So also did Confucius and Lao Tse.
539. Cyrus took Babylon and founded the Persian Empire.
521. Darius I, the son of Hystaspes, ruled from the Hellespont to the
Indus.
His expedition to Scythia.
490. Battle of Marathon.
480. Battles of Thermopylï and Salamis.
479. The battles of Platea and Mycale completed the repulse of
Persia.
474. Etruscan fleet destroyed by the Sicilian Greeks.
431. Peloponnesian War began (to 404)
401. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.
359. Philip became king of Macedonia.
338. Battle of Chïronia.
336. Macedonian troops crossed into Asia. Philip murdered.
334. Battle of the Granicus.
333. Battle of Issus.
331. Battle of Arbela.
330. Darius III killed.
323. Death of Alexander the Great.
321. Rise of Chandragupta in the Punjab.
The Romans completely beaten by the Samnites at the battle of the
Caudine Forks.
281. Pyrrhus invaded Italy.
280. Battle of Heraclea.
279. Battle of Ausculum.
278. Gauls raided into Asia Minor and settled in Galatia.
275. Pyrrhus left Italy.
264. First Punic War. (Asoka began to reign in Behar—to 227.)
260. Battle of Mylï.
256. Battle of Ecnomus.
246. Shi-Hwang-ti became King of Ts’in.
220. Shi-Hwang-ti became Emperor of China.
214. Great Wall of China begun.
210. Death of Shi-Hwang-ti.
202. Battle of Zama.
146. Carthage destroyed.
133. Attalus bequeathed Pergamum to Rome.
102. Marius drove back Germans.
100. Triumph of Marius. (Chinese conquering the Tarim valley.)
89. All Italians became Roman citizens.
73. The revolt of the slaves under Spartacus.
71. Defeat and end of Spartacus.
66. Pompey led Roman troops to the Caspian and Euphrates. He
encountered the Alani.
48. Julius Cïsar defeated Pompey at Pharsalos.
44. Julius Cïsar assassinated.
27. Augustus Cïsar princeps (until 14 A.D.).
4. True date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth.
A.D. Christian Era began.
14. Augustus died. Tiberius emperor.
30. Jesus of Nazareth crucified.
41. Claudius (the first emperor of the legions) made emperor by
pretorian guard after murder of Caligula.
68. Suicide of Nero. (Galba, Otho, Vitellus, emperors in
succession.)
69. Vespasian.
102. Pan Chau on the Caspian Sea.
117. Hadrian succeeded Trajan. Roman Empire at its greatest
extent.
138. (The Indo-Scythians at this time were destroying the last
traces of Hellenic rule in India.)
161. Marcus Aurelius succeeded Antoninus Pius.
164. Great plague began, and lasted to the death of M. Aurelius
(180). This also devastated all Asia.
(Nearly a century of war and disorder began in the Roman Empire.)
220. End of the Han dynasty. Beginning of four hundred years of
division in China.
227. Ardashir I (first Sassanid shah) put an end to Arsacid line in
Persia.
242. Mani began his teaching.
247. Goths crossed Danube in a great raid.
251. Great victory of Goths. Emperor Decius killed.
260. Sapor I, the second Sassanid shah, took Antioch, captured the
Emperor Valerian, and was cut up on his return from Asia Minor by
Odenathus of Palmyra.
277. Mani crucified in Persia.
284. Diocletian became emperor.
303. Diocletian persecuted the Christians.
311. Galerius abandoned the persecution of the Christians.
312. Constantine the Great became emperor.
323. Constantine presided over the Council of Nicïa.
337. Constantine baptized on his deathbed.
361-3. Julian the Apostate attempted to substitute Mithraism for
Christianity.
392. Theodosius the Great emperor of east and west.
395. Theodosius the Great died. Honorius and Arcadius redivided the
empire with Stilicho and Alaric as their masters and protectors.
410. The Visigoths under Alaric captured Rome.
425. Vandals settling in south of Spain. Huns in Pannonia, Goths in
Dalmatia. Visigoths and Suevi in Portugal and North Spain. English
invading Britain.
