sewn “flexible” the bands appear upon the back. When the back is sewn
so as to imbed the cord in the back, the appearance of raised bands is
produced by gluing narrow strips of leather across the back before the
volume is covered.
BAND DRIVER.—A blunt chisel used in forwarding, to correct any
irregularities in the bands of flexible backs.
BAND NIPPERS.—Flat pincers used for nipping up the band in covering.
BEADING.—The small twist formed when twisting the silk or cotton in
head-banding.
BEATING HAMMER.—The heavy short-handled hammer used in beating
(generally about 10 lbs.).
BEATING STONE.—The bed on which books are beaten.
BEVELLED BOARDS.—Very heavy boards with bevelled edges; used for
antique work.
BLEED.—When a book has been cut down into the print it is said to have
been bled.
BLIND-TOOLED.—When a book has been impressed with tools |174| without
being gilt, it is said to be “blind-tooled” or “antique.”
BLOCKING PRESS.—Another and more general term for the arming press; one
of the chief implements used in cloth work. Used for finishing the side
of a cover by a mechanical process.
BLOCKS OR BLOCKING TOOLS.—An engraved stamp used for finishing by means
of the blocking press.
BOARDS.—Are of various kinds, each denoting the work it is intended
for, such as pressing boards, backing, cutting, burnishing, gilding,
etc.
BODKIN.—A strong and short point of steel fixed in a wooden handle, for
making the holes through the mill-boards. The slips upon the back of
the book are laced through the holes for attaching the mill-board to
the book.
BOLE.—A red earthy mineral, resembling clay in character, used in the
preparation for gilding edges.
BOLT.—The fold in the head and foredge of the sheets. The iron bar with
a screw and nut which secures the knife to the plough.
BOSSES.—Brass or other metal ornamentations fastened upon the boards of
books; for ornament or preservation.
BROKEN OVER.—When plates are turned over or folded a short distance
from the back edge, before they are placed in the volume, so as to
facilitate their being turned easily or laid flat, they are said to be
broken over. When a leaf has been turned down the paper is broken.
BURNISH.—The gloss produced by the application of the burnisher to the
edges.
BURNISHERS.—Pieces of agate or bloodstone affixed to convenient handles.
CANCELS.—Leaves containing errors which are to be cut out and replaced
by corrected pages (_see_ ASTERISK).
CAP.—The envelope of paper used to protect the edges while the volume
is being covered and finished.
CASE-WORK.—When the cover is made independent of the book, the book
being afterwards fastened into it. Refers principally to cloth and
bible work.
CATCH-WORD.—A word used and seen in early printed books at the bottom
of the page, which word is the first on the following page. To denote
the first and last word in an encyclopædia or other book of reference.
CENTRE TOOLS.—Independent tools cut for the ornamentation of the centre
of panels and sides.
CLASP.—The hook or catch used for fastening the boards together when
the book is closed; used formerly on almost every book.
CLEARING-OUT.—Removing the waste-paper, and paring away any superfluous
leather upon the inside, preparatory to pasting down the end-papers.
CLOTH.—Prepared calico, sometimes embossed with different patterns,
used for cloth bindings.
COLLATING.—Examining the sheets by the signatures after the volume has
been folded, |175| to ascertain if they be in correct sequence.
COMBS.—Instruments with wire teeth used in marbling.
CORNERS.—The triangular tools used in finishing backs and sides. The
leather or material covering the corners of half-bound books. The metal
ornaments used usually in keeping with clasps.
CROPPED.—When a book has been cut down too much it is said to be
cropped.
CUT DOWN.—When a plough-knife dips downward out of the level it is
said to “cut down”; on the contrary, if the point is out of the level
upwards it is said to “cut up.”
CUT UP.—Same as the last explanation.
DIVINITY CALF.—A dark brown calf used generally for religious books,
and worked in blind or antique.
DENTELLE.—As the word expresses. A style resembling lace work, finished
with very finely cut tools.
DOUBLED.—When in working a tool a second time it is inadvertently not
placed exactly in the previous impression, it is said to be “doubled.”
EDGE-ROLLED.—When the edges of the boards are rolled, either in blind
or in gold.
END-PAPERS.—The papers placed at each end of the volume and pasted down
upon the boards.
FILLET.—A cylindrical tool used in finishing, upon which a line or
lines are engraved.
FINISHING.—The department that receives the volumes after they are put
in leather. The ornaments placed on the volume. The person who works at
this branch is termed a finisher.
FINISHING PRESS.—A small press, used for holding books when being
finished.
FINISHING STOVE.—A heating box or fire used for warming the various
tools used in finishing.
FLEXIBLE.—When a book is sewn on raised bands, and the thread is passed
entirely round each band. It is the strongest sewing done at the
present time. This term is often misused for limp work, because the
boards are limp or flexible.
FOLDER.—A flat piece of bone or ivory used in folding sheets, and in
many other manipulations; called also a folding stick. A female engaged
in folding sheets.
FOLDING MACHINE.—A machine invented to fold sheets, generally used in
newspaper offices.
FOREDGE.—The front edge of a book.
