News of the death of the Prince Consort--Mr. Sumner and
the Trent Affair--Dispatch to Lord Russell--The Southern
Commissioners given up--Effects on the friends of the South--My
own unpopularity at New York--Attack of fever--My tour in
Canada--My return to New York in February--Successes of the
Western States--Mr. Stanton succeeds Mr. Cameron as Secretary
of War--Reverse and retreat of M‘Clellan--My free pass--The
Merrimac and Monitor--My arrangement to accompany M‘Clellan’s
head-quarters--Mr. Stanton refuses his sanction--National vanity
wounded by my truthfulness--My retirement and return to Europe.
_December 24th._---This evening came in a telegram from Europe
with news which cast the deepest gloom over all our little English
circle. Prince Albert dead! At first no one believed it; then it
was remembered that private letters by the last mail had spoken
despondingly of his state of health, and that the “little cold” of
which we had heard was described in graver terms. Prince Albert dead!
“Oh, it may be Prince Alfred,” said some; and sad as it would be for
the Queen and the public to lose the Sailor Prince, the loss could
not be so great as that which we all felt to be next to the greatest.
The preparations which we had made for a little festivity to welcome
in Christmas morning were chilled by the news, and the eve was not
of the joyous character which Englishmen delight to give it, for the
sorrow which fell on all hearts in England had spanned the Atlantic,
and bade us mourn in common with the country at home.
_December 25th._--Lord Lyons, who had invited the English in
Washington to dinner, gave a small quiet entertainment, from which he
retired early.
_December 26th._--No answer yet. There can be but one. Press people,
soldiers, sailors, ministers, senators, Congress men, people in
the street, the voices of the bar-room--all are agreed. “Give them
up? Never! We’ll die first!” Senator Sumner, M. De Beaumont, M.
De Geoffroy, of the French Legation, dined with me, in company
with General Van Vliet, Mr. Anderson, and Mr. Lamy, &c.; and in
the evening Major Anson, M.P., Mr. Johnson, Captain Irwin, U.S.A.,
Lt. Wise, U.S.N., joined our party, and after much evasion of the
subject, the English despatch and Mr. Seward’s decision turned up and
caused some discussion. Mr. Sumner, who is Chairman of the Committee
on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and in that capacity is in
intimate _rapport_ with the President, either is, or affects to be,
incredulous respecting the nature of Lord Russell’s despatch this
evening, and argues that, at the very utmost, the Trent affair can
only be a matter for mediation, and not for any peremptory demand,
as the law of nations has no exact precedent to bear upon the case,
and that there are so many instances in which Sir W. Scott’s (Lord
Stowell’s) decisions in principle appear to justify Captain Wilkes.
All along he has held this language, and has maintained that at the
very worst there is plenty of time for protocols, despatches, and
references, and more than once he has said to me, “I hope you will
keep the peace; help us to do so,”--the peace having been already
broken by Captain Wilkes and the Government.
_December 27th._--This morning Mr. Seward sent in his reply to
Lord Russell’s despatch--“grandis et verbosa epistola.” The result
destroys my prophecies, for, after all, the Southern Commissioners
or Ambassadors are to be given up. Yesterday, indeed, in an
under-current of whispers among the desponding friends of the South,
there went a rumour that the Government had resolved to yield. What
a collapse! What a bitter mortification! I had scarcely finished
the perusal of an article in a Washington paper,--which, let it be
understood, is an organ of Mr. Lincoln,--stating that “Mason and
Slidell would _not_ be surrendered, and assuring the people they
need entertain no apprehension of such a dishonourable concession,”
when I learned beyond all possibility of doubt, that Mr. Seward had
handed in his despatch, placing the Commissioners at the disposal of
the British Minister. A copy of the despatch will be published in the
_National Intelligencer_ to-morrow morning at an early hour, in time
to go to Europe by the steamer which leaves New York.
