says, “First made thought and not sense the criterion of the essence
of things.” He is said to have travelled widely and, according to one
of his biographers, he learned geometry from the Egyptians, arithmetic
from the Phœnicians, astronomy from the Chaldæans, religious formulæ
and ethical maxims from the Magians, and obtained other scientific
and religious knowledge from the Arabians and the Indians. He settled
finally at Crotona in Lower Italy, during the year 529 B.C. and there
established the school that has made him famous.
To a complete exposition of the Pythagorean school or sect, the
“Biographie Générale” devotes, in Vol. XLI, twenty-four full columns,
whilst the notices of the Pythagoreans which Aristotle gives in the
first book of the “Metaphysics” contain about all that is of importance
in their theory.
According to the report of Philolaus of Croton, the Pythagoreans taught
the progressive movement of the non-rotating Earth, its revolution
around the focus of the world (the central fire, _hestia_), while Plato
and Aristotle imagined that the Earth neither rotated nor advanced
in space, but that, fixed to one central point, it merely oscillated
from one side to the other. Humboldt, from whose “Cosmos” the above
is taken, further says that the figurative and poetical myths of the
Pythagorean and Platonic pictures of the universe were as changeable
as the fancy from which they emanated, and he cites Plato, who, in the
_Phædrus_, adopts the system of Philolaus, whilst, in the _Timæus_,
he accepts the system according to which the earth is immovable in
the centre and which was subsequently called the Hipparchian or
Ptolemaic.[70]
REFERENCES.--Ueberweg (Dr. Friedrich), “History of Philosophy,”
tr. of Geo. S. Morris, New York, 1885, Vol. I. pp. 42–49; Butler
(William Archer), “Lectures on Ancient Philosophy”; Gilbert,
_De Magnete_, Book II. chap. ii., and Book V. chap. xii.; Chas.
Rollin, “Ancient History,” London, 1845, Vol. I. pp. 383–384;
Iamblichus’ “Life of Pythagoras,” translated from the Greek by
Thos. Taylor; “Dict. des Sc. Philos.,” Paris, 1852, Vol. V. pp.
297–312; Ritter (Dr. Heinrich), “History of Ancient Philosophy,”
London, 1846, Vol. I. pp. 326–357; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl.
Gén.,” Vol. II. p. 232; Roeth (Eduard), “Geschichte,” 1846–1858;
Cantor (Moritz), “Geschichte der Mathematik,” Leipzig, 1894,
Vol. I. pp. 137–201; Grote (George), “Greece,” Vol. IV. pp.
525–551; Chaignet (Antelme Edouard), “Pythag. et la Phil.
Pyth.,” 1873.
=Reinholdus=, ERASMUS. _See_ Erasmus.
=Rhazès=--Razes--Rasis--Rasaeus--Abu-Bekr Al-Rázi--Muhammad Ibn
Zakariya--one of the most famous of the ancient Arabian physicians,
is the author of “De simplicibus, ad Almansorem,” the ten books of
which contain a complete system of medicine.[71] In Book I. chap. xv.
of _De Magnete_, reference is made to Chap. LXIII. liber ix.
of Rhazès’ work, entitled “De Curatione omnium partium,” wherein an
electuary of iron slag, or of prepared steel filings, is spoken of as
a highly commended and celebrated remedy for dried-up liver, the Arabs
believing that iron opens the spleen and the liver.
REFERENCES.--“Journal des Sçavans,” Vol. LXXVI for 1725, p.
220, and Vol. LXXXV for 1728, p. 412; “Journal des Savants”
for February 1892, pp. 118–126 _passim_, and for March 1892
(“l’Alchimie de Razes”), pp. 190–195, also for May 1851, p.
288, giving names of all the leading alchemists; “Abhandlungen
zur Geschichte der Mathematik,” Vol. VI., Leipzig, 1892, pp.
43–44, 76; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XIII. p. 747; Freind
(John), “History of Physic”; Eloy (N. F. J.), “Dict. Hist.
de la Médecine,” Vol. IV. pp. 56–61; Haller (Albrecht von),
“Bibliotheca Botanica”; Sprengel (Kurt Polycarp Joachim), “Hist.
de la Médecine.”
=Ruellius=, JOANNES--Jean Ruel--(1479–1537), was a French physician,
attached to the court of François I--, who wrote a Commentary on
Dioscorides, published 1516, 1529, 1543, as well as several medical
treatises. The one by which he is best known is the “De Natura
Stirpium,” Paris, 1536, reprinted four times at Basle and at Venice,
from which Gilbert extracts (_De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i.) the
mention by Ruellius that the loadstone’s force, when failing or dulled,
is restored by the blood of a buck.
REFERENCES.--“Sc. de Ste Marthe, Elogia Doct. Gallorum”; Eloy
(N. F. J.), “Dict. hist. de la Méd.”; “Biographie Générale,”
Vol. XLII. pp. 864–865.
=Rueus=, FRANCISCUS--François de la Rüe--(1520–1585), Flemish
naturalist who long practised in his native country and the author of
“De Gemmis aliquot ...” 1547, 1565, which was printed, with the book on
“Philosophy of Vallesius” in 1588, 1595, 1652, also at Franckfort in
1596, and together with the “Similitudines ac Parabolæ” of Lev. Lemnius
in 1626. Gilbert’s only reference to him is briefly made in the opening
chapter of _De Magnete_.
REFERENCES.--Valère, André, “Bibl. Belgica,” p. 240; Mercklein
(Georg Abraham), “Lindenius renovatus,” 1686, pp. 297, 304; Le
P. Lelong, “Bibl. Sacr.,” p. 935; “Biog. Générale,” Vol. XXIX.
p. 702.
=Scaliger=, JULIUS CÆSAR (1484–1558), a famous Italian scholar who
practised medicine at Verona until 1525 and afterwards devoted his
time to writing on various subjects, as shown in the “Biographie
Générale,” Vol. XLIII. pp. 446–450. Of the works cited in latter,
should be extracted, as best known: “In Aristotelis ... de plantis,”
1556; “In Theophrasti, de causis plantarum,” 1566; “De Subtilitate ad
Cardanum,” 1557, 1560, 1576, 1592, 1634.
It is to the last-named important work that Gilbert frequently alludes
(_De Magnete_, Book I. chaps. i. xvi; Book II. chaps. i. iii. iv.
xxxviii.; Book iv. chap. i.). He says, more particularly, that Scaliger
strays far from truth when, in treating of magnetic bodies, he speaks
of diamond attracting iron, also that he keeps the loadstone and iron
in bran to protect them from the injurious action of the atmosphere,
and that Scaliger, in order to explain the difference of variation for
change of locality, brings in a celestial cause to himself unknown, and
terrestrial loadstones that have nowhere been discovered; and seeks the
cause not in the “siderite mountains,” but in that force which formed
them, to wit, in the part of the heaven which overhangs that northern
point.
REFERENCES.--Teissier (H. A.), “Eloges des hommes illustres”;
Coupé (Jean Marie Louis), “Soirées littéraires,” Vol. XV;
Nicéron (Jean Pierre), “Mémoires,” XXIII; Larousse, “Dict.
Univ.,” Vol. VIII. pp. 692–693.
=Silvaticus=--Sylvaticus--Matthæus Moretus, well-known Italian
savant living in 1344, physician to the King of Naples, one of the
professors at Salerno,[72] and author of “Matth. Silvatici, medic.
de Salerno, Liber cibalis et Medicinalis Pandectarum ...” originally
published at Naples, 1474. This work, dedicated to Ferdinand, King of
Sicily, is an Encyclopædic Dictionary and one of the most important
books we have of the history of medicine in the Middle Ages, and at
beginning of the Italian Renaissance. The citations made by Græsse
(“Trésor,” Vol. VI. p. 406), state that Silvaticus was the owner of
a private botanical garden at Salerno (Chap. CXCVII. s.v. “Colcasia”
of the Opus Pandectarum), and allude to Thos. Frognall Dibdin’s
“Bibliotheca Spenceriana,” Vol. IV. London, 1815, pp. 24–25, and Van
der Meersch, “Rech. sur les impr. Belges,” etc., Vol. I. pp. 384, etc.
REFERENCES.--“Repertoire et sources historiques du Moyen Age,”
par l’abbé Ulysse, Joseph Chevalier, Paris, 1877–1886, p. 2089;
Argellati (Philippo), “Bibliotheca Mediolan.,” 1745; Tiraboschi
(Girolamo), “Storia della Letteratura Italiana,” 1807, Vol.
I. p. 275; Sbaralea (Joannes Hyacinthus), “Supplementum ...
Scriptores ordinis,” 1806, p. 529; Tafuri (Giovanni Bernardino),
“Scrittori ... di Napoli,” 1749, Vol. II. pp. 67–70; “Thesaur.
Lit. Bot.,” 1851, p. 185; Brunet (Jacques Charles), “Manuel du
Libraire,” 1864, Vol. V. pp. 387–388; Watt (Rob.), “Bibliotheca
Britannica,” Edinburgh, 1824, Vol. II. p. 856 _h_; Larousse,
“Dict. Univ.,” Vol. XIV. p. 1308; Paul Lacroix, “Science
and Literature of the Middle Ages,” p. 117; Ludovico Hain,
“Repertorium Bibliographicorum,” Vol. II. part ii. Nos.
15192–15202, pp. 375–376; Gilbert, _De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i.
=Solinus=, CAIUS JULIUS--_Grammaticus_--a Roman writer who lived in
latter part of the second century, the author of a compilation in
fifty-seven chapters which contains a sketch of the world as it was
known to him, but which is supposed to have been taken entirely from
Pliny’s “Natural History.” It was originally published under the title
of “Collectanea rerum mirabilium,” the second edition being headed
“Polyhistor.” This was one of the earliest known printed books, having
first appeared at Venice in 1473, and it has since been translated into
many foreign languages, notably during 1600, 1603, and 1847.
The most important of the three references Gilbert makes to Solinus is
found in _De Magnete_, Book II. chap. xxxviii., where it is said
that Pliny and Julius Solinus tell of the stone _cathochites_,
affirming that it attracts flesh and that it holds one’s hand, as
loadstone holds iron and amber holds chaff. But that, says he, is due
solely to its viscosity and its natural glutinousness, for it adheres
most readily to a warm hand.
REFERENCES.--Dodwell (Henry, the elder), “Dissertationes
Cyprianicæ”; Moller (D. W.); C. J. Solino, in “Biog. Gén.,” Vol.
XLIV. pp. 153–154; “La Grande Encycl.,” Vol. XXX. p. 232.
=Thebit Ben-Kora=--Thabit Ibn Corrah--Abū Thabit Ibn Kurrah--Tebioth
ben Chorezen (Houzeau, No. 1130), one of the most brilliant and
accomplished scholars produced by the Arabs (836–901), called by
Delambre “Le Ronsard de l’Astronomie,” is the author of many treatises
on mathematics, and on other scientific subjects, the mention of the
titles of which take up nearly two folio pages of Casiri’s “Catalogue.”
Especially is he shown in latter as having translated into Arabic the
chief works of Archimedes, Apollonius, Euclid and Ptolemy also the
Physics and Analytics of Aristotle and many of the works of Hippocrates
and Galen.