FORWARDING.—The branch that takes the books after they are sewed, and
advances them until they are put into leather ready for the finisher.
The one who works at this branch is called a forwarder.
FULL-BOUND.—When the sides and back of a volume are covered with
leather it is said to be full-bound.
GATHERING.—Collecting the various sheets from piles when folded, so
that the |176| arrangement follows the sequence of the signature.
GILT.—Applies to both the edges and to the ornaments in finishing.
GLAIRE.—The white of eggs beaten up.
GOLD CUSHION.—A cushion for cutting the gold leaf on.
GOLD KNIFE.—The knife for cutting the gold; long and quite straight.
GOUGE.—A tool used in finishing; it is a line forming the segment of a
circle.
GRAINING BOARDS.—Boards used for producing a grain on calf and russia
books. Grain of various form is cut in wood, and by pressure the
leather upon which the boards are laid receives the impression.
GRAINING PLATES.—Metal plates same as above.
GUARDS.—Strips of paper inserted in the backs or books intended for the
insertion of plates, to prevent the book being uneven when filled; also
the strips upon which plates are mounted.
GUIDES.—The groove in which the plough moves upon the face of the
cutting press.
GUILLOTINE.—A machine used for cutting paper.
GUINEA-EDGE.—A roll with a pattern similar to the edge of an old guinea.
HALF-BOUND.—When a volume is covered with leather upon the back and
corners; and the sides with paper or cloth.
HAND-LETTERS.—Letters fixed in handles; used singly for lettering.
HEAD AND TAIL.—The top and bottom of a book.
HEAD-BAND.—The silk or cotton ornament worked at the head and tail of a
volume, as a finish and to make the back even with the boards.
IMPERFECTIONS.—Sheets rejected on account of being in some respect
imperfect, and for which others are required to make the work complete.
IN BOARDS.—When a volume is cut after the mill-boards are attached, it
is said to be cut in boards.
INSET.—The inner pages of a sheet, cut off in folding certain sizes; to
be inset in the centre of the sheet.
JOINTS.—The projection formed in backing to admit the mill-boards. The
leather or cloth placed from the projection on to the mill-board is
called a joint.
KETTLE-STITCH.—The chain-stitch which the sewer makes at the head and
tail of a book. A corruption of either chain-stitch, or catch-up stitch.
KEYS.—Little metal instruments used to secure the bands to the sewing
press.
KNOCKING-DOWN IRON.—A piece of iron having a small leg in the centre by
which it is secured in the lying press. When fastened there it is used
to pound or beat with a hammer the slips into the boards after they are
laced in, so that they do not show when the book is covered.
LACED IN.—When the mill-boards are attached to the volume by means of
the slips being passed through holes |177| made in the boards, they
are said to be laced in or drawn in.
LAW CALF.—Law books are usually bound in calf left wholly uncoloured,
hence the term for white calf.
LETTERING BLOCK.—A piece of wood, the upper surface being slightly
rounded, upon which side labels are lettered.
LETTERING BOX.—A wooden box in which hand-letters are kept (_see_
HAND-LETTERS).
LINING-PAPERS.—The coloured or marbled paper at each end of the volume.
Called also end-papers.
MARBLER.—One who marbles the edges of books and paper.
MARBLING.—The art of floating various colours on a size, from which it
is transferred to paper or book edges. To stain or vein leather like
marble.
MARKING-UP.—When the back of a book is being marked for flexible sewing.
MILL-BOARD.—The boards that are attached to the book. Various kinds are
in use now; the most common is made of straw, the best of old naval
cordage.
MITRED.—When the lines in finishing meet each other at right angles
without overrunning each other, they are said to be mitred. Joined at
an angle of 45°.
MUTTON-THUMPING.—A term used in bygone days, indicating the common
binding of school books in sheep-skin.
MUTTON-THUMPER.—An old term indicating a bad workman.
OFF-SET.—The impression made by the print against the opposite page,
when a book has been rolled or beaten before the ink be dried. (_Also_
SET-OFF.)
OUT OF BOARDS.—When a volume is cut before the boards are affixed, it
is done out of boards. Nearly the whole of common work is done out of
boards.
OUT OF TRUTH.—When a book is not cut square.
OVERCASTING.—An operation in sewing, when the work consists of single
leaves or plates. Over-sewing.
PALLET.—The tools used for finishing across backs.
PANEL.—The space between the bands.
PAPERING-UP.—Covering the edges after they are gilt, to protect them
while the volume is being covered and finished (_see_ CAP).
PARING.—Reducing the edges of the leather by forming a gradual slope.
PARING KNIFE.—The knife used for paring.
PASTE-WASH.—Paste diluted with water.
PEEL.—A wooden instrument used to hang up damp sheets for drying.
PENCIL.—A small brush of camel’s hair used for glairing.
PIECED.—Any space that has another leather upon it, as a lettering
piece.
PLOUGH.—The instrument used for cutting the edges when the book is in
the lying press.
PLOUGH KNIFE.—The knife attached to the plough. |178|
POLISHER.—A steel instrument for giving a gloss to the leather after
finishing.