After dinner, those who were in the secret were amused by hearing the
arguments which were started between one or two Americans and some
English in the company, in consequence of a positive statement from a
gentleman who came in, that Mason and Slidell had been surrendered. I
have resolved to go to Boston, being satisfied that a great popular
excitement and uprising will, in all probability, take place on the
discharge of the Commissioners from Fort Warren. What will my friend,
the general, say, who told me yesterday “he would snap his sword, and
throw the pieces into the White House, if they were given up?”
_December 28th._--The _National Intelligencer_ of this morning
contains the despatches of Lord Russell, M. Thouvenel, and Mr.
Seward. The bubble has burst. The rage of the friends of compromise,
and of the South, who saw in a war with Great Britain the complete
success of the Confederacy, is deep and burning, if not loud; but
they all say they never expected anything better from the cowardly
and braggart statesmen who now rule in Washington.
Lord Lyons has evinced the most moderate and conciliatory spirit, and
has done everything in his power to break Mr. Seward’s fall on the
softest of eider down. Some time ago we were all prepared to hear
nothing less would be accepted than Captain Wilkes taking Messrs.
Mason and Slidell on board the San Jacinto, and transferring them to
the Trent, under a salute to the flag, near the scene of the outrage;
at all events, it was expected that a British man-of-war would have
steamed into Boston, and received the prisoners under a salute from
Fort Warren; but Mr. Seward, apprehensive that some outrage would be
offered by the populace to the prisoners and the British Flag, has
asked Lord Lyons that the Southern Commissioners may be placed, as
it were, surreptitiously, in a United States boat, and carried to
a small seaport in the State of Maine, where they are to be placed
on board a British vessel as quietly as possible; and this exigent,
imperious, tyrannical, insulting British Minister has cheerfully
acceded to the request. Mr. Conway Seymour, the Queen’s messenger,
who brought Lord Russell’s despatch, was sent back with instructions
for the British Admiral, to send a vessel to Providence town for
the purpose; and as Mr. Johnson, who is nearly connected with Mr.
Eustis, one of the prisoners, proposed going to Boston to see his
brother-in-law, if possible, ere he started, and as there was not the
smallest prospect of any military movement taking place, I resolved
to go northwards with him; and we left Washington accordingly on the
morning of the 31st of December, and arrived at the New York Hotel
the same night.
To my great regret and surprise, however, I learned it would be
impracticable to get to Fort Warren and see the prisoners before
their surrender. My unpopularity, which had lost somewhat of its
intensity, was revived by the exasperation against everything
English, occasioned by the firmness of Great Britain in demanding
the Commissioners; and on New Year’s Night, as I heard subsequently,
Mr. Grinell and other members of the New York Club were exposed
to annoyance and insult, by some of their brother members, in
consequence of inviting me to be their guest at the club.
The illness which had prostrated some of the strongest men in
Washington, including General M‘Clellan himself, developed itself as
soon as I ceased to be sustained by the excitement, such as it was,
of daily events at the capital, and by expectations of a move; and
for some time an attack of typhoid fever confined me to my room, and
left me so weak that I was advised not to return to Washington till
I had tried change of air. I remained in New York till the end of
January, when I proceeded to make a tour in Canada, as it was quite
impossible for any operation to take place on the Potomac, where deep
mud, alternating with snow and frost, bound the contending armies in
winter quarters.
On my return to New York, at the end of February, the North was
cheered by some signal successes achieved in the West principally by
gunboats, operating on the lines of the great rivers. The greatest
results have been obtained in the capture of Fort Donaldson and
Fort Henry, by Commodore Foote’s flotilla co-operating with the
land forces. The possession of an absolute naval supremacy, of
course, gives the North United States powerful means of annoyance
and inflicting injury and destruction on the enemy; it also secures
for them the means of seizing upon bases of operations wherever
they please, of breaking up the enemy’s lines, and maintaining
communications; but the example of Great Britain in the revolutionary
war should prove to the United States that such advantages do not,
by any means, enable a belligerent to subjugate a determined people
resolved on resistance to the last. The long-threatened encounter
between Bragg and Browne has taken place at Pensacola, without
effect, and the attempts of the Federals to advance from Port Royal
have been successfully resisted. Sporadic skirmishes have sprung up
over every border State; but, on the whole, success has inclined to
the Federals in Kentucky and Tennessee.
