Stanhusius, Mich., “De Meteoris ...,” 1572 and 1578.
Stanley, Sir Edward, of Tongue Castle, 121
Stanley, Venetia Anastasia, 121
Stark, Dr. James, of Edinburgh, 375
Stark, J. C. (_at_ Galvani, Luigi, A.D. 1786), 284
Stark, John, “Biographia Scotica”: Edinburgh, 1805, 311
Starke, Mariana (_at_ School of Athens), 542
Statistical Society, London, 471
Staunton, Sir George Thomas (1737–1801), “The history of the great
and mighty kingdom of China,” “Account of an Embassy,” 1, 21
Steavenson, Robert, “Dissert. de electricitate ...,” 1778, 556
Steele, Robert, “Gleanings from Barthol. de Glanvilla,” 16;
“Mediæval Lore,” 526
Steichen, Michel, “Vie et travaux de Simon Stevinus,” 79
Steiglehuer--Steiglehner--Cölestin (1738–1819), 272, 274
Steindachner, F. (_at_ Shaw, George), 299
Steinhaueser, Johannes Gottfried (1768–1825).
Steinheil, Karl August (1801–1870), 422
Steininger and Neggerath, 315
Stenischneider--Steinschneider--Moritz (1816–1907), “Intorno alla
calamita,” 38, 72
Stella, F. M. (_at_ Amoretti, Carlo), 401
Stens--Stensen--Niels--Nicolas, 1671, 270
Stephen, Leslie. _See_ “Dict. of National Biography.”
Stephens (_at_ Franklin, Benjamin), 196
Stepling, Jos. (_at_ Dalton, John), 308
Stevens, B. P., and Brown, xx.
Stevinus, Simon (1548–1628), called Simon of Bruges, 63, 78, 79,
80, 81, 102, 517.
_See_ Wright, Edward.
Stewart, Professor Balfour, “Lessons in elementary physics”:
London, 1872.
Stillingfleet, Edward (1635–1699), 147
Stobæus, Joannes (fl. _c._ A.D. 500), 24
Stockholm, Royal Academy of Sciences, 187, 232
Stockler de Borja, Franc. de (1759–1829), 530
Stoeckl, Albert, 39
Stœffler, Johann, “Cœlestium ... totius sphericæ ...,” 553
Stones, meteoric. _See_ Salverte.
Stow, John (1525–1605), 210, 211
Strabo, Greek historian (66–28 B.C.), 17, 67, 520, 533
Strada, Famianus, Italian Jesuit (1572–1649), “Prolusiones
Academicæ ...,” 82, 98, 123
Strato of Lampsacus, philosopher who lived in the reign of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 542
Streizig of Verona (_at_ Gay-Lussac, J. L., A.D. 1804), 389
Stroemer--Stromer--Märten (1707–1770) 187
Struve, Christian August (1767–1807), 326, 385, 433
Strype, John (1643–1737), 210, 232
Stuart, Thomas (_at_ Ampère, A. M., A.D. 1820), 477
“Student, The, or Oxford and Cambridge Misc.,” 98
Stuebler--Stuber--Eugen, “Life of Franklin,” 199
Stuello, “Bibl. Scrip., S. J.”: Rome, 1676, 110
Stukeley, Rev. William (1687–1765), 187–189
Sturgeon, William (1783–1850), “Annals of Electricity,” 1836–1843;
“Lectures on Electricity”: London, 1842; “Scientific
Researches”: Bury, 1850; “Annals of Philosophical Discovery
...,” 79, 80, 140, 142, 162, 181, 199, 201, 204, 207, 223, 232,
239, 243, 245, 256, 257, 263, 296, 297, 304, 306, 330, 337,
339, 347, 359, 370, 384, 388, 394, 395, 397, 406, 407, 408,
414, 415, 420, 428, 432, 433, 440, 441, 454, 455, 460, 464,
468, 472, 476, 481, 482, 483, 491, 498
Sturla, Jarl--Snorri Sturlason, 44
Sturm, Johann Christoph, of the Altdorff University (1635–1703),
129–130
Sturmy’s “Mariner’s Magazine,” 143, 242
Stuvenius (_at_ Columbus, Christopher, A.D. 1492), 67
Subtle--subtil--subtile--matter (_materia subtilis_) subtile
medium, 57, 122, 133, 151, 174, 183, 212, 213, 214, 355, 360,
495
Succinum--Succini, 137, _also at_ p. 8.
Sue, Jean Joseph (1760–1830), “Recherches physiologiques,” 306
(Hœfer, “Biog. Gén.,” 1865, Vol. 44, pp. 620–621)
Sue, Pierre aîné (1739–1816), “Histoire du Galvanisme,” 247, 248,
249, 264, 275, 281, 285, 299, 301, 303, 306, 326, 328, 330,
350, 353, 355, 359, 361, 363, 376, 378, 383, 385
Suhm, Peter Frederik, “In effigien Torfæi ...” (_at_ A.D. 1266),
45
Suidas, author of a prominent Greek lexicon compiled during the
tenth century, 541
Sulzer, Johann Georg (1720–1779), 152, 223, 312, 419
Summanus, night source of lightning, 9
Sunde, Janus Hercules de (pseud. of Schwenter, Daniel, 1585–1636),
81, 125, 240
Sundelin, K., 1822 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 385
Suspension of statues, etc., in mid-air, 18, 123, 222, 527
“Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar” for 1740, 168
Swammerdam, Jan (1637–1682), 202
Swanwick, Anna, translator of Æschylus, 4
Swedenborg, Emmanuel (1688–1772), 163–165
Swedish Academy of Sciences, 190
Swickardus (_at_ Browne, Sir Thomas, A.D. 1646), 124
Swieten, Gerard van, pupil of Boerhaave (_at_ A.D. 1722), 157
Swiettiki of Denmark (_at_ A.D. 1745), 174
Swift, William (_at_ Henley, William T.), 237
Swinden, Jan Hendrik van (1746–1823), “Tentamina theoriæ
mathematicæ ...,” 1772; “Recueil de mémoires sur l’analogie de
l’électricité et du magnétisme ...,” 1784; “Analogia
electricitatis et magnetismi,” 1780–1781; “Positiones physicæ,”
1786, 65, 103, 106, 121, 131, 135, 140, 170, 199, 218, 224,
229, 230, 233, 237, 240, 254, 263, 271–274, 285, 309, 393
Sylvester, Charles (_at_ A.D. 1805, 1806 and 1812), 392, 394, 419
Symes, R., 1771 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine), 385
Symmer, Robert (_d._ 1763), 161, 218–220, 221, 224, 409
Symonds, John Addington (_at_ Ficino, Marsiglio), 515
Symons, G. J. (_at_ Franklin, Benjamin), 199
Szuki--Shiki--or “Historical Memoirs of
Szu-ma-thsian”--Szu-mats’een--the greatest of all Chinese
historical works, 5
T
Table générale des Bulletins des sociétés savantes.
_See_ Tessier, Octave.
Tachard, Father Guy (_d._ 1714), 156
Tacitus, Publius Caius Cornelius (_c._ A.D. 54–120), “Germania,”
“Annals,” “Agricola,” etc., 140, 524.
_See_ “Annals of C. C. Tacitus.”
Tafel, Dr. R. L. (_at_ Swedenborg, E.), 163
Tafuri, Giovanni Bernardino, “Scrittori ... di Napoli,” 1749, 540
Taisnier, Jean--Joannes (Taisnier of Hainault--Hannonius)
(1509–1562), “De natura magnetis ...,” 1562, 13, 46, 53
Tait, Professor Peter Guthrie. _See_ Thomson, Sir William.
Talbot, Sir Gilbert, on magnetical remedies, 126
Talmud, designation of the loadstone, 15
Tamery, Prof. Paul, “Pour l’histoire de la science Helléne,” 8,
504, 511, 532
Tarchon, founder of Etruscan theurgism, 9
Tarde, J., “Les usages ... esguille aymantée,” 1621, 553
Tatum’s lectures (_at_ Faraday, Michael), 455, 496
Taylor and Phillips, editors of the Phil. Mag., 466
Taylor, Brook--Brooke, F.R.S. (1685–1731), 150, 155, 156, 191, 264
Taylor, Richard (1781–1858), “Scientific Memoirs,” 428, 495
Taylor, Thomas, translator of Iamblichus, the treatises of
Aristotle and the six books of Proclus, 2, 503, 537
Taylor, W. B., “Memoir of Joseph Henry,” 447, 460;
“(1) La longitude terrestre ...,” 1556; “Recherches sur les
propriétés magnetiques du fer,” 1862
Tcheou-Koung--Choung (Ki-tan), 3
Tchéyeou--Tchi-yeou--Chinese prince (_at_ 2637 B.C.), 1
Tchi-nan, chariot of the South, 3
Tchin-Thsang-Ki, 77
Tching-Onang, nephew of Tcheou-Koung, regent of the Chinese Empire,
3
Tchou-lou plains, 1
“Telegrafista (II),” publication commenced in Rome during 1881.
Telegrafo elettrico scintillante, 227
Telegraph Polygrammatic, 397
Telegraph-Anthropo of Knight Spencer employed as early as 1805, 400
Telegraph electro-chemical, the first, 407
Telegraph, Symbolic, also the Terrestrial Telegraph introduced by
Macdonald, 399
Telegraph: on the history of the word telegraph.
_See_ Axon, W. E. A.
_See_ History of the telegraph.
“Télégraphe, La.” _See_ Ternant.
“Telegrapher, The,” publication commenced in New York during 1864,
afterwards called “Journal of the Telegraph.”
“Telegraphic Journal,” publication commenced in London during 1864,
408
Telegraphic signals, first transmitted by voltaic electricity, 406
“Telegraphist, The,” publication commenced in London during 1883;
“The Telegraphist and Electrician” first appeared in London
during 1876.
Telegraphs, electric and galvanic. _See_ Electric Telegraphs.
Telegraphs, optical. _See_ Semaphores.
Telegraphy, histories of, 301: written by I. U. J. Chappe, Paris,
1824, and Le Mans, 1840; Bois, Victor, 1853–1856; Bonel, A.,
Paris, 1857; Mangin, M., 1752; Reynaud, J. J., 1851.
Telegraphy, oceanic: Brett in 1858; and Brigge, _also_ in 1858.
Telegraphy, pneumatic, by Medhurst, 408
Telegraphy, wireless, 10, 19
“Telephone, The,” “Review of electrical science”: London, 1889.
Telephoning--communicating sound through a wire--in 1667, 143
Telesio, Bernardino, “De rerum natura ...,” 1570.
Tellograph of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, 316
Templeman, in the “Nouvelliste,” 1759, 298
Temple of Jerusalem, never struck by lightning during 1000 years, 9
Temple of Diana at Ephesus, 18
Temple of Juno had its roof covered with sword blades, 9
Temple of Pharos, 18
Temple of Solomon, 10
Temple of Serapis at Alexandria, 18
Temples of Hercules, 13
Tentzel--Tentzelius--Andreas, “Medicina Diastalica,” 245
Tentzel, Wilhelm Ernst, “Collection Académique,” 229
Termeyer, Raimondo Maria de, 298, 299
Ternant, A. L., “Le Télégraphe,” 147, 264, 265
_Terrella_--_terrella-microge_, little earth, 47, 48, 50, 83, 86,
121.
_See_ Petit P.,
_also_ Wren, Sir Chr.
“Terrestrial Magnetism,” 59, 138, 140, 199.
_See also_ Bauer, L. A.
Terzagus, “Musæum Septalianum,” 159
Teske, J. G. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385
Tessier, Henri Alexandre, “Eloges des hommes illustres,” 93, 515,
527, 539
Tessier, Octave, “Table générale des bulletins des sociétés
savantes”: Paris, 1873, 43
Tetens, J. N., “Schreiben ... magneteuren,” 1775, 246
_Tetraodon_--tetrodon--_electricus_, 298, 374
Teyler, Archives du Musée, 160
Teyler Van der Hulst, Pieter (1702–1778), “Tweede Genootschap,”
published at Haarlem, 1781, 280
Teylerian electrical machine, 292
Teylerian Society. _See_ Haarlem.
Thalen, J. R., “Recherches ... magnétiques du fer ...” (Nova Acta
Reg. Soc. Upsala, III. Série), 1862.
Thales of Miletus (639–548 B.C.), 7, 15, 515, 532, 534, 542, 543
Thatcher--Thacher--John Boyd, 66, 524
_Theamedes_ of the ancients believed to be identical with the
tourmaline, 17
Thebit-ben-Korah--Thebitius (836–901), 540–541
Thebitius. _See_ Thebit-ben-Korah.
Themistius (_c._ A.D. 315–390), “Oratio,” “Euphrades,” 10, 541
Thénard, Louis Jacques, Baron (1777–1857), 249, 338, 340, 347, 352,
354, 376, 380, 388, 389, 419, 480
Theodoric the Great (_c._ A.D. 454–526), 18
Theodorus, Emperor, 144 (entered at Louis Maimbourg).
Theodosius the Great (fl. 379–395), 24, 541
Theophrastus (372–286 B.C.), 7, 13, 21, 270, 530, 539, 543.