Incidentally it may be added that geometry, to which Thebit Ben-Kora
gave particular attention, was named by the Arabs _handassah_, and that
the _Tahrir Hendassiat_ contains: the explication, the _data_ and
the optics, of Euclid, the _syntaxis magna_ of Ptolemy, the spherics
of Theodosius and his book concerning night and day, the spherics
of Menelaus, the movable sphere of Autolycus, the _ascendants_ or
_horoscopes_ of Asclepius, a treatise of Aristarchus on the discs
of the sun and moon, the _lemmas_ or theorems of Archimedes, also
his treatise on the sphere and cylinder, the conics of Apollonius
and Thebit Ben-Kora, a treatise of Theodosius on the positions, or
quiescence, of bodies, etc., etc. (D’Herbelot, art. _Handassah_, and
_Aklides_. See also, for origin of geometry, etc. “A Short History of
Greek Mathem.,” Jas. Gow, Cambridge, 1884, pp. 123–134.)
The allusions by Gilbert are to be found, Book III. chap. i., and
Book VI. chap. ix. of _De Magnete_, in which latter it is said that,
Thebitius, in order to establish a law for the great inequalities
in the movements of the stars, held that the eighth sphere does not
advance by continued motion from west to east, but that it has a sort
of tremulous motion, “a movement of trepidation.”
REFERENCES.--“Hist. de la Médecine Arabe,” par Dr. Lucien
Leclerc, Paris, 1876, Vol. I. pp. 168–172; Dreyer (J.), “Tycho
Brahe,” 1890, pp. 354–356; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,”
Vol. I. part i. pp. 466–467, 702; “History of Mathematics,”
Walter W. Rouse Ball, London, 1888, p. 153; “Abhandlungen zur
Geschichte der Mathematik,” Vol. VI, Leipzig, 1892, pp. 25–26.
=Themistius= of Paphlagonia--surnamed Euphrades--was a distinguished
Greek orator and writer (about 315–390), whose philosophical works
consist of commentaries in the form of paraphrases on some of
Aristotle’s writings, one being upon the work “On Heaven,” and the
other upon the twelfth book of the “Metaphysics.” The paraphrases were
first published by Hermolaus Barbarus in 1481. Gilbert’s only reference
is briefly made in _De Magnete_, Book II. chap. iv.
REFERENCES.--Schöll (Carl), “Geschichte d. G. Litt.,” Vol.
III. pp. 96, 388, or “Hist. de la Litt. Grecque,” Vol. VI. p.
141; Vol. VII. p. 121; Photius, _cod._ LXXIV; Fleury, “Hist.
Eccles.”; Tillemont, “Hist. des Emp.,” Vols. IV and V; Suidas,
art. “Themistius”; E. Baret, “De Themistio sophista ...” Paris,
1853; Brucker, “Hist. Crit. de la Phil.,” Vol. II. p. 484.
=Zoroaster=--Zarath ’ustra--Zerdusht--founder of the religious system
contained in the Zend-Avesta (religious book of the Parsees, fire
worshippers), is said to have been a native of Bactria, near the modern
Balkh, and to have lived about 589–513 B.C. That he was an historical
personage, equally with Buddha, Confucius and Mahomet, it is now
scarcely possible to doubt.
His able biographer in the English Cyclopædia, London, 1868, Vol. VI.
pp. 946–948, states that Zoroaster was a great astrologer and magician,
and it is said at p. 95 of Mr. A. V. W. Jackson’s admirable work on
Zoroaster, published in New York, 1899, that some of the original Nasks
of the Avesta are reported to have been wholly scientific in their
contents, and that the Greeks even speak of books purported to be by
Zoroaster treating of physics, of the stars and of precious stones.
Zoroaster is merely named by Gilbert in manner shown at the Hermes
Trismegistus entry.
REFERENCES.--“Life of Zoroaster,” prefixed to Anquetil du
Perron’s “Zend-Avesta,” Paris, 1771; Pastoret (Claude Emmanuel
J. P. de), “Zoroaster, Confucius et Mahomet comparés,” 1787;
Hyde (Thomas), “Historia ... Veterum Persarum ...” Oxford,
1760; “Zend-Avesta, Ouvrage de Zoroastre,” 2 vols. Paris, 1771;
Martin-Haug (I.), “Essays,” Bombay, 1862; Malcolm (Sir John),
“History of Persia,” 1815; Darmesteter, “Ormazd et Ahriman,”
Paris, 1877; Spiegel (Friedrich), “Erânische Alterthumskunde,”
Leipzig, 1871–1878; Chas. Rollin, “Ancient History,” London,
1845, Vol. I. pp. 234–235, 237; Ritter (Dr. Heinrich), “History
of Ancient Philosophy,” London, 1846, Vol. I. p. 52; “History
of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,” Edward Gibbon
(Milman), Philad., 1880, Vol. I. pp. 229–230, notes, and, for
abridgment of his theology, pp. 231–234; also the Bury ed.,
London, 1900, Vol. I. pp. 197–198, 456–457; Vol. V. p. 487;
“Classical Studies in Honour of Hy. Drisler,” New York, 1894,
pp. 24–51; “The Fragments of the Persika of Ktesias,” by John
Gilmore, London, 1888, pp. 29–36, 95; “The Great Monarchies of
the Ancient Western World,” by Geo. Rawlinson, London, 1865,
Vol. I. p. 195; Vol. III. pp. 93, 98, 105, 127, 135–139, 164;
Vol. IV. pp. 110, 333; “Essai Historique,” Eug. Salverte, Paris,
1824, Vol. II. p. 503.
To the foregoing “Accounts of Early Writers,” can properly be added
the following happy description of “The School of Athens,”[73] as
coloured by Raphael and now to be seen among his frescoes in the papal
state-apartments (_Stanze_--_Camere_) of the Vatican in Rome, for, it
will be observed, most of the leading writers of which we have spoken
are therein depicted:
=“The School of Athens”=--_Scuola d’Atene_--represents Philosophy in
general, and is, with regard to expression and scholastic knowledge,
a wonderful work; for every philosopher, by his posture and gestures,
characterises his doctrines and opinions.... Beginning with the
Ionian School, on the right, before the statue of Minerva, the aged
person whose head is covered with linen, after the Egyptian manner is
Thales; whom Raphael has represented as walking with a Stick, because,
with that, he measured the Pyramids. Next to Thales is Archelaus of
Messenia.... Behind them is Anaxagoras, resting his foot upon a marble
book and almost hidden; in reference to the persecutions he underwent.
The next figure, standing alone, at a little distance, to show that
he is of another School, represents Pythagoras; who seems resolved
to continue fixed at one spot, to show the unchangeableness of his
ideas ... his head and body being turned different ways shows his
metaphorical method of teaching important truths; and the crown, formed
by his hair, refers to his initiation in all mysteries. The Figure
leaning on a column is Parmenides; close to whom sits a youth, his
adopted son Zeno, who is writing something short; referring to a Poem,
by Parmenides, which compared, in two hundred lines, all the various
Systems of Philosophy. Two masters only of the Eleatic School are
introduced; because its followers were few in number. The metaphysics
of Parmenides and Zeno gave rise to the Sceptical Philosophy of Pyrrho,
expressed by the next figure.... At the opposite side of the Picture,
talking with his fingers to a Figure in armour, supposed to represent
Alcibiades, is Socrates ... who, like Thales, appears to be walking;
because geometry was never taught in a fixed place.... Plato and
Aristotle are placed together on a flight of steps in the centre of the
Picture: Plato, representative of the speculative school, holds the
Timæus: his sublime style is expressed by his attitude, denoting that
his thoughts soar above this earth; and the cord attached to his neck
marks his initiation at the Eleusinian Mysteries.... Aristotle, founder
of ethical and physical philosophy, points earthward. The Figure in
shade, nearest to Plato, is Archothæa.... The next Figure, in the same
line, indicates roughness of character, and represents Xenocrates....
Behind Socrates and another Figure, Lasthenia, is a bearded old man
Zeno of Citium, the founder of the sect called Stoics.... Behind Zeno
of Citium is Antisthenes, in shade, because his School is expressed
by that of Zeno. On the side of Aristotle, the tallest and most
conspicuous Figure is Theophrastus ... said to be the portrait of
Cardinal Bembo. The next figures are Strato of Lampsacus, Demetrius
Phalereus, Callisthenes, Neophron, Glycon. Behind the last named is
Heraclides and in rear of the disciples of Aristotle are Euclid of
Megara and Eubulides of Miletus, his pupil: the last hated Aristotle,
and is looking angrily at him. The lower part of the Picture, on
the side with the statue of Apollo, represents the Philosophy of
Leucippus, the disciple of Zeno, though the author of a very opposite
system. He first taught the doctrine of Atoms.... Democritus, his most
celebrated disciple, is sitting near him--booted, in the manner of his
countrymen, the Abderites--and writing upon a stone table, shaped like
the sarcophagi among which he used to meditate: he lost his fortune,
therefore his dress indicates poverty; and he is represented in deep
meditation, to show his uncommon studiousness. Opposite to Leucippus
sits Empedocles, resting on a _cube_, though not with _contempt_,
according to the principles of Leucippus; because Empedocles adhered,
on some points, to the Pythagorean system. The youth holding, before
Empedocles, Pythagoras’s Table of the Generation of Numbers and the
Harmonies, is Meton.... The Figure in an Oriental costume bending over
Pythagoras, represents Averrhoes, or one of the Magi, from which sect
the Grecian Schools derived part of their doctrines. Behind Empedocles,
is Epicharmus.... The Figure in a toga is Lucretius, placed near
Empedocles, as having been his follower; but looking another way,
because he differed from his master. This figure is the portrait of
Francesco, Duke of Urbino, nephew to Julius II. The person crowned with
vine-leaves and resting a book on a pedestal, is Epicurus, looking gay,
according to the account given of him, and the Figure leaning upon his
shoulder is Metrodorus; next to whom is Heraclitus, wearing a black
veil, like that of the Ephesian Diana, in whose temple he exposed his
works. Seated on the second step, near the centre of the Picture, is
Diogenes, and below him is a Portrait of the great architect, Bramante
(under the character of Archimedes), who is tracing an hexagonal
figure on the pavement ... the enthusiastic-looking person who points
to the hexagon, is supposed to be Archytas of Tarentum; the boy on
his knees, is Phenix of Alexandria; and behind him, with a hand on
his back, is Ctesibius. In the angle of the picture are Zoroaster and
Ptolemy, one holding a celestial and the other a terrestrial globe, as
representatives of Astronomy and Geometry; the figure wearing a crown,
under the character of Zoroaster, being Alphonso, King of Arragon,
Sicily and Naples; the person with a black turban on his head, and
likewise holding a Globe, may probably represent Confucius: and the two
persons with whom Alphonso seems conversing are portraits of Raphael
and of his master Pietro Perugino. The statues and _bassi-relievi_
with which Raphael has ornamented his scene, are emblematical of
the different Schools of Philosophy: and the picture, in point of
composition, is considered to be his _chef-d’œuvre_, the Sibyls of S^a
Maria della Pace excepted.