439. Vandals took Carthage.
451. Attila raided Gaul and was defeated by Franks, Alemanni and
Romans at Troyes.
453. Death of Attila.
455. Vandals sacked Rome.
470. Odoacer, king of a medley of Teutonic tribes, informed
Constantinople that there was no emperor in the West. End of the
Western Empire.
493. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, conquered Italy and became King of
Italy, but was nominally subject to Constantinople. (Gothic kings in
Italy. Goths settled on special confiscated lands as a garrison.)
527. Justinian emperor.
529. Justinian closed the schools at Athens, which had flourished
nearly a thousand years. Belisarius (Justinian’s general) took
Naples.
531. Chosroes I began to reign.
543. Great plague in Constantinople.
553. Goths expelled from Italy by Justinian. Justinian died. The
Lombards conquered most of North Italy (leaving Ravenna and Rome
Byzantine).
570. Muhammad born.
579. Chosroes I died.
(The Lombards dominant in Italy.)
590. Plague raged in Rome. Chosroes II began to reign.
610. Heraclius began to reign.
619. Chosroes II held Egypt, Jerusalem, Damascus, and armies on
Hellespont. Tang dynasty began in China.
622. The Hegira.
627. Great Persian defeat at Nineveh by Heraclius. Tai-tsung became
Emperor of China.
628. Kavadh II murdered and succeeded his father, Chosroes II.
Muhammad wrote letters to all the rulers of the earth.
629. Muhammad returned to Mecca.
632. Muhammad died. Abu Bekr Caliph.
634. Battle of the Yarmuk. Moslems took Syria. Omar second Caliph.
635. Tai-tsung received Nestorian missionaries.
637. Battle of Kadessia.
638. Jerusalem surrendered to the Caliph Omar.
642. Heraclius died.
643. Othman third Caliph.
655. Defeat of the Byzantine fleet by the Moslems.
668. The Caliph Moawija attacked Constantinople by sea.
687. Pepin of Hersthal, mayor of the palace, reunited Austrasia and
Neustria.
711. Moslem army invaded Spain from Africa.
715. The domains of the Caliph Walid I extended from the Pyrenees to
China.
717-18. Suleiman, son and successor of Walid, failed to take
Constantinople.
732. Charles Martel defeated the Moslems near Poitiers.
751. Pepin crowned King of the French.
768. Pepin died.
771. Charlemagne sole king.
774. Charlemagne conquered Lombardy.
786. Haroun-al-Raschid Abbasid Caliph in Bagdad (to 809).
795. Leo III became Pope (to 816).
800. Leo crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the West.
802. Egbert, formerly an English refugee at the court of Charlemagne,
established himself as King of Wessex.
810. Krum of Bulgaria defeated and killed the Emperor Nicephorus.
814. Charlemagne died.
828. Egbert became first King of England.
843. Louis the Pious died, and the Carlovingian Empire went to
pieces. Until 962 there was no regular succession of Holy Roman
Emperors, though the title appeared intermittently.
850. About this time Rurik (a Northman) became ruler of Novgorod and
Kieff.
852. Boris first Christian King of Bulgaria (to 884).
865. The fleet of the Russians (Northmen) threatened Constantinople.
904. Russian (Northmen) fleet off Constantinople.
912. Rolf the Ganger established himself in Normandy.
919. Henry the Fowler elected King of Germany.
936. Otto I became King of Germany in succession to his father, Henry
the Fowler.
941. Russian fleet again threatened Constantinople.
962. Otto I, King of Germany, crowned Emperor (first Saxon Emperor)
by John XII.
987. Hugh Capet became King of France. End of the Carlovingian line
of French kings.
1016. Canute became King of England, Denmark and Norway.
1043. Russian fleet threatened Constantinople.
1066. Conquest of England by William, Duke of Normandy.
1071. Revival of Islam under the Seljuk Turks. Battle of Melasgird.
1073. Hildebrand became Pope (Gregory VII) to 1085.
1084. Robert Guiscard, the Norman, sacked Rome.
1087-99. Urban II Pope.
