and its mathematical knowledge

that its quotient of satisfactions will increase with the sum of the

happiness of all.

The word of the day is that we are about to civilize industry.

Mankind is quivering with its purpose to make men fellow-citizens,

brothers, lovers in industry, as it has done with them in government

and family, which are also industry. We already have on our shelves

the sciences--hygienic, industrial, political, ethical--to free the

world almost at a stroke from war, accidents, disease, poverty,

and their flowing vices and insanities. The men of these sciences

are here at call praying for employment. The people, by the books

they read, show themselves to be praying to have them put at work.

If we who call ourselves civilization would for one average span

devote to life-dealing the moneys, armies, and genius we now give

to death-dealing, and would establish over the weaker peoples a

protectorate of the United States of Europe and America, we would take

a long step towards settling forever the vexed question of the site of

the Garden of Eden.

"Human nature," "monotony," and "individuality" are the lions which

the reformer is always told will stop the way to a better world. "You

cannot change human nature." There are two human natures--the human

nature of Christ and of Judas; and Christ prevails. There is the human

nature which seeks anonymity, secrecy, the fruits of power without

its duties; and there is the human nature which rises against these

and, province by province, is abolishing them from human affairs. Men

have always been willing to die for their faith. The bad have died as

bravely as the good, Charles I. with as smooth a front as Sir Harry

Vane. In this readiness to die lies folded every loyalty of life.

"You would make the world a dead level of monotony." Good society does

not think it monotonous that all its women should at the same time dust

the streets with long-tailed gowns, or that its men should meet every

night in funereal black and identical cut, but it shrinks from the

monotony of having all share in reforms which would equalize surfeit

and starvation. "Good society" is still to come, and it will find some

better definition of "monotony" than a fair share for all--a better

definition of variety than too much for ourselves at the cost of too

little for all others. Shall we choose the monotony of sharing with

every one under George III. or Alexander II. the denial of all right to

participate in the supreme power, or shall we choose the monotony of

sharing with every fellow-citizen the right to become President?--the

monotony of being forbidden to enter all the great livelihoods, some

syndicate blocking each way with "This business belongs to us"? Or the

monotony of a democracy, where every laborer has equal rights with all

other citizens to decide upon the administration of the common toil for

the common welfare, and an equal right with every other to rise to be a

Captain of Industry? Such are the alternatives of "monotony." We have

made an historic choice in one; now for the other.

And "individuality." "You are going to destroy individuality." We can

become individual only by submitting to be bound to others. We extend

our freedom only by finding new laws to obey. Life outside the law is

slavery on as many sides as there are disregarded laws. The locomotive

off its tracks is not free. The more relations, ties, duties, the

more "individual." The isolated man is the mere rudiment of an

individual. But he who has become citizen, neighbor, friend, brother,

son, husband, father, fellow-member, in one, is just by so many times

individualized. Men's expanding powers of co-operation bring them to

the conscious ability to unite for new benefits; but this extension of

individuality is forbidden in the name of individuality. There are two

individualities: that of the dullard, who submits to take his railroad

transportation, his light, his coal, his salt, his reaping-machine at

such prices and of such quality as arbitrary power forces upon him, and

that of the shrewder man who, by an alliance of the individualities of

all, supplies himself at his own price.

Time carries us so easily we do not realize how fast we move. This

social debate has gone far beyond the question whether change there

must be. What shall the change be? is the subject all the world is

discussing. Exposure of abuses no longer excites more than a languid

interest. But every clear plan how things might be rearranged raises

the people. Before every revolution marches a book--the _Contrat

Social_, _Uncle Tom's Cabin_. "Every man nowadays," says Emerson,

"carries a revolution in his vest-pocket." The book which sells more

copies than any other of our day abroad and at home, debated by all

down to the boot-blacks as they sit on the curb-stones, is one calling

men to draw from their success in insuring each other some of the

necessaries of life the courage to move on to insure each other all

the necessaries of life, bidding them abandon the self-defeating

anarchy which puts railroad-wreckers at the head of railroads and

famine-producers at the head of production, and inspiring them to share

the common toil and the fruits of the toil under the ideals which make

men Washingtons and Lincolns. You may question the importance of the

plan; you cannot question the importance of its welcome. It shows the

people gathering-points for the new constitution they know they must

make.

In nothing has liberty justified itself more thoroughly than in the

resolute determination spreading among the American people to add

industrial to political independence. It is the hope of the world that

good has its effects as well as evil, and that on the whole, and in

the long-run, the seed of the good will overgrow the evil. "Heaven has

kindly given our blood a moral flow." Liberty breeds liberties, slavery

breeds slaveries, but the liberties will be the strongest stock. If

the political and religious liberties which the people of this country

aspired to set up had in them the real sap and fibre of a better life

than the world had yet known, it must certainly follow that they

would quicken and strengthen the people for discovery and obedience

in still higher realms. And just this has happened. Nowhere else has

the new claim to tax without representation been so quickly detected,

so intelligently scrutinized, and so bravely fought. Nowhere else has

this spreading plague of selfishness and false doctrine found a people

whose average and general life was pitched on so high a level that they

instantly took the alarm at its claims over their lives and liberties.

It has found a people so disciplined by the aspiration and achievement

of political and religious rights that they are already possessed of

a body of doctrine capable, by an easy extension, of refuting all the

pretensions of the new absolutism. At the very beginning of this new

democratic life among the nations it was understood that to be safe

liberty must be complete on its industrial as well as on its political

and religious sides. This is the American principle. "Give a man power

over my subsistence," said Alexander Hamilton, "and he has power over

the whole of my moral being." To submit to such a power gives only the

alternative of death or degradation, and the high spirit of America

preferred then, as it prefers now, the rule of right, which gives life.

The mania of business has reached an acuter and extremer development

in America than elsewhere, because nowhere else have bounteous nature

and free institutions produced birthrights and pottages so well worth

"swapping." But the follies and wickedness of business have nowhere

been so sharply challenged as in free America. "Betake yourself to

America," said Carlyle to a friend beginning a literary career; "there

you can utter your freest thoughts in ways impossible here." It is to

this stern wakefulness of a free people that the world owes it that

more light has been thrown in America than in any other country on the

processes of modern money-making. A free press, organ of a free people,

has done invaluable service. The legislatures have pushed investigation

after investigation into the ways in which large masses of the people

have been deprived, for the benefit of single men or groups of men,

of rights of subsistence and government. Through the courts the free

people have pursued their depredators by civil and criminal process, by

public and private prosecutions. Imperfect and corrupt, these agencies

of press, courts, legislatures have often been; they have still done a

work which has either been left undone altogether in other countries,

or has been done with but a fraction of our thoroughness.

It is due to them that there exists in the reports of legislative

investigations, State and national, in the proceedings of lawsuits and

criminal trials, in the files of the newspapers, a mass of information

which cannot be found in any other community in the world. There is in

these archives an accumulation of the raw material of tragedy, comedy,

romance, ravellings of the vicissitudes of human life, and social

and personal fate, which will feed the fires of whole generations of

literary men when once they awake to the existence of these precious

rolls. In these pigeon-holes are to be found keys of the present and

clews to the future. As America has the newest and widest liberty, it

is the stage where play the newest and widest forces of evil as well as

good. America is at the front of the forward line of evolution. It has

taken the lead in developing competition to the extreme form in which

it destroys competition, and in superfining the processes of exchange

of services into those of the acquisition of the property of others

without service.

The hope is that the old economic system we inherited has ripened so

much more rapidly than the society and government we have created that

the dead matter it deposits can be thrown off by our vigorous youth and

health. "It is high time our bad wealth came to an end," says Emerson.

It has grown into its monstrous forms so fast that the dullest eye can

separate it from the Commonwealth, and the slowest mind comprehend its

mischievousness. In making themselves free of arbitrary and corrupt

power in government the Americans prepared themselves to be free in all

else, and because foremost in political liberty they have the promise

of being the first to realize industrial liberty--the trunk of a tree

of which political liberty is the seed, and without which political

liberty shrinks back into nothingness.

"The art of Italy will blossom over our graves," Mazzini said when,

with true insight, he saw that the first artistic, first literary task

before the Italians was to make their country free. Art, literature,

culture, religion, in America, are already beginning to feel the

restrictive pressure which results from the domination of a selfish,

self-indulgent, luxurious, and anti-social power. This power, mastering

the markets of a civilization which gives its main energies to markets,

passes without difficulty to the mastery of all the other activities.

When churches, political campaigns, the expounding of the law,

maintenance of schools and colleges, and family life itself all depend

on money, they must become servile to the money power. Song, picture,

sermon, decrees of court, and the union of hearts must pass constantly

under stronger control of those who give their lives to trade and

encourage everybody else to trade, confident that the issue of it all

will be that they will hold as property, in exclusive possession, to be

doled out on their own terms, the matter by which alone man can live,

either materially or spiritually.