PRESS.—Of various kinds, viz.: lying, cutting, standing, blocking,
finishing, etc.
PRESS PIN.—A bar of iron used as a lever for standing presses; a
smaller kind for lying presses.
PRESSING BLOCKS.—Blocks of wood used for filling up a standing press
when there are not enough books.
PRESSING BOARDS.—Boards used for pressing books between.
PROOF.—The rough edges of certain leaves left uncut by the plough, are
“proof” that the book is not cut down (_see also_ WITNESS).
RASPED.—The sharp edge taken off mill-boards.
REGISTER.—The ribbon placed in a volume for a marker. A list of
signatures attached to the end of early-printed books for the use of
the binder. In printing—when on looking through a leaf the print on
the recto and verso is not exactly opposite, it is said to be _out of
register_.
ROLLING MACHINE.—A machine introduced to save the labour of beating,
the sheets being passed between two revolving cylinders.
ROLLS.—Cylindrical ornamental tools used in finishing.
RUNNER.—The front board used in cutting edges.
RUN-UP.—When the back has a fillet ran from head to tail without being
mitred at each band, it is said to be “run-up.”
SAWING-IN.—When the back is sawn for the reception of the cord in
sewing.
SAWING MACHINE.—A machine for sawing the backs of books quickly.
SETTING THE HEAD-BAND.—Adjusting the leather in covering so as to form
a kind of cap to the head-band.
SEWER.—The person who sews the sheets together on the sewing
press—generally a female.
SEWING MACHINE.—A recent invention for the sewing of books with wire
and thread.
SHAVING TUB.—The paper cut from the edges of a volume are called
shavings. The receptacle into which they fall while the forwarder is
cutting is termed the shaving tub.
SHEARS.—Large scissors used for cutting up mill-boards.
SHEEP.—An old term for all common work covered in sheep-skin.
SIGNATURE.—The letter or figure under the footline of the first page of
each sheet, to indicate the order of arrangement in the volume.
SIZE.—A preparation used in finishing and gilding, formerly made with
vellum, but can now be bought ready for use. When used on paper a thin
solution of glue.
SLIPS.—The pieces of twine that project beyond the back of the volume
after it is sewn.
SQUARES.—The portions of the boards that project beyond the edges after
the book is cut.
STABBING.—The term used formerly for piercing the boards with a bodkin
for the slips to pass through; more generally |179| known now as
“holeing.” The operation of piercing pamphlets for the purpose of
stitching.
STABBING MACHINE.—A small machine used for making the holes through the
backs of pamphlets.
STANDING PRESS.—A fixed heavy press with a perpendicular screw over the
centre.
START.—When any of the leaves are not properly secured in the back, and
they project beyond the others, they are said to have started. When the
back has been broken by forcing the leaves they start.
STIFFENER.—A thin mill-board used for various purposes.
STITCHING.—The operation of passing the thread through a pamphlet for
the purpose of securing the sheets together.
STRAIGHT-EDGE.—A small board having one edge perfectly straight.
STOPS.—Small circular tools, adapted to “stop” a fillet when it
intersects at right angles; used to save the time mitringmitreing would
occupy.
TENON SAW.—A small saw used by bookbinders for sawing the books for
sewing. More strictly speaking a carpenter’s tool.
TITLE.—The space between the bands upon which the lettering is placed.
The leaf in the beginning of a book describing the subject.
TOOLS.—Applied particularly to the hand stamps and tools used in
finishing.
TRIMMING.—Shaving the rough edge of the leaves of a book that is not to
be cut.
TRINDLE.—A thin strip of wood or iron.
TURNING-UP.—The process of cutting the foredge in such a manner as to
throw the round out of the back until the edge is cut. All books that
are cut in boards have a pair of trindles thrust between the boards and
across the back to assist the operation.
TYING-UP.—The tying of a volume after the cover has been drawn on, so
as to make the leather adhere better to the sides of the bands; also
for setting the head-band.
TYPE.—Metal letters used in printing and lettering.
TYPE-HOLDER.—An instrument for holding the type when used for lettering.
VARNISH.—Used as a protection to the glaire when polished on the covers
of books.
WHIPPING.—Another term for overcasting, but when longer stitches are
made.
WITNESS.—When a volume is cut so as to show that it has not been so cut
down, but that some of the leaves have still rough edges. These uncut
leaves are called “Witness” (_see_ PROOF).
WRINKLE.—The uneven surface in a volume, caused by not being properly
pressed or by dampness, also caused by improper backing.
|181|
INDEX.
Acids, effect of, on leather, 133.
Advantage, comparative, of paste and glue, 93.
—— of flexible binding, 28.
—— of graining calf, 144.
—— of vinegar over paste water when finishing, 127.
Albumen, 171.
Antique finishing, 122.
—— tools, method of working, 122.
Arming press, 117.
Artificial heat, 46.
Artists’ vellum, 147.
Athenæum letter on trimming, 43.
Azuré tools, 113.
Back, calf, polishing a, 140.
—— finishing a (cut), 130.
—— full gilt, 129.
—— mitred, 129–139.