1095. Urban II at Clermont summoned the First Crusade.
1096. Massacre of the People’s Crusade.
1099. Godfrey of Bouillon captured Jerusalem.
1147. The Second Crusade.
1169. Saladin Sultan of Egypt.
1176. Frederick Barbarossa acknowledged supremacy of the Pope
(Alexander III) at Venice.
1187. Saladin captured Jerusalem.
1189. The Third Crusade.
1198. Innocent III Pope (to 1216). Frederick II (aged four), King of
Sicily, became his ward.
1202. The Fourth Crusade attacked the Eastern Empire.
1204. Capture of Constantinople by the Latins.
1214. Jengis Khan took Pekin.
1226. St. Francis of Assisi died. (The Franciscans.)
1227. Jengis Khan died. Khan from the Caspian to the Pacific, and
was succeeded by Ogdai Khan.
1228. Frederick II embarked upon the Sixth Crusade, and acquired
Jerusalem.
1240. Mongols destroyed Kieff. Russia tributary to the Mongols.
1241. Mongol victory in Liegnitz in Silesia.
1250. Frederick II, the last Hohenstaufen Emperor, died. German
interregnum until 1273.
1251. Mangu Khan became Great Khan. Kublai Khan governor of China.
1258. Hulagu Khan took and destroyed Bagdad.
1260. Kublai Khan became Great Khan.
1261. The Greeks recaptured Constantinople from the Latins.
1273. Rudolf of Habsburg elected Emperor. The Swiss formed their
Everlasting League.
1280. Kublai Khan founded the Yuan dynasty in China.
1292. Death of Kublai Khan.
1293. Roger Bacon, the prophet of experimental science, died.
1348. The Great Plague, the Black Death.
1360. In China the Mongol (Yuan) dynasty fell, and was succeeded by
the Ming dynasty (to 1644).
1377. Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome.
1378. The Great Schism. Urban VI in Rome, Clement VII at Avignon.
1398. Huss preached Wycliffism at Prague.
1414-18. The Council of Constance.
Huss burnt (1415).
1417. The Great Schism ended.
1453. Ottoman Turks under Muhammad II took Constantinople.
1480. Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow, threw off the Mongol
allegiance.
1481. Death of the Sultan Muhammad II while preparing for the
conquest of Italy.
1486. Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
1492. Columbus crossed the Atlantic to America.
1498. Maximilian I became Emperor.
1498. Vasco da Gama sailed round the Cape to India.
1499. Switzerland became an independent republic.
1500. Charles V born.
1509. Henry VIII King of England.
1513. Leo X Pope.
1515. Francis I King of France.
1520. Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan (to 1566), who ruled from
Bagdad to Hungary. Charles V Emperor.
1525. Baber won the battle of Panipat, captured Delhi, and founded
the Mogul Empire.
1527. The German troops in Italy, under the Constable of Bourbon,
took and pillaged Rome.
1529. Suleiman besieged Vienna.
1530. Charles V crowned by the Pope.
Henry VIII began his quarrel with the Papacy.
1539. The Society of Jesus founded.
1546. Martin Luther died.
1547. Ivan IV (the Terrible) took the Title of Tsar of Russia.
1556. Charles V abdicated. Akbar, Great Mogul (to 1605). Ignatius
of Loyola died.
1558. Death of Charles V.
1566. Suleiman the Magnificent died.
1603. James I King of England and Scotland.
1620. _Mayflower_ expedition founded New Plymouth. First negro
slaves landed at Jamestown (Va.).
1625. Charles I of England.
1626. Sir Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam) died.
1643. Louis XIV began his reign of seventy-two year’s.
1644. The Manchus ended the Ming dynasty.
1648. Treaty of Westphalia. There-by Holland and Switzerland were
recognized as free republics and Prussia became important. The
treaty gave a complete victory neither to the Imperial Crown nor to
the Princes.
War of the Fronde; it ended in the complete victory of the French
crown.
1649. Execution of Charles I of England.
1658. Aurungzeb Great Mogul. Cromwell died.
1660. Charles II of England.
1674. Nieuw Amsterdam finally became British by treaty and was
renamed New York.
1683. The last Turkish attack on Vienna defeated by John III of
Poland.