In America, where the supreme political power and much of the

government of church and college have been taken out of traditional

hands and subjected to the changing determinations of popular will, it

has inevitably resulted that the State, church, and school have passed

under this mercantile aristocracy to a far greater extent than in

other countries where stiffer régimes under other and older influences

still stand. Our upper classes--elected, as always, by the equipoise

of effort and opinion between them and the lower classes--are, under

this commercial system, the men who trade best, who can control their

features and their consciences so that they can always get more than

they give, who can play with supply and demand so that at the end of

the game all their brethren are their tributaries for life. It is the

birthright-buying minds that, by the adoption of this ideal, we choose

for our rulers. The progressive races have altered their ideals of

kings with the indescribable advantage of being ruled by Washingtons

and Lincolns and Gladstones instead of Caligulas and Pharaohs. We

have now to make a similar step forward in another part of life. The

previous changes expressed outwardly an inner change of heart. The

reformer of to-day is simply he who, with quicker ear, detecting that

another change of heart is going on, goes before.

Another great change is working in the inner mind of man, and will

surely be followed by incorporation in institutions and morals and

manners. The social head and heart are both being persuaded that too

many are idle--rich and poor; too many are hurt in body and soul--rich

and poor; too many children are "exposed," as in the old Greek and

Roman market-places; too many are starving within reach of too much

fertile waste; too many passions of envy, greed, and hate are raging

among rich and poor. There is too much left undone that ought to be

done along the whole scale of life, from the lowest physical to the

highest spiritual needs, from better roads to sweeter music and nobler

worship. It cannot be long, historically speaking, before all this

new sense and sentiment will issue in acts. All will be as zealously

protected against the oppression of the cruel in their daily labor

as now against oppression from invader or rioter, and will be as

warmly cheered in liberty to grow to their fullest capabilities as

laborers--_i.e._, users of matter for the purpose of the spirit--as

they are now welcomed to the liberty of the citizen and the worshipper.

Infinite is the fountain of our rights. We can have all the rights we

will create. All the rights we will give we can have. The American

people will save the liberties they have inherited by winning new ones

to bequeath.

With this will come fruits of new faculty almost beyond calculation.

A new liberty will put an end to pauperism and millionairism and the

crimes and death-rate born of both wretchednesses, just as the liberty

of politics and religion put an end to martyrs and tyrants. The new

liberty is identical in principle and purpose with the other; it is

made inevitable by them. Those who love the liberties already won must

open the door to the new, unless they wish to see them all take flight

together. There can be no single liberty. Liberties go in clusters like

the Pleiades.

We must either regulate, or own, or destroy, perishing by the sword

we take. The possibility of regulation is a dream. As long as this

control of the necessaries of life and this wealth remain private

with individuals, it is they who will regulate, not we. The policy

of regulation, disguise it as we may, is but moving to a compromise

and equilibrium within the evil all complain of. It is to accept the

principle of the sovereignty of the self-interest of the individual and

apply constitutional checks to it. The unprogressive nations palter

in this method with monarchy. But the wits of America are equal to

seeing that as with kingship and slavery so with poverty--the weeding

must be done at the roots. Sir Henry Sumner Maine says mankind moves

from status to contract; from society ruled by inherited customs to

one ruled by agreement, varied according to circumstances. Present

experience suggests the addition that the movement, like all in

nature, is pendulous, and that mankind moves progressively from status

to contract, and from this stage of contract to another status. We

march and rest and march again. If our society is settling down to an

interval of inertia, perhaps ages long, we must before night comes

establish all in as much equality and comfort as possible.

The aspirations are not new. We have had them since Plato. The

knowledge of means for realizing them is not new. We have had it since

Aristotle, and the history of civilization is but the record of the

progressive embodiment of the ideals in institutions for the life

together--sexual, social, spiritual. What is new in our moment is that

mankind's accumulating forces are preparing for another step forward

in this long processional realization of its best possible. Nothing

so narrow as the mere governmentalizing of the means and processes of

production. It is only the morally nerveless who ask government to

do that which they will not rise to do. The conversion which is now

working itself out within us, and perhaps is more nearly born than we

suspect ("We shall not live to see slavery abolished," said Emerson, in

1859) is making itself felt on all sides of our life. In manners, in

literature, in marriage, in church, in all, we see at work the saving

ferment which is to make all things new by bringing them nearer to

the old ideals. George Sand was revolted by the servile accent of the

phrase of her day, "Madame est servie." Society has grown to the better

fellowship her finer ear found wanting in these words, and is now told

it is dinner, not madame or monsieur, that is served.

We are to have, of course, great political changes. We are to apply

the co-operative methods of the post-office and the public school to

many other common toils, to all toils in which private sovereignty has

become through monopoly a despotism over the public, and to all in

which the association of the people and the organization of processes

have been so far developed that the profit-hunting Captain of Industry

may be replaced by the public-serving Captain of Industry. But we are

to have much more. We are to have a private life of a new beauty, of

which these are to be merely the mechanical exhibitions on the side

of politics. We are to move among each other, able, by the methodical

and agreed adherence of all, to do what the words of Lamennais mean,

instead of being able, as now, in most things, to afford only an

indulgence in feeling them. We are to be commoners, travellers to

Altruria.

We are to become fathers, mothers, for the spirit of the father and

mother is not in us while we can say of any child it is not ours, and

leave it in the grime. We are to become men, women, for to all about

reinforcing us we shall insure full growth and thus insure it to

ourselves. We are to become gentlemen, ladies, for we will not accept

from another any service we are not willing to return in kind. We are

to become honest, giving when we get, and getting with the knowledge

and consent of all. We are to become rich, for we shall share in the

wealth now latent in idle men and idle land, and in the fertility of

work done by those who have ceased to withstand but stand with each

other. As we walk our parks we already see that by saying "thine" to

every neighbor we say "mine" of palaces, gardens, art, science, far

beyond any possible to selfishness, even the selfishness of kings.

We shall become patriots, for the heart will know why it thrills to

the flag. Those folds wave the salute of a greater love than that of

the man who will lay down his life for his friend. There floats the

banner of the love of millions, who, though they do not know you and

have never seen you, will die for you and are living for you, doing

in a thousand services unto you as you would be done by. And the

little patriotism, which is the love of the humanity fenced within our

frontier will widen into the reciprocal service of all men. Generals

were, merchants are, brothers will be, humanity's representative men.

There is to be a people in industry, as in government. The same rising

genius of democracy which discovered that mankind did not co-operate in

the State to provide a few with palaces and king's-evil, is disclosing

that men do not co-operate in trade for any other purpose than to

mobilize the labor of all for the benefit of all, and that the only

true guidance comes from those who are led, and the only valid titles

from those who create. Very wide must be the emancipation of this new

self-interest. If we free America we shall still be not free, for the

financial, commercial, possessory powers of modern industrial life are

organized internationally. If we rose to the full execution of the

first, simplest, and most pressing need of our times and put an end

to all private use of public powers, we should still be confronted by

monopolies existing simply as private property, as in coal-mines, oil

lands.

It is not a verbal accident that science is the substance of the word

conscience. We must know the right before we can do the right. When it

comes to know the facts the human heart can no more endure monopoly

than American slavery or Roman empire. The first step to a remedy is

that the people care. If they know, they will care. To help them to

know and care; to stimulate new hatred of evil, new love of the good,

new sympathy for the victims of power, and, by enlarging its science,

to quicken the old into a new conscience, this compilation of fact

has been made. Democracy is not a lie. There live in the body of the

commonalty the unexhausted virtue and the ever-refreshened strength

which can rise equal to any problems of progress. In the hope of

tapping some reserve of their powers of self-help this story is told to

the people.

APPENDIX

PARTIAL LIST OF TRADE COMBINATIONS, OR TRUSTS, ACHIEVED OR ATTEMPTED,

AND OF THE COMMODITIES COVERED BY THEM[770]

I.--LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER

Boilers, for house heating.

Candle-makers, Great Britain, United States.

Coal: anthracite, bituminous.

Coke.

Electric: carbon points, 1885;

candles,1888;

electric goods, national, 1887;

lighting, United States, Great Britain, 1882;

light-fixtures, national, 1889.

Gas: illuminating and fuel, local, sectional, national; fixtures,

national; pipes, 1875; natural.

Gasoline stoves, 1894.

Governors of steam-boilers.

Hot-water heaters, 1892.

House furnaces, 1889.

Kerosene, 1874.

Kindling wood, Boston, 1891.

Matches: United States; Great Britain;

Canada;

Sweden;

international, 1894.