A more detailed description of the above will be found in the works
of Trendelenburg (Berlin, 1843), and of Richter (Heidelberg, 1882),
bearing title “Ueber Rafael’s Schule von Athen.”
APPENDIX II
DISCOVERIES MADE BY WILLIAM GILBERT--DESIGNATED IN
“DE MAGNETE” BY THE LARGER ASTERISKS
(_Alluded to in the Gilbert_ A.D. _1600 Article, p. 83_)
Book I. chap. iii. The loadstone ever has and ever shows its
poles, which look toward the poles of the earth and move toward
them and are subject to them.
Book I. chap. vi. The loadstone attracts iron ore, as well as
the smelted metal, the best iron, _acies_, being the most
readily attracted.
Book I. chap. ix. Iron ore attracts iron ore.
Book I. chap. x. Iron ore has and acquires poles, and arranges
itself with reference to the earth’s poles.
Book I. chap. xi. Wrought-iron, not magnetized by the loadstone,
attracts iron.
Book I. chap. xii. A long piece of iron, even not magnetized,
assumes a north and south direction.
Book I. chap. xiii. Smelted iron has in itself fixed north and
south parts, magnetic activity, verticity, and fixed vertices or
poles.
Book II. chap. ii. Not only do amber and jet attract light
substances: the same is done by the diamond....
Book II. chap. ii. When the atmosphere is very cold and clear,
the electrical effluvia of the earth offer less impediment.
Book II. chap. xxv. A strong, large, loadstone increases the
power of another loadstone, and also the power of iron.
Book II. chap, xxxiv. Why a loadstone is of different power in
its poles as well in the north as in the south regions (two
experiments).
Book III. chap. xii. Iron becomes magnetized when red-hot and
hammered in the magnetic meridian; also when the iron bars have,
for a long time, lain fixed likewise in the north and south
position (two experiments).
Book III. chap. xv. Two more experiments to show that the poles,
equator, centre, are permanent and stable in the unbroken
loadstone; when it is reduced in size and a part taken away,
they vary and occupy their positions.
Book IV. chap. ii. Variation is due to inequality among the
earth’s elevations.
Book V. chap. ii. Illustration of the direction and dip of a
_terrella_ representing the earth relative to the standard
representation of the globe of the earth, at north latitude 50°.
Book V. chap. iii. Instrument for showing by the action of a
loadstone, the degree of dip below the horizon in any latitude.
Book V. chap. vi. Of the ratio of dip to latitude and the cause
thereof.
Book V. chap. xi. Of the formal magnetical act spherically
effused.
APPENDIX III
THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL
SOCIETY OF LONDON
UNABRIDGED
Commenced in 1665, as a periodical, by H. Oldenberg, first Secretary
of the Society, and continued by him up to June 1677. Afterwards,
successively edited by N. Grew, R. Plot, W. Musgrave, R. Walker, Sir
H. Sloane, E. Halley, C. Mortimer, and other Secretaries, up to March
1752, when the publication began to be superintended by a Committee of
the Royal Society. From 1665 to 1678, the publication was regularly
made, with exception of six months between 1677 and 1678.
The title-page, “Philosophical Transactions giving some account of the
present undertakings, studies and labours of the Ingenious in many
considerable parts of the world,” was maintained up to the sixty-sixth
volume, for year 1776, when it gave place to “The Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London.”
From 1679 to 1682, no volumes appeared, the lacunæ being (partly) made
up through the seven numbers of “Philosophical Collections” issued by
Robert Hooke (Nos. 1–7, one volume 4to).
From 1683 to the present time, the publication has gone on uniformly,
with exception of years 1688–1690, during which nothing was published,
and of years 1691–1692, the proceedings of which appear in a volume
(sometimes marked Vol. 16 and sometimes Vol. 17), containing the
numbers 192–195.
Reference to “The Bibliographer’s Manual,” by Wm. Thomas Lowndes
(London, 1863, Part VIII. pp. 2143–2146) and to Samuel H. Scudder’s
“Catalogue of Scientific Serials” (Cambridge, Mass., 1879, p. 27) will
show how the different unabridged volumes have been made up, viz. Vols.
1–65 cover the years 1665–1775; Vols. 66–81 cover the years 1776–1791;
Vols. 82–142 cover the years 1792–1852; Vols. 143–166 cover the years
1853–1876.
Regular dates followed up to Vol. 177, issued 1886–1887, since when
the publication has appeared in two series, viz. A (Physical) and B
(Biological). The volumes now running are A 220, B 210.
In addition to the above, there have appeared, amongst many
publications:
“A General Index ... to all the Philosophical Transactions from the
beginning to July 1677,” London, 1678.
“A General Index ... from January 1667–1668 to December 1693,” London,
1694. And one by James Briggs, 1665–1817.
“A General Index to the Philosophical Transactions from the first to
the end of the seventieth volume,” by Paul Henry Maty (viz. 1665–1780,
which was continued for 1781–1820 as Part II and for 1821–1830 as Part
III).
“Index to Volumes 1–17” (London, 1787); “Index to Volumes 71–110”
(London, 1821); “Index for years 1821–1830” (London, 1833); “Index to
Volumes 1–120” (London, 1842).
“Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions of July 1670” (by W.
Holder), London, 1678.
“Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions for October 1702” (by M.
Lister), London, 1702.
“Miscellanea Curiosa ... being the most valuable discourses read and
delivered to the Royal Society,” 3 Vols., London, 1723–1727.
“Abstracts of the Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions”:
1800–1830, Vols. I-II; 1831–1843, Vols. III-IV; 1843–1850, Vol. V;
1850–1854, Vol. VI. From Vol. VI, continued as the “Proceedings of
the Royal Society,” the years 1854–1905 being represented by Vols.
VII-LXXVI (issued, from this date onward, in two series (A, Physical,
and B, Biological); about two volumes each year).
“Catalogue of Scientific Papers. Compiled and published by the Royal
Society of London”: 1800–1863, A to Z, Vols. 1–6; 1864–1873, A to Z,
Vols. 7–8; 1874–1883, A to Z, Vols. 9–11; 1800–1883, A to Z, Vol. 12;
1884–1900, A to B, Vol. 13, reaching Vol. 17 in 1920.
Four volumes of Subject Index to the above have appeared, treating of
Pure Mathematics, Mechanics, Heat, Light and Sound, Electricity and
Magnetism.
ABRIDGED
The several Abridgments may be properly collated as follows (through
Lowndes, Scudder, Bolton, also through the private lists of the
different copies found in Hartwell House, November 1843, and given to
the compiler by Mr. Latimer Clark), viz.: From 1665 to end of 1700,
by John Lowthorp, 3 vols., Vols. I, II, III[74]; from 1700 to year
1720–1721 by Ben. Motte, 2 vols.[75]; from 1700 to year 1720 by Henry
Jones, 2 vols., Vols. IV, V[76]; from 1720 to year 1732 by Mr. Reid and
John Gray, 1 vol.[77]; from 1719 to year 1733, by John Eames and John
Martyn, 2 vols., Vols. VI, VII[78]; from 1732 to year 1744, by John
Martyn, 2 vols., Vols. VIII, IX[79]; from 1743 to year 1750, by John
Martyn, 2 vols., Vol. X (two parts).
“Memoirs of the Royal Society; or a New Abridgment of the Philosophical
Transactions from 1665 to 1740,” by Benjamin Baddam, 10 Vols. (first
edition, 1665–1735; second edition, 1665–1740).
“The Philosophical Transactions from their commencement in 1665 to 1800
abridged with notes and illustrations, by Charles Hutton, George Shaw
and Richard Pearson,” 18 vols., the last volume containing a General
Index to the whole which covers 116 pages.[80]
Translations, in French, of some of the abridged and unabridged volumes
are to be found recorded at p. 109 of Scudder’s “Catalogue,” already
mentioned, one of the most important being “La Table des mémoires
imprimés dans les Transactions Philosophiques ... 1665–1735,” by M. De
Brémond, Paris, 1739.
Translations have also been made in Latin, for the first five years,
and some were published in Italian during 1729 and 1731–1734.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE
The Philosophical Magazine, 1798–1813, 42 vols. United in 1814
with the Journal of Natural Philosophy, etc., and continued
under the title of The Philosophical Magazine and Journal,
etc., 1814–1826, 26 vols., the sixty-eight volumes being called
the first series. During 1827 it was united with the Annals of
Philosophy or Magazine of Chemistry and it became then
The Philosophical Magazine or Annals of Chemistry, etc.,
1827–1832, eleven vols., making up the second series. From 1832
to 1840, after amalgamating with Edinburgh Journal of Science,
sixteen volumes were published under the name of
The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of
Science, and, during 1840–1850, twenty-one volumes appeared
under the name of
The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and
Journal of Science, in all thirty-seven volumes constituting the
third series. The fourth series, of fifty volumes, was issued
1851–1875; the fifth series 1876–1900; and the sixth series,
which began in 1901, is still running as we go to press.
LE JOURNAL DES SÇAVANS (SAVANTS)
_Le Journal des Sçavans_ (Scudder, “Catal. of Sc. Serials,”
1879, p. 97). Published 1665–1792, with Supplements to 1707–1709
and a _Continuation_ in 1797.
_Journal des Sçavans_ (“Catal. of Ronalds’ library,” 1880,
p. 261). Published 1665–1748, 1749–1792, 1816–1845.
_Le Journal des Sçavans_ (“British Museum Catalogue of
Periodical Publications--Paris,” pp. 1369–1370). Published from
1665 to 1828. Edited successively by the Sieur de Hedonville,
by J. Gallois, and others. With a Supplement for 1672–1674, and
a Supplement for each of the years 1707, 1708 and 1709--142
volumes, Paris, 1681–1828, also 1723.
The “Journal des Sçavans” was commenced January 5, 1665, and
suppressed March 30, 1665, after the publication of only
thirteen numbers. Its publication was resumed January 4, 1666,
during which year forty-two numbers were issued. In 1667, there
appeared only sixteen numbers; only thirteen in 1668; four
in 1669; one in 1670; three in 1671; eight in 1672; none in
1673; and only two in 1674. From 1674 to 1723, a number was
published either once a fortnight or once a week, and, from
1724 to 1792, a number appeared every month. In December 1792,
the publication was discontinued, but it was resumed January
4, 1797. On the 18th of June of the same year, however, it was
again discontinued until September 1816, after which a number
was for a time published regularly once a month.
“Table Générale des matières contenues dans le Journal
des Sçavans ... depuis l’année, 1665 ... jusqu’ en 1750
inclusivement ...” 10 vols., Paris, 1753–1764.
Another edition of vols. 1–105, Amsterdam, 1679–1753, also 1685.
Another edition of the years 1725–1760, Paris, 1725–1760.
“Annales des Sciences ... faisant suite au Journal des Sçavans,”
Amsterdam, 1804–1806.
“Journal des Sçavans, combiné avec les Mémoires de Trévoux.
Suite des 170 Volumes ...,” Amsterdam, 1756–1757.
“Journal des Sçavans, combiné avec les meilleurs Journaux
Anglais,” January 1779 to December 1781, Amsterdam, 1779–1781.
_Journal des Savants_ (“British Museum Catalogue of Periodical
Publications--Paris,” pp. 1370–1371). Edited successively by P. C. F.