1689. Peter the Great of Russia. (To 1725.)
1701. Frederick I first King of Prussia.
1707. Death of Aurungzeb. The empire of the Great Mogul
disintegrated.
1713. Frederick the Great of Prussia born.
1715. Louis XV of France.
1755-63. Britain and France struggled for America and India. France
in alliance with Austria and Russia against Prussia and Britain
(1756-63); the Seven Years’ War.
1759. The British general, Wolfe, took Quebec.
1760. George III of Britain.
1763. Peace of Paris; Canada ceded to Britain. British dominant in
India.
1769. Napoleon Bonaparte born.
1774. Louis XVI began his reign.
1776. Declaration of Independence by the United States of America.
1783. Treaty of Peace between Britain and the new United States of
America.
1787. The Constitutional Convention of Philadelphia set up the
Federal Government of the United States. France discovered to be
bankrupt.
1788. First Federal Congress of the United States at New York.
1789. The French States-General assembled. Storming of the Bastille.
1791. Flight to Varennes.
1792. France declared war on Austria. Prussia declared war on
France. Battle of Valmy. France became a republic.
1793. Louis XVI beheaded.
1794. Execution of Robespierre and end of the Jacobin republic.
1795. The Directory. Bonaparte suppressed a revolt and went to Italy
as commander-in-chief.
1798. Bonaparte went to Egypt. Battle of the Nile.
1799. Bonaparte returned to France. He became First Consul with
enormous powers.
1804. Bonaparte became Emperor. Francis II took the title of Emperor
of Austria in 1805, and in 1806 he dropped the title of Holy Roman
Emperor. So the “Holy Roman Empire” came to an end.
1806. Prussia overthrown at Jena.
1808. Napoleon made his brother Joseph King of Spain.
1810. Spanish America became republican.
1812. Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow.
1814. Abdication of Napoleon. Louis XVIII.
1824. Charles X of France.
1825. Nicholas I of Russia. First railway, Stockton to Darlington.
1827. Battle of Navarino.
1829. Greece independent.
1830. A year of disturbance. Louis Philippe ousted Charles X.
Belgium broke away from Holland. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha became
king of this new country, Belgium. Russian Poland revolted
ineffectually.
1835. The word “socialism” first used.
1837. Queen Victoria.
1840. Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
1852. Napoleon III Emperor of the French.
1854-56. Crimean War.
1856. Alexander II of Russia.
1861. Victor Emmanuel First King of Italy. Abraham Lincoln became
President, U. S. A. The American Civil War began.
1865. Surrender of Appomattox Court House. Japan opened to the
world.
1870. Napoleon III declared war against Prussia.
1871. Paris surrendered (January). The King of Prussia became
“German Emperor.” The Peace of Frankfort.
1878. The Treaty of Berlin. The Armed Peace of forty-six years began
in western Europe.
1888. Frederick II (March), William II (June), German Emperors.
1912. China became a republic.
1914. The Great War in Europe began.
1917. The two Russian revolutions. Establishment of the Bolshevik
regime in Russia.
1918. The Armistice.
1920. First meeting of the League of Nations, from which Germany,
Austria, Russia and Turkey were excluded and at which the United
States was not represented.
1921. The Greeks, in complete disregard of the League of Nations,
make war upon the Turks.