—— run up, 129–140.
Backs, flat, 48.
—— suitable for calf work (cut), 138.
Backing, 48.
—— (cut), 49.
—— boards (cut), 48, 50.
—— flexible work, 50.
—— hammer (cut), 49.
—— machines, 50.
Band nippers (cut), 93.
Bands, putting on, 88.
Bar roll, 133.
Bath, effect upon stains of wrong, 158.
Beating, 9.
—— hammer (cut), 9.
—— gold books, 10.
Beating stone, 9.
Bibles, etc., edges of, 122.
—— end papers for, 33.
—— finishing of, 122.
Bindings, monastic, 111.
Blind finishing, 122.
—— —— beauty of, 125.
—— —— colour of, 122.
Blocking, 149.
—— calf, 153.
—— cloth, 153.
—— in gold, 153.
—— morocco, 153.
—— old method of, 116.
—— press, 150.
—— sides, 151.
—— silk, 146.
—— velvet, 146.
Blocks, 151.
Blood stains, removing, 163.
Board, backing, 48.
—— cutting, 54.
—— trimming, 41.
Boards, cutting in, 64.
—— cutting out of, 64.
—— made, 55.
—— for photographs, 170.
Bolt knife (cut), 61.
Books, enemies of, 166.
Book-worms, 167.
—— to keep away, 168.
Brass type, 129.
Bread, cleaning with, 161.
Bronze end paper, 34.
Brush, finger, 68.
—— sprinkling, 68.
Burnishers, 79.
—— edge (cuts), 81.
Burnishing edges, 81.
—— marbled paper, 73.
Burnt documents, deciphering, 166.
Burr on knife, 79.
Calf, back polishing, 137.
—— blocking, 153.
—— Cambridge, 104.
—— colouring, 100.
—— colouring, preparing for, 102.
—— colouring, black, 101.
—— colouring, brown, 102.
—— colouring, yellow, 102.
—— covering in, 94.
—— dabbing, 106.
—— effect of glue on, 89.
—— extra, 142.
—— finishing, 135.
—— graining, 144.
—— graining, advantage of, 144.
—— green and light, 139–141.
—— handling, 94.
—— lettering, 140.
—— marbling, 105.
—— marbling, preparing for, 104.
—— neat, 137.
—— pasting down, 99.
—— sides, finishing, 141.
—— sides, polishing, 142.
—— work, backs suitable for (cut), 138.
—— sprinkling, 103.
—— sprinkling, emblematic, 103.
—— sprinkling, preparing for, 103.
Cambridge calf, 104.
Capping up edges, 82.
Cat’s paw, 106.
Charcoal fire for finishing, 121.
Chemical colouring of leather, 133.
Chloride of lime solution, 159.
Chlorine, restoring writing effaced by, 165.
Cleaning, 157.
—— off stick, 58–59.
—— removing single leaf for, 162.
Cleaning silver mountings, 172.
—— sponges, 172.
—— with india-rubber, 161.
—— with bread, 161.
Cloth blocking, 153.
—— covering with, 95.
—— joints, 38.
—— smooth, 95.
Cobb paper, 33.
Collating, 13.
Colour of blind work, 122.
Colours for books, suggested, 96.
—— for marbling, 69.
—— for sprinkling, 68.
Coloured edges, fancy, 69.
—— paste paper, 35.
—— plates, 17.
Colouring calf, 100.
—— calf preparing for, 102.
—— calf, black, 101.
—— calf, brown, 102.
—— yellow, 102.
Colouring edges, 67.
—— of leather, chemical, 133.
—— plain, for edges, 69.
Comb marble, 72.
Cord, sizes of, 22.
Cords, lay, 23.
Cotton wool, 120.
Covers, cutting leather, 90.
Covering, 90.
—— half bound work, 96.
—— preparing for, 87.
—— with calf, 94.
—— with cloth, 95.
—— with morocco, 90.
—— with parchment, 94.
—— with roan, 95.
—— with russia, 94.
—— with satin, 95.
—— with silk, 95.
—— with vellum, 94.
—— with velvet, 95.
Cut against, 54.
—— true, to tell if boards are, 56.
—— to tell if book is, 64.
Cushion, gold, 78.
Cutting, 59.
—— in boards, 64.
—— out of boards, 64.
—— board, 54.
—— foredge, 62.
—— gold leaf, 80.
—— head, 61.
—— leather covers, 90.
—— machines (cuts), 65, 66.
—— mill-board, 52.
—— press and plough (cut), 60.
—— tail, 62.
Dabbing calf, 106.
Damp stains, 162.
—— repairing books damaged by, 162.
Deciphering burnt documents, 166.
Dentelle border, 132.
Derome tools (cuts), 115.
Dibdin, Dr, 95.
Disadvantage of backing machines, 51.
—— flat backs, 48.
—— lettering pieces, 136.
—— wire sewing, 30.
Dishes for washing, 159.
Documents, deciphering burnt, 166.
Doublé, 132.
Down, pasting, 97.
Dragon, gum, 70.
Drawing in, 57.
Drawings, fixing, 165.
—— preserving, 165.