Danon, le Brun, and others from 1816.
“Table méthodique et analytique des articles ... 1816–1858,”
Paris, 1860.
“Table analytique des articles ... 1859–1908,” Paris, 1909.
APPENDIX IV
List of additional works, relating to subjects treated of in this
“Bibliographical History,” which have not before been especially
mentioned herein and which are deemed worthy of perusal:
1486. Reisch (Father Gregory), “Æpitome ... Marg. Phil. ...
Scibili.”
1495. Roberti de Valle Rotho, Magensis ... “Compendium a Plinio
data ...”
1535. Stœffler (J.), “Cœlestium ... totius sphericæ ...”
1536. Mela (Pomponius), “De situ orbis.”
1537. Maurius, “Sphera Volgare.”
1544. Ulstadius (P.), “Cœlum Philosophorum ...”
1548. Leonicerus (James), “Compendium de meteoris ...”
1555. Navagero (A.), “Orationes ... carmin ... nonnulla. ...”
1558. Göbel (Severin), “De Succino.”
1560. Pedemontani (Alex.), “De Secretis ...”
1562. Carpentarius (J.), “Descriptionis universæ naturæ.”
1571. Titelmanni (Franc.), “Naturalis Philos. Compendium.”
1571. Fulco-Fulke, “A goodly gallery ... Meteors ...” (also
published in 1634 and 1670).
1572. Biringuccio (V.), “Pyrotechnie.”
1572. Lemnius (Levinus), “Occulta naturæ miraculæ.”
1574. Zacaire (D.), “Livres sur l’arithmétique ... métaux,” etc.
1582. Rao (Cesare), “I Meteori.”
1582. Camorano (R.), “Compendio de la arte de navegar ...”
1586. Malfanti (G.), “Le météore.”
1592. Digges (Thomas), “A prognostication ...”
1596. Gallucci (G. P.), “Ratio fabric andi ... magnetica acu.”
1596. Vuccher (Jean Jacques), “Les secrets et merveilles ...”
1596. Bodin (J.), “Universæ naturæ theatrum ...”
1604. Herlicius (D.), “Tractatus de fulmine.”
1604. Harward (S.), “Discourse of ... lightning.”
1605. Morales (G. de), “Libro de las virtudes ...”
1607. Bollenatus Burgundo-gallus, “Theses physicæ ...”
1609. Goclenius (R.), “Tract. ... de magnetica curatione.” (See
also his “Mirabilium naturæ liber,” published in 1643.)
1610. Arlensis, “Sympathia septem metallorum ...”
1610. Argolus (Andreas), “Epistola ad Davidem ...”
1615. Godigno (N.), “De Abissinorum rebus.”
1615. Foscarini (P. A.), “Epistola ...”
1621. Drebbel (C.), “De natura elementorum.”
1621. Tarde (J.), “Les usages ... esguille aymantée.”
1627. Fromondi (L.), “Meteorologicum ...” (See reference to
Fromondi _infra_ at 1781 date. He employed heart pulsations
to calculate the distance of thunder.)
1630. Longinus (Cæsar), “Trinium magicum ...”
1631. Kœnio (H.), “Fulminum theoria meteor. ...”
1632. Remmelinus (Joannes L. U.), “Instrumentum magneticum ...”
1637. Ward (S.), “Magnetis reductorium ...” (See also his
“Wonders of the loadstone,” published in 1640.)
1638. Fludd (Robert), “Philosophia Moysaica ...”
1641. Fabricius (Hildanus), “Observationum et curationum ...”
1643. Servius (Petrus), “Dissertatio de Unguento ...”
1645. Blæu (G. and J.), “Théatre du Monde.”
1646. Henricus (Regius), “Fundamenta physices.” (See also his
“Philosophia naturalis,” published in 1654.)
1649. Zucchi (Nicolo), “Nova de machinis philosophia.”
1651. Reæl (F.), “Observ. ... æn de magneetsteen ...”
1656. Irvine (C.), “Medicina magnetica ...”
1657. Turner (Robert), “Ars Notaria.”
1662. Rattray (Sylvester), “Theatrum sympatheticum ...”
1662. Westen (Wynant Van), “Het eerste deel ...”
1663. Helvetius (J. F.), “Theatr. Herculis. ...” (See also his
“Disputatio Philosophica,” published in 1677.)
1664. Power (Henry), “Experimental Philosophy.”
1665. Johnston (J.), “Thaumatographia naturalis.”
1666. Accademia del Cimento, “Saggi di naturali esperienze.”
1666. “Mémoire d’Homberg, sur l’électr. d’un globe de soufre.”
1667. Colepress (Samuel), “Account of some magnetical
experiments.”
1668. Leotaudus (Vincent), “Magnetologia ... magnetis philos.”
1668. Vitalis (H.), “De magnetica vulnerum curatione.”
1673. Mentzel (M. Chn.), “De lapide bononiensi in obscuro
lucenti.”
1674. Oughtred (W.), “Descript. ... double horiz. dyal. ...”
1676. Heidel (W. E.), “Johannis Trithemii ...”
1677. Dechales (C. F. M.), “Art de naviguer ...”
1677. Hartmann (Philip Jacob), “Succini Prussici ...”
1679. Schielen (J. G.), “Bibliotheca enueleata.”
1681. Senguerd (W.), “Philosophia naturalis ...”
1682 Hiller (L. H.), “Mysterium artis. ...”
1684. Lana-Lanis (Franciscus de), “Magisterii ... et artis ...”
1684. Marana (G. P.), “L’espion du Grand Seigneur ...”
1685. Friderici (J. B.), “Cryptographia ...”
1686. “Recueil d’expériences sur l’aimant ...” published
anonymously at Lyons.
1687. Dalance (M. D.), “Traité de l’aimant ...”
1688. Bartholinus (C. T.), “Specimen philos. naturalis ...”
1688. Boulanger, “Traité de la sphère du monde.”
1689. Blagrave (Joseph), “Astrological practice of physick.”
1689. Eschenbach (A. C.), “Orphei Argonautica ...”
1689. Rennefort (Souchu de), “L’aiman mystique.”
1691. Cecchi, “Saggi di naturali esperienze.”
1692. Brown (R.), “Disputatio philosophica ...”
1692. Cellio (Marco Antonio), “De terra magnete.”
1693. Gregorio (D.), “Lettera intorno all’ elettricità.”
1695. Hale (Sir M.), “Magnetismus magnus ...”
1697. Zwinger (Theodor), “Scrutinum magnetis ...”
1698. Ballard, on the magnetism of Drills in the _Philos.
Trans._, for the year 1698, p. 417.
1698. Tredwey (Robert), in the _Philos. Trans._, Vol. XIX.
p. 711.
1700. Cesi (In.), “De meteoris dissertatio.”
1707. “Curiöse speculationes ... speculirt,” Leipzig and
Chemnitz.
1714. Billingsley (C.), “Longitude at sea ...”
1718. Du Petit, Albert, “Secrets Merveilleux ...”
1718. Luderus (G.), “De methodis ... declin. ... magnetis ...”
1719. Ditton, “Longitude and latitude found by the inclinatory
and dipping needle.” (See also the edition published in London
during 1721.)
1722. Quellmalz (S. J.), “Dissertatio de magnete ...”
1723. Santanelli (F.), “Philosophiæ reconditæ ...”
1729. Abercorn (J. Hamilton, Earl of), “Calculations ... virtue
of loadstones.”
1729. Wischoff (C.), “De Wonderwerken Godts.”
1730. Bailey (Nathan), “Loadstone,” in “Dictionarium
Britannicum.”
1731. Reibelt (J. J. A.), “Thes ... magnetis mysteriis ...”
1732. Derham (W.), “Physico-theology.”
1734. Marana (G. P.), “Letters writ by a Turkish Spy.”
1739. Brémond (François de), in _Philos. Trans._, Vol. XLI.
p. 614.
1740. Mortenson, “Dissertatio de electricitate ...” Upsal. (Also
the 1742 edition.)
1743. Lobe (W.), “De vi corporum electrica.”
1744. Akenside (Mark), Book III of “The Pleasures of
Imagination.”
1745. Piderit (J. R. A.), “Dissertatio inaugaralis ...”
1745. Psellus (M. C.), “De lapidum virt. Græc. ac Latine.”
1745. Rosenberg (A. G.), “Versuche einer Erklarung ...”
1745. Winkler (J. H.), “Quædam electricitatis ...” (See
_Philos. Trans._ for 1745, p. 307.)
1746. Elvius (Petrus), “Historisk berättelse ...”
1746. Lohier fils, “Globules lumineux ...”
1746. Sguario-Squario (Euseb.), “Due Dissertazione ...”
1746. Trembley (A.), at p. 58, Vol. XLIV of the _Philos.
Trans._
1747. Carli (G.), “Dissertazione ... bussola nautica ...”
1747. Faure (G.), “Conghietture fisiche ... machina elettrica.”
1747. Franklin (Georg), “Declaratio phænomenorum ...”
1747. Gottsched (Johann Christoph), “Nov. Prosp. in hist.
electr. ...”
1747. Maffei (Scipione), “Della formazione de’ Fulmini.”
1747. Vasquez-y-Morales (D. Jos.), “Ensayo sobre la Electricidad
...” (This is the translation of Nollet’s work, to which is
added “Historia de la Elett.”)
1748. Collina (Egondio), “Considerazioni ... bussola nautica
...” (claims that the compass was in use during the tenth or
eleventh century).
1748. Rackstrow (B.), “Miscellaneous Observations ...”
1748. “Recueil de traités sur l’électricité ...” (published at
Paris).
1749. Belgrado (Giacomo), “I fenomeni elettrici ...”
1749. Darcet, “Description d’un électromètre.”
1749. Mangin, “Question nouvelle ... sur l’électricité ...”
1749. Plata (F. M.), “Dissertatio de electricitate ...”
1750. Krafft (G. W.), “Prælectiones ... physicam theoreticam.”
1750. Secondat de Montesquieu (J. B.), “Histoire de
l’électricité.”
1751. Berthier, J. E., “Attractions et répulsions électriques.”
1751. Binat (Rev. F.), “Electricorum effectuum.”
1752. Guérin, “Histoire générale et particulière de
l’électricité.”
1752. Penrose (F.), “Treatise on electricity,” also “Essay on
Magnetism.”
1753. Rabiqueau (C.), “Le spectacle du feu élémentaire ...”
1753. Wolf (C.), and Bina (A.), “Physica experimentalis ...”
1755. Frisi (Paolo), “Nova elect. theoria,” also his “De
existentia et motu ætheris ...”
1755. Landriani (G. B.), “Nova electricitatis theoria ...”
1755. Premoli (C. P.), “Nova electricitatis theoria.”
1756. Cartier (J.), “Philosophia electrica ad menten ...”
1757. Butschany (Matthias), “Dissertatio ex phænom. electricis.”
1759. Egeling (J.), “Disq. phys. de electricitate.”
1759. Fayol, “Observations sur un effect singulier ...”
1760. Avelloni (D.), “Lettera ... al fuoco elettrico ...”
1760. Dutour (E. P.), “Recherches ... matière électrique.”
1760. Oberst (J.), “Conjecturæ ... magnetis naturam ...”
1760. Tillet, “Sur l’incendie.”
1761. Laborde (J. B.), “Le clavecin électrique ...”
1761. Wakeley (Andrew), “The Mariner’s compass rectified,” as
revised by Wm. Mountaine.