1922. Great defeat of the Greeks in Asia Minor by the Turks.
INDEX
A
Abolitionist movement,384
Abraham the Patriarch, 116
Abu Bekr", 249, 252, 431
Abyssinia, 398
Actium, battle of, 195
Adam and Eve, 116
Adams, William, 400
Aden, 405
Adowa, battle of, 398
Adrianople, 229
Adrianople, Treaty of, 353
Adriatic Sea, 178, 228
Ægatian Isles, 182
Ægean peoples, 92, 94, 100, 108, 117, 174
Æolic Greeks, 108, 130
Aeroplanes, 4, 363, 413
Æschylus, 139
Afghanistan, 163
Africa, 72, 92, 122, 123, 182, 253, 258, 302
Africa, Central, 397
Africa, North, 65, 94, 180, 192, 232, 292, 394, 397, 431
Africa, South, 72, 335, 398, 405
Africa, West, 393
“Age of Confusion,” the, 168, 173
Agriculturalists, primitive, 66, 68
Agriculture, 203; slaves in, 203
Ahab, 119
Air-breathing vertebrata, 23, 24
Air-raids, 413
Aix-la-Chapelle, 265
Akbar, 292, 332, 433
Akkadian and Akkadians, 90, 122, 429
Alabama, 385
_Alabama_, the, 388
Alani, 227, 430
Alaric, 230, 232, 431
Albania, 179
Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Prince Consort), 434
Alchemists, 257, 294
Aldebaran, 257
Alemanni, 200, 431
Alexander I. Tsar, 348
Alexander II of Russia, 435
Alexander III, Pope, 274, 432
Alexander the Great, 142, 146 _et seq._, 163, 186, 240, 299, 430
Alexandretta, 147
Alexandria, 147, 151, 209, 222, 239
Alexandria, library at, 151
Alexandria, museum of, 150, 180
Alexius Comnenus, 268
Alfred the Great, 26
Algæ, 13
Algebra, 257, 282
Algiers, 185
Algol, 257
Allah, 252
Alligators, 28
Alphabets, 79, 127
Alps, the, 37, 197
Alsace, 200, 309, 391
Aluminium, 360
Amenophis III, 96, 429
Amenophis IV, 96
America, 263, 302, 309, 314, 324, 335, 336, 442-23, 434
America, North, 12, 330, 336, 382
American Civil War, 386, 435
American civilizations, primitive, 73 _et seq._
American warships in Japanese waters, 402
Ammonites, 30, 36
Amorites, 90
Amos, the prophet, 124
Amphibia, 24
Amphitheatres, 208
Amur, 334
Anagni, 284
Anatomy, 24, 355
Anaxagoras, 138
Anaximander of Miletus, 132
Andes, 37
Angles, 230
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 405
Animals, (_See_ Mammalia)
Annam, 402
Anti-aircraft guns, 413
Antigonus, 149
Antioch, 243, 271, 431
Antiochus III, 183
Anti-Slavery Society, 384
Antoninus Pius, 195, 430
Antony, Mark, 194
Antwerp, 294
Anubis, 210
Apes, 43, 44; anthropoid, 45
Apis, 209, 211
Apollonius, 151
Appian Way, 191
Appomattox Court House, 338, 435
Aquileia, 235
Arabia, 77, 88, 91, 122, 123, 248
Arabic figures, 257
Arabic language, 243
Arabs, 253 _et seq._, 294; culture of, 267
Arbela, battle of, 147, 431
Arcadius, 230, 431
Archangel, 419
Archimedes, 151
Ardashir I, 241, 430
Argentine Republic, 396
Arians, 224
Aristocracy, 130
Aristotle, 142, 144, 146, 256, 282, 294, 295, 356, 370
Armadillo, 74
Armenia, 192, 268, 287, 299
Armenians, 100, 108
Armistice, the, 435
Arno, the, 178
Arsacid dynasty, 199, 431
Artizans, 152
Aryan language, 95, 100, 106
Aryans, 95, 104 _et seq._, 122, 128, 151, 174, 176, 185, 197, 198, 233,
303, 429
Ascalon, 117
Asceticism, 158-60, 213
Ashdod, 117
Asia, 72, 197, 227, 287, 298, 329 _et seq._, 333, 399 _et seq._, 403