_See_ Scaliger, J. C.,
_also_ Hill, Sir John.
Theory, undulatory--Young, Dr. Thomas, 395
Thermo-dynamics, second law of, 346, 392.
The first law or principle of thermo-dynamics was enunciated by
the French physicist Carnot (Nicolas Leonard Sardi,
1796–1832).
Thermo-electric inversion, discovered by Prof. James Cummings.
Thermo-electric needle of Becquerel, 463
Thermo-electric tension of minerals (Phil. Mag., Ser. IV. Vol. XXX.
pp. 337–339, 1865).
Thermo-electricity: Dessaignes, 415; Seebeck, 415; Brewster, 465.
_See_ Cummings, James, and _consult_ Table Analytique des Annales
de Ch. et de Phys., Index, pp. 364–370.
Thermo-electrometer of Harris, 469
Thevenot, Melchisedech (1620–1692), “Recueil de Voyages,” 47, 53
Thibaud VI, Comte de Champagne, 33
Thicknesse, Ra. (_at_ Williamson, C. H.) 270
Thillaye, Jean Baptiste Jacques (1752–1822), 385
Thillaye-Platel, Antoine (1782–1806), 274, 384–385, 430
Thilly, Frank, 504, 505. _See_ Weber, Alfred.
Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottren (1799–1877), 38
Thoman, Fédor (_at_ Arago, D. F. J.), 480
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor Angelicus (1225–1274), 16, 35, 36,
37, 39, 57, 171, 505, 506.
_See_ Joannes de Rupescissa.
Thomas, John, “Univ. Pron. Dict.,” 146, 148
Thomas, Joseph (Dict. of Nat. Biogr.), 163, 286, 370
Thompson, A. T., translator of Salverte’s “Philosophy of Magic,” 1
Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rumford (1753–1814), 225, 346, 370–371.
_See_ Copley Medal,
_also_ Rumford Medal.
Thompson, Silvanus P. (1851–1916), Introduction, xi, xiii–xv, xvii,
xix, 45, 46, 54, 63, 92, 113, 189, 342, 498.
_See_ Aerolites.
Thoms, William T. (_at_ Strype, A.D. 1754), 210
Thomson, Allen (1809–1884), 425
Thomson, Elihu, xi, 184
Thomson, Thomas (1773–1852), “An outline of the sciences of heat
and electricity,” 1st ed. 1830; “Annals of Philosophy”: London,
1813–1826; “Outline of the Sciences ...”; “Annals of
Philosophy”; “History of the Royal Society”: London, 1812;
“History of Chemistry,” etc.; 90, 105, 132, 150, 152, 155, 156,
162, 167, 189, 190, 196, 199, 214, 218, 221, 222, 227, 233,
239, 248, 249, 251, 256, 262, 263, 268, 277, 284, 286, 313,
347, 363, 364, 370, 403, 408, 412, 414, 423, 427, 435, 440,
441, 443, 446, 449, 452, 455, 458, 461, 468, 478, 479
Thomson, Sir William, first Baron Kelvin of Largs (1824–1907),
dedication, x, xi, 87, 141, 218, 239, 321, 346, 371, 392, 411,
412, 413, 455, 470, 492, 493, 499.
_See_ Le Roux, F. P., Electro-dynamic qualities of metals (Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. for 1879, pp. 55–85).
Thor, son of Odin, personifies electricity, 13
Thore and Croissant (_at_ Hare, Robert), 449
Thorp, R. W. D. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385
Thorpe, T. E., “Essays in historical chemistry,” 132, 189, 228,
239, 262, 347, 499
Thou, François Auguste de (_at_ Fracastorio, H.), 515
Thouin, André (compass plant), 259
Thoung-Kian-Kang-Mou, 2, 5
Thouret, Michel Augustin (1749–1810), “Rapport sur les aimants ...
Le Noble,” 1783; “Lettre sur le magnétisme animal,” 1784–1785,
245, 273
Thouret, T. Auguste (_at_ Mesmer, F. A.), 237
Thouri, de (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385
Thouron, V. C., 505
Thouvenel, Pierre (1747–1815), “Mémoire physique ...,” 1781, 384,
401
Thrasyllus, the grammarian, 511
_Thumstein_, apparatus for transmitting sound through wires (_at_
A.D. 968), 28
Thunder and lightning attracted and directed by the ancients, 9,
294
Tiato (_at_ Toaldo, G.), 253
Tiberghien, Guillaume, “Essai théorique et historique sur la
génération des connaissances humaines,” 42, 102, 122, 504, 505,
511, 519
Tiberius, 20, 513
“Tidsskrift for naturvidenskaberne; af Orsted ...”: Kjobenhavn,
1822–1828, 455
Tillard--Tilland--Captain (islands of eruption), 417
Tillemont, Louis Sébastien Lenain de (1637–1698), “Histoire des
Empereurs,” “Mémoires Hist. Eccles.,” 25, 525, 541
Tillet, “Sur l’incendie,” 1760, 555
Tilloch, Alexander (1759–1825), one of the editors of the
“Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science,” 252, 381, 392,
396, 429, 434, 452, 467, 474, 478
Timæus (_c._ 352–256 B.C.), Greek historian, 8
Timæus. _See_ Plato.
“Times,” London, 134, 248
Timochares (_c._ 367–283 B.C.) (_at_ Ptolemy--Ptolemæus II), 18
Tinan, Barbier de (_at_ Toaldo, G.), 253
Tingry, P. F. (Journal de Physique, Vol. XLVII.), 557
Tipaldo, Emilio A. de, “Biografia degli Italiani illustri, nella
scienze ...”: Venezia, 1834, 253, 300, 303
Tiphys Batavus, 521
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1731–1794), “Biblioteca Modenese,” “Storia
della litteratura Italiana,” 55, 113, 510, 514, 529, 540
Tisserand, L. M., “Paris et ses historiens,” 34
Tissot, “Historie de la philosophie,” 532
Titelmanni, Franc, “Naturalis Philos. Compendium,” 1571, 553
Titius--Tietz--Johann Daniel (1729–1796), “De electrici experimenti
...,” 1771; “Gemeinützige ...,” “Tableau du travail actuel de
toutes les Académies de l’Europe ...,” 158
Titus Livius (_b._ A.D. 59), Great Roman historian, generally
called Livy, 10, 24, 78
Toaldo, Giuseppe (1719–1798), 140, 253, 254, 271, 295
Todd, John T. (experiments on the _torpedo_), 436
Tolloy, Crimotel de (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N.), 330
Tomlinson, Charles, “Cyclopædia of useful arts and manufactures,”
317, 322, 337, 339, 437, 455, 470
Tommasi--Tomasi--Donato, of Paris (_b._ 1848), “Traité des piles
électriques,” 365, 376.
_See_ Romagnosi, G. D.
Tonkin, John, of Penzance, 339
Topaz, a talisman, 8
Torfæus, Thormodr (Phormodur Torfesen) (1636–1719), 44
_Torpedo_, torpille. _See also_ “_raia torpedo_,” _also_ Savi, P.,
11, 20, 136, 149, 229, 230, 239, 240, 241, 258, 270, 319, 334,
345, 346, 374, 409, 436, 493, 527
Torsion balance, invented by Coulomb, 275
Tortolini, Barnaba, “Annali di scienze ...,” 8 Vols.; “Annali di
matematica ...,” 1856–1861.
Toscanelli, Paul del Pozzo (1397–1482), 34;
Nouv. Biog. Gén. (Hœfer), Vol. 45, pp. 557–558.
Touche, Daillant de la, 164
Toulouse, Academy Reports, Mémoires, etc., 229, 288, 556
Tourdes, J. (_at_ Aldini, G.), 306
Tourmaline, 8, 13, 17, 152, 153, 184, 193, 218, 286, 287–288, 364,
451, 465
Tourtelle, Etienne, “Histoire philosophique de la médecine,” 65,
170
Toutain (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386
Townsend, W. J., “The great schoolmen of the Middle Ages,” 37, 41,
505
Tozzetti, Targioni, “Atti e Memorie inedite dell’ Accademia del
Cimento ...,” 3 Vols.; _also_, “Notizie ...,” 3 Vols. 1780,
556
Trail--Traill, Thomas Stewart (1781–1862), 339, 465, 477
Tralles, Johann Georg (1763–1822) (“Allgemeine Deutsche
Biographie,” 1894, Vol. 38, pp. 494–495), 292–293, 331
Transactions Elec. Soc. Mannheim, 29.
_See_ “Academia electoralis scientiarum,” which is also called
“Academia Theodoro Palatina.”
Transmitting intelligence by wire; in early days said to have been
done by one of the Cleopatras, 12.
_See also_ Kung-foo-Whing (_at_ A.D. 968), 28
Tredwey, Robert (Phil. Trans., XIX. 711), 1698, 554
Trembley, A., on light caused by quicksilver shaken in glass tube,
175, 177, 555
Treméry, Jean Louis (1773–1851), 288, 324;
“Observations sur les aimants elliptiques,” 1797.
Trendelenberg, Friedrich Adolf (1802–1872), 544
Trent, History of the Council of, 90, 110, 528
Tressan, Louis Elizabeth de la Vergne de (1705–1783), 189, 385, 417
Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold (1776–1837), 255, 257, 327, 557
Treviso Athenæum, “Memorie scientifiche ...,” 1817–1847, 253
Treviso Giornale, “Giornale sulle scienze ...,” 1821–1830.
Trévoux, Mémoires de, 551
Trew, Abdias, “De meteoris ...”: Argent, 1654.
Trichiurus electricus--trichiurus Indicus, 297, 298
Triennald, S. von, 308
Tries’ claim to Van Marum’s machine, 280
Trieste, School of Arts and Navigation, 407
Trinity College, at Cambridge, England, 4, 212, 319
Tripier, A. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386
Trismegistus. _See_ Hermes.
Tristan, Comte J. de, 401
Trithemius, Johannes (1462–1516), author of “Steganographia ...,”
1606; “Annalium Hirsaugiensium ...,” 1690; “De scriptoribus
ecclesiasticis,” 37, 504, 554
Trommsdorff, Johann Barthelomaüs (1770–1837), 285, 352–353, 419
Troostwijk, Adriaan Paets van (1752–1837), and Deiman, Jean
Rodolph, 280, 291–292, 385
Trouvé (_at_ Zamboni, Giuseppe), 420
Tsching-Vang, second emperor of the Tcheou dynasty, 3
Tübingen. _See_ Gmelin family.
Tübingen, “Morgenblatt,” 351
Tübingen University, 284, 303, 433, 450, 451
Tufts, James H. _See_ Windelband’s “History of Philosophy.”
Tulk, Dr. Alfred, 404
Tullus Hostilius (672–640 B.C.), third legendary King of Rome, 9
Turnbull, Laurence (1821–1900), “Electro-magnetic Telegraph, with
an historical account of its progress”: Philad., 1853, 11, 317,
318, 368, 384, 407, 422, 436, 440, 455, 476
Turner, Robert, “Electricology; or a discourse upon electricity
...,” 1746, 554
Turner, William, “History of Philosophy,” 504
Turin--Torino--Academie Royale des Sciences or University, 30, 140,
209, 294, 295, 296, 302, 306, 367
Turin--Torino--Bibl. de, 284
Turin--Torino--College of Fine Arts, 294
Turin--Torino--Memorie della Soc. Agr., 257, 295
Turin--Torino--Normal College, 294
Turin--Torino--Nuova Encyclopedia Italiana. _See_ Bocardo.
Turin--Torino--Observatory, Annals of, 295
Turin--Torino. _See_ Giornale Scientifico d’una Soc. Fil.
Twast (_at_ A.D. 1812), 419
Two-fluid theory: Hare, 1823; Ingen-housz, 1778; Symner and Dufay,
409–410
Tycho Brahé (1546–1601), 92, 94, 95, 102, 508, 530, 533.
_See_ Jöcher, C. G., “Allgemeines Gel. Lex.,” pp. 1325–1327.
Tyndall, John (1820–1893), “Heat as a mode of motion,” vii, xiii,
14, 131, 132, 142, 166, 170, 173, 177, 231, 255, 282, 314, 344,
346, 380, 383, 396, 411, 433, 487, 489, 492, 495, 497, 498,
499.
_See_ “Lives of the Electricians,” by William T. Jeans, 1887;
“Lessons in Electricity.”
_Also_ Rumford Medal.
Typhon, bone of (Typhoëus, in Greek Legend), 14
U
Uberti, Bonifacio--Fazio degli (_d._ 1368), “Il Dittamondo ...
ridotto,” 44
Ueberweg, Dr. Friedrich (1826–1871), History of Philosophy,
translated by George S. Morris, 26, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
102, 122, 504, 505, 507, 510, 511, 512, 518, 519, 532, 534,
537
Ughelli, Fernandino, “Italia Sacra,” 516
Ugo di Bercy (Sercy) (fl. thirteenth century A.D.), 56, 61.
_See_ Nouvelle Biographie Générale, of Hœfer, V. 783.