Paraffine.

Petroleum and its products, 1874.

Radiators, steam and hot-water, Western, 1891.

Scotch mineral oil, 1888.

Steam and hot-water master fitters, national, 1889.

Stearine.

Stove-boards, zinc, national, 1890.

Stoves and ranges, 1872.

Stoves, vapor, national, 1884.

II.--CHEMICALS

Acids: acetic, citric, muriatic, nitric, sulphuric, American, 1889;

oxalic, Great Britain, 1882.

Alkali Union, England, 1888.

Alkaloids, United States.

Alum, sectional, 1889.

Ammonia, 1889.

Bismuth salts, United States.

Bleaching-powder, England, 1888.

Boracic acid, United States.

Borax: United States;

Great Britain, 1888.

Chemical Union, England, 1890.

Chloroform, United States.

Drug manufacturers: United States;

Canada, 1884.

Iodine, England, 1890.

Iodoform, United States, 1880.

Lime, acetate of, 1891.

Mercurials: as calomel, corrosive sublimate, etc., United States.

Nitrates, Chili, 1884.

Paris-green, 1889.

Potash: bichromate of, Great Britain;

bichloride of, United States;

chlorate, prussiate, Great Britain, 1888.

Quinine, international, 1893.

Rochelle salts, United States.

Saltpetre.

Santonine, United States.

Soda, bichromate, United States; carbonate,

caustic, England, 1888;

nitrate of, Chili and England, 1884.

Strychnine.

Sulphur, Italy.

Ultramarine: United States; Germany, 1890.

Vitriol, 1889.

III.--METALS

Aluminum, national, 1888.

Barbed wire, 1881.

Brass: sectional, 1884;

rolled and sheet, sheet German silver, copper rivets and burrs, copper

and German-silver wire, kerosene-oil burners and lamp trimmings, and

braised brass tubing.

Copper: cold, bolt, rolled, sheet, 1888;

ore, Lake Superior, 1879;

international, 1887;

bath-tubs, boilers, sinks, and general ware, 1891;

wire.

Iron: founders; galvanized, national, 1875;

malleable, national, 1882;

manufacturers, Germany, 1887;

nuts, 1884;

ore, Germany, 1884, Atlantic coast, 1886, Michigan, 1882, Southern,

1884, Northwestern, 1887, Lake Superior, 1893;

pig, Eastern, Southern, 1883, national, 1889;

pipes, steam and gas, 1884;

wrought iron, 1887;

sheet, enamelled, Germany, 1893;

structural, national, 1881;

tubes, 1884;

wire-cloth, national, 1882;

Russian, 1893.

Lead: pig, pipe;

sheet-lead, 1888;

white, national, 1884.

Mica, national, 1887.

Nickel.

Quicksilver, California.

Silver and lead smelters.

Steel: armor-plate, Bessemer beams (in

existence nearly thirty years), castings, 1894;

galvanized; rails (see traffic and travel);

rods, United States and Germany, 1888;

rolling-mills.

Tin: jobbers; American, national, 1883;

English, 1889.

Zinc.

IV.--SOME OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS OF INDUSTRY

Alcohol.

Axes and axe-poles.

Belting, leather, rubber.

Blankets (press), American Papermakers' Felt and Jacket Association.

Bobbins, spools, and shuttles, 1886, for cotton, woollen, silk, and linen

mills.

Bolts, 1884.

Boxes, wooden, local, 1885;

Western and Southern.

Bridge-builders: Eastern, 1886;

Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, 1889.

Butchers' skewers and supplies, Western, 1889.

Carpet yarns, Eastern, 1889.

Cash-registers, national, 1890.

Celluloid, lythoid, zylonite, Eastern, 1890.

Chains, national, 1883.

Color trust, Great Britain, 1889.

Cordage: rope, twine, United States, 1875;

England, 1892.

Corks.

Cotton duck, national, 1891.

Cotton-seed oil, national, 1884.

Creels, for cloth and woollen mills, national, 1893.

Damasks, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Emery wheels, national.

Felting.

Fibre, indurated, pails, bowls, measures, water-coolers, filters, etc.,

national, 1888.

Files, 1875.

Fire-brick, 1875.

Fish-oil, menhaden, New England, 1885.

Forge companies, national, 1889.

Glass bottles: beer, United States, 1884;

green glass, English bottle manufacturers, 1889.

Glass: flint, Western, 1891;

crown, cylinder, unpolished;

plate, French, 1888;

German, 1887;

international, 1890;

window, 1875;

sectional, national, international, 1884.

Glass, plate, Underwriters, 1894.

Glue.

Gutta-percha.

Hardware manufacturers, 1884.

Label printers.

Leather: belting, national; board, national, 1891;

hides, Northwestern, 1888;

morocco, Eastern, 1886;

patent, national, 1888; sole, 1893;

Tanners' Association, 1882;

Oak Harness Leather Tanners, national, 1890.

Linen mills, Eastern, Western, 1892.

Linseed oil: local, 1877;

national, 1887;

dealers, Canada, 1892.

Manilla, international, 1887.

Oil: lubricating, 1874;

for curing leather; menhaden;

safety burning oil for miners.

Onyx, Mexican, 1890.

Paper: local, sectional, national;

bags, Eastern and Western, 1887;

book and newspaper; boxes, national, 1883;

card-board, 1890;

flour sacks, 1887;

straw; tissue, 1892;

wrapping, Western, 1878, Eastern, 1881;

writing, national, 1884. Papermakers' trust in Great Britain to check

the operation of the Alkali trust, 1889;

Papermakers' Felt and Jacket Association, national;

rags, Eastern, 1883;

wood-pulp, Western, 1890;

New York, Canada, Eastern, 1891.

Pitch, national, 1887 or earlier.

Planes, carpenters'.

Pumps, national, 1871.

Rubber: belting, 1875;

electric web goring (for shoes), national, 1893;

gossamers, 1887;

hose, 1875;

importers, national, 1882;

manufacturers, national, 1882;

Brazil producers, 1890;

stamps and stencils, national, 1893.

Sandpaper, emery and emery cloth, flint, garnet, ruby, sand cloth,

national, 1887.

Saws, national, 1890.

Scales.

Screws: machine, 1887;

wood, national, international.

Seed Crushers' Union, England, 1889.

Sewer pipe, 1875.

Sewing-machines, 1885.

Sewing-machine supplies, New York and New England, 1883.

Spirits.

Straw braid.

Straw-board, 1887.

Tacks, 1875.

Talc mills, New York, 1893.

Tar, national, 1886.

Teasel, national, 1892.

Textile manufacturers, Pennsylvania, 1886--embracing dress goods,

ginghams, upholstery goods, woollens, yarns, chintzes, worsteds, damasks.

Tools, edge, American Axe and Edged Tool Company, national, 1890.

Turpentine, Southern, 1892.

Type founders, national, 1888.

Washers, 1884.

Watch-cases, 1886.

Well tools, for oil, gas, and artesian wells, 1889.

Wood, excelsior, shavings for packing, national, 1889.

Wooden-ware, 1883 or earlier.

Woodworking machines, 1891.

Wool felt.

Wrenches, 1875.

V.--TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL

_The Road, Horse, and Wagon_

Bicycles, United States, 1893. Board of Trade formed to regulate prices.

Bicycle tires.

Bridge-builders, 1886.

Buggy pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Carriage builders, national, 1884.

Carriage hardware, 1884.

Harness dealers, manufacturers, national, 1886.

Liverymen's Associations, local, 1884.

Paving: asphalt, 1886;

brick, Western, 1892;

pitch, national, 1887.

Road-making machines, Western, 1890.

Saddlery Association, national, 1891.

Saddle-trees, Indiana, Missouri, 1892.

Wagons, local, 1886.

Wheels, Western, 1889.

Whips, national, 1892.

_Shipping_

Ballast, Havana, 1882.

Canal-boats, 1884.

Cotton duck, sail-cloth, national, 1888.

Ferries, New York and Brooklyn.

Lake carriers, Hull pool, 1886.

Lake Dock Trust.

Marine insurance, 1883.

Naval stores.

Ocean steamers: European, Asiatic, and American;

German steamship companies, 1894.

Pilotage, New York, San Francisco.

Steamboats: in the Cincinnati and New Orleans trade, 1884;

forwarding lines along the Hudson River, 1891.

_Railroads_

Car-axles, 1890.

Car-springs, steel, national, 1887.

Cars, freight and cattle.

Elevators, grain, local, Western, 1887.

Express companies.

Locomotives: national, 1892;

boiler flues, 1875;

tires, national, 1892.

Railroad: pools, freight and passenger, sectional, national;

Eastern Railroad Association, of 800 railroads, to fight patents.

Steel sleepers, 1885;

steel rails, national.