On the 1st March, I arrived in Washington once more, and found things
very much as I had left them: the army recovering the effect of the
winter’s sickness and losses, animated by the victories of their
comrades in Western fields, and by the hope that the ever-coming
to-morrow would see them in the field at last. In place of Mr.
Cameron, an Ohio lawyer named Stanton has been appointed Secretary of
War. He came to Washington, a few years ago, to conduct some legal
proceedings for Mr. Daniel Sickles, and by his energy, activity, and
a rapid conversion from democratic to republican principles, as well
as by his Union sentiments, recommended himself to the President and
his Cabinet.
The month of March passed over without any remarkable event in
the field. When the army started at last to attack the enemy--a
movement which was precipitated by hearing that they were moving
away--they went out only to find the Confederates had fallen back by
interior lines towards Richmond, and General M‘Clellan was obliged
to transport his army from Alexandria to the peninsula of York Town,
where his reverses, his sufferings, and his disastrous retreat, are
so well known and so recent, that I need only mention them as among
the most remarkable events which have yet occurred in this war.
I had looked forward for many weary months to participating in the
movement and describing its results. Immediately on my arrival
in Washington, I was introduced to Mr. Stanton by Mr. Ashman,
formerly member of Congress and Secretary to Mr. Daniel Webster,
and the Secretary, without making any positive pledge, used words,
in Mr. Ashman’s presence, which led me to believe he would give
me permission to draw rations, and undoubtedly promised to afford
me every facility in his power. Subsequently he sent me a private
pass to the War Department to enable me to get through the crowd of
contractors and jobbers; but on going there to keep my appointment,
the Assistant-Secretary of War told me Mr. Stanton had been summoned
to a Cabinet Council by the President.
We had some conversation respecting the subject matter of my
application, which the Assistant-Secretary seemed to think would
be attended with many difficulties, in consequence of the number
of correspondents to the American papers who might demand the
same privileges, and he intimated to me that Mr. Stanton was
little disposed to encourage them in any way whatever. Now this
is undoubtedly honest on Mr. Stanton’s part, for he knows he
might render himself popular by granting what they ask; but he
is excessively vain, and aspires to be considered a rude, rough,
vigorous Oliver Cromwell sort of man, mistaking some of the
disagreeable attributes and the accidents of the external husk of the
Great Protector for the brain and head of a statesman and a soldier.
The American officers with whom I was intimate gave me to understand
that I could accompany them, in case I received permission from
the Government; but they were obviously unwilling to encounter
the abuse and calumny which would be heaped upon their heads by
American papers, unless they could show the authorities did not
disapprove of my presence in their camp. Several invitations sent
to me were accompanied by the phrase, “You will of course get a
written permission from the War Department, and then there will be
no difficulty.” On the evening of the private theatricals by which
Lord Lyons enlivened the ineffable dullness of Washington, I saw Mr.
Stanton at the Legation, and he conversed with me for some time. I
mentioned the difficulty connected with passes. He asked me what I
wanted. I said, “An order to go with the army to Manassas.” At his
request I procured a sheet of paper, and he wrote me a pass, took a
copy of it, which he put in his pocket, and then handed the other to
me. On looking at it, I perceived that it was a permission for me to
go to Manassas and back, and that all officers, soldiers, and others,
in the United States service, were to give me every assistance
and show me every courtesy; but the hasty return of the army to
Alexandria rendered it useless.
The Merrimac and Monitor encounter produced the profoundest
impression in Washington, and unusual strictness was observed
respecting passes to Fortress Monroe.
_March 19th._--I applied at the Navy Department for a passage down
to Fortress Monroe, as it was expected the Merrimac was coming out
again, but I could not obtain leave to go in any of the vessels.