Ugollet at Venice, publisher of Ausonius’ “Mosella,” 18
Uhland, W. H. (_at_ Faraday), 498
Ulloa, Don Antonio de, Spanish mathematician (1716–1795). Makes the
earliest recorded reference to the Aurora Australis, 141,
165–166
Ulstadius, Philippus (fl. sixteenth century A.D.), “Cœlum
philosophorum”: Paris, 1544, 553
Undulatory theory of light, interferences in the, Dr. Young, 1807,
395
Unger, Johann Friedrich von (1716–1781), “Abhandlung von der natur
der Electricität”: Braunschweig, 1745 (Hamb. Magaz., VIII.
1751).
“United Service Journal,” 397
United States Japan Expedition (Zodiacal Light), 142
Universal Encyclopædia, 38
Universal Lexicon, Leipzig, 48
Université de Padone. _See_ Boulay, H. de.
Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages.
_See_ Rashdall, Hastings.
Unzer, T. C., 245
Upsala Academy (University), 141, 163, 168, 221, 387
Upsala Botanical Gardens, 259; Compass plant, 259
Upsala Royal Society, 232
Urbanitzky, Alfred von, “Electricity in the service of man ...,”
edited by Richard Wormell, and revised by R. Mullineux
Walmsley, London, 1886; “Les lampes électriques ...”: Paris,
1885 (Bibliothèque des Actualités Industrielles, No. IV.), 162,
219
Ure, Andrew (1778–1857), “Dictionary of Arts,” “Dictionary of
Chemistry,” 354, 370, 417–418, 440, 446, 455
Ursa Major: star referred to by William Gilbert in connection with
Marsilius Ficinus, Cardanus, Lucas Gauricus and Gaudentius
Merula, who believe it to influence magnetic variation, 108
Usiglio, C., 1844 (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N.), 330
Ussher, Henry (1743–1790) (_at_ John Dalton), 308
V
_Van_: _all additional names with this prefix appear under the
names_.
Vacca, Andrea (1772–1826), 299
Vacca, Leopold (1732–1812), 299
_Vacuo, in._ Propagation of light _in vacuo_, 132, 182, 202, 294.
_See_ Picard, Jean (Anc. Mémoires, Paris, Vols. II. and X.);
Return of electric light _in vacuo_ (Grummert, G. H.), 172;
Attrition of bodies _in vacuo_ (Phil. Trans., XXIV. 2165);
Electric light _in vacuo_ (Dantzig, Memoirs, I. 417).
Vail, Alfred (1807–1859), “History of the American Electro-magnetic
Telegraph ...,” 286, 316, 436
Vairano, Josephus, “Diatriba de electricitate,” 1777, 556
Valenciennes (_at_ Arago), 481
Valens, Flavius, Roman Emperor, 144 (A.D. 328–378).
_See_ Moreri, L., “Grand Dict.,” Vol. VIII. pt. 3, p. 13; Hœfer,
“Nouv. Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XLV. pp. 855–856.
Valentinelli, Giuseppe, Royal Librarian of the Marciana, Venice,
111
Valentinus, Bazilius (fifteenth century)--Basil Valentine,
“Conclusiones ... magnect ...”: Rottm., 1632.
Valère, André, Biblio. Belgica, 538
Vallemont, Pierre Le Lorrain de (1649–1721), “La physique occulte,
en traité de la baguette divinatoire,” 1693; “Description de
l’aimant ...,” 1692, 110, 144, 401
Vallensis, Roberti, “Di veritate ...,” 1593 and 1612, 502
Vallerius, H. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386
Vallesius--Valles de Corarrubias--Francisco, 538
Valli, Eusebio (1755–1816), 249, 270, 285, 302–303, 327, 393, 419
Vallot, Joseph, “Report on difference between chalcedony and
tourmaline,” 288
Vanderlot’s work on the Surinam Eel, 230
Van Etten, Henry, is _pseud._ of Jean Leurechon (1591–1670),
_q.v._, “Mathematical Recreations,” “Récréations
Mathématiques,” 109, 126, 127, 148, 401
Van Swinden. _See_ Swinden.
Van’t Hoff, Professor Jakobus Hendrikus (_b._ 1852, _d._ 1915). He
established, with F. W. Ostwald, the “Lehrbuch der Allegem.
Chemie” and “Zeitschrift für physikalische chemie”; “Dix années
dans l’histoire d’une théorie ...,” 1865.
_See_ Ostwald.
Vapereau, G., “Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains”: Paris,
1893.
Vargas, Bernardo Perez de, “De re metallica,” 502
Variation and dip of the magnetic needle, observations on the.
_See_ Gilpin, George.
Variation charts: Barlow, 1820; Churchman, at 1790–1804; Halley,
1701; Bianco, 1436.
Variation denied by Medina, Pedro de, 63–64
Variation of the compass, first shown by Burrowes--Borough--in
1592, 77
Variation of the declination:--
_Annual_--Cassini at 1782–1791, 117, 266; Cause of errors
investigated, Flinders, 1801, 348; Dip or inclination,
Hartmann, 1544, 70;
Norman, 1576, 75–76;
Peregrinus (1269), 76
_Diurnal_ and _horary_--Beaufoy (1813), 427;
Graham, 1722, 117, 156;
Swinden, 1784, 273;
Cassini IV. 1784, 157, 273
_Intensity_--“The third and most important element of terrestrial
magnetism,” Borda, 1776, 249
_Secular_--Gellibrand, 1635, 117.
_See_ John Mair and John Pell, 1635.
Variation of the variation: Gellibrand, 1635, 117–118;
Wright, Edw., 80;
Petit, P. (Phil. Trans., 1667, p. 502).
Varley introduced the use of compressed air for message
transmission, 408
Varnhagen, Francisco, Adolfo de (_at_ Pedro Nuñez), 531
Varthema. _See_ Vertomannus.
Vasco da Gama. _See_ Gama.
Vasco, on Galvanism, 327
Vasquez y Morales, D. Jos., “Ensayo sobre la electricidad ...,”
1747, 555
Vassalli-Eandi, Antonio Maria (1761–1825).
_See_ Bibliothèque Italienne;
_also_ Mem. Accad. Torino, Vols. 6, 10, 12, 14, 22, 24, 26, 27,
30; Phil. Mag., XV. 319; Journal de Physique, 1799, 1800;
Biblioteca Oltremontana, 1787 and 1788, 9, 207, 224, 257,
259, 270, 274, 285, 294–296, 298, 305, 306, 331, 393, 401,
419, 514
Vauquelin, Louis Nicholas (1763–1829), 247, 333, 344, 349, 352,
354, 355, 389, 419
Veau de Launay. _See_ Delaunay.
Veaumorel, Caullet de, 265, 280
Veen, Otto van (Aquinas, St. Thomas), 505
Venanson, Flamminius--Flamnius, “De l’invention de la boussole
nautique,” 1808, 5, 17, 30, 31, 43, 54, 56, 57
Venetian Athenaeum--Ateneo di Venezia.
Venetian Imperial Royal Institution, Atti ... (_also_ Memorie)
dell’ I.R. Istituto Veneto di science....
Venetus, Paulus. _See_ Sarpi.
Venturi, Giambattista of Modena (1746–1822), 331, 333
Veratti, Giuseppe of Bologna (1707–1793), 186, 204, 213, 264, 384
Vergil--Virgil, “De inventoribus rerum.”
Vergil--Virgil (70–19 B.C.), Publius V. Maro, “Georgics,”
“Eclogues,” “Æneid,” etc., title page.
Vergilius--Virgilius--Bishop of Salzburg from 744 to the time of
his death during the year 784, 523
Verhand, van het Genootsch te Rotterdam, 280, 292
Vernier (_at_ Coulomb, C. A. de), 276
Verona Lyceum, 420
“Verona Poligrafo,” “Poligrafo, Giornale di scienze ...,” 420
Verrall, A. W., translator of the Agamemnon of Æschylus, 4
_Versorium_, introduced by Wm. Gilbert, 83
Vertommanus--Varthema--Ludovico di (_b._ 1480, _d._ early sixteenth
century), 69–70
Vespucci, Amerigo (1452–1512), Italian navigator, in whose honour
the new world was named America, Vespuccius Americus, 536, 537
Vetensk Akad. Nyr. Handl., 216, 257, 288, 299, 370
Vicenza, Giornale Enciclopedico, Vicenza 1779–1784, 253
Vicq d’Azyr, Felix (1748–1794). Sécr. Perpétuel Soc. Royale de
Médecine, 302, 303
“Vidensk. Salsk. Skrift. Ny Samml.,” 557.
_See_ Copenhagen Academy.
Videt, F. F. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386
Viegeron, P. D., “Mémoire sur la force des pointes,” 252
Vienna Academy--“Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften,” 250.
_See also_ p. 408.
Vienna Polytechnic Institute, 407, 408
“Vierteljehrschrift des Astronomischen Gesellschaft,” Leipzig,
1879, 165
Vieta, Francis (1540–1603), 90, 102, 109
Vigenere, Blaise de (1523–1596), 78
Vignaud, Henri, on Toscanelli and on Columbus, 34, 66
Vigneul--Marville--_pseud._ Noel Bonaventura d’Argonne--“Mélanges
d’histoire et de Littérature,” 1699–1701, 97
Vilette, M. F., Paper electrophorus, 249
Vilgerderson, Floke (_at_ Frode, the Wise), 28
Villeneuve, Arnaud de. _See_ Arnaldus de Villa Nova.
Villeneuve, O. de (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385
Vimercati, Guido, Rivista Scientifico-Industriale.
Vincent and Boncompagni in “Bulletino di Bibliogr.,” Vol. IV., 520
Vincent de Beauvais (_c._ 1190–1264), xix, 16, 18, 33–35, 39, 40,
59
Vineis, P. de, 15
Vircy, Jules Joseph (1775–1847), “Dictionnaire des sciences
médicales,” 425
Virgil. _See_ Vergil.
Virginia University, 467
Virgula Divina or divining rod, at Amoretti, 401
Visconti--Visconte--Pietro, author of the oldest known portolan,
1311, 63
Vitalis, H., “De magnetica vulnerum curatione,” 1668, 554
Vitruvius, G.--Marcus Vitruvius Pollio--believed to have flourished
in the time of Julius Cæsar, 505, 510
Vitry, Jacobus de, Cardinal Bishop of Ptolemais (_d._ betw. 1240
and 1244), 30, 56, 59
Vivenzio, Le Chevalier G. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), “Teoria e
practica della elletricita medica,” 1784, 274, 385
Vogel, Johann Ludwig Andreas (1771–1840), “Die wunder des
magnetismus”: Erfurt, 1818.
Vogt, Joannis, author of “Catalogus Historico-Criticus,” 1793, xix
Voigt, Johann Heinrich (1751–1823), “Magazin für das Neueste aus
der Physik,” “Versuche ... magnetismus,” Iena, 1793; “Mag. für
Naturkunde ...”
_See_ Lichtenberg, 314, 316, 318, 327, 368, 380, 383, 452
Volhard, Jacob, in “Le Moniteur Scientifique,” 262
Volland--Voland--Mlle. (_at_ Ledru Comus), 224
Volpicelli, Paolo (1804–1879), “Intorno ... magnete,” “Sul cognito
fenomeno ...,” 71, 353, 470
Volt.... _See_ Nipher, Francis Eugène.
Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827). _See_ “Raccolta Voltania”: Como,
1899, 217, 224, 245, 246–249, 261, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279,
284, 285, 288, 293, 295, 304, 320, 327, 331, 332, 337, 338,
339, 349, 350, 351, 361, 368, 389, 395, 416, 419, 424, 426,
443, 447, 461, 462, 470, 483, 487, 490, 491.
_At_ p. 15, Vol. II. of Catalogue of the Wheeler Gift is mention
of Volta’s well-known letter to Sir Joseph Banks, wherein he
announces his discovery of the Voltaic pile, called by him
_Organe électrique artificiel_.
Voltaic electricity, first suggestion as to its chemical origin,
329
Voltaic pile, chemical theory of: Parrot, George Friedrich (1802,
1831, 1838), 367–368
Voltaic pile, preparation of ammoniacal amalgam, 388
Voltaire, F. M. Aronet de (1694–1778), “Essai sur les mœurs ...,”
56, 58–59, 61
Von Vang, first emperor of the Tcheou dynasty, 3
Vorsselmann de Heer, Pieter Otto Coenraad (1809–1841) (Algem.
Konst-en-Letterb., 1836–1838, _also_ Pogg. Ann., 1839, 1841).
Vossius, G., “De Scientiis Mathem ...,” 513
Vossius, Isaac, Canon of Windsor, “De Motu Morium ...,” 1663.
Vuccher, Jean Jacques, “De Secretis ...,” 1596, 26, 553
W
Wadding, Luc (1588–1657), “Annales Ord. Min ...,” “J. Duns Scoti
Opera” in 12 Volumes: Lyons, 1639, 39, 41
Wagenaar, Jan, “Histoire de la Hollande,” 534
Wagner (_at_ Zamboni), 420
Waite, Arthur Edward, “Lives of Alchemystical Philosophers,” 32,
64, 65
Waitz, Jacob Seigismund von (1698–1777), 170, 426
Wa-Kan-san siü-tson-ye, the great Japanese encyclopædia, describes
the compass, 153
Wakeley, Andrew, “The mariners’ compass rectified,” 555
Walchius (_at_ Wilkins, John, and _at_ Kratzenstein, C. G.), 119,
172
Wales, William (1734–1798), English mathematician, 242, 457
Walimer, father of Theodoric and King of the Goths, 29
Walker, Adam (1730–1821), 359–360
Walker and Mitchel (Astronomical Journal, Cambridge, Mass., 1848).