1762. Paulian (A. H.), “Conjectures nouvelles ...” likewise
“Nouvelles conjectures sur les causes des phénomènes
éiectriques,” published at Nîmes. (See also his “Electricité
soumise ...” Avignon, 1768.)
1764. Meyer (Johann Friedr.), “Chymische versuche ...”
1765. Schmidt (N. E. A.), “Vom magnete,” published at Hanover.
1767. Cellesius (Fabricius), “De naturali electricitate ...” A
very rare work published at Lucca.
1769. Krunitz (Johann Georg), “Verzeichnis der vornehmsten
schriften vonder Electricitat ...” published at Leipzig.
1771. Barletti (Carlo), “Nuove sperienze elettriche ...”
1771. Berdoe (M.), “Inquiry into the influence of the electric
fluid in the structure and formation of animated beings.” This
curious work was published at Bath, where Mr. Berdoe’s book “On
the electric Fluid” was also published in 1773.
1772. Herbert (J. Edler von), “Theoriæ phænomenorum ...” also
“Dissertatio ... aquæ ...” published at Labacii during the same
year.
1772. Para, “Cours complet. ...” also “Théorie ...” published in
1786.
1773. “Essay on electricity ... late discoveries of Jas. Dævin,
C. M. F., Bristol.”
1774. Fontana (Felice), “Descrizioni ed usi ... dell’ Aria.”
1774. Pasumot (Fra.), “Observations sur les effets de la foudre
...”
1775. Detienne, “Peculiar construction of conductor of
electrical machine for increasing the action thereof.”
1775. Jacquet de Malzet (Louis Sebastien), “Lettre ... sur
l’électrophore.”
1775. Simmons (John), “An essay on the cause of lightning.”
1776. Changeux (P. N.), “Météorographie, ou l’art d’observer les
phénomènes de l’atmosphère,” published at Paris.
1776. Landriani (Marsiglio), “Osservazioni sulla poca ...”
1776. Rossler (T. F.), “Progr. de luce primigenia.” He says that
the light before the creation of the sun, mentioned by Moses,
was an electrical light. See besides “Le soleil est un aimant,”
by R. P. Secchi (“_Le Cosmos_,” 453, Paris, 1854).
1776. Schinz (Salomon), “Specimen phys. ...” also “Supplementum
speciminis physici de Electricitate,” published at Turici in
1777.
1777. Chigi (Aleso.), “Dell’ Elettricità terrestre-atmosferica
dissertazione” (_Bibl. Ital. di El. e Magn._, p. 30).
1777. Gross (Johann Friedr.), “Précis des poses électriques.”
1777. Vairano (Josephus), “Diatriba de Electricitate.”
1777. Weigel (Chr. Ehrenfried), “Grundriss der reinen v.
angewandt. Chemie.”
1778. Chaptal (J. A. C.), “Observations sur l’influence de l’air
...” (published in the Reports of the Toulouse Academy, first
series).
1778. Steavenson (Robert), “Dissert. de electricitate ...”
1779. Lüdicke (A. F.), “Comment. de attract. magnetum ...”
1780. Hemmer (Johann Jacob), Articles in the Commentat. Acad.
Theodoro-Palatine published at Mannheim.
1780. Pilatre des Rozier in the _Journal de Physique_,
Vols. XVI and XVII.
1780. Tozzetti (Targioni), “Atti e memorie inedite ...”
1781. Bianchi (Iso), his “Elogium on Libertus Fromondi,”
published at Cremona.
1781. Brisson, “Dictionnaire de Physique.”
1781. Gabler (Matthias), “Theoria Magnetis.”
1781. Lacépède, “Essai sur l’électricité naturelle et
artificielle.”
1782. _Le Mercure de France_, No. 23, for June 1782.
1782. Sans (M. de), in the _Journal de Médecine_ for this
year.
1783. Milner (Thomas), “Exper. and Observ. in Electricity.”
1785. Bruno (M. de), “Recherches ... fluide magnétique.”
1787. Crell (L. F. F.), the miscellaneous scientific articles in
his _Chemische Annalen_, published at Helmstadt.
1787. Hoffmann (C. L.), _Magnetist_, published at Frankfort.
1789. Pasqual (A. R.), “Descrub. ... aguja nautica ...”
1790. Fréméry (N. C. de), “Dissertatio ... de fulmine.”
1790. Segnitz (F. L.), “Specimen ... elect. animali ...”
1791. Peart (Edward), “On electricity ... Magn. ... and El.
Atmospheres,” published at Gainsboro’.
1792. Aberg (V. J.), “... vim magneticam et electricam.”
1792. Carminati (Bassiano), in Brugnatelli’s _Giorn. Fis.
Med._, II. p. 115.
1792. Reil (J. C.), “Uber thierische elektricität.”
1793. Creve (J. C. I. A.), “Beiträge zu Galvanism ...” published
at Leipzig and at Frankfort. (See his “Phénomènes du galvanisme”
in the _Mém. de la Société méd. d’émulation_.)
1793. Hauch (Adam Wilhelm von), his articles in the _Vidensk.
Selsk. Skrift. Ny Samml_, published at Copenhagen.
1794. Gutle (J. C.), “Zaubermechanik od. Beschreibung ...”
published at Nürnberg.
1794. Hopf (C. G.), respond E. Eschenmayer, “Dissert. sistens
... theoriæ” (Sue, Vol. I. p. 133).
1797. Bressy (Jos.), “Essai sur l’électricité de l’eau.”
1798. Hoffmann (J. C.), “Anweisung gute Elektrisirmaschinen ...”
published at Leipzig.
1798. Tingry (P. F.), two articles, “Sur la phosphorescence des
corps” and “Sur la nature du fluide électrique,” published in
the _Journal de Physique_, Vol. XLVII.
1798. Walker (Ralph), “A treatise on the magnet ...”
1799. Arnim (L. A. von), “Versuch einer theorie ...” published
at Halle.
1799. “Proceedings of the Am. Phil. Soc.,” Old Series, Vol. IV.
p. 162, for “An Essay tending to improve intelligible signals
...”
1800. Hulme (N.), see his “Experiments and Observations ...” in
the _Philos. Trans._ for 1800, Part I. p. 161, as well as
Vol. IV of Reuss’s _Repertorium_.
1800. Treviranus (Gottfried R.), see articles in _Gilb.
Annal._, Vol. VII as well as in Vol. VIII.
APPENDIX V
MERCATOR’S PROJECTION
THE JUST CLAIM OF THE ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN,
EDWARD WRIGHT
MERCATOR, GERARDUS (latinized form of Gerhard Kremer), 1512–1594, a
Flemish geographer and mathematician, who is mentioned at pp. 79, 508,
516 of this “Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism,”
is reported to have invented a new method of making maps. The name
of Mercator, it is said, was given to Kremer on account of the great
usefulness of his reported invention to mercators or merchants.
Mercator’s earliest map was published in 1537. One year later appeared
his Map of the World (rediscovered during 1878 in New York), and, in
1541, he introduced a terrestrial globe which was followed, ten years
afterwards, by his equally well-known celestial globe. Then appeared,
in 1568–1569, the first edition of his celebrated planisphere, intended
for use in navigation, which is the earliest known map on what is
called “Mercator’s Projection,” and, in later years, he brought out
many other maps as well as geographical tables, etc., which are too
numerous to be specified here. [See article _Mercator_ in the
Belgian “Biographie Nationale,” Vol. XIV, 1897, and consult likewise
“L’œuvre géographique de Mercator” by Van Ostroy, “Meyers Konversations
Lexikon,” 1897, Vol. XII, pp. 153–154, also “La Nouvelle Biographie
Générale” de Mr. le Dr. Hœfer, Vol. XXV. p. 11.]
The original constructor of the chart known as “Mercator’s Projection”
is, however, said to be a very able English mathematician, Edward
Wright (1560–1615) who is alluded to herein at pp. 78, 79, 520, 524,
532. He was the designer of a very large sphere for Prince Henry, which
showed the motion of the planets, etc., and he predicted the eclipses
for a period of 17,100 years.
So much has been said herein regarding different well-known maps that
the following cannot but prove interesting. It is in apparently just
claim on behalf of Edward Wright to the above-named invention, and,
as stated in the volume published during 1880 by John Davis for the
Hakluyt Society, the first Map of the World that was engraved in
England on Wright’s (Mercator’s) projection is fully described by Mr.
C. M. Coote in a Note at pp. 85–95 of the Davis “Voyages and Works.”
That map, he says, was published one year after Wright had explained
the principle of the projection in his “Certain Errors.” From Mr.
Coote’s description, the following is extracted:
What appears to have escaped the notice of Hallam, and those who have
attempted to describe it at various times down to our day, is, that our
map is laid down upon the projection commonly known as Mercator’s. So
little appears to be known as to the early history of this projection,
that as recently as April 16, 1878, it has been suggested by Mr. Elias
F. Hall that charts upon this projection were not in general use among
seamen at a period much earlier than 1630. Still more recently it has
been gravely asserted that a distinguished Admiral of the American
navy only knew of it as the Merchant’s projection, and that he never
knew that there was such a man as Mercator. In 1569 was produced at
Duisbourg, Mercator’s well-known _Mappemonde_, and many years
elapsed before it attracted the notice of other mapmakers. However
interesting it may be to us as a monument of geography, it is now
admitted that, as regards the projection, it is only approximately
correct up to latitude 40. For the want of a demonstration of the true
principles upon which such a projection was to be laid down, beyond the
legend on the _Mappemonde_, it found but few imitators. The only
three known to us are Bernardus Puteanus of Bruges in 1579, Cornelius
de Jode in 1589, and Petrus Plancius in 1594. Of the first and third
no examples of their maps on this projection are known to exist, these
two doubtless had all the imperfections of the original Mercator. De
Jode’s “Speculum Orbis Terrarum” of 1589 is remarkable, as, while being
on the old plane projection with the lines of latitude and longitude
equidistant, there is to be seen on it a feeble attempt to divide the
central meridional line according to the idea of Mercator, one of
the best possible proofs how imperfectly this idea was understood by
Mercator’s own fellow-countrymen. About 1597 was published by Jodocus
Hondius in Amsterdam, a map entitled Typus Totius Orbis Terrarum, etc.,
easily to be recognized by an allegorical figure, at the bottom of it,
of a Christian soldier armed for the fight against all the powers of
evil. This is on the true projection, known as Mercator’s, but which is
really that of Edward Wright. From Hondius’ connection with Mercator,
and whose joint portraits from the frontispiece of the well-known Atlas
of the latter, it might with good reason be supposed that Hondius
acquired the art of projecting this map from Mercator, yet if one thing
is more certain than another in the history of this projection, it is
the fact that Hondius did not acquire this art from Mercator or his
map, but from Edward Wright, the friend and colleague of Hakluyt.