Captain Hardman showed me a curious sketch of what he called the
Turtle Thor, an iron-cased machine with a huge claw or grapnel, with
which to secure the enemy whilst a steam hammer or a high iron fist,
worked by the engine, cracks and smashes her iron armour. “For,” says
he, “the days of gunpowder are over.”
As soon as General M‘Clellan commenced his movement, he sent a
message to me by one of the French princes, that he would have great
pleasure in allowing me to accompany his head-quarters in the field.
I find the following, under the head of March 22nd:--
“Received a letter from General Marcy, chief of the staff, asking me
to call at his office. He told me General M‘Clellan directed him to
say he had no objection whatever to my accompanying the army, ‘but,’
continued General Marcy, ‘you know we are a sensitive people, and
that our press is exceedingly jealous. General M‘Clellan has many
enemies who seek to pull him down, and scruple at no means of doing
so. He and I would be glad to do anything in our power to help you,
if you come with us, but we must not expose ourselves needlessly to
attack. The army is to move to the York and James Rivers at once.’”
All my arrangements were made that day with General Van Vliet, the
quartermaster-general of head-quarters. I was quite satisfied, from
Mr. Stanton’s promise and General Marcy’s conversation, that I
should have no further difficulty. Our party was made up, consisting
of Colonel Neville; Lieutenant-Colonel Fletcher, Scotch Fusilier
Guards; Mr. Lamy, and myself; and our passage was to be provided in
the quartermaster-general’s boat. On the 26th of March, I went to
Baltimore in company with Colonel Rowan, of the Royal Artillery, who
had come down for a few days to visit Washington, intending to go
on by the steamer to Fortress Monroe, as he was desirous of seeing
his friends on board the Rinaldo, and I wished to describe the great
flotilla assembled there and to see Captain Hewett once more.
On arriving at Baltimore, we learned it would be necessary to get
a special pass from General Dix, and on going to the General’s
head-quarters his aide-de-camp informed us that he had received
special instructions recently from the War Department to grant no
passes to Fortress Monroe, unless to officers and soldiers going
on duty, or to persons in the service of the United States. The
aide-de-camp advised me to telegraph to Mr. Stanton for permission,
which I did, but no answer was received, and Colonel Rowan and I
returned to Washington, thinking there would be a better chance of
securing the necessary order there.
Next day we went to the Department of War, and were shown into Mr.
Stanton’s room--his secretary informing us that he was engaged in the
next room with the President and other Ministers in a council of war,
but that he would no doubt receive a letter from me and send me out
a reply. I accordingly addressed a note to Mr. Stanton, requesting
he would be good enough to give an order to Colonel Rowan, of the
British army, and myself, to go by the mail boat from Baltimore to
Monroe. In a short time Mr. Stanton sent out a note in the following
words:--“Mr. Stanton informs Mr. Russell no passes to Fortress Monroe
can be given at present, unless to officers in the United States
service.” We tried the Navy Department, but no vessels were going
down, they said; and one of the officers suggested that we should
ask for passes to go down and visit H.M.S. Rinaldo exclusively,
which could not well be refused, he thought, to British subjects,
and promised to take charge of the letter for Mr. Stanton and to
telegraph the permission down to Baltimore. There we returned by the
afternoon train and waited, but neither reply nor pass came for us.
Next day we were disappointed also, and an officer of the Rinaldo,
who had come up on duty from the ship, was refused permission to take
us down on his return. I regretted these obstructions principally
on Colonel Rowan’s account, because he would have no opportunity
of seeing the flotilla. He returned next day to New York, whilst
I completed my preparations for the expedition and went back to
Washington, where I received my pass, signed by General M‘Clellan’s
chief of the staff, authorising me to accompany the head-quarters
of the army under his command. So far as I know, Mr. Stanton sent
no reply to my last letter, and calling with General Van Vliet
at his house on his reception night, the door was opened by his
brother-in-law, who said, “The Secretary was attending a sick child
and could not see any person that evening,” so I never met Mr.