Walker, Charles Vincent (1811–1882), “Electrotype Manipulation,”
“Manual of Electricity, Magnetism and Meteorology,” 379, 384,
495;
Walker, C. V., and Lardner, Dionysius.
Walker, E. (Phil. Mag., XLI. XLII. XLIII., London, 1813–1814).
Walker, Edward, “Terrestrial and Cosmical Magnetism”: Cambridge,
1866, 77, 107, 168, 268, 335
Walker, Ezekiel (_at_ Bennet, Rev. Abraham, and _at_ Murray, John),
291, 429
Walker, Ralph, “Treatise on Magnetism” and “Treatise on the
magnet”: London, 1794 and 1798, 54, 77, 119, 137, 157, 191,
232, 249, 250, 546, 555
Walker, Richard (1679–1764), Royal Society Transactions, 547
Walker, S. C., “Researches ... meteors” (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.,
1843).
Walker, William, Captain, “The magnetism of ships”: London, 1853,
69, 292, 348
Walker, William, senior (“Mem. of Dist. Men of Science”: London,
1862), 440
Walker, William, junior, and Hunt, Robert, “Memoirs of
distinguished men ...”: London, 1864.
Walkiers--Walckiers--de Saint-Amand. _See_ Amand.
Wall, Dr. William, 152, 193
Waller, A. D. (Plant electricity), 260
Waller, Richard, translator of Essays of the Accademio del Cimento,
London, 1684, 143
Wallerius, G. (_at_ Ingen-housz), 257
Wallis, John (1616–1703), 138, 141
Walmsley, R. Mullineux. _See_ Urbanitzky.
Walsh, John (1725–1795), 149, 230, 239–240, 241, 258, 270, 290,
298, 319
Waltenhofen, A. K. Elder von (Sitz. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., Wien,
1863, 1869, 1870).
Walter and Girardi (Mem. Soc. Ital., III. 553), 298
Walter, Louis H., xi
Walton and Cotton, “Complete Angler,” 1847, 37, 65, 109, 507
Waltzemüller, Martinus Hylacomylus--Waldseemüller--“Cosmographiæ
Introductio,” 535–536
Ward, Henry (_at_ Pasley, C. W.), 398
Ward, John, “Lives of the Gresham Professors,” 143
Ward, Samuel (1617–1689), “Magnetis reductorium ...,” “Wonders of
the loadstone,” 1637 and 1639–1640, 554
Ward, Thomas (1640–1704), 172
Ware (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386
Wargentin, Pierre Guillaume (1717–1783), 139, 157, 168, 190, 308
Waring, Edward John, “Bibliotheca Therapeutica,” 27
Warltire, John, 227, 228
Wartmann, Louis Elie François (1817–1886), author of many
scientific works. The most notable ones on induction appeared
at Geneva 1844, 1845, 1846–1850; “Mémoire sur les étoiles
filantes”: Bruxelles, 1839, 207, 257
Washington (D. C.) National Academy of Sciences, Memoir of, 321.
_See_ Smithsonian Institution.
Water decomposition, methods of and treatises on, 337
Watkins, Fcis. (_at_ Zamboni, G., and _at_ Faraday, M.), 420, 484
Watson, Sir William (1717–1787), 17, 159, 168, 175–177, 178, 186,
189, 196, 197, 198, 221, 227, 231, 251, 320, 385
Watt, Alexander (1823–1892), “Electro-Metallurgy ...,” 1860;
“Bibliotheca Britannica,” 4 Vols. 1824, 97, 238, 240
Watt, Gregory (1777–1804), 339
Watt, James (1736–1819), 126, 190, 208, 228, 297, 308, 339, 520
Watt, Robert, “Bibliotheca Britannica” (1774–1819), 131, 134, 170,
255, 540
Watts, Henry (1815–1884), “Dictionary of Chemistry,” “Dictionary
of Arts ...,” 417, 449
Weale, John, “Rudimentary series,” 366, 471
Weaver, William D., xi
Webb, Jonathan, of Salem, Mass., 234
Weber, Alfred, “History of Philosophy,” translated by Frank Thilly,
26, 41, 122, 504, 505
Weber, Joseph (_at_ Galvani, Aloysio), 285
Weber, Wilhelm Eduard (1804–1891), 3, 263, 314, 422, 445, 489.
_See_ Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777–1855).
Webster (_at_ Reinhold, J. C. L.), 327
Webster, Dr. J. W., Professor at Harvard College, 417
Webster, John (_at_ Murray, John), 429
Webster, Rev. W., translator of “Histoire de l’Arianisme,” 144
Wedgwood, Aaron, 429. He gives a brief notice of a writing
telegraph in his “Book of Remembrance ...”: London, 1814.
Wedgwood, Ralph, 429–430, 439
Wedgwood, Thomas, 429
Weidler, Christian Gottlieb (_at_ Erasmus, R.), 513
Weidler, Johann Friedrich (1692–1755), 122, 130, 308, 505
Weigel, Chr. Ehrenfried, “Grundriss ...,” 1777, 556
Weigsenborn of Weimar (_at_ Franklin, B.), 195
Weiss, Charles Samuel (1780–1856), 431, 432
Weiss, E., Electrometer, 431
Weisse, John A., “Origin ... Engl. language and literature,” 1879,
42
Weld, Charles Richard, “History of the Royal Society,” 66, 75, 103,
114, 132, 155, 167, 168, 181, 191, 196, 239, 252, 446, 456,
462, 471
Wells, Charles William (1757–1817) (Phil. Trans., 1795, p. 246),
“Observatione ... Galvani’s experiments”: London, 1795, 284,
322–323, 327, 419
Wells, D. A., “Annual of Scientific Discovery ...”: Boston, U.S.A.,
1850
Wenckebach--Wenkebach--Edouard (1813–1874), “De Magneto-elektrische
...,” 1838.
Wenckebach--Wenkebach--Wilhelm (1803–1847), “Sur Petrus
Adsigerius,” 48, 53, 54
Wennstrom, John, 358
Wens, Act. Hill, 253
Werner, C., “Die Scholastik ...”: Vienna, 1881, 41
Wernsdorf, Johann Christian, 19
Wesley, John (1703–1791), 212, 213, 216
Westcott’s magnetic guard for needle pointers, 443
(_at_ Pasley, C. W.), 398
Westen, Wynant van, 554
“Westminster Review,” London, 458
Weston--Wheldon, “Catalogue,” 124, 230
Westphal, T. J., “Nikolaus Kopernikus,” 508
Wetzel, Dr., of Upsal, 212
Weyer, Sylvain van de, “Lettres sur les Anglais ...,” 1854, 79, 81
Wheatstone, Sir Charles (1802–1875), 422, 430, 440;
Coke, W. F., and Wheatstone, Sir Chas.
Wheeler, Schuyler Skaats, Latimer Clark Library Catalogue, xiv
Wheldon’s Catalogue, 230
Wheler, Granville, 154, 155
Whewell, William (1794–1866), “History of the Inductive Sciences
...,” “Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences ...,” “Physical
Astronomy,” “History of Scientific Ideas,” “Astronomy and
Physics,” 30, 32, 42, 43, 59, 75, 89, 91, 94, 95, 96, 102, 103,
116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 131, 134, 138, 142, 147, 156, 157,
159, 171, 214, 220, 239, 370, 378, 391, 396, 404, 412, 414,
433, 445, 446, 451, 453, 460, 464, 467, 469, 471, 476, 479,
499, 481, 484, 485, 493, 495, 499, 508, 522
Whiston, William (1667–1752), 77, 150, 156, 191.
_See_ “Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” Vol. LXI. 1900, pp. 10–14.
White, A. Hastings, xi
White, Andrew D., author, 114
White, John, “A rich cabinet ... of inventions,” 135
White, M., associated with Stephen Grey, 161
Whitehouse’s pamphlet on the Atlantic Telegraph, 496
Wiard, Secretary of Mme. Du Deffand, 291
Wiedeburg, Johann Ernst Basilius (1733–1789), “Beobachtungen und
Muthmassungen ...”: Iena, 1771, 140, 308
Wiedemann, G. M. (Pogg. Annal. Volumes for 1848–1862).
Wiedemann, Gustav. Heinrich (1826–1899), “Die lehre von galvanismus
...,” 1861–1863; “Die lehre von der elektricität,” 1882–1885,
441, 498
Wiedemann, Rudolf Franz (Ann. Physik und Chemie, Vol. 89, pp.
497–531).
Wieglib, Johann Christian (1732–1801), editor of “Handbuch der
Allgem. Chemie,” “Die natuerliche ...”: Berlin, 1779, 262
Wien. _See_ Vienna.
Wilcke--Wlik--Johann Carl (1732–1796), 187, 205, 214–216, 217, 288,
315, 386, 410, 444
Wilde, Franz Samuel, “Expériences sur l’électricité des cascades,”
293
Wilkes, C., “Theory of Zodiacal Light,” 142
Wilkins, John, the fourteenth Bishop of Chester and first Secretary
of the Royal Society (1614–1672), “Mercury, or the secret and
swift messenger,” 119, 171, 437
Wilkins, Simon (_at_ Browne, Sir Thomas), 124
Wilkinson, Charles Henry (fl. 1800), “Elements of Galvanism in
theory and practice,” 2 Vols.: London, 1804; “Essay on the
Leyden Phial ...”: London, 1798, 140, 224, 228, 231, 237, 240,
249, 269–270, 279, 280, 281, 284, 289, 306, 307, 312, 323, 325,
326, 327, 331, 333, 337, 339, 347, 353, 355, 361, 365, 379,
385, 402, 419, 483
Wilkinson, George, of Sunderland, 229, 385
William IV, King of England, 466
William, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassell, 93
Williams, Professor Samuel, magnetic observations first made in
U.S., 259
Williamson, H., 230, 299
Willigen, V. T. M., van der, 160
Wilson, Benjamin (1708–1788), “Treatise on electricity,” 1750,
1752; “New experiments and observations ...,” 1777, 155, 176,
178, 180, 183–185, 202, 203, 209, 221, 231, 251, 252, 255,
320, 419.
_See_ Hoadley, Dr. Benjamin, and Wilson, Benjamin, “Observations
on a series of experiments ...”: London, 1756.
_See_ Copley Medal.
Wilson, George, 239, 374, 406
Wilson, James, F.R.S.E., 192, 297, 374
Wilson, Philip--Phillip, 325, 437
Wilson, W. (Phil. Mag., XXII. 260), 337
Winckler, Johann Heinrich (1703–1770), 162, 174, 176, 186, 198,
205, 321, 555
Windelband, Dr., “Hist. of Phil. translated by Jas. H. Tufts,” 37,
40, 41, 102, 122, 505, 510
Wind-roses. _See_ Rose of the winds.
Wingfield, John, “New method increasing ... capacity ... electric
jars,” 231.
_See_ Cuthbertson, John.
Winship, George P., “The Cabot Bibliography,” 69
Winsor, Justin, “Narrative and Critical History ...,” “Bibliography
of Ptolemy’s Geography” (1831–1897), “Description of John G.
Kohl’s Collection of Early Maps,” 62–63, 64, 66, 67, 115, 523,
524, 536
Winter, George K. (_at_ Ingen-housz, J. J.), 256
Winthorp, John (_at_ Newton, Sir Isaac), 134
Wireless Telegraphy, 10, 19
Wischoff, C., “De Wonderwerken Godts ...,” 1729, 555
Witson--Witsen--Nicholaes of Amsterdam, 149
Wittry, Abbé d’Everlange de, 259
Wittry de Abdt. (1764–1840), “On preparation of mosaic gold for
electric machines,” 431
Wöhler--Woehler--Friedrich (1800–1882), “Grundriss der Chemie,”
1833, 340, 370.
_See_ Wöhler, F., and Partsch, P. M., “Analyse des Meteoreis
...”: Wien, 1852; Wöhler, F., and Berzelius, J. J. F. von,
“Jahrsbericht ...,” 1822 to 1851; Cates, L. R., “Dict. of
General Biography,” p. 1552.
Wolf, C., “Histoire de l’observatoire depuis as fondation ...,” 267
Wolf, C., and Bina, A., “Physica experimentalis ...”: Venetiis
1753–1756, 555
Wolf, Christian (1679–1716) (Act. Erudit. 1716), 420
Wolf, M. (_at_ Horrebow, Peter), “Hist. Ordbog.,” 158
Wolf, R., “Geschichte der Astronomie ...,” “Über der Ozongchalt
...”
Wolfart, Dr. Carl Christian, of Berlin, 236
Wolfart, J. F., “Des Guiot von Provins”: Halle, 1861, 30
Wolfe, Samuel, of the Society of Dantzig, 174
Wolfius (_at_ Hauksbee, F., and _at_ Hausen, C. A.), 150, 169
Wolfram, Erdmann (1760–1828), 449 (Ferussac, Bulletin), 1824.