_et seq._, 430
Asia, Central, 108, 122, 134, 148, 185, 245-47, 255, 334
Asia Minor, 92, 94, 108, 127, 134, 148, 180, 192-93, 238, 243, 258,
271, 292, 429, 430, 431
Asia, Western, 65
Asoka, King, 163 _et seq._, 180, 430
Assam, 394
Asses, 77, 83, 102, 112
Assurbanipal (Sardanapalus), 97, 98, 109, 110
Assyria, 109, 115, 119, 121, 122, 429
Assyrians, 84, 96, 97, 98, 108, 429
Astronomy, early, 70, 74
Athanasian Creed, 224
Athenians, 135
Athens, 129, 135-36, 139, 150, 185, 204, 431
Athens, schools of philosophy in, 238
Atkinson, C. F., 345
Atkinson, J. J., 61, 373
Atlantic, 122, 302
Attalus, 430
Attila, 234, 235, 238, 431
Augsburg, Interim of, 313
Augustus Cæsar, Roman Emperor, 195, 214
Aurelian, Emperor, 200
Aurochs, 197
Aurungzeb, 434
Ausculum, battle of, 178, 430
Australia, 72, 322, 336, 395, 405
Austrasia, 431
Austria, 309, 327, 347-48, 349-52, 390, 411, 434
Austrian Empire, 409
Austrians, 344, 351
Automobiles, 362
Avars, 289
Avebury, 106
Averroes, 282
Avignon, 285, 433
Axis of earth, 1, 2
Azilian age, 57, 65
Azilian rock pictures, 57, 78
Azoic rocks, 11
Azores, 302
B
Baber, 290, 310, 332, 433
Baboons, 43
Babylon, 90, 94, 96, 97, 101, 102, 111, 112, 114, 115- 16, 119, 121,
122, 134, 147, 148, 373, 429
Babylonian calendar, 68
Babylonian Empire, 90, 91, 109, 110
Babylonians, 108
Bacon, Roger, 293-97, 433
Bacon, Sir Francis, 321, 355, 433
Bagdad, 256, 267, 290, 292, 432, 433
Bahamas, 407
Baldwin of Flanders, 272
Balkan peninsula, 108, 200, 230, 392, 429
Balkh, 299
Balloons, altitude attained by, 4
Baltic, 415
Baltic Fleet, Russian, 404
Baluchistan, 405
Barbarians, 227 _et seq._, 230, 320
Barbarossa. Frederick, (_See_ Frederick I)
Bards, 106, 234
Barrows, 104
Barter, 83, 102
Basketwork, 65
Basle, Council of, 305
Basque race, 92, 107
Bastille, 342, 434
Basutoland, 407
Beaconsfield, Lord, 394
Bedouins, 122, 248
Beetles, 26
Behar, 180, 430
Behring Straits, 52, 71, 73
Bel Marduk, 109, 111, 112, 114
Belgium, 185, 344, 347, 352, 411, 434
Belisarius, 421
Belshazzar, 112
Beluchistan, 149
Benares, 156, 160
Beneventum, 179
Berbers, 71, 92
Bergen, 294
Berlin, Treaty of, 435
Bermuda, 407
Bessemer process, 359
Beth-shan, 118
Bible, 1, 68, 100, 112, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 184, 286, 298, 306-07
(_Cf._ Hebrew Bible)
Birds, flight of, 4; the earliest , 31; development of , 32
Bison, 56
Black Death, the, 433
Black Sea, 71, 94-95, 108, 129, 200
Blood sacrifice, 167, 186, 212 (_See also_ Sacrifice)
Boats, 91, 136
Boer republic, 187
Boers, 398
Bohemia, 236, 306
Bohemians, 304-05, 326
Bokhara, 256
Boleyn, Anne, 313
Bolivar, General, 349
Bologna, 295, 312
Bolsheviks (and Bolshevism), 417-19, 435
Bone carvings, 53
Bone implements, 45, 46
Boniface VIII, Pope, 283-84
“Book religions,” 226
Books, 153, 298, 302
Boötes, 257
Boris, King of Bulgaria, 432
Bosnia, 228
Bosphorus, 135
Boston, 337-38
Bostra, 243
Botany Bay, 393
Bourbon, Constable of, 312, 433
Bowmen, 145, 155, 300
Brahmins and Brahminism, 165, 166
Brain, 42
Brazil, 329, 336, 340
Breathing, 24
Brest-Litovsk, 417
Britain, 106, 122, 174, 185, 203, 236, 349, 353, 402, 431, 434, (_See