Stanton again.
Stories had long been current concerning his exceeding animosity
to General M‘Clellan, founded perhaps on his expressed want of
confidence in the General’s abilities, as much as on the dislike
he felt towards a man who persisted in disregarding his opinions
on matters connected with military operations. His infirmities of
health and tendency to cerebral excitement had been increased by
the pressure of business, by the novelty of power, and by the angry
passions to which individual antipathies and personal rancour give
rise. No one who ever saw Mr. Stanton would expect from him courtesy
of manner or delicacy of feeling; but his affectation of bluntness
and straightforwardness of purpose might have led one to suppose he
was honest and direct in purpose, as the qualities I have mentioned
are not always put forward by hypocrites to cloak finesse and
sinister action.
The rest of the story may be told in a few words. It was perfectly
well known in Washington that I was going with the army, and I
presume Mr. Stanton, if he had any curiosity about such a trifling
matter, must have heard it also. I am told he was informed of
it at the last moment, and then flew out into a coarse passion
against General M‘Clellan because he had dared to invite or to
take anyone without his permission. What did a Republican General
want with foreign princes on his staff, or with foreign newspaper
correspondents to puff him up abroad?
Judging from the stealthy, secret way in which Mr. Stanton struck
at General M‘Clellan the instant he had turned his back upon
Washington, and crippled him in the field by suddenly withdrawing
his best division without a word of notice, I am inclined to fear
he gratified whatever small passion dictated his course on this
occasion also, by waiting till he knew I was fairly on board the
steamer with my friends and baggage, just ready to move off, before
he sent down a despatch to Van Vliet and summoned him at once to
the War Office. When Van Vliet returned in a couple of hours, he
made the communication to me that Mr. Stanton had given him written
orders to prevent my passage, though even here he acted with all
the cunning and indirection of the village attorney, not with the
straightforwardness of Oliver Cromwell, whom it is laughable to name
in the same breath with his imitator. He did not write, “Mr. Russell
is not to go,” or “The _Times_ correspondent is forbidden a passage,”
but he composed two orders, with all the official formula of the War
Office, drawn up by the Quartermaster-General of the army, by the
direction and order of the Secretary of War. No. 1 ordered “that
no person should be permitted to embark on board any vessel in the
United States service without an order from the War Department.”
No. 2 ordered “that Colonel Neville, Colonel Fletcher, and Captain
Lamy, of the British army, having been invited by General M‘Clellan
to accompany the expedition, were authorized to embark on board the
vessel.”
General Van Vliet assured me that he and General M‘Dowell had urged
every argument they could think of in my favour, particularly the
fact that I was the specially invited guest of General M‘Clellan,
and that I was actually provided with a pass by his order from the
chief of his staff.
With these orders before me, I had no alternative.
General M‘Clellan was far away. Mr. Stanton had waited again until he
was gone. General Marcy was away. I laid the statement of what had
occurred before the President, who at first gave me hopes, from the
wording of his letter, that he would overrule Mr. Stanton’s order,
but who next day informed me he could not take it upon himself to do
so.
It was plain I had now but one course left. My mission in the United
States was to describe military events and operations, or, in
defect of them, to deal with such subjects as might be interesting
to people at home. In the discharge of my duty, I had visited the
South, remaining there until the approach of actual operations and
the establishment of the blockade, which cut off all communication
from the Southern States except by routes which would deprive my
correspondence of any value, compelled me to return to the North,
where I could keep up regular communication with Europe. Soon after
my return, as unfortunately for myself as the United States, the
Federal troops were repulsed in an attempt to march upon Richmond,
and terminated a disorderly retreat by a disgraceful panic. The whole
incidents of what I saw were fairly stated by an impartial witness,
who, if anything, was inclined to favour a nation endeavouring to
suppress a rebellion, and who was by no means impressed, as the
results of his recent tour, with the admiration and respect for the
people of the Confederate States which their enormous sacrifices,
extraordinary gallantry, and almost unparalleled devotion, have
long since extorted from him in common with all the world. The
letter in which that account was given came back to America after
the first bitterness and humiliation of defeat had passed away, and
disappointment and alarm had been succeeded by such a formidable
outburst of popular resolve, that the North forgot everything in the
instant anticipations of a glorious and triumphant revenge.