Street railways, local, sectional.

VI.--BUILDING

Asbestos, for paints, roofing, steam-pipe and boiler coverings, 1891.

Beams and channels, iron and steel, national, 1875.

Blinds: Northwestern, 1885;

national, 1888.

Brass, gas, plumbing, steam, water goods, 1884.

Brick: local, sectional, 1884;

Chicago, New York, New Jersey, Washington (State);

pressed brick, 1890.

Cement: Mississippi valley, 1883;

Eastern, 1884;

Northwestern, 1884.

Cornice-makers, national, 1884.

Doors: Northwestern, 1885;

national, 1888.

Fire engines, including hook and ladder trucks, hose-carriages, heaters,

carts, stationary pumps, and other supplies, United States and Canada,

1892.

Fire insurance.

Glue, national, 1894.

Gypsum stucco, Eastern, Northwestern, 1884.

Hinges, 1875.

Lime, Western, 1883.

Lumber: California pine, 1883;

California redwood, 1883;

Chicago; Mississippi valley;

Northwestern, 1880;

Pacific coast, 1883;

poplar, 1889;

Puget Sound, 1883;

yellow pine, Southern, 1890, Eastern, 1891;

dealers, national, 1878.

Nails: Pennsylvania, 1875;

Western Association, 1882;

Atlantic States Association, 1883.

Paint.

Plaster, national, 1891.

Roofing: felt;

iron;

pitch, Vermont, national, 1887.

Sanitary pottery.

Sash, doors, and blinds, national.

Sewer pipes, national, 1884.

Stone: brown stone, Lake Superior, 1890, New York, 1884;

cut-stone quarry owners, Western, 1892;

free-stone; granite, national, 1891;

limestone, rubble, and flag, Illinois, 1884;

marble, Western dealers, 1885;

Vermont marble quarries, 1889;

sandstone, New York, 1883.

Structural steel.

Stucco, 1883.

Varnish dealers, national, 1888.

Wall-paper: national, 1879; international, 1882.

VII.--FARM AND PLANTATION

Agricultural implements, manufacturers, dealers, 1891.

Binders, Harvester Trust, 1883.

Churns, 1884.

Corn-harvesters, national, 1892.

Cotton bagging, 1888.

Cotton presses, local, 1892.

Drain tile, Indiana, 1894.

Fencing, barbed wire, national, 1881.

Fertilizers: 1888;

guano;

menhaden oil, New England, 1885;

phosphate, South Carolina, 1887;

Canada, 1890;

Florida, 1891.

Forks, national, 1890.

Harrow manufacturers, national, 1890.

Harvesting-machines, national, 1883.

Hay-presses, national, 1889.

Hay tools, Western and Northwestern, 1884.

Hoes, national, 1890.

Horse-brushes, prison-made, 1889.

Jute grain bags, national, 1888.

Mowers, national, 1883.

Pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Paris green.

Ploughs, Northwestern, 1884.

Rakes, national, 1890.

Reapers, 1883.

Scythe-makers, national, 1884.

Shovels, national, 1890.

Snath manufacturers, national, 1891.

Threshing-machines, national, 1890, 1891.

Twine, binding, 1887.

Vehicles.

VIII.--SCHOOL, LIBRARY, AND COUNTING-ROOM

Blank-books, 1888.

Envelopes, 1888.

Lead-pencils, 1878.

Lithographic printers, national, 1892.

Novels (paper-covered "libraries"), 1890.

School-books, national, 1884.

School-furniture, national, 1892.

Slates and slate-pencils, national, 1887.

Subscription-books, local, sectional, 1892.

Type-founders, national, 1888.

Type-writers.

Writing-paper, national, 1884.

IX.--"THE SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD"

Ammunition, 1883.

Arms, 1883.

Cartridges, national, 1883.

Dynamite, Germany.

Fireworks, national, 1890.

Gunpowder, national, 1875.

Guns, 1883.

Shot-tower companies, national, 1873.

X.--FOR THE PERSON

Barbers, National Tonsorial Parlor Company, organized to establish

barber-shops in all the large cities of the United States, 1890.

Buttons.

Calico, England, 1891.

Clothes-brushes, prison-made, 1889.

Coat and cloak manufacturers: New York, 1883;

Chicago, 1893.

Collars and cuffs, New York, 1890.

Cotton: England, 1890;

Fall River; Southern mills, 1881;

thread (spool-cotton), 1888.

Diamonds: mines in South Africa;

dealers in Europe, 1889.

Dress-goods, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Furs.

Ginghams, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Gloves, New York.

Hats: fur, 1885;

woollen, national.

Knit goods: New York, 1884;

Western, 1889.

Jewellers, national.

Laundries: Chicago;

Chinese Laundry Union, New York City, 1889;

St. Louis, 1893.

Pocket-knives, national, 1892.

Ribbons, national, 1892.

Rubber boots and shoes, national, 1882.

Seal-skin, national, 1892.

Shirts: Troy, New York City, 1890.

Shoe: manufacturers, national, 1887;

retailers, New England, 1885;

national, 1886.

Silk: manufacturers, international. France, England, Italy, Germany,

1888;

sewing, national, 1887;

ribbon, 1884.

Trunks, national, 1892.

Umbrellas, Eastern, 1891.

Watch:

manufacturers, makers and jewellers, national, 1886;

National Association of Jobbers of American Watches and Cases, 1886.

Woollens:

manufacturers, 1882;

worsteds, yarns, Pennsylvania, 1886.

XI.--SMOKING AND DRINKING

Beer, United States Brewers' Association, 1861.

Champagne, New York City, 1889;

France, 1891.

Meerschaum pipes, New Jersey, 1892.

Soda fountains, 1890.

Spittoons, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Tobacco and cigars, local, sectional, national, 1882;

cigarettes, 1890.

Waters, mineral, national, 1889.

Whiskey and "domestic"--or artificial--brandy, rum, gin, and cordials made

in imitation of the genuine.

Wine-growers, California, 1889.

XII.--"HOME, SWEET HOME"

_In General_

Candles, coal, furnaces, gas, oil, matches, ranges, stoves, etc. (see

Light, Heat, and Power).

Carpets:

Eastern, 1885;

Brussels, in-grain, 1888.

Chairs:

cane, 1889;

manufacturers, Western, 1880;

seats, perforated, national, 1888.

Furniture:

national, 1883;

Chicago manufacturers, 1886;

retailers, New England, 1888;

national, 1893.

Hair-cloth, Rhode Island, 1893.

Oil-cloth, table and stair, Oil-cloth Association, 1887.

Pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Soap, national, 1890.

Upholsterers' felt.

Upholstery goods, textile manufacturers, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Window-shades, 1888.

_The Kitchen_

Boilers.

Bottles.

Brooms, 1886.

Brushes, scrubbing, prison-made, 1889.

Chopping-bowls, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Crockery, national, 1883.

Fruit-jars, 1891.

Glass-ware, 1883.

Hollow-ware, prison-made, 1888.

Keelers, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Kettles, prison-made, 1888.

Lamp-chimneys, 1883.

Measures, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Pans and pots, prison-made, 1888.

Potato-mashers, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Pottery, yellow-ware, national, 1889.

Sinks, copper.

Stamped-ware, national, 1882.

Tin-ware:

national, 1883;

English, 1889.

Water-coolers, filters, pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Water-pails, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Wooden-ware, national, 1884.

_Laundry_

Borax.

Clothes-pins, New York, 1888.

Clothes-wringers.

Soap, national, 1890.

Soda, 1884.

Starch:

Western, 1882;

national, 1890.

Washboards, New York, 1888.

Wash-tubs, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Washing-machines, national, 1891.

Water-tubs, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Zinc, sheet, 1890.

_Dining-room_

Butter-dishes, 1886.

China, England, 1888.

Glass table-ware, 1889.

Plated-ware.

Silver-plated ware.

Silver-ware, national, 1892.

Table cutlery, national, 1881.

Table oil-cloth, national, 1888.

Tables, extension-tables, national, 1893.

_Parlor_

For carpets, furniture, upholstery, etc., see under "In General," above.

Mantel lambrequin, wool felt, 1888.

Music, books and instruments, Boston, New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, 1892.

Organs, local, sectional, 1889.

Parlor frame manufacturers.

Parlor furniture, Western Association, 1886.

Pianos, local, sectional, 1889;

national, 1893.

Piano-covers, wool felt, 1888.

Picture-frames, 1890.

Rugs, Eastern, 1885.

Table-covers, wool felt, 1888.

Tapestries, Eastern, 1885.

_Bath-room_

Bath-tubs (see "Copper").

Sanitary-ware, 1889.

Sponges, Florida, New York, 1892.