In proof of this, the following evidence is adduced. We learn from
Blundeville that, at some previous period, probably as early as 1592,
Wright sent his friend, the author, “a table to drawe thereby the
parallells in the Mariner’s Carde, together with the vse thereof in
trewer sort, with a draught” or diagram of the projection. These, it
is evident, were extracts from Wright’s “Errors in Navigation,” then
in MS. Wright, in his preface to the reader, in his work when printed,
bitterly complains that he was induced to lend MS. to Hondius, who,
with its aid and without Wright’s consent, prepared and published
several “mappes of the World, which maps had been vnhatched, had not
he [Hondius] learned the right way to lay the groundwork of some of
them out of his book.” That the above Typus is one of the printed maps
complained of, seems to be proved by the allusion to Wright to be found
on it.
The strongest evidence against the theory of Hondius having acquired
this art from Mercator, is the fact that in none of the subsequent
editions of Mercator’s Atlases edited by him is there a map on this
projection to be found. The truth is, that to Wright, and not to
Mercator, is due the honour of being the first to demonstrate the true
principles upon which such maps were to be laid down by means of the
now well-known Tables of meridional parts.
The first legitimate attempt to lay down a map upon the really true
projection, is no other than the original of our map. Before proceeding
to point out some of its remaining points of interest, it will be
convenient here to endeavour to remove one or two misapprehensions
respecting it, which are even now entertained by more than one of our
eminent booksellers.
Mr. Quaritch, without adducing the least amount of evidence, asserts
that “Hakluyt intended to insert this map in his work of 1589.” This is
impossible, as from internal evidence it could not possibly have been
produced at an earlier period than 1598 or 1599, as has been before
pointed out. Upon this point we fear that Mr. Quaritch has allowed
himself to be misled by the pardonable blunder of Hallam. Again he
says, that Hakluyt calls the original of our great map a terrestrial
globe. This is also a mistake. When Hakluyt said a globe, he meant one,
and not a map; such a globe as he describes was forthcoming in 1592,
at a period midway between the first edition of the “Voyages” and the
appearance of our map. The only example of this globe at present known
to exist is preserved in the Library of the Middle Temple.
Hitherto one of the difficulties in describing and establishing the
identity of this map has been its anonymous authorship. Mr. Quaritch,
in an otherwise fair appreciation of the writer’s labours in this
direction, has thought fit, in another part of his catalogue, to
charge the writer with appropriating Mr. Quaritch’s labours in this
matter of authorship. The charge has found no foundation in any fact
whatsoever. The writer’s conclusions about it were based solely upon
a comparison made between our map and a globe, two things which Mr.
Quaritch has confounded. The globe referred to is known to be by
Molyneux, the reference to it in the title of the map led the writer to
the not unnatural inference that they were by one and the same author.
This position the writer strengthened by two quotations from a scarce
tract by the late Dr. J. G. Kohl of Bremen, which was published twenty
years before Mr. Quaritch’s catalogue of 1877 [No. 11919] saw the
light. The conclusion arrived at by the writer, without any assistance
from Quaritch, was that our map, circa 1600, was a new one, on a new
projection, made by one of the most eminent globe-makers of his time,
probably under the superintendence of Hakluyt. The evidence upon this
point is of course strongly circumstantial only, which future research
may either refute or confirm. Be this as it may, one thing is now quite
certain, namely, that our map, to a very great extent, bears evidence
upon the face of it of the handiwork of another of Hakluyt’s friends
and colleagues, hitherto unsuspected, we take it, even by Mr. Quaritch.
Allusion has been already made to Wright’s “Errors in Navigation,” the
first edition of which was published in 1599. In 1610 appeared the
second edition, in which mention is made of a general map, which map
it has not been our good fortune to see, as the copy in our national
library is without it. Several editions were subsequently published by
Moxon. In these are to be seen copies of a map laid down upon lines
almost identical with ours. They have geographical additions up to
date, and also indicate the variations of the compass. These later maps
are avowedly ascribed to Wright, and a comparison of any one of them
with our map most certainly points to one common source, namely, the
original. The conclusion is therefore irresistible, that whatever may
be due to Molineux or Hakluyt in the execution of the original, it also
represents the first map upon the true projection by Edward Wright. It
will be observed as a somewhat happy coincidence that Hallam’s almost
first words of introduction to our map are a reference to the Arctic
work of Davis, 1585–1587. On the map is also to be observed a record
of the discovery by the Dutchman Barents, of northern Novaya Zemlya,
in his third voyage in 1596. This is the latest geographical discovery
recorded upon it, which serves not only to determine the date of the
map, but to establish for it the undoubted claim of being the earliest
one engraved in England, whereon this last important Arctic discovery
is to be found. The striking similarity between our map and Molineux’s
globe, in the delineations of these Arctic discoveries of Davis and
Barents, seems to point to the conclusion that, so far as the geography
is concerned, they both came from one source, namely, the hands of
Molyneux.
Arctic discovery did not escape the notice of our immortal Shakespere.
In some fifty lines preceding his supposed reference to our map in
“Twelfth Night,” occur the following words. “You are now sailed into
the north of my lady’s opinion, where you will hang like an icicle
on a Dutchman’s beard.” The antithetical idea being of course the
equatorial region of the lady’s opinion. If the date assigned to it
is correct it is probable in the extreme that the thought underlying
these words was suggested to the mind of Shakespere by a glance at
the upper portion of our map, evidently well known in his time as a
separate publication. The remaining points that call for notice are as
follows. The improved geography of the whole of the eastern portion of
our map, as compared with its contemporaries, and the traces of the
first appearance of the Dutch under Davis and Houtman at Bantam. On all
the maps was to be seen the huge Terra Australis of the old geography.
This, as Hallam remarked, had been left out on our map; but what is so
remarkable is that upon it is to be observed, rising “like a little
cloud out of the seas, like a man’s hand,” the then unknown continent
of Australia. It will be observed that Hallam describes the original
as “the best map of the sixteenth century.” Mr. Quaritch improves upon
this, and says it is “by far the finest chartographical labour which
appeared, from the epoch of the discovery of America down to the time
of d’Anville.” If this implies a reference to our map as a work of art,
_i. e._ an engraving, we beg to differ from him, as such terms
are misleading. As a specimen of map engraving, it will not compare
with even its pirated prototype by Hondius. The art of engraving by
Englishmen, more particularly that of maps, was at this period, as is
well known, in its infancy. Maps and illustrations for books were for
the most part executed abroad, and those who did work here were almost
all foreigners. The two best known were Augustus Ryther, who executed
among other things the maps for Saxton’s Atlas, and Hondius, who did
those for Speed’s Atlas. Mr. Richard Fisher writes: “We have scarcely
any record of any Englishmen practising engraving in this country prior
to the commencement of the seventeenth century.” The names, however,
of two are afforded us by Davis himself in his Introduction to the
“Seaman’s Secrets,” namely, those of Molyneux and Hillyer. It is to
be hoped that the position of our map in the history of cartography
is secured upon firmer grounds than those suggested by the best
intentions of Mr. Quaritch. It was the writer’s belief in this that
first led him to express the hope that the original of the facsimile,
so admirably done for the Society, would henceforth be as firmly
associated with Shakespere’s “Twelfth Night” as it certainly is now,
not only with the page of Hakluyt, but with the publications of the
Society that bears his name.
INDEX
(_Embracing much additional data._--See _Preface_)
A
Abano--Apponensis, Aponus, Apianus, Apian, Bienewitz--Pietro di,
“Tractatus de Venenis”; “Conciliator differentiarum ...,” 26,
35, 124, 501, 515, 526, 527.
_See_ Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori ...,” Vol. I. Part I.
pp. 1–11; Bayle, Pierre, “Dictionnaire Historique ...,” Vol.
I. pp. 383–386.
Abbas Messanensis. _See_ Maurolico.
Abbeville, Hist. Chr. d’, par Nicolas Sanson, 108
Abbott, Evelyn, translator of Max Duncker’s “History of Antiquity,”
7
Abd-Allatif--Movaffik, Eddin--Arabian physician (1162–1231),
“Relation de l’Egypte,” 299
Abderites (_at_ School of Athens), 543
Abel, Dr. Clarke, of Brighton (_at_ A.D. 1816, Phillip, W.), 437
Abercorn, J. Hamilton, Earl of, “Calculations ... loadstones.”
_See_ Hamilton, James.
Aberdeen University (_at_ Sir David Brewster), 466
Aberg, Ulrich Johann, “Comparatio ... magneticam,” 1792, 556
Abhand. Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften, 192
Abhand. d. Göttingen Kön. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 445
Abhand. d. Mathem. ... Kön. Baierische Akad. der Wissenschaften:
München, 1808–1824, 433, 477
Abhand. d. Naturforschende Gesellschaft: Halle, 414
Abhand. zur Geschichte der mathematik: Leipzig, 126, 520, 535, 538,
541
Abilgaard, Peter Christian (1740–1801), “Tentamina electrica,” 249
Abohalis. _See_ Avicenna.
Abrégé de l’Astronomie. _See_ Lalande, J. J. le François de.
Abrégé de l’histoire des Sarrazins. _See_ Bergeron, Pierre.
Absorption, dielectric (_at_ Faraday, Michael), 498
Abstracts of the papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions,
548.
_See_ Royal Society, London.
Abul-Wéfa (Aboulwéfa), al bouzdjani (930–998), 93, 94, 512, 516
“Academia cæsarea leopoldino-carolina ... naturæ curiosum. ...”
Hist. Nova Acta, etc.: Breslau Academy, 216, 273, 451
Academia electoralis inoguntina scientiarum utilium. Nova Acta,
etc.: Erfurt, 12 Vols., 218
Academia electoralis scientiarum, _also_ called Academia
Theodoro-Palatina.
Academia scientiarum imperalis petropolitana. Commentarii, Nova
Acta, etc.: St. Petersburg Imperial Academy, 140, 204, 214,
232, 273, 274, 368
Academia secretum naturæ, 75
Academia Theodoro-Palatina ... Commentarii (Historia et
Commentationes). _See_ Manheim, _also_ Hemmer, J. J.
Académie de l’industrie française, Journal des travaux de l’, 421
Académie de Marine, 274
Académie de Médecine: Paris, 237
Académie des Curieux de la Nature. _See_ Academia ... naturæ
curiosum....
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres: Paris, 8, 520, 533
Académie des Sciences (Institut), Paris, Mémoires, Histoire, Table,
etc. (_Comptes Rendus, Les_, will be found under separate
head), 18, 34, 72, 81, 115, 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 142,
144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 160,
161, 162, 169, 171, 177, 178, 183, 190, 192, 198, 200, 201,
204, 205, 207, 214, 218, 220, 235, 237, 240, 248, 249, 262,
264, 266, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280,
286, 288, 299, 300, 302, 303, 320, 329, 335, 337, 354, 380,
386, 387, 389, 395, 396, 407, 411, 412, 454, 455, 456, 460,
462, 466, 471, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 497
Académie du Gard, 10
“Academy and Literature,” 99. (In June 1902, “Literature” was
incorporated with “The Academy.”)
Academy of Lignitz, 174
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., 356
Academy of Sciences. _See_ American, Bavarian, Barcelona, Belgium,
Besançon, Brescia, Brussels, Cambridge (U.S.A.), Copenhagen,
Genoa (147), Lyons, Madrid, Manheim, Montpellier, Padua, Paris,
Prague, Naples, Saint Petersburg, Stockholm, Turin, Washington,
etc.