Dry preparation, 145.
—— making, 145.
Drying, artificial heat in, 46.
Duplicate sheets, 19.
Dust, removing, 161.
Dutch marble paper, 34.
Edge burnishers (cuts), 81.
Edges of bibles and religious books, 122.
—— of boards, finishing, 132.
—— burnishing, 81.
—— capping up, 82.
—— coloured, fancy, 69.
—— coloured, plain, 69.
—— colouring, 67.
—— gilding, 80.
—— gilt, 78.
—— gilt, dull, 81.
—— gilt, painted, 82.
—— gilt, on red, 82.
—— gilt, in the round, 81.
—— gilt, solid, 81.
—— gilt, tooled, 82.
—— marbled, 69.
—— marbled, paper, transferring to, 74–75.
—— marbling, 73.
—— marbled, on gilt, 78.
—— marbled, under gilt, 78.
—— sprinkled, 67.
—— sprinkled marble, 67.
—— transferring marbled paper to, 74–75.
—— uncut, 41.
Effaced by chlorine, restoring writing, 165.
—— by oxymuriatic acid, restoring writing, 165.
Emblematic sprinkling, 103.
—— tooling, 117.
End papers, 33.
—— papers, bronze, 34.
—— papers, cobb, 33.
—— papers, coloured paste, 35.
—— papers, making, 35.
—— papers, marbled, 33.
—— papers, printed and fancy, 34.
—— papers, putting on, 38.
—— papers, surface, 33.
—— papers, for bibles, etc., 33.
—— papers, for school and public library books, 41.
Ends, sewing (cut), 40.
Enemies of books, 166.
Extra, calf, 142.
Faded MSS., restoring, 165.
—— writing, restoring, 165.
Fat stains, removing, 164.
Fillet (cut), 118.
Filling up, 137.
—— up, saw cuts, 89.
Finger brush, 68.
Finger-marks, 163.
—— removing, 163.
Finishing, 111.
—— ancient, 117.
—— a back (cut), 130.
—— a back, calf, 135.
—— a back, full gilt, 137.
—— a back, run up, 139.
—— blind, antique or monastic, 122.
—— blind, tools for, 122.
—— calf sides, 141.
—— charcoal fire for, 121.
—— edges of boards, 132.
—— extra calf sides, 142.
—— flexible work, 124.
—— gold, 125.
—— gold, tools for, 122.
—— half morocco book, 127.
—— inside of a book, 132–141.
—— medium, 126.
—— medium, importance of proper, 126.
—— morocco sides, 131.
—— morocco imitation, 133.
—— paper, 144.
—— press (cuts), 121–122.
—— religious books, 122.
—— roan, 133.
—— russia, 145.
—— sides calf, 135.
—— sides calf extra, 142.
—— sides morocco, 131.
—— sides, morocco imitation, 133.
—— silk, 146.
—— stove (cuts), 120.
—— taste in, 117.
—— tools, 118–122.
—— tools, heat for, 128.
—— vellum, 147.
—— velvet, 146.
—— with dry preparation, 145.
Fixing drawings, 165.
Flat backs, 48.
Flexible binding, advantages of, 28.
—— how to tell, 29.
—— not to show, 29, 89.
Flexible work, backing, 50.
—— work, cleaning off, 59.
—— work, covering, preparing for, 89.
—— work, finishing, 124.
—— work, gluing up, 45.
—— work, marking up, 20.
—— work, mock, 90.
—— work, sewing, 23.
—— work, sewing (cut), 27.
Folding, 3.
—— stick, 4.
—— machine (cut), 7.
—— maps, 15.
Folio, 4.
Foredge, cutting, 62.
Forwarding, 33.
Fox-marks, 163.
—— marks, removing, 163.
French, dab, 106.
—— method of pressing, 19.
—— method of trimming, 42.
—— paring knife (cut), 90.
—— paring knife, method of using (cut), 91.
Full gilt back, finishing, 137.
Gall, ox, for marbling, 71.
Gascon, 115.
—— tools (cuts), 114.
Gathering, 8.
—— machine, 8.
German, method of gluing up, 45.
—— paring knife (cut), 91.
—— paring knife, method of using (cut), 91.
Giggering, 124.
Gilding edges, 80.
Gilt back, full, 129.
—— edges, 78.
—— edges, dull, 81.
—— edges, painted, 82.
—— edges, solid, 81.
—— edges, tooled, 82.
—— in the round, 81.
—— marbling on, 78.
—— marbling under, 78.
—— on red, 82.
—— top, 41.
Glaire, 119.
—— how to make, 119.
—— water, 79.
Glue, 169.
—— comparative advantages of paste and, 93.
—— effect on calf of, 89.
—— rice, 169.
—— to tell good, 169.
Gluing up, 45.
—— up flexible work, 45.
—— up, German method of, 45.
Gold, blocking in, 153.
—— cushion, 78.
—— finishing, 125.
—— finishing, tools for, 128.
—— knife, 79.
—— leaf, 79–119.
—— leaf, cutting, 80.
Grain, treatment of straight, 92.
—— treatment of leather with no, 92.