_Bedroom_

Chintzes, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Looking-glass:

French silvered plate-glass, 1888;

German, national, 1887;

international, 1890.

Spring beds, national, 1890.

Wire mattress:

Northwestern, 1886;

national, 1890.

XIII.--"OUR DAILY BREAD"

Bread, biscuit, crackers, local, sectional, national.

Butter, local, 1889.

Candy, local, national, 1884.

Canned goods:

Western, 1885;

national, 1889;

California canned fruit, 1891.

Cider and vinegar, national, 1882.

Coffee, Arbuckle trust, 1888.

Corn-meal, Western, 1894.

Cotton-seed oil.

Dairy Association, national, 1893.

Eggs, local, in United States and Canada.

Fish:

England, 1749 and before;

New York and New England, 1892;

salmon, Alaska, 1891;

salmon canners of the Pacific coast, 1893;

sardines, Eastern, 1885;

international, 1890;

sardine canneries, Canada, 1893.

Flour:

United States, National Millers' Association, 1883;

winter wheat mills, national, 1888;

spring wheat mills of the United States;

millers of northeast England, 1889;

rye flour, local, 1891;

flour-mills of Utah and Colorado, 1892.

Food Manufacturers' Association, United States, 1891.

Fruit:

bananas, Southern, 1888;

California fruit-growers, 1892;

cranberries, Cape Cod, 1888;

England, 1884;

Florida, 1889;

foreign fruit, New York, 1884;

Fruit-trade Association, New York, 1882;

fruit-growers of the Eastern and Middle States against

commission-merchants, 1887;

preserves and jellies, Western, 1883;

American Preservers' Company, 1889;

prunes, California;

strawberry-growers, Wisconsin, 1892;

watermelons, Indiana, South Carolina, 1889.

Grape-growers, northern Ohio, 1894.

Grocers: wholesale, retail; local, sectional, national.

Honey, local, 1888.

Ice:

local, sectional, 1883;

artificial, Southern, 1889.

Lard-refiners, Eastern, 1887.

Meat and cattle:

beef, mutton, pork;

Butchers' National Protective Association;

Chicago packers;

Inter-mountain Stock-growers' Association, Utah, 1893;

International Cattle Range Association;

Live-stock Association, 1887;

Northwest Texas Live-stock Association, 1878;

Western Kansas Stock-growers' Association, 1883;

Wyoming Stock-growers' Association, 1874.

Milk:

local, sectional, 1883;

condensed milk, New York, Illinois, 1891.

Oatmeal, 1885;

Canada, 1887.

Olive-oil.

Oysters, local, 1890.

Pea-nuts, 1888.

Pickles, national, 1891.

Produce:

Produce Commission-merchants, eight large cities--North, South, East,

West, 1883;

West, 1888.

Raisins, California, 1894.

Rice-mills, Southern, 1888.

Salt:

rock;

English Salt Union, 1888;

international, United States and Canada, 1889;

Canada, 1891.

Sugar:

Hawaii, 1876;

United States, 1887.

Glucose, national, 1883;

international, 1891.

Wine, California, 1894.

XIV.--LIFE AND DEATH

Artificial teeth, United States, 1889.

Castor-oil, 1885.

Cocoa-nut oil, American importers, 1881.

Coffins, National Burial-case Association, 1884.

Dental machines and supplies, United States, 1889.

Drugs:

importers;

druggists, retail, sectional, national, 1883;

wholesale, sectional, national, 1884;

Canada, 1874;

manufacturers, national, 1884.

Ergot, 1891.

Glycerine, New York, 1888.

Life insurance, 1883,

national, 1891.

Patent medicines, national, 1884.

Peppermint, local, 1887.

Quinine, 1882.

Tombstones, local, Brooklyn, Chicago, 1891.

Vaseline.

XV.--MISCELLANEOUS

Athletic clubs, 1893, to reduce charges made by prize-fighters for

exhibition.

Base-ball, national, 1876.

Billiard-tables and furniture, 1884.

Bill-posters, United States, Canada, 1872.

Dime museums, national, 1883.

Landlords' Union, London, England, 1890.

News-dealers, 1884;

newspapers, Associated Press, United Press;

sectional, national.

Photographers, national, 1889.

Playing-cards.

Printers, show and job, 1893.

Racing trust, jockey club, 1894.

Retailers, 1891.

Small retail store-keepers of Kansas City protest against mammoth

department stores.

Safes, national, 1892.

Theatrical trust, Interstate Amusement Company, Springfield, Ill., 1894.

Warehouses:

Brooklyn, 1887;

national, 1891.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Annual Report Attorney-General of the United States, 1893.]

[Footnote 2: People of the State of New York _vs._ The North River

Sugar Refining Company. Supreme Court of New York--at Circuit (January

9, 1889). New York Senate Trusts, 1889, p. 278.]

[Footnote 3: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 19.]

[Footnote 4: References:

1. Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the Anthracite Coal

Difficulties, 1871.

2. Morris Run Coal Company _vs._ The Barclay Coal Company. Pennsylvania

State Reports, Vol. 68, p. 173.

3. Report on the Coal Combination. New York Assembly Committee on

Railroads, 1878.

4. Labor Troubles in Anthracite Regions, 1887-1888. House of

Representatives, 50th Congress, Second Session. Report No. 4147.

5. New York Senate Investigation of the Coal Combination, 1892.

6. Alleged Coal Combination. House of Representatives, 52d Congress, 2d

Session. Report No. 2278. January 18, 1893.

7. Coxe Brothers & Co. _vs._ The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company,

before the Interstate Commerce Commission. Report and Opinion of the

Commission.

8. John C. Haddock _vs._ Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad

Company, before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 1890.

9. Hocking Valley Investigation. General Assembly of Ohio, 1885.

10. Trusts or Pools. Investigation by Legislature of Ohio, 1889.

11. Alleged Combinations in Manufactures, Trade, etc. Dominion House of

Commons, 1888.]

[Footnote 5: Richardson _vs._ Buhl _et al._ Michigan State Reports,

vol. lxxvii., p. 632.]

[Footnote 6: Page ii.]

[Footnote 7: Page xxii.]

[Footnote 8: Coal Combination, Congress, 1893. Testimony of John C.

Haddock, pp. 242-261.]

[Footnote 9: Same, p. iv.]

[Footnote 10: Report, p. xlv.]

[Footnote 11: Coal Combination, Congress, 1893, pp. iii., iv., vi.]

[Footnote 12: Same, p. i.]

[Footnote 13: Same. p. v.]

[Footnote 14: Report, pp. xiv., xv., xlix.]

[Footnote 15: Combinations, Canadian Parliament, 1888, pp. 5, 6, 7.]

[Footnote 16: Report, p. lxx.]

[Footnote 17: Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the

Anthracite Coal Difficulties, 1871.]

[Footnote 18: Report, pp. lxx., and following.]

[Footnote 19: Same, p. lxxvi.]

[Footnote 20: Same, p. lxxvii.]

[Footnote 21: Report, pp. ix., xciv., and following.]

[Footnote 22: Same, p. xlv.]

[Footnote 23: Same, p. xiii.]

[Footnote 24: Coxe case before Interstate Commerce Commission, Coal

Combination, Congress, 1893, p. 183.]

[Footnote 25: Same, p. v.]

[Footnote 26: Whiskey Trust Investigation. Committee on the

Judiciary Report, March 1, 1893. 52d Congress, 2d Session, House of

Representatives, Report No. 2601, p. 16 and following.]

[Footnote 27: Same testimony, p. 28.]

[Footnote 28: Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, p. 62.]

[Footnote 29: Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, pp. 14, 15.]

[Footnote 30: Report of the Investigating Committee appointed by the

Legislature of Minnesota of 1891, to determine whether wheat was taken

without inspection from a public elevator in Duluth. April 7, 1892, p.

11.]

[Footnote 31: Trusts, New York Senate, 1891, pp. 9, 11.]

[Footnote 32: Meat Products, United States Senate, 51st Congress, 1st

Session, Report No. 829, 1890, p. 2.]

[Footnote 33: New York Assembly, "Hepburn Report," 1879, p. 70.]

[Footnote 34: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 3.]

[Footnote 35: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, pp. 1, 2.]

[Footnote 36: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 6.]

[Footnote 37: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, Testimony, pp.

464, 465.]

[Footnote 38: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890.]

[Footnote 39: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888. Combinations, Canadian

Parliament, 1888.]

[Footnote 40: F.H. Storer, _American Journal of Science_, vol. xxx.,

1860.]

[Footnote 41: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census,

1885, p. 159.]

[Footnote 42: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census,

1885, p. 160.]

[Footnote 43: Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly

"Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3549 and following.]

[Footnote 44: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census,

1885, p. 93.]

[Footnote 45: Same, p. 93.]