also_ England, Great Britain)
British, 329, 331
British Civil Air Transport Commission, 363
British East Indian Company, (_See_ East India Company)
British Empire, 407; (in 1815) 393; (in 1914) 405
British Guianu. 393
British Navy, 408
“British schools,” the, 369
Brittany, 309
Broken Hill, South Africa, 52
Bronze, 80, 87, 102, 104
Bruges, 294
Brussels, 344
Brythonic Celts, 107
Buda-Pesth, 312
Buddha, 133, 156, 172, 213 429; life of 158; his teaching 161-62
Buddhism (and Buddhists), 166, 172, 222, 255, 290, 319, 334, 400, (_See
also_ Buddha)
Bulgaria, 135, 229, 245, 292, 411, 432
Bull fights, Cretan, 93
Burgoyne, General, 338
Burgundy, 309, 342
Burial, early, 102, 104
Burleigh. Lord, 324
Burma, 166, 300, 405
Burning the dead, 104
Bury, J. B., 288
Bushmen, 54
Byzantine Army, 253
Byzantine Empire, 238, 271-72
Byzantine fleet, 431
Byzantium, 228, 243, 267, 268, (_See also_ Constantinople)
C
Cabul, 148
Cæsar, Augustus, 430
Cæsar, Julius, 187, 192, 193, 194, 195, 430
Cæsar, title, etc., 212, 223, 240, 327
Cainozoic period, 37 _et seq._
Cairo, 256
Calendar, 68
Calicut, 329
California, 336, 383
Caligula, 195, 430
Caliphs, 252
“Cambulac,” 300
Cambyses, 112, 134
Camels, 42, 102, 112, 196, 319
Campanella, 371
Canaan, 116
Canada, 332, 396, 405, 434
Canary Islands, 302
Cannæ, 182
Canossa, 274
Canton, 247
Canute, 263, 432
Cape Colony, 398
Cape of Good Hope, 336, 393, 433
Capet, Hugh, 266, 432
Carboniferous age. (_See_ Coal swamps)
Cardinals, 277 _et seq._
Caria, 98
Carians, 94
Caribou, 73
Carlovingian Empire, 432
Carnac, 106
Carolinas, 388
Carrhæ, 194
Carthage, 92, 122, 123, 134, 176, 179, 182, 183, 185, 232, 429- 30, 431
Carthaginians, 179, 182
Caspian Sea, 71, 88, 108, 148, 193, 197, 430
Caste, 157, 165
Catalonians, 302
“Cathay,” 300
Catholicism, 237, 337, 351. (_See also_ Papacy, Roman Catholic)
Cato, 187
Cattle, 77, 83
Caudine Forks, 430
Cavalry, 145, 148, 178
Cave drawings, 53, 56, 57
Caxton, William, 306
Celibacy, 275
Celts, 106, 107, 193
Centipedes, 23
Ceylon, 165, 407
Chæronia, battle of, 145, 146, 430
Chalcedon, 243
Chaldean Empire, 109
Chaldeans, 109, 110-11, 115, 429
Chandragupta, 163, 430
Chariots, 96, 100, 101-02, 112, 119, 145, 148
Charlemagne, 259, 261, 264-65, 272, 309, 432
Charles I, King of England, 308, 314, 433
Charles II, King of England, 324, 434
Charles V, Emperor, 309, 310, 314, 316, 433
Charles X, King of France, 350, 434
Charles the Great, (_See_ Charlemagne)
_Charlotte Dundas_, steamboat, 357
Chelonia, 27
Chemists, Arab, 257. (_Cf._ Alchemists)
Cheops, 83
Chephren, 83
China, 76, 84, 103, 166, 167 _et seq._, 173, 174, 233, 245 _et seq._,
248, 287, 290, 297, 333, 399- 400, 402-03, 411, 429-31, 432, 433, 435.
(_See also_ Chow, Han, Kin, Ming, Shang, Sung, Suy, Ts’in, and Yuan
dynasties)
China, culture and civilization in, 247
China, Empire of, 196 _et seq._
China, Great Wall of, 173, 430
China, North, 173
Chinese picture writing, 79, 167
Chosroes I, 243, 431
Chosroes II, 243, 431
Chow dynasty, 168, 173, 429
Christ. (_See_ Jesus)
Christian conception of Jesus, 214