Wollaston, William Hyde (1766–1828), 221, 255, 280, 347, 356–359,
364, 365, 394, 403, 419, 433, 456, 478, 484, 488, 490, 496
Wood, Anthony à, “Athenæ Oxonienses,” 80, 81, 91, 92
Wood, John, 158, 175
Wood, Professor (_at_ Bennet, Rev. A.), 291
Woodbury, Hon. Levi, 368
Woods, S. (Phil. Mag., XXI. 289), 249
Woodward (_at_ Howldy, Thomas), 428
Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke. _See_ Cates, W. L. R.
Woolinch, Royal Military Academy, 434, 457, 497
Worcester, Marquis of, 434
Wordsworth, Christopher, “Ecclesiastical Bibliography,” 513
“World Apple,” Behaim’s celebrated globe, 67
Wormell, Richard, 162, 219
Wornsdorff, “Poetæ Latinæ Minores,” 19
Worsley, Philip Stanhope, translator of Homer’s “Odyssey,” 6
Wotton (_at_ Boyle, Robert), 130, 131
Woulfe, M. (Phil. Trans., 1771), 431
Wren, Sir Christopher (1632–1723), contrives a _terrella_.
Wright, Edward, “The haven-finding art,” being a translation of the
“Portuum Investigandum ratio” of Stevin, Simon, 76, 80, 521,
522, 525, 533, 559–564
Wright, Gabriel (_at_ Nairne, Edward), 265
Wright, Thomas (1810–1877), “Chronicles and Memoirs ... middle
ages,” 1863, 31, 91
Writers, navigators and others alluded to in Giberts’ _De Magnete_,
XVII. 501–542
Wüllner (_at_ Faraday, M.), 492
Wundt, Wilhelm, “Philosophische Studien”: Leipzig, 1886.
Wünshendorff, E., “Traité de télégraphie sous-marine,” 407
Wüstenfeld--Wuestenfeld--Heinrich Ferdinand, “Geschichte der
Arabischen Aertze ...”: Göttingen, 1840, 38, 39, 519
X
Xenocrates of Chalcedon (396–314 B.C.), Greek philosopher, 543
Xenophanes of Colophon, contemporary of Anixamander and of
Pythagoras (sixth century B.C.), 532
Xenophon, Athenian historian (_c._ 434–355 B.C.), 12, 43, 196.
_See_ Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire historique,” Vol. XVIII.
p. 74
Xerxes I (_c._ 519–465 B.C.), 4
Ximenes, Leonardo (1716–1786), “Osservazione dell’ Aurora boreale
...,” 1752–1753.
Y
Yates and Hansteen (Vol. II. Whewell’s Hist. of Ind. Sc.), 446
Yatman, Matthew, “Familiar analysis ... electricity and galvanism
...”: London, 1810; “Letter ... on Davy’s Galvanic girdle”:
London, 1811, 347
“Year Book of Facts in Science and the Arts,” discoveries in
electricity, etc., commenced in London during 1838.
Yelin, Chevalier Julius Konrad von (1771–1826), 327, 473, 477
Youmans, Dr. Edward Livingston, author of “Chemical Atlas,” 1856,
370
Young, Arthur (1741–1820), “Travels in France ...,” “Voyage
Agronomique en France,” 285, 286
Young, C. A., in American Journal of Science, 140
Young, Dr. Matthew (1750–1800), “Analysis of the principles of
natural philosophy,” 387, 405, 467
Young, Sir Thomas (1773–1829), “A course of lectures on natural
philosophy and the mechanical arts”: London, 1807; “Catalogue,”
34, 54, 92, 140, 155, 206, 221, 225, 238, 239, 245, 249, 250,
256, 258, 259, 268, 271, 276, 277, 284, 290, 298, 308, 309,
310, 311, 313, 330, 340, 346, 359, 364, 369, 386, 388, 395–396,
431, 462, 468
Yue-tchang-che, Chinese writer, 3
Yule, Colonel Sir Henry (reviewer of Marco Polo’s Travels), 55
Z
Zaccaire--Zachaire--Zacharias--Denis (1510–1556), 553
Zaccaria, F. A., “Annali letterari ...,” “Storia della
Elettricita ...”: Modena, 1762–1764.
Zach, Franz Xavier, Baron von, “Zach. Mon. Corr. ...,” “Allg. ...
Geographische Ephemeriden,” 462
Zachary, Bishop of Rome (_d._ A.D. 752), 523
Zahn, F. Joannes (1641–1707), 8, 145–146. His “Specula ...,” 3
Vols. 1696, gives a list of writers on the magnet.
Zakarīyā-Ibn-Muhammad Al-Kazwīnī, on Aerolites (Nuova scelta
d’Opuscoli, 9to, ii, 333).
Zamboni, Giuseppe (1776–1846), 249, 257, 364, 388, 420, 447;
Resti-Ferrari, G., “Elettroscopio ... del Zamboni”; Girolamo
Ferrari’s review of the five volumes of the “Corso elementare
di fisica,” published by R. Gerbi: Pisa, 1823–1825.
Zamboni, G., and Fusinieri, A., “Sulla teoria ...”: Padova, 1834,
420
Zanon, Bartolomeo, “Intorno un punto ...”: Belluno, 1840, 257
Zanotii, Francesco Maria (1692–1777), 306, 308.
_See_ Larcher.
Zantedeschi, Francesco (1797–1873), 183, 257, 298, 423, 426, 449.
_See_ Romagnosi, G. D., _also_ Giornale fisico-chimico; Annali
di fisica: Padova, 1849–1850.
Zedler, Johann Heinrich (_at_ Erasmus, R.), 512 (1706–1760);
“Grosses ... universal lexicon ...”
“Zeitschrift des Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Telegraphen-Vereins,”
commenced in Berlin during 1854 and was continued in 1872 as
“Annalen der Telegraphie ...”
Zeitschrift für Ægyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde, 14
Zeitschrift für Angewandte Elektricitätslehre, edited by Carl, Ph.,
and Uppenborn, F., Jr.
Zeitschrift für mathematischen und naturw. ... von Hoffmann:
Leipzig, 1870–1876.
Zeitschrift für physik und mathematik, edited by Ettinghausen, A.
von, and Baumgartner, Andreas, 10 Vols. published at Wien,
1806–1832, 432, 476
Zeitschrift für physikalische chemie. _See_ Ostwald, F. W.
Zeitschrift für populare mittheilungen ..., von Peters, C. A. F.:
Altona, 1858–1869, 446
Zeller, Dr. Edward (1814–1908), “History of Greek Philosophy,”
“Philosophie der Griechen,” 510, 511
Zend-Avesta (religious book of the Parsees), 541, 542
Zendrini, B. (_at_ John Dalton), 308
Zenger, M. W. (Sc. Am. Suppl., p. 10915), 139
Zeno of Citium, founder of the Stoics, flourished in Cyprus during
third century B.C., and is said to have lived 92 years, 543
Zeno of Elea, the adopted son of Parmenides, born about 500 B.C.,
543
Zeno, Pietro Caterino, “Giornale de Letterati, d’Italia,” 1710, 506
Zetzsche, Karl Eduard (1830–1894), “Geschichte der Elektrischen
Telegraphie,” 316, 384, 421, 439
Zetzell, P., “Anmerkung von der lahmheit,” 1755, 264, 386
Ziemssen, H. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386
Zimmermann, Wilhelm Ludwig (1780–1825) (Gilb. Annalen, Vol. 28, p.
483).
Zodiacal Light, 141–142, 380
_Zohron_ and _Aphron_, 33, 35
Zöllner, J. K. Friedrich, “Theory of Comets” (Auszug. in Pog. Ann.,
CIX. 1860), 140
Zoroaster--Zarath ’ustra--Zerdusht (_c._ 589–513 B.C.), 520, 542,
544.
_See_ Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire Historique,” Vol. VIII.
p. 115.
Zosimus, Greek historian, who lived under Theodosius II (401–450),
is the first to call attention to the electrolytic separation
of metals, 24.
_See_ Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire Historique,” Vol. VIII.
p. 116.
Zuccala, G. (_at_ Volta, Alessandro), 248
Zucchi, Nicolo--Zucchius Nicolaus--“Nova de machini philosophia,”
1649, 146, 554
Zuchold, E. A., “Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis ...”: Göttingen.
Zurich, “Repertorium für organische chemie.” _See_ Löwig, C. von.
Zwinger, F. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385
Zwinger, Theodor, “Scrutinum Magnetis” (1658–1724), 554
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Touching the antiquity of the Chinese nation, the distinguished
French author, J. P. Pauthier (“Chine,” Paris, 1839, pp. 20, 27), thus
expresses himself: “Son histoire authentique qu’elle fait remonter
avec ce charactère de certitude, jusqu’à la 61^e année du règne de
Hoang-ti, la première de leur premier cycle, 2637 ans avant notre
ère.... Le cycle de 60 années dont les séries se suivent depuis la
61^e année du règne de Hoang-ti, sans interruption et avec autant de
régularité que les siècles dans les computs Européens.” And Saillant
et Nyon (“Mémoires concernant l’histoire,” Vol. XIII. p. 76) add
conclusively: “Depuis l’année courante (1769) jusqu’à la 2637^e avant
l’ère Chrétienne, qui répond exactement à la 61^e du règne de Hoang-ti,
on peut sans crainte de s’égarer, suivre un des plus beaux sentiers de
l’histoire, pendant l’espace de 4406 ans.”
Incidentally, we may add that in his “History of Chaldea,” New York,
1866, pp. 195, 213, 364, Mr. Z. A. Ragozin says that that country can
point to a monumentally recorded date nearly 4000 B.C.--more than
Egypt can do--and he says, furthermore, “we cannot possibly accept a
date later than 4000 B.C. for the foreign immigration, and, for the
Shumiro-Accadian culture, less than 1000 years, thus taking us as far
back as 5000 B.C. The date of 3750 B.C. is that of Naram-Sin, and
3800 B.C. is now generally accepted for Sargon of Agadê--_perhaps the
remotest authentic date yet arrived at in history_. To such as are
inclined to doubt the authenticity of these early dates, as well as
the truthfulness of “the mensuration of divine periods,” and of “the
observations of celestial bodies throughout the whole of time,” it will
be interesting to note the following, taken from the Greek “Iamblichus”
translation of Thomas Taylor, Chiswick, 1821, p. 318: “Proclus (in
_Tim._, lib. iv. p. 277) informs us that the Chaldeans had observations
of the stars which embraced whole mundane periods ... likewise
confirmed by Cicero, who says (in his first book on Divination) that
they had records of the stars for the space of 370,000 years, and by
Diodorus Siculus (‘Bibl.,’ lib. xi. p. 118), who states that their
observations comprehended the space of 473,000 years!”
[2] “Le monument le plus ancien (de pierre sculptée) signalé
par le King-che-so porte sur une façade cette scène d’histoire:
‘Tcheou-Choung, régent de l’empire pendant la minorité de son
neveu Tching-Ouang (1110 av. J. C.) reçoit les envois du roi des
Yue-tchang-che.... Les anciens auteurs Chinois rapportent que ces
ambassadeurs offrirent à la cour de Chine des éléphants et des faisans
blancs et que pour leur retour Tcheou-Koung leur fit présent de chars
qui montraient le sud.’” (“L’art Chinois,” par M. Paléologue, Paris,
1888, pp. 132–134; J. P. Pauthier, “Chine,” p. 87.)
[3] While the Greeks steered by the Great Bear, which, if a more
visible, was a far more uncertain guide, the Phœnicians had, at an
early time, discovered a less conspicuous but more trustworthy guide
in the polar star, which the Greeks call _The Phœnician Star_
(“History of Antiquity,” Prof. Max Duncker, translated by Evelyn
Abbott, London, 1882, Vol. II. p. 293).
[4] The Etruscans “inquired, under the direction of technical rules,
into the hidden properties of nature, particularly those of the
electric phenomena.” “History of the Romans,” by Chas. Merivale, New
York, 1880, Vol. II. p. 395. (Cicero, “De Divin.,” i. 41–42; Diod.
Sic., v. 40; Senec., “Nat. Qu.,” ii. 32; Micali, “l’Italie,” ii. 246
foll.).
[5] In this Chapter I of Book II Gilbert says that Aristotle admits
only of two simple movements of his elements, from the centre and
toward the centre ... so that in the earth there is but one motion of
all its parts towards the centre of the world--a wild headlong falling.
Johannes Franciscus Offusius (the author of “De divina astrorum
facultate,” Paris, 1570), says he distinguishes several magnetic
movements, the first to the centre, the second to the pole, traversing
seventy-seven degrees, the third to iron, the fourth to a loadstone.