[Footnote 46: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 214.]

[Footnote 47: Titusville _Morning Herald_, March 20, 1872.]

[Footnote 48: Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873,

p. 418.]

[Footnote 49: Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly

"Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3548.]

[Footnote 50: Testimony, Freight Discriminations, Ohio House of

Representatives, 1879, pp. 184-5.]

[Footnote 51: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 304.]

[Footnote 52: Testimony, Pennsylvania Tax Case, 1883, p. 486.]

[Footnote 53: This contract is printed in full in Exhibits, New

York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 418-51, and Trust Report,

Congress, 1888, pp. 357-61.]

[Footnote 54: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 353.]

[Footnote 55: Art. 2, sec. 3.]

[Footnote 56: Art. 2, sec. 4.]

[Footnote 57: Art. 2, sec. 5.]

[Footnote 58: Art. 2, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 59: The same.]

[Footnote 60: Art. 2, Sec. 8.]

[Footnote 61: Art. 2, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 62: Art. 3.]

[Footnote 63: Art. 4.]

[Footnote 64: Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, pp. 418-51.]

[Footnote 65: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1566.]

[Footnote 66: Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873,

p. 300.]

[Footnote 67: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 42.]

[Footnote 68: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, p.

418.]

[Footnote 69: Report of the Executive Committee of the Petroleum

Producers' Union, 1872, p. 23.]

[Footnote 70: Testimony, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 237.]

[Footnote 71: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

2525.]

[Footnote 72: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

2527.]

[Footnote 73: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp.

2525-35.]

[Footnote 74: See ch. xxxii. for "the state of the business"

"unproductive of profit."]

[Footnote 75: Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._ Court

of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, O. Affidavit of the President of the

Standard Oil Company.]

[Footnote 76: 11 Harris.]

[Footnote 77: Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania,

1873, v. 3, pp. 522-3.]

[Footnote 78: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

2766.]

[Footnote 79: Report of Executive Committee of the Petroleum Producers'

Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 80: See ch. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 81: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union,

1872.]

[Footnote 82: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 290.]

[Footnote 83: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.]

[Footnote 84: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 289.]

[Footnote 85: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad Company _et al._, 1879, p. 707.]

[Footnote 86: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union,

1872.]

[Footnote 87: Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil

Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880.]

[Footnote 88: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 385.]

[Footnote 89: Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil

Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880, Section 7.]

[Footnote 90: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 91: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 92: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 93: Same.]

[Footnote 94: Same.]

[Footnote 95: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 547.]

[Footnote 96: Petition for Relief and Injunction, Standard Oil Company

_vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, etc.]

[Footnote 97: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 98: _Combinations_, etc., S.C.T. Dodd, p. 25.]

[Footnote 99: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 422.]

[Footnote 100: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 772.]

[Footnote 101: Affidavit of Levi T. Scofield.]

[Footnote 102: Exhibit A, etc., Section 12.]

[Footnote 103: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 388, 421.]

[Footnote 104: Scofield _et al._ _vs._ Lake Shore and Michigan Southern

Railway Company, 43 Ohio State Report, p. 571.]

[Footnote 105: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 106: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 107: See Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 800.]

[Footnote 108: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad

_et al._, 1879, Testimony, p. 472.]

[Footnote 109: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1879, Testimony, p. 490.]

[Footnote 110: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union,

1872.]

[Footnote 111: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 112: Glasgow _Herald_, June 16, 1892.]

[Footnote 113: Affidavit, Oct. 18, 1880, Case of Standard Oil Company

_vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880.]

[Footnote 114: Affidavit, Nov. 17, 1880.]

[Footnote 115: Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1880.]

[Footnote 116: Affidavit, May 1, 1880.]

[Footnote 117: See chapter "Not to Exceed Half."]

[Footnote 118: Affidavit, May 1, 1880.]

[Footnote 119: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad

Company _et al._, Testimony, p. 751.]

[Footnote 120: Exhibit A, Affidavit, October 18, 1880.]

[Footnote 121: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 122: See ch. xviii. and following.]

[Footnote 123: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 124: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

1693.]

[Footnote 125: Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 126: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 127: Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 128: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

1596.]

[Footnote 129: Same, Report, p. 43.]

[Footnote 130: Same, Testimony, p. 3429.]

[Footnote 131: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp.

2792-95.]

[Footnote 132: Same, p. 2795.]

[Footnote 133: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.]

[Footnote 134: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 670.]

[Footnote 135: Testimony of A.J. Cassatt, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

_vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 666, 669, 671.]

[Footnote 136: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 137: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879, p.

665.]

[Footnote 138: Appeal to the Executive of Pennsylvania, Trusts,

Congress, 1888, p. 354.]

[Footnote 139: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 735.]

[Footnote 140: Same, p. 672.]

[Footnote 141: Same, p. 460.]

[Footnote 142: See ch. vi.]

[Footnote 143: Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._

Affidavit of the treasurer of the Standard.]

[Footnote 144: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 771-72.]

[Footnote 145: For the full report of these remarkable interviews with

the President and Third Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad see

Testimony, Investigation Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs,

1878, pp. 47 _et seq._, 60 _et seq._; Testimony, Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 160 _et

seq._, 204 _et seq._, 237 _et seq._]

[Footnote 146: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 225-26.]

[Footnote 147: Testimony, Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of

Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 49, 59; Testimony, New York Assembly

"Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 710, 3548-56; Exhibits, same, p. 176;

Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et

al._, 1879, p. 247.]

[Footnote 148: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, p. 712.]

[Footnote 149: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

720.]

[Footnote 150: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.]

[Footnote 151: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 725-26.]

[Footnote 152: Exhibits, pp. 453-514.]

[Footnote 153: Testimony, pp. 174-207.]

[Footnote 154: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 11.]

[Footnote 155: Same, p. 352.]

[Footnote 156: Same, p. 510.]

[Footnote 157: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.]

[Footnote 158: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 374.]

[Footnote 159: Testimony, Discriminations in Freight Rates, Ohio House

of Representatives, 1879, pp. 181-85.]

[Footnote 160: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

800.]

[Footnote 161: Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp.

238-45.]

[Footnote 162: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, pp.

479-514.]

[Footnote 163: This was always denied by the New York Central. "I never

heard of the American Transfer Company," Vanderbilt told the New York

Legislature. "I don't know that we ever paid the American Transfer

Company a dollar. If we did, I have no knowledge of it." New York

Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1577.]

[Footnote 164: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, p. 702. Same, Exhibits Nos. 45-47, pp.

732-33.]

[Footnote 165: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad

_et al._, 1879, p. 691.]

[Footnote 166: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp.

3666-69.]

[Footnote 167: Same, p. 3959.]

[Footnote 168: Same, p. 2664.]

[Footnote 169: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 656-57.]

[Footnote 170: Art. 1, sec. 4.]

[Footnote 171: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 40-44.]

[Footnote 172: Speech of Simon Sterne, counsel of the New York Chamber

of Commerce, before New York Assembly "Hepburn" Committee, 1879, p.

3964.]

[Footnote 173: Testimony, same, p. 2772.]

[Footnote 174: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 175: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 176: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 302, 314.]

[Footnote 177: Testimony, same, Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37;

Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp.

19, 29.]

[Footnote 178: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879,

Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37; Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of

Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 19, 29, 32, 42.]

[Footnote 179: A History, etc. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 690, 697,

705, 706.]

[Footnote 180: Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

_vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, pp. 298-99.]

[Footnote 181: Same, p. 300.]

[Footnote 182: Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

_vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, p. 300.]

[Footnote 183: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 78-79.]

[Footnote 184: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._

Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 295.]

[Footnote 185: Same, p. 212.]

[Footnote 186: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 45.]

[Footnote 187: Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce,

Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.]

[Footnote 188: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

before Interstate Commerce Commission, pp. 299-300.]

[Footnote 189: Same, pp. 521, 539.]

[Footnote 190: Same, p. 534.]

[Footnote 191: Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce,

Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.]

[Footnote 192: Report, p. 45.]

[Footnote 193: Franklin B. Gowen, before Pennsylvania House of

Representatives Committee on Railroads, Feb. 13, 1883.]

[Footnote 194: See ch. xiii.]

[Footnote 195: See ch. xxvi.]

[Footnote 196: Testimony of General Freight Agent of Pennsylvania

Railroad (Logan, Emery, and Weaver _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad), McKean

County Court of Common Pleas, 1889.]

[Footnote 197: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases

before the Interstate Commerce Commission, Deposition, pp. 531-34.]

[Footnote 198: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company, Supreme Court

of New York, Buffalo, May, 1888, before Judge Childs; Deposition of

David McKelvey.]

[Footnote 199: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases; Interstate

Commerce Commission reports, vol. v., pp. 4, 5.]