Accademia Bonon. et Istituto, Commentarii, 7 Vols. 1731–1791.
_See_ Bologna Academy.
Accademia del Cimento, Saggi di naturali esperienze (Essays of
natural experiments), Firenze (Florence), 96, 129, 143, 554.
_See_ Tozzetti, Antinovi, _also_ Magalotti,
Iatromathematical school. Experiment at A.D. 1684, 143
Accademia Etrusca, Cortona, Italy, Memoirs, etc., Vols. I.-IX.
1755–1791, 58
Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei, Roma, Atti, etc., 71, 380
Accumulator, electrical (secondary battery), first constructed by
Ritter, J. W., 380
Acerbi (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V.), 363
Achard, Franz Carl (1753–1821), 262–263, 275, 282, 327, 332
Achromatic telescope, first construction, 214.
_See_ Kelly, John.
Acide galvanique (Journal de Paris, No. 362).
_See_ Robertson, E. G., 351
Ackermann, Johann Friedrich (1726–1804), “Medicinisch-chirurgische
Zeitung”--on the contact theory--1792; “Versuch einer ...
Körper”; “Nachrichten ...,” 249, 284, 327
Acoromboni, Francesco (_at_ Sarpi, Pietro), 112
Acosta, C. d’, and Monardes, Nicholas, 516
Acosta, Joseph d’ (1540–1599), 21, 78, 118
“Acta Helvetica Physico-Mathematico. ...”
_See_ Basle, Basel.
Acton, J. (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314
Adam, Melchior, “Vitæ Germanorum Medicorum,” 508, 513
Adamantus. _See_ Origen.
Adamas, 15
Adams (_at_ Hali Abbas), 518 (_Appendix_, Barker’s Lemprière).
Adams, Charles Kendall, 38.
_See_ Johnson’s Universal Cyclopædia, 38
Adams, George (1750–1795), “Essay on Electricity,” 1784, 1785,
1787, 1792, 1799; “Lectures ...,” 22, 160, 174, 201, 205, 206,
212, 231, 241, 258, 262, 263, 271, 280–281
Adams, John, President of U.S., 328
Adams’s language, the language of the Germans or Teutonic, 517
Adanson, Michel (1727–1806), 192–193, 218, 230, 296, 298, 374;
“Histoire naturelle du Senegal,” etc.
Addison, Joseph (1672–1719), “The Spectator” (March 1, 1711 to
Dec. 6, 1712), 99
Adelard (Aetheland) of Bath--Adelardus Bathonïensis (twelfth
century), 1302, 57
Adsigerius, Petrus, by W. Wenckebach, 1865, 48, 53
Ægineta--Æginata, Ægenita--Paulus.
_See_ Paulus Ægenita.
Ælianus, Claudius (Greek writer who fl. _c._ A.D. 250), 270
Æneas, the tactician (_at_ 341 B.C.), 12
“Æpinus atomized,” 218
Æpinus, Franciscus Maria Ulricus Theodorus (1724–1802),
Mathematical theory of electricity (_at_ A.D. 1759); “Sermo
Academicus de similitudine vis electricæ atque magneticæ”;
Petropoli, 1758; “Exposition de la théorie de l’électricité de
M. Æpinus”: Paris, 1787, 17, 185, 205, 215, 217–218, 286, 309,
310, 353, 415, 472, 553
Aerolites, Meteorites, Meteorolites, Meteors, 125, 151, 161, 258,
295, 313, 314, 315, 376, 380, 396, 414, 503. _See_ Fisher, E.
G.; Fletcher, L.; Naidinger, W. R. von; Bjorn, Hans O.; Moigno,
F. N. M.; Perego, Antonio; _also_ the references given by S. P.
Thompson in his “Notes on the _De Magnete_ of Dr. William
Gilbert,” 1901. _Consult_, likewise, the A.D. entries herein,
as follows: 1790, Vassalli-Eandi, p. 295; 1794, Chladni, p.
313; 1801, Fourcroy, p. 354; 1803, Biot, E. C., p. 380; 1820,
Laplace, p. 462
Aerolites, spontaneous ignition of, 313
Æschylus (525–456 B.C.), 3, 4.
_See_ Euripides.
Æther--Ether--Ether theory, 12, 133, 183, 184, 213, 254, 360, 404,
498, 503
Ætius, Amidenus, Greek physician (fl. fifth to sixth century), 26,
27
“Afhandl. i Fisik” (Berzelius), 370
Affaitatus, Fortunius--Affaydatus--Italian physicist, 71. _See_
Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori,” Vol. I. Part I. p. 165.
Africanus, Sextus Julius, Optical signals, 22
Agamemnon’s line of optical signals, 3, 4
Agathias of Myrene (fl. sixteenth century), “De imperio ... gestis
Justiniani,” 1648, 10
Agencies of electricity (Humphry Davy), 364
Aglave et Boulard, “Lumière Electrique,” 150, 152, 154, 166, 350
Agricola, Georgius--Bauer--Landmann (1494–1555), “De re metallica,”
501–502.
_See_ Bayle, Pierre, “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 139–140.
Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius (1486–1535), 82, 502;
“De occulta philosophia,” etc. _See_ Bayle, Pierre, “Dict.
Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 145–156.
Agulhas (Aguilhas), Cape (the Needles)--Capo d’Agulhas, most
southerly point of Africa. _See_ Wm. Gilbert, by Gilbert Club,
1900, p. 178; _also_ Wm. Gilbert, by P. F. Mottelay, 1893, p.
266.
Ahrens, J. E. W., “Dissertatio ... qualitate et quantitate
electricitis ...”: Kiel, 1813.
Aikin, John (1747–1822), “General Biography,” 10 Vols. 1799–1815,
92, 131, 245, 311
Air, plate of, electrified like a plate of glass, 205, 215, 217
Airy, Sir George Biddell (1801–1892), 335, 461
Akademie der Wissenschaften und ihre Gegner. _See_ Bavarian
Academy.
Akenside, Mark, “The pleasures of imagination,” 555
Akin, C. K., on the origin of electricity (Trans. Phil. Soc.
Cambridge), 1866.
Albategnius, Mahometes--Machometes Aractensis--Al-Battānī, a very
prominent Arabian astronomer and mathematician (_d._ A.D. 929),
502
Al-Battānī. _See_ Albategnius.
Albert, M., “Amer. Ann. d. Artz,” 224
Albertus Magnus, the “Universal Doctor” (1193–1280), “De
Mineralibus,” 16, 17, 18, 27, 34, 35–37, 39, 72, 82, 119, 125,
171, 524–525
Albinus, F. B., “Specimen ...” (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314
Albo, Comte Prosper (_at_ Galvani, A.), 284
Albrecht, Duke of Prussia, 70
Albrecht, G. T., “Geschichte der Electricität,” 206
Albumazar (A.D. 805–885), prominent Arabian astronomer.
Alcazar, Ludovicus (_at_ Zahn, F. J.), 146
Alchimie d’ Avicenne, 40
Alchimie et Alchimistes, 506.
_See_ Figuier, Louis G. _Consult also_ “English books on alchemy”
in Notes and Queries, 8th ser., xi, 363, 464.
Alchimistes du moyen-âge, 514
“Alchemy of Happiness,” by Mohammed Al-Ghazzali, 38
Alchemystical Philosophers, Lives of, 516
Alcibiades (_c._ 450–404 B.C.), 543
Aldini, Giovanni, nephew of Aldini (1762–1834), 270, 283, 304, 306,
326, 327, 331, 365, 366, 367, 374, 375, 393, 418, 419.
_See_ “Essai théorique et expérimental sur le galvanisme,” 1804.
Aldrovandi--Aldrovandus--Ulysses, Ulisse (1522–1607), 8, 13, 72,
112, 113, 114, 126. “Musacum Metallicum.”
Alemanni, P. (Phil. Mag., Vol. XXVII. p. 339, 1807), 393
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ (1717–1783), French mathematician,
“Eléments de philosophie,” 1759; “Traité de dynamique”: Paris,
1743, 1781, 1796.
Alessandrini, Antonio, “Biografia Italiana”: Bologna, 1858. _See_
Bologna, “Nuovi Annali.”
Alexander Aphrodisacus--Aphrodisiensis (second century A.D.), 503,
511, 512.
_See_ Speng, _also_ Joannes Petrus, _Lucensis_.
Alexander, Emperor of Russia (_at_ Schilling, P. L.), 421
Alexander, James (_at_ Franklin, B.), 197
Alexander of Hales (_d._ 1245), 35, 38–39. _Doctor Irrefragabilis._
Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (356–323 B.C.), 81, 333, 530
Alexandre, Jean (_at_ A.D. 1802), 360–361
“Alexandria and her schools,” Charles Kingsley, 534
Alfarabius--Alpharabius--Al-Farabi (870–950), 37–38
Alfonso Diego. _See_ Diego.
Alfonso el IX. (Alfonso--Alonzo--X., according to chronological
order); “Las siete Partidas ...,” 60, 544
Alfonso the Tenth. _See_ Alfonso el IX.
Al Gazel--Al Ghazzali (1058–1111), 37, 38
Alibard, Thomas François d’. _See_ Dalibard.
Alibert, C., “Eloges ...,” 240, 258, 284
Alizeau (_at_ Aldini, G.), 305
Alkalies, fixed decomposition of, 340, 341, 343, 372
Allamand, Jean Nicholas Sebastian (1713–1787), 170, 173, 299
Allen, Z., “Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature,” 1852.
Allen, Z., and Hare, R., 449
Allen, Z., and Pepys, W. H., 372.
_See also_ Romagnosi; Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori,” Vol.
I. Part I. 403–408; Bayle, Pierre, “Dict. Historique,” Vol.
I. pp. 212–213.
Alleyne, S. F., Translator of E. Zeller’s “Hist. of Greek
Philosophy,” 511
Allgem. ... Annal. der Chemie. See Scherer, A. N.
Allgem. bauzeitung ... von Förster, L. von: Wien, 1836–1876, 422,
440
Allgem. Deutsche Bibliothek, 256
Allgem. Deutsche Biographie: Leipzig, 218, 384.
_See_ Mitscherlich and Tralles, J. G.
Allgem. Encyklopædie. _See_ Ersch and Gruber.
Allgem. Gelehrten Lexicon. _See_ Jöcher, C. G., 71
Allgem. Journal der Chemie. _See_ Scherer, A. N.
Allgem. Koust-en-Letterb. _See_ Vorsellmann de Heer.
“Allgem. Literatur-Zeitung”: Halle, 413
Allgem. Magazin der Natur-Kunst. _See_ Lipsiae.
“Allgem. Nördlische Annalen der Chemie ...” _See_ Scherer, A. N.
Alliaco, Cardinal Petrus de--Pierre d’ Ailly (1350–1420),
Chancellor of the Paris University; “Imago Mundi,” 34
Allibone, S. Austin, “Critical Dictionary of English Literature,”
92, 102, 132
Almagests of Aboulwéfa, Ptolemy, Riccioli, and others, 55, 512,
513, 516
“Almagestum Novum. Astronomiam ...”; Bologna, 1651. _See_ Riccioli,
G. B.
Al-Majusi--Hali Abas, 518
Alphabetical, Autographic, Autokinetic, Automatic, and other
telegraphs. _Consult_ Index to Catalogue of Wheeler Gift to Am.