Every feeling of the American was hurt--above all, his vanity and
his pride, by the manner in which the account of the reverse had
been received in Europe; and men whom I scorned too deeply to reply
to, dexterously took occasion to direct on my head the full storm
of popular indignation. Not, indeed, that I had escaped before. Ere
a line from my pen reached America at all--ere my first letter had
crossed the Atlantic to England--the jealousy and hatred felt for
all things British--for press or principle, or representative of
either--had found expression in Northern journals; but that I was
prepared for. I knew well no foreigner had ever penned a line--least
of all, no Englishman--concerning the United States of North America,
their people, manners, and institutions, who had not been treated to
the abuse which is supposed by their journalists to mean criticism,
no matter what the justness or moderation of the views expressed,
the sincerity of purpose, and the truthfulness of the writer. In
the South, the press threatened me with tar and feathers, because I
did not see the beauties of their domestic institution, and wrote
of it in my letters to England exactly as I spoke of it to every
one who conversed with me on the subject when I was amongst them;
and now the Northern papers recommended expulsion, ducking, riding
rails, and other cognate modes of insuring a moral conviction of
error; endeavoured to intimidate me by threats of duels or personal
castigations; gratified their malignity by ludicrous stories of
imaginary affronts or annoyances to which I never was exposed; and
sought to prevent the authorities extending any protection towards
me, and to intimidate officers from showing me any civilities.
In pursuance of my firm resolution I allowed the slanders and
misrepresentations which poured from their facile sources for months
to pass by unheeded, and trusted to the calmer sense of the people,
and to the discrimination of those who thought over the sentiments
expressed in my letters, to do me justice.
I need not enlarge on the dangers to which I was exposed. Those who
are acquainted with America, and know the life of the great cities,
will best appreciate the position of a man who went forth daily in
the camps and streets holding his life in his hand. This expression
of egotism is all I shall ask indulgence for. Nothing could have
induced me to abandon my post or to recoil before my assailants; but
at last a power I could not resist struck me down. When to the press
and populace of the United States, the President and the Government
of Washington added their power, resistance would be unwise and
impracticable. In no camp could I have been received--in no place
useful. I went to America to witness and describe the operations
of the great army before Washington in the field, and when I was
forbidden by the proper authorities to do so, my mission terminated
at once.
On the evening of April 4th, as soon as I was in receipt of the
President’s last communication, I telegraphed to New York to engage
a passage by the steamer which left on the following Wednesday.
Next day was devoted to packing up and to taking leave of my
friends--English and American--whose kindnesses I shall remember in
my heart of hearts, and the following Monday I left Washington, of
which, after all, I shall retain many pleasant memories and keep
souvenirs green for ever. I arrived in New York late on Tuesday
evening, and next day I saw the shores receding into a dim grey fog,
and ere the night fell was tossing about once more on the stormy
Atlantic, with the head of our good ship pointing, thank Heaven,
towards Europe.
THE END.
BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Since died of wounds received in action.
[2] It may be stated here, that this expedition met with a disastrous
result. If I mistake not, the officer, and with him the correspondent
of a paper who accompanied him, were killed by the cavalry whom he
meant to surprise, and several of the volunteers were also killed or
wounded.
[3] Since killed in action.