[6] At p. 16, note No. 4, of his “Dawn of Civilization,” New York,
1894, Mr. G. Maspero says that the well-known French archæologist,
Charles Théodule Deveria (1831–1871), was the first to prove that the
Egyptians believed the sky to be made of iron or steel. This was done
in his monograph entitled “Le fer et l’aimant, leur nom et leur usage
dans l’ancienne Egypte,” published originally at Paris during 1872
in “Mélanges d’Archéologie,” Vol. I. pp. 2–10; also by M. Charas, in
“l’antiquité Historique,” first edition, pp. 64–67, and at pp. 339–356,
Vol. V. of the “Bibliothèque Egyptologique,” issued in Paris during
1897. So well established was the belief in a sky-ceiling of iron,
says M. Charas, that it was preserved in common speech by means of
the name given to the metal itself, viz. _Bai-ni-pit_ (in the Coptic,
_Benipi_, _benipe_)--_metal of heaven_. Reference is thereto made in
“The Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature,” Vol. XIV. second
series, p. 291, by Mr. J. Offord, Jr., who speaks of the splendid and
exceedingly valuable papyrus in the Louvre “Catalogue des Manuscripts,”
Paris, 1874, pp. 170–171 of M. Deveria, who frequently referred to it
in the preparation of the monograph above alluded to upon Iron and
the Loadstone in Ancient Egypt (“Zeitschrift für Ægyptische Sprache
und Alterthumskunde”--Review founded by M. le Docteur H. Brugsch).
Deveria says: “Cette matière céleste (dont parle Plutarque) devait
être l’aimant, la substance d’Horus, la siderites des Romains, plutôt
que le fer non-magnétique, substance typhonienne.... Ils disent aussi
que la pierre d’aimant est un des os de Horus et le fer un des os de
Typhon: c’est Manathon qui nous l’apprend.” For Deveria, see “La Grande
Encyclopédie,” H. Lamirault et Cie., Paris, n. d., Vol. XIV. p. 375.
[7] The word _calamita_ was first used by the Italians. It is
employed by Petri de Vineis (Pierre des Vignes), Matthieu de Messine,
the notary of Lentino, and by Guido Guinicelli of Bologna (Libri,
“Hist. des Sc. Mathém.,” Vol. II. pp. 66–69). Consult likewise C.
Falconet, “Dissert. Histor.,” Paris, 1746; “Le Journal des Sçavans” for
July-December 1724, Vol. LXXV. pp. 22–28; W. Falconer, Vol. III. of the
“Mem. of the Society of Manchester,” also “Bibl. Britan.,” 1798, Vol.
VIII. p. 281.
In the “Essai d’un Glossaire Occitanien” (“Le Journal des Savants”
for June 1820, pp. 369–370) it is said about M. de Rochegude that
he discovered in “La Vie de St. Honorat de Lérins,” written by
Raimont Féraut in 1300, the words _caramida_, _caramita_, which he
interprets as _calamite_, _aimant_, _boussole_, and that he also read
in the “Bergeries” of Remy Belleau (1528–1577) the words _calamite
ou aiguille aimantée_. He found that Joachim du Bellay (1524–1560)
had written “Comme le fer qui suit la calamite,” and Nicholas Rapin
(1540–1608) “Tourne ma calamite,” but, after examining all the
ancient works obtainable, he concluded that the poem of Raimont
Féraut, admitted by him to have been translated from an old Latin
MS., is the earliest publication containing the word adopted by many
to designate the compass. The poem alluded to is the only one extant
of Raimont Féraut--Raymond Féraudi de Thoard--a troubadour, long at
the court of Charles II of Naples, who died about A.D. 1324 (“Biogr.
Génér.”--Hœfer--Vol. XVII. p. 354).
[8] “If an adamant be set by iron, it suffereth not the iron to come to
the magnet, but it draweth it by a manner of violence, from the magnet,
so that though the magnet draweth iron to itself, the adamant draweth
it away from the magnet” (Mediæval Lore, “Gleanings from Barthol. de
Glanvilla,” by Robert Steele, London, 1893, Chap. IX. p. 32). The great
“Liber de Proprietatibus Rerum,” which has been elsewhere cited in this
compilation, was undoubtedly written by Glanvilla (who, according to
Salimbene, author of the “Chronicles of Parma,” had been a professor of
theology in the Paris University) before the year 1260, for, as Steele
remarks, he cites Albertus Magnus, who was in Paris during 1248, but
does not quote from either Vincent de Beauvais, Thomas Aquinas, Roger
Bacon or Egidius Colonna, all of whom were in Paris during the second
half of the thirteenth century.
[9] It is scarcely necessary to add that the afore-named method of
suspension is impracticable. This curious problem was deemed worthy of
a memoir by M. J. Plateau, communicated to the “Académie des Sciences”
at its _séance_ of November 28, 1864 (“Le Moniteur Scientifique,”
par le Dr. Quesneville, Vol. VI. p. 1146).
[10] The “Historiæ Hierosolimitanæ” relates all that passed in the
kingdom of Jerusalem from 1177 to the siege of Ptolemais inclusively
(“History of the Crusades,” Joseph François Michaud, translated by W.
Robson, Vol. I. p. 456).
[11] THE ASTROLABE.--For descriptions of astrolabes used by
the Arabs, see pp. 338–357 of “Matériaux ... Sciences Mathém.,” by
L. A. Sedillot, Paris, 1845, and for plates showing the construction
of the compass and other nautical instruments of his time, consult
Crescentio (Bartolomeo), “Nautica Mediterranea,” Rome, 1602.
The invention of the astrolabe is ascribed to Hipparchus, and Chaucer’s
description in 1391 is the first book treating of it in time and
importance. In Chaucer’s “Treatise on the Astrolabe,” he declares his
intention of making use of the calendars of the reverend clerks John
Somer and Nicholas of Lynne. His reference here is to the Minorite
astronomer John Somer--Semur--Somerarius--and to the Carmelite
Nicholas, who was lecturer in theology at Oxford (“Dict. of Nat.
Biog.,” Vol. LIII. p. 219).
See the illustrated description of an astrolabe by S. A. Ionides, in
“Geog. Journ.” for Oct. 1904, pp. 411–417, accompanying references to
other works treating of astrolabes; “Le Courrier du Livre,” Quebec,
1899, Vol. III. p. 159, alluding to three works on the astrolabe of
Samuel Champlin and Geoffrey Chaucer; “Canada,” by J. G. Bourinot,
London, 1897, p. 79, with cut of Champlin’s lost astrolabe made in
Paris during 1603; also the entry for Nicholas Bion to be found herein
at A.D. 1702.
[12] Vincent de Beauvais desired to facilitate the pursuit of learning
by collecting into one large work everything useful to be known in art,
history, natural science and philosophy, “so that the great edifice of
science should be once more presented with all its halls and porticos
forming one harmonious whole, _domed_ over, if we may so express
ourselves, with theology and surmounted by the Cross” (“Eccl. History,”
Rohrbacher, Vol. XVIII. p. 444, quoted at pp. 86 and 89 of “Christian
Schools and Scholars,” London, 1867). His “Speculum Majus,” of which
the most trustworthy edition was that published at Strasbourg in ten
large folio volumes during 1473, consisted of three parts: “Speculum
Naturale,” 32 books and 3718 chapters; “Speculum Doctrinale,” 17 books
and 2374 chapters; “Speculum Historiale,” 31 books and 3793 chapters,
a total of 80 books and 9885 chapters (“Encycl. Britan.,” ninth ed.,
Vol. XXIV. p. 235; “Paris et ses historiens,” Paris, 1867, p. 100,
note, indicating that, according to Fabricius, the “Speculum Naturale”
mentions as many as 350 different names of Arabian, Greek and Latin
authors). The influence of the mediæval encyclopædias of Vincent
de Beauvais, Brunetto Latini and Bartholomew Anglicus on Western
Literature of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is presented
in Liliencron’s “Festrede,” München, 1876 (J. E. Sandys, “Classical
Scholarship,” 1903, p. 558).
[13] In his “De Mineralibus” (Lyons ed. 1651, Treat. III. lib. ii.
cap. 6, p. 243), Albertus says: “One angle ... is to the _zohron_
(north) ... but another angle of the magnet opposite to it attracts
to the _aphron_ (south).” Cardan (“De Subtilitate,” Lugduni,
1663); Salmanazar (Book II. “of the Egyptian Hermitus, 19 stars, and 15
stones, and 15 herbs, and 15 figures”: “on one side the magnet attracts
iron, on the other side repels it); Pietro d’ Abano (“Conciliator
Differentiarum,” Mantuæ, 1472, Diff. 51, p. 104, or the 1520 Venice
edition, p. 73: “know that a magnet is discovered which attracts iron
on one side and repels it on the other”).
[14] Albertus was the first schoolman who lectured on the Stagirite,
and who in his unbounded range of knowledge comprehends the whole
metaphysical, moral, physical, as well as logical system of Aristotle
(“History of Latin Christianity,” by the Rev. H. H. Milman, London,
1857, Vol. VI. pp. 270, 277). The first knowledge of the Aristotelian
philosophy in the Middle Ages was acquired by translators of
Aristotle’s works out of the Arabic. The Arabian commentators were
considered the most skilful and authentic guides in the study of his
system (“Hist. of the Reign of Charles V,” Robertson and Prescott,
Philad., 1883, Vol. I. p. 308; Conring, “Antiq. Acad.,” Diss. III.
p. 95, Supplem. p. 241; Murat, “Antiq. Ital.,” Vol. III. p. 392;
“Aristotle and the Arabs,” at pp. 257–268 of “Classical Studies in
Honour of Hy. Drissler,” New York, 1894; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1860, Vol.
II. pp. 215–216).
[15] See “Omar Khayyám and his position in the History of Sufism,” to
be found at end of the singularly attractive volume entitled “Sufi
Interpretations ...” by C. H. A. Bjerregaard, New York, 1902. For
an account of Omar Khayyám--Kheyyám (died in 1123), who was a very
distinguished Persian philosopher, mathematician, poet and astronomer,
also Director of the Bagdad Observatory, consult the ninth ed. of the
“Encycl. Britann.,” Vol. XVII. pp. 771–772; “La Grande Encycl.,” Vol.
XXV. pp. 372–373; “The Universal Cyclopædia,” Chas. Kendall Adams, New
York, 1900, Vol. VIII. p. 588.
[16] Identified by some authors as John Peckham, a disciple of St.
Bonaventura, who became Archbishop of Canterbury from 1278 to 1293
(“Christian Schools and Scholars,” by Augusta Th. Drane, London, 1867,
Vol. II. p. 172).
[17] To Peregrinus is due the first inception of the _terrella_.
He makes the magnet round, and says, “You must know that this stone
bears in itself a likeness of the heavens and contains two points,
one North and the other South, thus resembling the poles of the
sky....” In his Memoria Prima, “Sopra P. P. de Maricourt,” 1868, P.
D. Timoteo Bertelli Barnabita states (Chap. VI. p. 22) that, besides
the _terrella_, Gilbert appropriated other observations and
experiments of Peregrinus, and, farther on (Chap. VII. p. 28), he gives
us the following extract from Thévenot: “_L’on voit encore que la
pluspart des choses que l’on attribue à Gilbert et qui luy ont donné
la réputation de Père de la Philosophie de l’Ayman estaient scües dès
le treizième siècle._” This, says he (in a note, pp. 28–29), is
doubtless an exaggeration. That Gilbert took from P. Peregrinus his
_terrella_ and many excellent scientific plans on magnetism,
the ideas of others also, is probable, but it is indubitable that
much was his own, and that, for his time, his work is a _veritable
chef-d’œuvre_ of inductive and experimental method and the most
finished treatise on magnetism which had up to that time appeared.
In this connection, Bertelli adds (Part III. p. 92): “We must conclude
that historical truth was undoubtedly distorted when, for so long a
period, it was asserted and repeated, without any sufficient mature
investigation, that the famous William Gilbert of Colchester was the
real and sole founder of magnetism and of the inductive method in
experimental science. We certainly must not deny him the no small
merit which is his due, nor the share he had in the discoveries at
the commencement of the seventeenth century, but we must, likewise,
confess that the copious collection of facts which he gives us, and
the experimental and discursive method with which he presents them
is neither altogether his own nor is it new” (see W. Wenkebach, “Sur
Petrus Adsigerius,” Rome, 1865, p. 8; “Universal Lexicon,” Leipzig,
1741; N. Cabæus, “Phil. Magn.,” Ferrara, 1629, p. 23).
[18] In this same sense does Ristoro d’Arezzo write in his “La
Compositione del Mondo ... del 1282,” transcribed by Enrico Narducci,
Roma, 1859, pp. 172, 316, xi, xii. Ristoro calls the needle
_angola_ (lib. xxxix. p. 326,), which, says he, guides the mariner
and which is itself directed (_per la virtu del cielo_) by the
star called tramontane (pp. 110, 263–4, 326); see “Pietro Peregrino,”
Bertelli, 1858, pp. 55, 130.
[19] Dr. Geo. Miller names (“Hist. Phil. Ill.,” London, 1849, Vol. I.
p. 180, note) Guyot de Provins, Jacques de Vitry and Brunetto Latini,
as referring to the compass. He adds that the Chronicle of France
intimates the use of this instrument under the name of _marinette_
towards the time of the first of the voyages of the Crusaders
undertaken by Louis IX, and that Hughes de Bercy, a contemporary of
that prince, speaks of it as well known in that country. For these
reasons, says he, “the credit of the invention must be denied to Flavio
de Melfi, or Flavio Gioia, a Neapolitan, who is commonly said to have
constructed the first compass about the year 1302, on account of which
the province of Principato, in which he was born, bears one of these
instruments for its arms.