[Footnote 200: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 572.]

[Footnote 201: Same, pp. 389-99.]

[Footnote 202: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 658.]

[Footnote 203: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 925.]

[Footnote 204: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 28.]

[Footnote 205: New York _Independent_, March 17, 1893.]

[Footnote 206: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

Nos. 153, 154, 163, Interstate Commerce Commission; Deposition of

General Freight Agent Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 531, 534.]

[Footnote 207: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 389.]

[Footnote 208: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 27.]

[Footnote 209: Same, p. 28.]

[Footnote 210: Same, p. 27.]

[Footnote 211: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 17.]

[Footnote 212: Answer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Testimony,

Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 365.]

[Footnote 213: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 256.]

[Footnote 214: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Petition

and Complaint.]

[Footnote 215: Same, Testimony, p. 367.]

[Footnote 216: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 372.]

[Footnote 217: Same, pp. 380, 382.]

[Footnote 218: Same, p. 256.]

[Footnote 219: National Oil Company, Limited, to Interstate Commerce

Commission, March 30, 1893.]

[Footnote 220: _Combinations: Their Uses and Abuses_, by S.C.T. Dodd,

p. 26.]

[Footnote 221: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3688.]

[Footnote 222: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 71.]

[Footnote 223: Same, p. 426.]

[Footnote 224: Same, p. 425.]

[Footnote 225: _The Railways and the Republic_, by J.F. Hudson, p. 83.]

[Footnote 226: See pp. 69-70.]

[Footnote 227: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Nos. 153,

154, 163. Petition and Complaint, p. 4.]

[Footnote 228: Interstate Commerce Commission, "In the Matter of

Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil," 1888. Letter of G.B. Roberts.]

[Footnote 229: See ch. v.]

[Footnote 230: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 231: See below, and ch. xvii.]

[Footnote 232: See ch. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 233: Rice, Robinson & Witherop case, Interstate Commerce

Commission, 1890.]

[Footnote 234: In the matter of Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil.

Letter of President Roberts, Interstate Commerce Commission reports,

vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 235: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p.

365.]

[Footnote 236: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Exhibits,

pp. 6, 7, 10.]

[Footnote 237: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p.

365.]

[Footnote 238: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p.

365.]

[Footnote 239: Same.]

[Footnote 240: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 462.]

[Footnote 241: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 542, 543.]

[Footnote 242: Same, p. 542.]

[Footnote 243: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Petition

and Complaint.]

[Footnote 244: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 44, 110, 393, 396.]

[Footnote 245: Same, p. 401.]

[Footnote 246: Same, p. 335.]

[Footnote 247: See p. 145.]

[Footnote 248: See ch. xv.]

[Footnote 249: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 283-84.]

[Footnote 250: Same, p. 283.]

[Footnote 251: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Interstate

Commerce Commission Reports, vol v., p. 415.]

[Footnote 252: See chs. xv., xvi., xvii.]

[Footnote 253: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 268-336.]

[Footnote 254: Same, p. 476.]

[Footnote 255: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 163, 461, 537.]

[Footnote 256: Same, p. 267.]

[Footnote 257: Same, p. 296.]

[Footnote 258: Same, Testimony of General Freight Manager of the Lehigh

Valley Railroad, pp. 161-62.]

[Footnote 259: Same, Testimony of General Freight Agent of the

Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 523, 537.]

[Footnote 260: Testimony of General Freight Agent of the Pennsylvania

Railroad in Nicolai and Brady _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._,

before Interstate Commerce Commission, Jan. 28, 1888.]

[Footnote 261: The new rates prohibited the traffic. Testimony,

Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 97, 110, 139, 141,

146-48, 383-84, 393, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402.]

[Footnote 262: Decision in Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case,

Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.]

[Footnote 263: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 283.]

[Footnote 264: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 265: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 36.]

[Footnote 266: Same, p. 270.]

[Footnote 267: Same, p. 221.]

[Footnote 268: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 269: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

Mr. Confer, June 17, 1891, p. 12.]

[Footnote 270: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 237-38.]

[Footnote 271: Same, Report and Opinion of the Commission.]

[Footnote 272: Same.]

[Footnote 273: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 127-28.]

[Footnote 274: Report of Senate Select Committee, Interstate Commerce,

49th Congress, 1st Session, 1886, p. 214.]

[Footnote 275: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

p. 252.]

[Footnote 276: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 20, 45, 75, 128-29, 175-77.]

[Footnote 277: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 304-5.]

[Footnote 278: Same, p. 486.]

[Footnote 279: Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p.

131.]

[Footnote 280: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases,

pp. 188, 193, 446, 466, 467.]

[Footnote 281: See chs. xvi, and xvii.]

[Footnote 282: Rice cases, Nos. 184, 185, 194. Interstate Commerce

Commission Reports, vol v., p. 193.]

[Footnote 283: Same.]

[Footnote 284: George Rice _vs._ The St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co.

_et al._, and same _vs._ Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railway Co.

_et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. v., p. 660.]

[Footnote 285: See chap. ix.]

[Footnote 286: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 695.]

[Footnote 287: Same, p. 69.]

[Footnote 288: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 449.]

[Footnote 289: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 7, 19, 27, 28.]

[Footnote 290: See ch. xviii.]

[Footnote 291: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 64.]

[Footnote 292: New York _Tribune_, June 29, 1889.]

[Footnote 293: United States Department of the Interior. "Petroleum,"

by Joseph D. Weeks, p. 300. Annual Oil Supplement to _Oil City

Derrick_, 1893 and 1894.]

[Footnote 294: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 68.]

[Footnote 295: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 387.]

[Footnote 296: Same, p. 405.]

[Footnote 297: Same, p. 449.]

[Footnote 298: Annual Oil Supplement to _Oil City Derrick_, Jan. 2,

1893.]

[Footnote 299: Trusts, Congress, 1888. p. 52.]

[Footnote 300: Same, p. 67.]

[Footnote 301: Same, p. 29.]

[Footnote 302: Same, p. 65.]

[Footnote 303: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 304: See ch. xxiii.]

[Footnote 305: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p.

3482.]

[Footnote 306: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 330.]

[Footnote 307: Testimony of P.M. Shannon, J.W. Lee, T.B. Westgate, in

the case of J.J. Carter _vs._ Producers and Refiners' Oil Co., Ld.,

Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pa., May, 1894.]

[Footnote 308: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 309: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, _ex rel._ Bolard and Dale

_vs._ National Transit Co., Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County,

Pa., December, 1893.]

[Footnote 310: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 311: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature

on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, p. 527.]

[Footnote 312: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania

Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883. Testimony of

Auditor-General Schell, p. 11 _et seq._, pp. 394-95, and of Corporation

Clerk, same, p. 58 _et seq._]

[Footnote 313: Same, pp. 60, 61, 62.]

[Footnote 314: Same, pp. 374, 383.]

[Footnote 315: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature

on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 68, 69, 70, 381.]

[Footnote 316: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature

on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 53, 70, 81-85.]

[Footnote 317: Appeal of Standard Oil Company to the Court of Common

Pleas of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, June 20, 1881.]

[Footnote 318: Trusts, Congress, 1886, p. 707.]

[Footnote 319: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 143, 196, 476.]

[Footnote 320: Same, pp. 316-17.]

[Footnote 321: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 229, 478.]

[Footnote 322: Same, pp. 478-79.]

[Footnote 323: Same, pp. 228-29.]

[Footnote 324: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 163, 185.]

[Footnote 325: Same, p. 631.]

[Footnote 326: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 267-70, 762-63.]

[Footnote 327: Same, pp. 310, 789.]

[Footnote 328: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 640-43, 830.]

[Footnote 329: Same, p. 231.]

[Footnote 330: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 229-30, 284-95.]

[Footnote 331: Same, p. 498.]

[Footnote 332: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., p. 343.]

[Footnote 333: Same, p. 500.]

[Footnote 334: Same, pp. 339-41.]

[Footnote 335: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 502-6.]

[Footnote 336: Same, pp. 297, 310, 315, 327.]

[Footnote 337: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., pp. 467, 521.]

[Footnote 338: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., p. 661.]

[Footnote 339: Same, F.B. Gowen, p. 650.]

[Footnote 340: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania

Legislature, etc., p. 713.]

[Footnote 341: Hudson's _Railways and Republic_, p. 465.]

[Footnote 342: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special

Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 93.]

[Footnote 343: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company. Tried in the

Supreme Court at Buffalo, N.Y., May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 344: _The Early and Later History of Petroleum_, by J.G.

Henry, 1873, p. 186.]

[Footnote 345: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special

Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 9.]

[Footnote 346: Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, p.

566.]

[Footnote 347: Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, pp.

567-69.]

[Footnote 348: Same, p. 568.]