Graining calf, 144.
—— advantage of, 144.
Graining up, 92.
Grolier tools (cuts), 113.
Groove, 7.
Guarding plates, etc., 15.
Guards, object of, 16.
Gum Tragacanth (Gum Dragon), 70.
Half binding, 96.
—— binding, covering, 96.
—— binding, lining for, 53.
—— binding, pasting down, 100.
Hammer, beating (cut), 9.
Hand finishing, 116.
—— letters, 118.
Handling calf, 94.
Head band, setting, 93.
—— bands, stuck on, 80.
—— banding, 83.
—— banding (cut), 84.
—— banding on old books, 84.
—— of book cutting, 61.
Heat, artificial, 46.
—— for finishing tools, 128.
—— for polishing tools, 140.
Henry III., bindings of, 114.
Holes in back, filling up, 89.
Hollow backs, 87.
Imitation morocco, finishing, 133.
Importance of proper finishing medium, 126.
Incombustible, to render paper, 166.
India rubber, 119.
—— rubber, how to use, 161.
Ink stains, removing, 163.
—— stains, marking, 164.
Inlaid work, 133.
Inlaying, 134.
—— Viennese method of, 135.
Insects, 166.
—— poison for, 168.
Inside of book, finishing, 132–141.
Interleaving, 18.
Iron, knocking-down (cut), 6.
—— polishing (cut), 119.
Joint, 7.
Joints, cloth, 38–99.
—— morocco, 98.
Kettle stitch, 25–28.
Keys (sewing), 23.
Knife, bolt (cut), 61.
—— burr on, 79.
—— gold, 79.
—— paring, French (cut), 90.
—— paring, method of holding, (cut), 91.
—— paring, German (cut), 91.
—— paring, German, method of holding (cut), 92.
—— sliding (cut), 60.
—— trimming, 42.
Knocking down iron (cut), 6.
Lard, 124.
Lay cords, 23.
Lead type, 129.
Leaf, gold, 79.
—— gold, cutting, 80.
—— gold, thickness of, 80.
—— removing single, 162.
Leather covers, cutting, 90.
—— kinds of, 90.
—— non-porous, 126.
—— porous, 126.
Leaves, re-sizing, 162.
Lettering, 117.
—— calf, 140.
—— pieces, 136.
—— pieces, disadvantages of, 136.
—— pieces, for vellum books, 148.
—— pieces, substitute for, 136.
Letters, hand, 129.
Lining boards, 55.
—— boards, half binding, 55.
—— boards, whole binding, 55.
—— paper for, 88.
—— up, 87.
Machine, backing, 50.
—— cutting (cuts), 65, 66.
—— folding (cut), 7.
—— gathering, 8.
—— mill-board cutting (cuts), 54.
—— mill-board cutting, steam, (cut), 54.
—— rolling (cut), 11.
—— rounding, (cut), 47.
—— sawing in (cut), 22.
—— sewing (cut), 31.
—— sewing, 32.
—— sewing wire, 32.
Machines, to prevent, rusting, 171.
Making end papers, 35.
Maps, mounting (cut), 14.
—— throwing out, 13.
Marble comb, 72.
—— edges, sprinkled, 67.
—— nonpareil, 72.
—— shell, 72.
—— Spanish, 72.
—— spot, 72.
—— tree, 105.
Marbled edges, 69.
—— paper, 33.
—— paper, burnishing, 73.
—— paper, old Dutch, 34.
—— paper, transferring to edges, 74–75.
Marblers, mechanical (cuts), 75.
Marbling, 34–71.
—— ancient instructions for, 76.
—— calf, 105.
—— colours for, 69.
—— edges, 73.
—— edges, on gilt, 78.
—— edges, under gilt, 78.
—— ox gall for, 71.
—— paper, 73.
—— preparing for, 104.
—— requisites for, 69.
—— set, 77.
—— size for, 70.
—— trough (cut), 70.
Margins, 3–43.
Marking ink stains, removing, 164.
—— up, 20.
Mechanical marblers (cuts), 75.
Medium for finishing, 126.
—— importance of proper, 126.
Mill-board, cutting, 52.
—— cutting machine (cut), 53.
—— cutting machine, steam, (cut), 54.
—— shears, 52.
Mill-boards, 51.
—— made, 55.
—— name of, 51.
—— sizes of, 52.
—— price of, 51.
Missing sheets, 19.
Mitre piece (cut), 131.
Mitred back, 129.
Mock flexible binding, 90.
Monastic, bindings, 111.
—— finishing, 122.
—— tools (cuts), 112.
Morocco, blocking, 153.
—— imitation, finishing, 133.
—— joints, 98.
—— pasting down, 97.
—— sides, finishing, 141.
Mosaic work, 133.
Mounting, maps, 15.
—— photographs, 171.
Mountings, cleaning silver, 172.
MSS., preserving, 165.
—— restoring faded, 165.
Mull, 89.
Mud stains, 162.
—— removing, 162.
Neat, calf, 137.
Nippers, band (cut), 93.
Nitric acid, effect upon leather, 133.
Nonpareil marble, 72.