[20] It is interesting to note that the “Confessio Amantis,” which went
through as many as four editions before the year 1560, is a huge work
of nearly thirty-five thousand lines which was written at the desire of
King Richard II of England between the years 1377 and 1393.
[21] Les Roses des Vents n’apparaissent pas sur les cartes avant
le xvi^e siècle (“Annales de Géographie,” VI. 1897, p. 14 de la
Bibliographie). See A.D. 1436 entry.
[22] Incidentally, it may be mentioned that when the laws of Castile
were collected in a Code, during the reign of Alfonso the tenth,
surnamed _El Sabio_, the learned, the compilers divided the work
into seven volumes or parts (_siete partidas_) in order that
each volume or part might be dedicated to one of the seven letters
constituting Alfonso’s name (“Dedication of Books,” New York, 1881, pp.
17–18).
[23] See “Geographical Journal,” Vol. V. March 1895, No. 3,
“Pre-Columbian Discovery of America,” pp. 222, 224, 226, for sketches
of Andrea Bianco’s Map of 1448.
[24] In Kohl’s collection of early maps already alluded to as given
in “Harv. Univ. Bull.,” Vol. III, reference is made (p. 175) to the
portolano--A.D. 1426--of a Venetian hydrographer, Giacomo
Giraldi, which has been preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana and which
was reproduced at Venice by Ongania in 1881, also (p. 303) to the Map
of America published during 1570 by Abraham Oertel--Ortell--_b._
1527, _d._ 1598, and at p. 365 to the Map of the World by Joannes
Oliva, A.D. 1613, as well as to an Atlas by Salvatore Oliva,
A.D. 1620, showing both the Americas. In an article headed
“The first true Maps,” to be found in “Nature” of December 15, 1904,
pp. 159–161, mention is made that the oldest dated portolan is the
first of Pietro Vesconte--Visconti--executed in 1311.
[25] For Nautonniez, see Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol.
I. part ii. p. 1193, also J-G. T. Græsse, “Trésor de Livres Rares,”
Dresde, 1863, Vol. IV. p. 651, and Brunet, “Manuel,” p. 827, at
which latter appears the statement of M. Frère to the effect that
Guillaume de Nautonnier--Nautonniez--caused to be reprinted, under the
above-named title of “Mécométrie de l’Eymant,” the “Dialogue de la
Longitude” of Toussaincte de Bessard originally published at Rouen in
1574.
For the reported investigation of Pedro da Medina, who, Gilbert says,
(“De Magnete,” Book IV. chap. viii.) does not accept variation and has
with many errors disgraced the art of navigation, consult, preferably,
the Venetia 1555 edition entitled “L’Arte del navegar,” Libro sesto,
“Della Aguggia, over bossolo da navegar,” pp. cviii-cxvi. The leaf
xxiii contains a Map of America. This last-named map of the Nuevo Mundo
“may be taken to represent the results of Spanish discovery about 1540,
Pedro da Medina having been the official examiner of pilots. It is
interesting as showing the mouth of the Spirito Santo (the Mississippi)
and the lands around the river and gulf of St. Lawrence. The Island of
Cape Breton appears as part of Nova Scotia and of the mainland; but
Newfoundland is represented as three islands, divided from Northern
Canada by a much wider expanse of water than the actual Straits of
Belle Isle. This is, however, a striking instance of the great extent
of Medina’s geographical knowledge. The river Saguenay is shown at its
entry into the St. Lawrence, which is also a remarkable feature in so
early a map.”
[26] Behaim’s justly famous globe was made up from the authorities of
Ptolemy, Pliny and Strabo, as well as from the reports of Marco Polo’s
travels and the semi-fabulous travels of Sir John Mandeville (“English
Cyclopædia,” Vol. I. p. 617).
[27] Aguilhas, in Portuguese, signifies needles: Walker, “Magnetism of
Ships,” 1853, p. 2; Sir Thomas Browne, “Pseud. Epidem.,” Book II. p. 70.
[28] It is in the “Epistle Dedicatorie” to this work that Barlowe is
shown to have been the first to make use of the word _magnetisme_.
[29] “Imperial Dict. of Universal Biography,” Vol. II. p. 626.
[30] The earth itself is a magnet according to Gilbert, who considered
that the inflections of the lines of equal declination and inclination
depend upon the distribution of mass, the configuration of continents,
or the form and extent of the deep, intervening ocean basins. It
is difficult to connect the periodic variations which characterize
the three principal forms of magnetic phenomena (the isoclinic, the
isogonic and the isodynamic lines) with this rigid system of the
distribution of force and mass, unless we represent to ourselves the
attractive force of the material particles modified by similar periodic
changes of temperature in the interior of the terrestrial planet....
Of these lines, the isogonic are the most important in their immediate
application to navigation, whilst we find from the most recent views
that the isodynamic, especially those which indicate the horizontal
force, are the most valuable elements in the theory of terrestrial
magnetism (Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1859–1860, Vol. I. pp. 180–181, 185;
Vol. II. p. 334, wherein references are made to Gauss, “Resultate
der Beob. des Magn. Vereins,” 1838, s. 21; Sabine, “Report on the
Variations of the Magnetic Intensity,” p. 63).
[31] The reader is referred to Appendix I herein for “Accounts of early
writers and others alluded to in Gilbert’s ‘De Magnete,’ not already
disposed of throughout this Bibliographical History.” Gilbert says
that only a few points touching the loadstone are briefly mentioned by
Marbodeus Gallus, Albertus, Mattæus Silvaticus, Hermolaus Barbarus,
Camillus Leonhardus, Cornelius Agrippa, Fallopius, Joannes Langius,
Cardinal de Cusa, Hannibal Rosetius Calaber, all of whom repeat only
the figments of others.
[32] Sir Kenelm Digby (“Treatise of the Nature of Bodies,” 1645, Chap.
XX. p. 225) says that the manner in which Gilbert “arrived to discover
so much of magnetical philosophy” and “all the knowledge he got on the
subject, was by forming a little loadstone into the shape of the earth.
By which means he composed a wonderful designe, which was to make the
whole globe of the earth maniable; for he found the properties of the
whole earth in that little body ... which he could manage and try
experiments upon at his will....” In the note at p. 47 (P. Peregrinus,
A.D. 1269), it will be seen that the _terrella_ was constructed by
both in practically the same manner: only Peregrinus considered it
“a likeness to the heavens,” whilst Gilbert regarded it as the earth
itself.
[33] The magnetized versorium consisted of a piece of iron, or needle,
resting upon a point, or pin, and was put in motion, excited, by the
loadstone or natural magnet. The non-magnetized versorium was made of
any sort of metal, for use in electrical experiments (“De Magnete,”
Book II. chap. ii.; Book III. chap. i.).
[34] Asterisks. As Gilbert remarks in his Author’s Preface, he has set
over against “the great multitude” of his discoveries and experiments
larger and smaller asterisks according to their importance and their
subtility; all of his experiments having been, says he, “investigated
and again and again done and repeated under our eyes.” There are, in
all, 178 small and 21 large asterisks, some of them being attached to
illustrations, of which latter there are as many as 84 throughout the
work. See Appendix II herein.
[35] Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol. I. p. 170, and Vol. II. pp. 717–718.
[36] Sir Wm. Thomson, “Good Words,” 1879, p. 445.
We have already indicated several modes of construction, notably at
A.D. 1282 (Baïlak of Kibdjak), at A.D. 1558 (G. B. Porta), as well
as at A.D. 1597 (Wm. Barlowe), and it is interesting to observe how
all these vary, more particularly from the types described by Levinus
Lemnius in the “De Occulta Naturæ Miracula,” mentioned at B.C. 1033,
and by Martinus Lipenius in his “Navigatio Salomonis Ophiritica” noted
at A.D. 1250.
[37] “Cosmos,” 1860, Vol. II. p. 341, or prior edition, 1849, Vol. II.
p. 726.
[38] “Good Words,” 1879, with a _facsimile_ of the title-page at
p. 383.
[39] According to Dr. John Davy, this “De Mundo Nostro,” which is but
little known, “is a very remarkable book, both in style and matter;
and there is a vigour and energy of expression belonging to it very
suitable to its originality. Possessed of a more minute and practical
knowledge of natural philosophy than Bacon, his opposition to the
philosophy of the schools was more searching and particular, and at the
same time probably little less efficient” (“Memoirs of the Life of Sir
Humphry Davy,” London, 1836, Vol. I. p. 311).
[40] Gilbert’s near kinsman, Rev. William Gilbert, of Brental Ely, in
Suffolk.
[41] At the first chapter of Books I., III. and IV.
[42] “Philosophia magnetica in qua magnetis natura penitus
explicatur....” An important work on the loadstone, in which the author
often confutes the published treatise of Dr. Gilbert of Colchester, and
quotes the inedited writings of L. Garzoni, who, even before Gilbert,
had made researches respecting the magnet. A curious chapter in the
“Philosophia” institutes a comparison between electrical and magnetical
attraction (Libri, “Catalogue,” 1871, Part. I. p. 161).
[43] It is in the afore-mentioned Book IV. chap. i. that Gilbert makes
mention of Norumbega, “the lost city of New England,” regarding which
latter very interesting particulars will be found in the following
publications: “Magazine of Amer. Hist.” for 1877, pp. 14, 321, and for
1886, p. 291; “New England’s Lost City Found”; Lang’s “Sagas of the
Kings of Norway”; “Antiquitates Americanæ,” Royal Soc. of Copenhagen;
Shea’s “Catholic Church in Colonial Days”; “Narrative and Critical
History of America,” by Justin Winsor, Boston, 1889, Vol. II. pp.
451, 453, 459, 472; Vol. III. pp. 169–218; Vol. IV. pp. 53, 71, 88,
91–99, 101, 152, 373, 384; Vol. V. p. 479; R. Hakluyt, “The Principal
Navigations,” Edinburgh, 1889, Vol. XIII. p. 162, note; J. G. Bourinot,
“Canada,” London, 1897, p. 28; Horsford, “Cabot’s Landfall in 1497, and
the site of Norumbega”; “Discovery of the Ancient City of Norumbega”;
also “Defences of Norumbega.”
[44] “That which first occasioned this Discourse, was the reading of
a little Pamphlet, stiled, _Nuntius Inanimatus_ (by Dr. Francis
Godwin); wherein he affirms that there are certain ways to discourse
with a Friend, though he were in a close Dungeon, in a besieged City,
or a hundred miles off.... After this, I did collect all such Notes
to this purpose, as I met with in the course of my other Studies.
From whence when I had received full satisfaction, I did for mine own
further delight compose them into this method.”--_The Author._
[45] In the second edition of Digby’s “The Immortality of Reasonable
Soules” (“a treatise on the soul proving its immortality”), published
during the year 1645, are to be found attractive portraits of himself
and of his wife, Venetia Anastasia Stanley, daughter of Sir Edward
Stanley, of Tongue Castle, one of the celebrated beauties of her day.
[46] Libri says (“Catal.,” 1861, Pt. II. p. 701) that the learned
Jesuit, Schott, seems to have been very conversant with angels, for
he not only dedicated his “Magia Naturalis” to an angel, but likewise
another of his works, the “Magia Arithmetica,” wherein he indicates
the total _number of the angels_ in existence, that number being
composed of sixty-eight numerical figures.
[47] “The meetings, from which the Royal Society originated, commenced
about the year 1645, a number of persons having then begun to assemble
for the consideration of all subjects connected with experimental
inquiries; all questions of theology and policy being expressly
precluded” (Dr. Geo. Miller, from Harris’s “Life of Charles II,” Vol.
I. p. 7, London, 1766).
[48] In the entry at p. 223, Part I of Libri’s “Catal.” for 1861 it is
said that, in the first volume of the works of A. S. Conti, who was the
intimate friend of Sir Isaac Newton, we find for the first time mention
of the fact that the aurora is supposed to be an electrical phenomenon.
[49] “La perte de l’illustre M. Huygens est inestimable, peu de gens le
savent autant que moi; il a égalé, à mon avis, la réputation de Galilée
et de Descartes, et, aidé par ce qu’ils avaient fait, il a surpassé
leurs découvertes.” (Extracted from a letter written by Leibnitz to
Bosange, July 26, 1695--“Journal des Savants,” for Nov. 1905, “Oeuvres
complètes de Christian Huygens,” La Haye, 1905.)
[50] Just here we may refer to the fact--for it is a fact--that the
electrical energy transmitted over a line, which may be many miles in
length, really does not travel by the wire connecting the two points.
It travels in the ether surrounding the wire. The wire itself is, in
fact, the guiding core of the disturbances in the ether which proceed
outward in all directions to unlimited distances. The guiding core
or conducting wire is needed to focalize or direct the delivery of
the energy. This curious conclusion of science, then, that the power
from the power-station wire travels in the space around the wires led
from the station, is one of the results of recent electrical studies,
just as with light those studies begun by Maxwell and Hertz have led
to the inevitable conclusion that the light of the candle, the light
of a kerosene lamp, and the light of a gas burner are all in essence
electrical phenomena, as are all forms of radiation in the ether
(“Electricity During the Nineteenth Century,” Prof. Elihu Thomson,
Washington, 1901).