[4] I have since met the person referred to, an Englishman living in
Washington, and well known at the Legation and elsewhere. Mr. Dawson
came to tell me that he had seen a letter in an American journal,
which was copied extensively all over the Union, in which the writer
stated he accompanied me on my return to Fairfax Court-house, and
that the incident I related in my account of Bull Run did not occur,
but that he was the individual referred to, and could swear with his
assistant that every word I wrote was true. I did not need any such
corroboration for the satisfaction of any who know me; and I was
quite well aware that if one came from the dead to bear testimony
in my favour before the American journals and public, the evidence
would not countervail the slander of any characterless scribe who
sought to gain a moment’s notoriety by a flat contradiction of my
narrative. I may add, that Dawson begged of me not to bring him
before the public, “because I am now sutler to the ----th, over
in Virginia, and they would dismiss me.” “What! For certifying to
the truth?” “You know, sir, it might do me harm.” Whilst on this
subject, let me remark that some time afterwards I was in Mr. Brady’s
photographic studio in Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, when the very
intelligent and obliging manager introduced himself to me, and said
that he wished to have an opportunity of repeating to me personally
what he had frequently told persons in the place, that he could bear
the fullest testimony to the complete accuracy of my account of the
panic from Centreville down the road at the time I left, and that he
and his assistants, who were on the spot trying to get away their
photographic van and apparatus, could certify that my description
fell far short of the disgraceful spectacle and of the excesses of
the flight.
[5] P. 200, Spencer’s American edition, New York, 1858.
[6] Since killed in action.
[7] Since killed in action fighting for the South at Antietam.
[8] Since shot dead by the Federal General Jeff. C. Davis in a
quarrel at Nashville.
[9] Since killed in action in Pope’s retreat from the north of
Richmond.
NEW WORKS LATELY PUBLISHED OR IN THE PRESS.
UNDER HER MAJESTY’S ESPECIAL PATRONAGE.
_In One Vol., large 4to, printed in the highest style of art, and
embellished with Photographs, Coloured Borders, numerous Wood
Engravings, &c., &c._
THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 1862.
[_In the Press._
MR. THACKERAY.
_In One Vol., crown 8vo, price 7s., a New Edition, uniform with
“Vanity Fair,” &c._,
THE VIRGINIANS.
BY W. M. THACKERAY.
Author of “Vanity Fair,” “Pendennis,” “The Newcomes,” “Esmond,” &c.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING.
ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS PLANS, SECTIONS, AND SKETCHES OF GARDENS, &C.
_In One Vol., demy 8vo, a New Edition, much enlarged and improved, of_
HOW TO LAY OUT A GARDEN.
BY EDWARD KEMP, OF BIRKENHEAD.
INTENDED AS A GUIDE IN CHOOSING, FORMING, OR IMPROVING AN ESTATE.
(From a Quarter of an Acre to a Hundred Acres in Extent.)
[_In the Press._
RUSSIA IN THE TIME OF PETER THE GREAT.
_In Two Vols., post 8vo., price 21s._,
THE DIARY OF AN AUSTRIAN SECRETARY OF LEGATION
AT THE COURT OF MOSCOW IN THE REIGN OF CZAR PETER THE GREAT.
TOGETHER WITH A NARRATIVE OF THE DANGEROUS REBELLION OF THE STRELITZ,
ETC.
TRANSLATED BY COUNT MACDONNEL.
[_In the Press._
BRADBURY AND EVANS, 11, BOUVERIE STREET, E.C.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Many words with hyphens, or without them, have been silently
adjusted to be more consistent. For example, instances of
‘head quarters’ have been made ‘head-quarters’; ‘bedroom’ has been
changed to ‘bed-room’; ‘fire-arms’ has been changed to ‘firearms’.
For consistency, instances of A.M. or P.M. have been made lower
case a.m. or p.m.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg v: ‘“Tory”’ replaced by ‘“Troy”’.
Pg vi: ‘Battle seenes’ replaced by ‘Battle scenes’.
Pg vii: ‘camp--Generall’ replaced by ‘camp--General’.
Pg 18: ‘volunteeers. He served’ replaced by ‘volunteers. He served’.
Pg 39: ‘or be garotted’ replaced by ‘or be garroted’.
Pg 40: ‘developes itself’ replaced by ‘develops itself’.
Pg 47: ‘the but over’ replaced by ‘the butt over’.