Non-porous leathers, 126.
Object of guards, 16.
—— of trimming, 42.
Old books, beating, 10.
—— head-banding in, 84.
—— sewing, 25.
Old writing, reviving, 164.
Opening books, care in, 169.
Overcasting, 18.
Oversewing, 18.
Ox gall for marbling, 71.
Oxford vellum, 147.
Oxymuriatic acid, restoring writing effaced by, 165.
Painting covers, 133.
Pallet (cut), 118.
—— using the, 123.
Paper, bronze end, 34.
—— burnishing marbled, 73.
—— Cobb, 33.
—— finishing, 145.
—— for lining up, 88.
—— incombustible, to render, 166.
—— marbled, 33.
—— marbled, old Dutch, 34.
—— marbling, 73.
—— paste, 35.
—— printed and fancy end, 34.
—— surface, 33.
—— waterproof, to render, 165.
Papers, end, 33.
—— end, making, 35.
Parchment, 147.
—— covering with, 94.
—— vegetable, 147.
Paring, 91.
—— knife, French (cut), 90.
—— knife, French, method of using (cut), 91.
—— knife, German (cut), 91.
—— knife, German, method of using, 92.
Paste, 170.
—— and glue, comparative advantages, 93.
—— for white morocco, 94.
—— for paper, 35.
—— rice, 169.
—— to prevent, moulding and souring, 170.
—— water, effect upon leather, 127.
Pasting, 36.
—— calf, 99.
—— down, 97.
—— down half bindings, 100.
—— Russia, 99.
—— single sheets, 17.
—— up, 36.
Peel, 159.
Photographs, boards for, 170.
—— mounting, 171.
—— removing, 170.
Pieces, lettering, 136.
—— lettering, disadvantages of, 136.
—— lettering, substitute for, 136.
Plates, 14.
—— coloured, 17.
—— guarding, 15.
Plough, round, 42.
Polishing calf back, 140.
—— calf sides, 142.
—— heat for, 140.
Polishing iron (cut), 119.
Porous leathers, 126.
Preparation, dry, 145.
Preparing for covering, 87.
—— for covering flexible work, 89.
—— for covering flexible work, not to show, 89.
—— for covering mock flexible work, 90.
Preserving drawings, MSS., etc., 165.
Press, arming, 117.
—— blocking, 150.
—— cutting (cut), 60.
—— finishing (cut), 121–122.
—— lying, 7, 37.
—— sewing (cut), 24.
—— standing, 18.
—— standing, American (cut), 19.
Pressing, 58, 143.
—— Parisian, mode of, 19.
—— various sized books, 58.
Proof, 57.
Public library books, 41.
Pulling, 5.
Putting on bands, 88.
—— on end papers, 38.
Refolding, 5.
Register, 3.
Religious books, edges, 122.
—— books, end papers, 33.
—— books, finishing, 122.
Removing blood stains, 163.
—— damp stains, 162.
—— dust, 161.
—— fat stains, 164.
—— finger-marks, 163.
—— fox-marks, 163.
—— ink stains, 163.
—— marking ink stains, 164.
—— mud stains, 161.
—— single leaf for cleaning, 162.
—— photographs, 171.
—— water stains, 161.
—— writing, 163.
Repairing books damaged by damp, 162.
Re-sizing leaves, 162.
Restoring faded MSS., 165.
—— writing effaced by chlorine, 165.
—— writing effaced by oxymuriatic acid, 165.
—— writing effaced by sea water, 165.
—— writing faded by time, 165.
Reviving old writing, 164.
Rice glue or paste, 169.
Roan, covering with, 95.
—— finishing, 133.
Roll, bar, 133.
Rolling, 10.
Rolling machine (cut), 11.
Round plough, 42.
Rounding, 46.
—— machine, 47.
Roman vellum, 147.
Runner, 54.
Run up back, 129, 139.
Russia, finishing, 145.
—— imitation, 96.
—— pasting down, 99.
—— treatment of, 94.
Rusting, to prevent, tools, etc., 171.
Satin, covering with, 95.
Saw cuts, depth of, 22.
—— cuts, filling up, 89.
—— marks (cut), 21.
—— tennon, 21.
Sawing in, 21.
—— in machine (cut), 22.
School books, end papers for, 41.
Scrapers, 79.
Set, marbling, 77.
Set off, 12.
Setting head band, 93.
Sewing, 23.
—— disadvantage of wire, 30.
—— ends, mode of (cut), 40.
—— flexible (cut), 27.
—— flexible work, 23.
—— keys, 23.
—— machine, 32.
—— machine (cut), 31.
—— old books, 25.
—— ordinary (cuts), 26.
—— press (cut), 24.
—— thread, 27.
—— wire, 30.
—— machine, 32.
Shears, mill-board, 52.
Sheets, 3.
—— duplicate, 19.
—— missing, 19.
Shell marble, 72.
Sides, blocking, 151.
—— calf, finishing, 141.
—— calf, extra finishing, 142.
—— calf, polishing, 142.
—— morocco, finishing, 131.
—— siding, 142.
—— tooling, 125.