[51] Mr. Andrew Crosse (1784–1855) was a distinguished English
scientist, author of “Experiments in Voltaic Electricity,” 1815,
alluded to in _Phil. Magazine_, Vol. XLVI. p. 421 and in Gilb.
“Ann.,” Bd. XLI. s. 60. See “Dict. of Nat. Biog.,” Vol. XIII. p. 223,
and the many references thereto annexed.
[52] “The first sound theory of chemistry was denominated the
_antiphlogistic_, in contradistinction to that of _phlogiston_, or the
principle of inflammability, which was first proposed by Beccher (born
at Spires in Germany in the year 1635) and then improved by Stahl, a
native of Anspach, in honour of whom it has been commonly denominated
the Stahlian theory. The difference between the two theories is briefly
this, that according to the earlier a body is conceived to be deprived
in combustion of a component principle, whereas according to the later
a component part of the atmosphere is conceived to be combined with it”
(Dr. Geo. Miller, from Thomson’s “History of Chemistry,” London, 1830,
Vol. I. pp. 246, 250, and Vol. II. pp. 99–100).
[53] Ueber die Ursache und die Gesetze der atmosphärischen
Elektricität. Von Prof. Franz Exner. Repertorium der Physik. Band XXII.
Heft 7.
[54] Ueber Atmosphärischen und Gewitter Elektricität. Meteor. Zeits. 1,
2, 3 and 4, 1885.
[55] Memoir of National Academy of Sciences.
[56] (_a_) Report of Chicago Meteorological Congress. Part II.
August 1893. (_b_) Zusammenstellung der Ergebnisse neuerer der
Arbeiten über atmosphärische Elektricität. Von J. Elster und H. Geitel.
Wissen. Beilage zum Jahresbericht des Herzoglichen Gymnasiums zu
Wolfenbuttel, 1897.
[57] (_a_) Observations of Atmospheric Electricity. American
Meteorological Journal, 1887. (_b_) Terrestrial Magnetism.
December 1897.
Consult Sir Wm. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), “Reprint of Papers on
Electro-statics and Magnetism,” London, 1884, second edition, pp.
192–239, Chapter (Article) XVI, “Atmospheric Electricity.”
[58] For Gauss and Weber: Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol. I. pp. 172,
185–186; Vol. II. p. 720, and Vol. V, 1859, pp. 63, 71; “Encycl.
Brit.,” 1879, Vol. X. p. 116, and the 1902 ed. Vol. XXXIII. p. 798;
“Am. Journ. of Psych.,” Vol. IV. pp. 7–10; “New International Encycl.,”
1903, Vol. VIII. p. 159. The following curious array of figures is
selected from Gauss’ many interesting calculations. He found that the
earth’s magnetism is such as would result from the existence, in every
cubic yard of its mass, of six magnetized steel bars, each weighing one
pound. Compared with one such magnet, the magnetism of the earth is
represented by 8,464,000,000,000,000,000,000 (“Am. Ann. of Sc. Dis.,”
1852, p. iii).
[59] Whewell, “Hist. of Induc. Sci.,” 1859, Vol. II. p. 244. It paved
the way for his subsequent identification of the forces of electricity,
galvanism and magnetism.
Prof. W. B. Rogers remarks that attempts to discover this connection
had been made with galvanic piles or batteries whose poles were not
connected by conductors, under the expectation that these would
show magnetical relations, although in such cases the electricity
accumulated at the extremities was evidently stagnant. It was reserved
for Oersted first to bring into prominent view the fact that it was
not while the electricity was thus at rest, but while it was flowing
through the wire connecting the two poles, that it exhibited magnetic
action, and that a wire thus carrying a current, while it had the
power of affecting a magnetic needle, was in turn susceptible of being
acted on by a magnet; and this was the initial step in the science of
electro-magnetism.
[60] See the 1839 ed. of “Experimental Researches”: I, “Voltaic
Electricity,” par. 268; II, “Ordinary Electricity,” par. 284; III,
“Magneto-Electricity,” par. 343; IV, “Thermo-Electricity,” par. 349; V,
“Animal Electricity,” par. 351.
[61] In English measure, the metre is ¹⁄₁₁ yd., the milligramme is ¹⁄₆₅
of a grain; the kilogramme is 2 lb. 3¼ oz.
[62] In the Summa of Theology was presented, says Ozanam Antoine
Frédéric, a vast synthesis of the moral sciences, in which was unfolded
all that could be known of God, of man and of their mutual relations--a
truly Catholic philosophy.... Sixtus of Sienna and Trithemius both
declare that St. Thomas explained _all_ the works of Aristotle and
that he was the first Latin Doctor who did so (“Christian Schools and
Scholars,” p. 81).
It may also be added that, in the estimation of one of his biographers,
the greatest of the many disciples of St. Thomas was, by far, Dante
Alighieri, in whose “Divina Commedia” the theology and philosophy of
the Middle Ages, as fixed by St. Thomas, have received the immortality
which poetry alone can bestow.
[63] Almagest was the name given to the great work of Aboulwéfa and was
afterwards often applied to astronomical writings treating of celestial
phenomena in general. The word is of Greek, not Arabic, origin, and
signifies a composition made up on a very extensive scale (“Journ. des
Savants,” December 1843, p. 725, and March 1845, p. 150). Almagest
was also the name given to the extensive astronomical work by Ptolemy
of Alexandria, which established the Ptolemaic System as astronomical
science for 1400 years, until overthrown by the system of Copernicus.
Ptolemy’s work (originally entitled “The Great Composition”), the Arabs
called by the Greek word, _magisté_, “greatest,” and, with the
addition by Arabic translators of their article _al_, “the,” the
hybrid name “Almagest” came into use (“Encycl. Amer.,” Vol. I. n. p.;
“Encycl. Britan.,” Edin., 1886, Vol. XX).
[64] See résumé concerning the Astrolabe at A.D.
1235–1315--Raymond Lully.
[65] Sacro Bosco, here alluded to, is John Holywood or Halifax--in
Latin, Johannes de Sacro Bosco or Sacro Busto--an English
mathematician, said to have studied at Oxford and to have afterwards
become a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Paris about the
year 1230. Sacro Bosco was one of the first, in the Middle Ages, to
avail himself of the Arabian writings on astronomy and is believed to
have condensed pretty much all the science therein contained in his own
well-known “Tractatus de Sphæra.” Of the latter, which was the second
astronomical work to appear in print and which was first issued at
Ferrara in 1472, there were, it is said, as many as twenty-four more
editions published before the year 1500. Houzeau says this “Tractatus”
was the standard for three centuries, and the writer in “La Grande
Encyclopédie,” Vol. XXIX. p. 44, states that there were more than
seventy Latin editions of it published between the fifteenth and the
seventeenth centuries.
He is also the author of numerous other works, including “De
Astrolabio” and a very meritorious “Tractatus de Arte Numerandi,” which
latter is reproduced at pp. 1–26 of the “Rara Mathematica” of Jas.
Orchard Halliwell, London, 1839.
The best commentary ever written on the astronomy of Sacro Bosco is
the “Commentarius in sphæram ... of Christopher Clavius,” called the
Euclid of his country. Clavius was born at Bamberg in 1538, died at
Rome in 1612, and, according to Houzeau, was the author of as many as
twenty-six different works on mathematics and astronomy. An almost
equally valuable Commentary on the Sphere of Sacro Bosco was written
by the famous encyclopedist Cecco d’Ascoli (1257–1327) whose real
name, as we have already been informed, was Francesco degli Stabili
(Libri, “Hist. des Sc. Mathém.,” Vol. II. pp. 191–200, 525–526; Hœfer,
“Hist. de l’Astronomie,” Paris, 1873, p. 285; Alex. Chalmers, “Gen.
Biog. Dict.,” Vol. IX. pp. 1–3; Rose, “New Gen. Biog. Dict.,” Vol.
VI. p. 153; “Encycl. Brit.,” 1876, Vol. V. p. 282; Bertelli, “Pietro
Peregrino,” 1868, p. 129).
[66] Eudoxus, not before mentioned in this “Bibliographical History,”
was a native of Cnidus, Asia Minor, who flourished about 370
B.C. He was a pupil of Plato, and is frequently mentioned by
Aratus, Archimedes, Aristotle, Cicero, Hipparchus, Proclus, Ptolemy,
Seneca, Strabo, Vitruvius and others. Cicero calls him the greatest
astronomer that has ever lived, and Strabo quotes him as a very
distinguished mathematician.
[67] Apollonius of Tyana, a Pythagorean philosopher who lived in first
century after Christ and who, in the account of his extraordinary
travels through India, reports having seen the precious stone
_pantarbes_ casting rays of fire, and attracting all other gems,
which adhered to it like swarms of bees (“Engl. Cycl.,” Chas. Knight,
Biography, Vol. I. p. 266).
[68] Comte (Isidore Auguste Marie François-Xavier) (1798–1857). Very
celebrated French philosopher, founder of Positivism, called Le
Fondateur de la religion de l’humanité. Consult: Caird (Edward), “The
Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte.”
[69] With reference to the real discoverer, we can add here with
propriety the words of John Fiske: “No ingenuity of argument can take
from Columbus the glory of an achievement which has, and can have, no
parallel in the whole career of mankind. It was a thing that could be
done but once!”
[70] “... Aristotle adds that some say the earth being situated
in the centre, is rolled around the pole, as it is written in the
_Timæus_ ... there are three significations of the pole with
Plato. Thus, in the _Phædo_, he calls heaven the pole, and also
the extremities of the axis about which the heaven revolves. But, in
other places of the _Timæus_, and also in the present passage he
calls the axis the pole” (“The Treatises of Aristotle,” Thos. Taylor,
London, 1807, p. 235; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol. II. p. 695, note).
The Earth “is said by Plato to be conglobed about the pole, which is
extended through the universe; because she (the Earth) is contained
and compressed about its axis. For the axis also is the pole. And the
pole is thus now denominated because the universe revolves about it
... on this account, the pole is said by Plato to be extended through
the universe, as entirely pervading the centre of the Earth” (“The Six
Books of Proclus,” Thos. Taylor, London, 1816, Book VII. chap. xxii.
pp. 172–173).
[71] It was for a copy of the valuable works of this popular Arabian
physician, which he borrowed from “La Faculté de Médecine” of Paris,
that Louis XI had to deposit in pledge a large quantity of plate and
had, besides, to procure a nobleman to join him as surety in a Deed
binding himself under great forfeiture to restore these extraordinarily
scarce books (Gabr. Naudé, “Additions à l’histoire de Louis XI,” par
Comines, Vol. IV. p. 281). Rhazès was born and brought up at Rai,
the most northern town of Irak Ajemi, where he is said to have died
A.D. 923 or 932 (“Engl. Cycl.,” Vol. V. pp. 69–70).
[72] The School of Salerno and the introduction of Arabian sciences
into Italy are discussed with learning and judgment by Muratori
(Lodovico Antonio), “Antiquitates Italiæ Medii Aevi.,” Vol. III.
pp. 932–940, and by Giannone (Pietro), “Istoria Civile del Regno di
Napoli,” Vol. II. pp. 119–127). Consult, likewise, for the Salerno
school, “Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages,” by Hastings
Rashdall, Oxford, 1895, Chap. III. pp. 75–86, and also pp. 306–307,
Vol. IV. part i. of the “History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
...” of Ferdinand Gregorovius, tr. by Annie Hamilton, London, 1896.
[73] Extracted from “Information and Directions for Travellers,” by
Mariana Starke, 8th ed., John Murray, London, 1832.
[74] Vol. III has at p. 688 an Index and an advertisement to the effect
that two more volumes by Benjamin Motte will continue the work from
1700 to 1720.
[75] Benjamin Motte edited in 1721 an abridgment 1700–1720, in three
volumes which “was very incorrect and was severely handled by a rival
editor, Hy. Jones, fellow of King’s College, Cambridge” (“Dict. of Nat.
Biogr.,” Vol. XXXIX. p. 194).
[76] These volumes, IV and V, are generally adopted, instead of those
by Benjamin Motte, “a printer who had issued a bad abridgment of the
same portion” before that of Henry Jones (“Dict. Nat. Biogr.,” Vol.
XXX. p. 109).
[77] This volume is in two parts, separately paged, and is by some
designated as the volume VI to take the place of one of those of Eames
and Martyn.
[78] Volume VII is followed by an Index to the previous seven volumes.
[79] John Martyn published, between 1734 and 1756, five volumes
comprising the Transactions from 1719 to 1750 (“Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,”
Vol. XXXVI. p. 318). The last two volumes are marked Vol. X. parts i.
and ii.
[80] Hutton’s Abridgment contains ... many biographical memoirs of
deceased members of the Royal Society, as well as some rare tracts not
readily found elsewhere.
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
corrected silently.
2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the
original.
3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
been retained as in the original.
4. Where appropriate, the original spelling has been retained.
5. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r. or
X^{xx}.
6. Italics are shown as _xxx_.
7. Bold print is shown as =xxx=.