Pg 48: ‘grimace, he exclamed’ replaced by ‘grimace, he exclaimed’.
Pg 53: ‘on a drisly day’ replaced by ‘on a drizzly day’.
Pg 65: ‘defective educacation’ replaced by ‘defective education’.
Pg 70: ‘West-point men’ replaced by ‘West Point men’.
Pg 71: ‘to the field picee’ replaced by ‘to the field piece’.
Pg 79: ‘Illonois railroad’ replaced by ‘Illinois railroad’.
Pg 85: ‘apropos’ replaced by ‘à propos’.
Pg 89: ‘the crusiers of either’ replaced by ‘the cruisers of either’.
Pg 104: ‘ornamental mocassins’ replaced by ‘ornamental moccasins’.
Pg 104: ‘command of McDowell’ replaced by ‘command of M‘Dowell’.
Pg 105: ‘indefinite strengh’ replaced by ‘indefinite strength’.
Pg 119: ‘drove up Pennyslvania’ replaced by ‘drove up Pennsylvania’.
Pg 120: ‘developes its power’ replaced by ‘develops its power’.
Pg 129: ‘the whileom editor’ replaced by ‘the whilom editor’.
Pg 141: ‘that n the South’ replaced by ‘that in the South’.
Pg 169: ‘vivacions prying’ replaced by ‘vivacious prying’.
Pg 177: ‘white gaiter--mdae’ replaced by ‘white gaiter--made’.
Pg 186: ‘started at 4·15’ replaced by ‘started at 4.15’.
Pg 190: ‘with turburlent and’ replaced by ‘with turbulent and’.
Pg 199: ‘stray aide-de-camps’ replaced by ‘stray aides-de-camp’.
Pg 200: ‘spiled with blood’ replaced by ‘spoiled with blood’.
Pg 210: ‘in eference to’ replaced by ‘in reference to’.
Pg 220: ‘to develope loyal’ replaced by ‘to develop loyal’.
Pg 222: ‘commssiariat carts’ replaced by ‘commissariat carts’.
Pg 225: ‘Notwitstanding all’ replaced by ‘Notwithstanding all’.
Pg 228: ‘from he men and’ replaced by ‘from the men and’.
Pg 231: ‘the throng inrceased’ replaced by ‘the throng increased’.
Pg 235: ‘down theere with’ replaced by ‘down there with’.
Pg 241: ‘whiskey and and tallow’ replaced by ‘whiskey and tallow’.
Pg 250: ‘General Patteson’ replaced by ‘General Patterson’.
Pg 253: ‘andot hers who’ replaced by ‘and others who’.
Pg 258: ‘hanging a Secesssionist’ replaced by ‘hanging a Secessionist’.
Pg 267: ‘House--Drunkeness’ replaced by ‘House--Drunkenness’.
Pg 277: ‘developes itself in’ replaced by ‘develops itself in’.
Pg 283: ‘be seat off’ replaced by ‘be sent off’.
Pg 283: ‘time to develope’ replaced by ‘time to develop’.
Pg 294: ‘This day month’ replaced by ‘This day a month ago’.
Pg 306: ‘has been meeted to’ replaced by ‘has been meted to’.
Pg 321: ‘Captain Foote, U.N.S.’ replaced by ‘Captain Foote, U.S.N.’.
Pg 377: ‘and resmbles its’ replaced by ‘and resembles its’.
Pg 382: ‘utterly villanous’ replaced by ‘utterly villainous’.
Pg 391: ‘egregrious share’ replaced by ‘egregious share’.
Pg 401: ‘with grizly bears’ replaced by ‘with grizzly bears’.
Pg 404: ‘his own responsibilty’ replaced by ‘his own responsibility’.
Pg 415: ‘plaee in honour’ replaced by ‘place in honour’.
Pg 421: ‘villanous deserter’ replaced by ‘villainous deserter’.
Pg 421: ‘cotillon party’ replaced by ‘cotillion party’.
Pg 440: ‘almost unparelleled’ replaced by ‘almost unparalleled’.