Sieve, sprinkling, 68.
Signatures, 4.
Silk blocking, 146.
—— covering with, 95.
—— finishing, 146.
Silver mountings, to clean, 172.
Single sheets, pasting, 17.
Size, 74–79, 160.
—— for marbling, 70.
Sizes of books, 4–5.
—— of cord, 22.
—— of mill-boards, 52.
Sizing, 74–159.
Siding sides, 142.
Sliding knife (cut), 60.
Smooth cloth, covering with, 95.
Spanish marble, 72.
Sponges, 119.
—— cleaning, 172.
Spot marble, 72.
Sprinkled edges, 67.
—— marble edges, 67.
Sprinkling brush, 68.
—— calf, 103.
—— calf, fancy, 103.
—— calf, preparing for, 103.
—— colours, 68.
—— sieve, 68.
Stains, blood, removing, 163.
—— damp, 162.
—— effect of wrong bath upon, 158.
—— fat, removing, 164.
—— ink, removing, 164.
—— mud, removing, 162.
—— removing, 158.
—— removing, different, 158.
—— water, how to tell, 161.
—— water, removing, 161.
Stamps, 151.
Standing press, 18.
—— press, American (cut), 19.
Steel-faced backing boards, 50.
Stick, folding, 4.
—— cleaning off, 58, 59.
Stone, beating, 9.
Stove, finishing (cut), 120.
Straight grain leather treatment, 92.
Stuck on head bands, 86.
Substitute for lettering pieces, 136.
Surface paper, 33.
Swelling, 27.
Tail, cutting, 62.
Taste in finishing, 117.
Tennon saw, 21.
Thread, sewing, 27.
Throw up backs, 89.
Throwing out maps (cut), 16.
Thumb marks, removing, 163.
Time, restoring writing faded by, 165.
Title, 128.
Tools, Derome, 115.
—— finishing, 118.
—— for antique finishing, 122.
—— for gold finishing, 122.
—— Grolier, 113.
—— Le Gascon, 114.
—— monastic, 112.
—— to prevent, rusting, 171.
—— Venetian (cuts), 113.
Tooled gilt edges, 82.
Tooling, emblematic, 117.
—— sides, 125.
Top, gilt, 41.
Tree marble, 105.
Trimming, 41.
—— board, 41.
——French method of, 42.
—— knife, 42.
—— letter on, 43.
—— machine, 44.
—— machine (cut), 42.
—— object of, 42.
Trindles, 62.
Trough, marbling (cut), 70.
—— two sheets on, 29.
Type, 118–128.
—— brass, 129.
—— holder (cut), 118.
—— lead, 129.
Uncut edges, 41.
Unsized paper, to tell, 80.
Varnish, 120.
Varnishing, 143.
—— object of, 120.
Vegetable parchment, 147.
Vellum artists, 147.
—— binding, lettering pieces, 149.
—— binding, old, 94.
—— covering with, 94.
—— finishing, 147.
—— Oxford, 147.
—— Roman, 147.
Velvet, blocking, 146.
—— covering with, 95.
—— finishing, 146.
Venetian tools (cuts), 113.
Viennese method of inlaying, 135.
Vinegar, advantage of, 127.
Washing, 158.
—— dishes for, 159.
—— requisites for, 159.
Water, glaire, 79.
—— stains, how to tell, 161.
—— stains, removing, 161.
Waterproof, rendering paper, 165.
White morocco, paste for, 92.
Whole binding, lining boards for, 55.
Wire sewing, 30.
—— sewing, disadvantage of, 30.
—— sewing, machine, 32.
Writing effaced by chlorine, restoring, 165.
—— effaced by oxymuriatic acid, restoring, 165.
—— faded by sea water, reviving, 165.
—— faded by time, reviving, 165.
—— removing, 164.
—— reviving old, 164.
Wrong bath, effect upon stains of, 158.
CHISWICK PRESS:—C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Original printed spelling and grammar are retained, with a few
exceptions noted below. Small caps are changed to all capital letters.
Italics _look like this_. Many illustrations have been moved from
their original locations to nearby places between paragraphs. Original
printed page numbers look like this: “|81|”.
Page 21. In “by sewing a small book on fine bands”, changed “fine” to
“five”.
Page 46. Changed “spontanenusly” to “spontaneously”.
Page 52. A new KEY has been added to the table, so that the table can
be displayed properly in this ebook edition. Furthermore, each pair of
columns with headings “6d.”, “7d.”, “8d.”, “8x.”, “8xx.”, and “X.” was
originally printed with an illustration of a black rectangle showing
the relative size referred to. These illustrations are included in the
html and epub editions.
Page 107. Changed “bason” to “basin”.
Page 121. A new paragraph break was inserted between “become dangerous”
and “A _finishing press_ is”.
Page 164. Changed “subsitute” to “substitute”.
Page 179, Glossary, Entry “Stops”. Changed “mitring” to “mitreing”.
Page 182, Index, Entry “Covering”. In “preparing f r, 87”, changed
“f r” to “for”.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Art of Bookbinding, by Joseph W. Zaehnsdorf