[Footnote 349: Same, p. 568.]

[Footnote 350: Same, p. 570.]

[Footnote 351: Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme

Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 352: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 353: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 354: Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme

Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 355: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 356: See ch. xxi.]

[Footnote 357: Samuel Van Syckel died in Buffalo, March 3, 1894, aged

83.]

[Footnote 358: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 573.]

[Footnote 359: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879,

p. 28.]

[Footnote 360: Testimony, same, pp. 5, 41, 42, 124, 141, 162, 166, 170.]

[Footnote 361: Testimony, same, p. 129.]

[Footnote 362: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879,

pp. 12, 34, 172.]

[Footnote 363: See ch. xviii.]

[Footnote 364: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879,

p. 129.]

[Footnote 365: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 579.]

[Footnote 366: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879,

pp. 33, 40-42.]

[Footnote 367: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879,

pp. 49, 51, 56.]

[Footnote 368: Same, pp. 159, 163.]

[Footnote 369: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879,

p. 169.]

[Footnote 370: Same, pp. 249-50.]

[Footnote 371: Same, p. 250.]

[Footnote 372: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879,

p. 260.]

[Footnote 373: Same, p. 116.]

[Footnote 374: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 574.]

[Footnote 375: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 577-78.]

[Footnote 376: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 377: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578. Hardy and another _vs._

Cleveland and Marietta Railroad _et al._, Circuit Court, Ohio, E.D.,

1887. _Federal Reporter_, vol. xxxi., pp. 689-93.]

[Footnote 378: 49th Congress, 1st Session, Report of the Senate Select

Committee on Interstate Commerce, p. 199.]

[Footnote 379: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 534, 535.]

[Footnote 380: Same, pp. 730-38.]

[Footnote 381: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 743.]

[Footnote 382: Same, p. 729.]

[Footnote 383: Same, p. 732.]

[Footnote 384: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 416-20.]

[Footnote 385: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission,

Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 442-43.]

[Footnote 386: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 524-30.]

[Footnote 387: Same, p. 620.]

[Footnote 388: Same, pp. 534-36.]

[Footnote 389: Same, p. 533.]

[Footnote 390: Same, p. 536.]

[Footnote 391: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 729.]

[Footnote 392: Same, p. 534.]

[Footnote 393: Same, p. 730.]

[Footnote 394: Same, p. 733.]

[Footnote 395: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 735.]

[Footnote 396: Same, p. 535.]

[Footnote 397: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578.]

[Footnote 398: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 579-80.]

[Footnote 399: Same, p. 584.]

[Footnote 400: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission,

Nos. 51-60, p. 147.]

[Footnote 401: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 682-83.]

[Footnote 402: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission,

1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 57.]

[Footnote 403: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 529-32.]

[Footnote 404: Supreme Court of Ohio: the State, _ex rel._, _vs._ The

Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway Company. The State,

_ex rel._, _vs._ The Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railway

Company, 47 Ohio State Reports, p. 130.]

[Footnote 405: Testimony, Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 384.]

[Footnote 406: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 397, 398, 615-17.]

[Footnote 407: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.]

[Footnote 408: Same, pp. 586, 676. Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate

Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 391-92.]

[Footnote 409: Same, pp. 676-77.]

[Footnote 410: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 119.]

[Footnote 411: Trusts, Congress, 1880, p. 520.]

[Footnote 412: Trusts, Congress, 1880, pp. 410-11.]

[Footnote 413: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 599.]

[Footnote 414: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 688-89.]

[Footnote 415: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 416: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 607.]

[Footnote 417: Same, p. 678.]

[Footnote 418: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 29.]

[Footnote 419: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, U.S.

Census, 1885, p. 92.]

[Footnote 420: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 614.]

[Footnote 421: See ch. xxiv.]

[Footnote 422: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission,

Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 144.]

[Footnote 423: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 587, 675, 680. Rice cases,

Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 487-88. For similar preferences to the palace

cattle-car companies, see report on "Meat Products," United States

Senate, 1890, p. 18.]

[Footnote 424: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 477.]

[Footnote 425: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675, 679-87.]

[Footnote 426: Same, p. 682.]

[Footnote 427: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 47.]

[Footnote 428: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 675.]

[Footnote 429: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 108-9.]

[Footnote 430: Same, p. 120.]

[Footnote 431: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 432: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.]

[Footnote 433: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 480.]

[Footnote 434: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.]

[Footnote 435: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 531-33.]

[Footnote 436: Same, pp. 646-47.]

[Footnote 437: Same, pp. 668-85.]

[Footnote 438: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 65.]

[Footnote 439: Same, p. 131.]

[Footnote 440: Same, pp. 128-29, 143-47, 239.]

[Footnote 441: Same, p. 109. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675-76.]

[Footnote 442: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 688.]

[Footnote 443: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 689.]

[Footnote 444: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 598-99. Testimony, Rice

cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 28.]

[Footnote 445: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.]

[Footnote 446: See p. 205.]

[Footnote 447: See p. 206.]

[Footnote 448: Brundred, _et al._ _vs._ Rice, decided November 1, 1892,

49 Ohio State Reports.]

[Footnote 449: See p. 219.]

[Footnote 450: For the decisions in these Rice cases see Interstate

Commerce Commission Report, vol. i., p. 503; same, p. 722; vol. ii., p.

389; vol. iii., p. 186; vol. iv., p. 228; vol. v., p. 193, and same, p.

660.]

[Footnote 451: The State of Ohio _ex rel._ David K. Watson,

Attorney-General, _vs._ The Standard Oil Company, _N.E. Reporter_, vol.

xxx., p. 279; 49 Ohio State Reports, p. 317.]

[Footnote 452: Rice _vs._ Standard Oil Trust. New York Court of

Appeals--Case on Appeal, 1888.]

[Footnote 453: Testimony, Trusts, New York, 1888, pp. 385-87.]

[Footnote 454: People of the State of New York _vs._ Everest _et

al._ Court of Oyer and Terminer, Erie County, February, 1886, court

stenographer's report. This item is omitted in the transcript of

evidence furnished by the oil trust to the Committee of Congress

investigating trusts in 1888. See Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 801.]

[Footnote 455: See p. 52.]

[Footnote 456: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814, 882, 883.]

[Footnote 457: Same, p. 815.]

[Footnote 458: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 1135.]

[Footnote 459: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.]

[Footnote 460: Same, p. 816.]

[Footnote 461: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 817, 872-74.]

[Footnote 462: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 818, 873.]

[Footnote 463: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 820.]

[Footnote 464: See p. 64.]

[Footnote 465: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 854.]

[Footnote 466: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 826.]

[Footnote 467: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 821-22.]

[Footnote 468: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 824-25.]

[Footnote 469: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 825-26.]

[Footnote 470: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 471: History, etc., Petroleum Producers' Unions. Trusts,

Congress, 1888, pp. 690-716.]

[Footnote 472: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 942.]

[Footnote 473: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814-15.]

[Footnote 474: Same, p. 834.]

[Footnote 475: Same, p. 847.]

[Footnote 476: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 842.]

[Footnote 477: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 821.]

[Footnote 478: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 842-43.]

[Footnote 479: Same, pp. 843-44.]

[Footnote 480: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 823.]

[Footnote 481: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 844.]

[Footnote 482: Same, p. 825.]

[Footnote 483: Same, p. 845.]

[Footnote 484: Same, p. 844.]

[Footnote 485: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2049. The last statement

is omitted in the transcript furnished by the trust for the Congress

Trust Report of 1888.]

[Footnote 486: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 911.]

[Footnote 487: Court Stenographer's Report, pp. 454-55.]

[Footnote 488: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2164.]

[Footnote 489: Testimony, Rice cases, before Interstate Commerce

Commission, 1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 367. Testimony, Trusts, New York

Senate, 1888, pp. 571, 577, 578, 579, 658. Testimony, Trusts, Congress,

1888, p. 295.]

[Footnote 490: Testimony, Alleged Discriminations in Railroad Freights,

Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 36-39.]

[Footnote 491: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 410.]

[Footnote 492: Court Stenographer's Report.]

[Footnote 493: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 871.]

[Footnote 494: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 456, 571.]

[Footnote 495: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 892.]

[Footnote 496: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 869.]

[Footnote 497: Same, p. 825.]

[Footnote 498: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 902.]

[Footnote 499: Same, pp. 905-41.]

[Footnote 500: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 939.]

[Footnote 501: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 932-33, 937.]

[Footnote 502: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.]

[Footnote 503: See chs. xxii. to xxvi.]

[Footnote 504: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.]

[Footnote 505: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 424.]

[Footnote 506: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 849.]

[Footnote 507: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.]

[Footnote 508: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 429, 894.]

[Footnote 509: Same, p. 894.]