Ins. El. Eng., Vol. II. pp. 453–463.
Alphonso Diego. _See_ Diego.
Alphonso, King of Arrago (_at_ School of Athens), 544
Altdorf (Franconia), University of, 129
Althaus, Julius von (_b._ 1791), “Versuche ... elektromagnetismus
...”: Heidelberg, 1821, 326
Alvord, General B. H. W., U.S.A., 259, 260
Amænitates academicæ ...: Stockholm.
Amænitates literariæ ..., 202
Amand, Walkiers de Saint, of Brussels (Lichtenberg Mag., III., 118,
1785), 448, 449
Amatus Lusitanus. _See_ Lusitanus Amatus.
Amaury, Marrigues à Montfort l’, 1773, 385
Amber. _See_ Electron, 10
Amber and the Magnet, different names given to them by the
ancients. _See_ the numerous citations made by Dr. S. P.
Thompson in his “Notes” on Gilbert’s _De Magnete_.
Amber, historical account of, in Phil. Trans. for the year 1699,
Nos. 248 and 249
Amécourt, Ponton d’, 285
America, name given to New World in honour of Am. Vespuccius, 535
American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Boston, 199, 259, 371
American Annual of Scientific Discovery. _See_ Annual.
American Association, 1868, 389, 487
American Association for the advancement of science, 260, 315
American Electrical Society Journal: Chicago, Ill.
American Electrician: New York, 1896–1905.
American Institute of Electrical Engineers: New York, xiv
American Journal of Psychology, 445, 476
American Journal of Science and the Arts: New Haven, U.S.A., 1818
to date. _See_ Silliman, B.
American Meteorological Journal, 321
American Philosophical Society. Transactions, etc.: Philadelphia,
Penn., 67, 193, 228, 237, 241, 259, 282, 283, 298, 299, 319,
327, 328, 329, 337, 354, 373, 448, 449, 557
American Polytechnic Review, 367
Amerigo Vespucci, the Florentine. _See_ Vespucci.
Ames, Joseph, Typog. Antiq. (Herbert): London, 1749, 95
Ammersin, Rev. Father Windelinus--Wendelino, of Lucerne, 209
Ammoniacal amalgam first explained by Berzelius and Pontin, 370
Amontous, Guillaume (1663–1705), 143, 149, 254, 301, 434
Amoretti, Carlo (1741–1816), “Nuova scelta d’opuscoli,” 2 Vols.:
Milano, 1804 and 1807; “Scelta di Opuscoli,” 36 Vols., and its
sequel in 22 Vols.: Milano, 208, 224, 233, 248, 252, 253, 254,
257, 295, 298, 337, 347, 367, 383, 387, 393, 401. _See_ Ritter,
Johann Wilhelm.
Amort, Eusebius (1692–1775), “Philosophia Pollingana ...”:
Augsburg, 1730.
Ampelius, Ansonio Lucius (fl. third century A.D.), “Liber
Memorialis,” 18
Ampère, André Marie (1775–1836), “Théorie des phénomènes
électro-dynamiques ...,” 1826; “Memoires sur l’action mutuelle
...,” 1820–22, 1826, 1827; “Analyse des Mémoires ...” (Ann. de
Phys. de Bruxelles, Vol. VII.), 7, 344, 352, 356, 375, 380,
420, 421, 422, 452, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 471–476, 478,
482, 483, 484, 485. The unit of current was named after Ampère;
the other electrical measures are: the Volt, unit of pressure;
the Ohm, unit of resistance, and the Watt, unit of power.
Ampère, A. M., and Babinet, J. _See_ Babinet Jacques; _also_
Nipher, Francis Eugène.
Ampère, Jean Jacques Antoine (1800–1864), 476
Amsterdam, “Vaderlandsche Biblioteek ...,” I., 1773–1796.
Amyot--Amiot--Le Père (1718–1794), 259
Anacharsis, Travels in Greece, 291
Analogia electricitatis et magnetismi. _See_ Swinden, J. H. van,
272; _also_ Cigna, G. F., 224
Analogy between caloric and the electric fluid, 386
Analogy of electricity and lightning. _See_ articles on Franklin
and on Nollet.
Anaxagoras of Clazomene (500–428 B.C.), one of the greatest Greek
philosophers, 15, 503, 511, 512, 524, 532, 542
Anaximander of Miletus (610–547 B.C.), 503; successor of Thales.
Anaximenes of Miletus (born _c._ 528 B.C.), 503. _See_ Speng.
Andala, Ruardus, “Exercitationes academicæ ...,” 1708, 122
Anciennes relations des Indes et de la Chine, par E. Renandot, 60
Andrew, the Florentine--(Andrea Florentino--mentioned in Guerino’s
Venetia, 1477 folio), 57
Andrews, Professor (_at_ Keir, James), 297
Andrieux, Professor François Emile, “Mémoire ...,” 1824, 326, 476
Andry et Thouret, “Observations et recherches sur l’aimant,” 245.
(Reuss, Repertorium, xii, 18.)
Angell, John, “Magnetism and electricity,” 28
Angelstrom, D. (_at_ Dalton, J.), 308
Anglade, J. G., “Essai sur le galvanisme,” 326
Angos, Mr. le Chevalier d’, 235
Angström, Anders Jöns (1814–1874), Swedish physicist who wrote
extensively on magnetism, heat, and on the Zodiacal Light, 141
Animal Magnetism. _See_ Magnetism, Animal.
Annalen der chemie. _See_ Scherer, A. N.
Annalen der chemie, von Liebig (Justus von): Heidelberg.
Annalen der pharmacie. _See_ Liebig, Justus von.
Annalen der physik und chemie, Johann Christian Poggendorff:
Leipzig. _See_ Journal der Physik, von F. A. C. Gren.
Annalen der physik und chemie. _See_ Halle, _also_ Journal der
Physik, von F. A. C. Gren.
Annalen der physik und der physikalischen chemie, L. W. Gilbert:
Halle und Leipzig. _See_ Halle, _also_ Journal der Physik,
von F. A. C. Gren.
Annalen der telegraphie. _See_ P. W. Brix, _also_ “Zeitschrift des
Deutsch-Oesterreichischen ...”
Annalen für das universalsystem der elemente ... von Sertürner:
Göttingen.
Annalen für meteorologie.... _See_ Johann Lamont.
Annales de chimie. _See_ Mons, Jean Baptiste van.
Annales de chimie et de physique, par Gay-Lussac, etc., Vols.
I.-LXXV, etc.: Paris, 119, 140, 157, 195, 218, 230, 233, 247,
248, 249, 261, 270, 279, 280, 284, 290, 291, 294, 297, 299,
306, 321, 335, 340, 344, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 363,
368, 370, 372, 376, 378, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393,
394, 396, 406, 412, 414, 416, 420, 423, 426, 434, 441, 454,
455, 459, 462, 464, 473, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 482, 483,
485, 487, 494, 495
Annales de chimie ..., par De Morveau, etc., Vols. I.-XCVI.,
1789–1815. _See_ Paris.
Annales d’électricité et de magnétisme ... publicés, par Mr.
Georges Dumont: Paris, 1889–1890.
Annales de geographic et de bibliographie, 34, 58, 59, 536
Annales de la Société de Médecine de Montpellier. _See_
Montpellier.
Annales de la Société des Sciences d’Orléans, Vols. I.-XIV.,
1819–1836.
Annales de l’électricité: Bruxelles, 1882–1884.
Annales de l’électricité médicale, 326
Annales de l’Observatoire de Bruxelles. _See_ Brussels, _also_
Quetelet, L. A. J.
Annales de physique de Bruxelles, 476
Annales des mines, 380, 455
Annales des sciences et des arts ... par Maisonneuve: Paris,
1808–1809.
Annales des sciences faisant suite au Journal des Savants, 551
Annales du Magnétisme Animal: Paris.
Annales du Museum d’histoire naturelle. _See_ Museum.
Annales Encyclopédiques. _See_ Millin de Grandmaison.
Annales générales de sciences physiques et naturelles: Bruxelles,
1819–1831, par MM. Bory de St. Vincent, Drapez et Van Mons, 255
Annales Mundi. _See_ Briet, Philippe.
Annales, or, a generalle chronicle of England, by Stow, John, 211
Annales Ord. Min. _See_ Wadding.
Annales politiques, 265
Annales télégraphiques: Paris, 368, 423
Annali del Reale Osservatorio Meteorologico ... Napoli. _See_
Palmieri, Luigi.
Annali delle scienze del Regno Lombardo Veneto, del Fusinieri
(Ambrogio): Padova, Milano, Venezia, 298, 314
Annali delle scienze naturali: Bologna.
Annali delle scienze naturali. _See_ Padua.
Annali di chimica, dall Polli, Vols. I.-XLVIII.: Milano, 1845–1868.
Annali di chimica ..., di Brugnatelli, L. V.: Pavia.
Annali di fisica, chimica ..., Majocchi, Giov. Aless.: Milano.
Annali di fisica ..., dell’ Zantedeschi, Franc.: Padova.
Annali di matematica pura a applicata ..., da Tortoloni, Barnàba:
Roma, 54
Annali di scienze ... da Tortoloni, Barnaba, etc.: Roma.
Annali di scienze matematiche e fisiche, da Tortoloni, Barnaba, 8
Vols.: Roma, 1850–1857.
Annali di storia naturale: Bologna.
Annalium Hirsaugiensium ... 1690. _See_ Trithemius, Johannes.
Annals of Caius Cornelius Tacitus, 140
Annals of chemistry ... electricity, galvanism ...: London.
Annals of chemistry. _See_ Philosophical Magazine.
Annals of Clan-mac-noise, 139
Annals of electricity, magnetism and chemistry. _See_ Sturgeon,
Wm.: London, 1836–1843.
Annals of philosophical discovery.... _See_ Sturgeon, Wm.
Annals of philosophy, or magazine of chemistry ... and the arts.
_See_ Thomson (Thos.); united with the Philosophical Magazine.
Annals of Turin Observatory. _See_ Turin.
Année Scientifique et Industrielle. _See_ Figuier, Louis.
Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes, 195, 266, 315, 321, 481
Annual of scientific discovery: Boston 1850–1851; edited by Wells,
D. A. and others (continued as Annual Record of Science and
Industry), 300, 330, 386, 416, 445, 449, 460, 476, 481, 498
“Annus Magnus,” the work of Aristarchus of Samos, covering 2484
years, 505
Anschell, Salmon (_at_ Humboldt, Alex. von), 333
Anselmo, Georgio (_at_ Aldini, Giov.), 305
Ansicht der chemischen naturgesetze. _See_ Niebuhr Karsten.
Antheaulme--Antheaume, M. de l’académie des sciences, “Traité sur
les aimans artificiels,” 1760, 190, 274
Anthony of Bologna, called the Panormitan, 56
Anthropo-telegraph of Knight Spencer, 400
“Anti-Jacobin Magazine,” 311
Anti-magnetic bodies, observations on, 387
Anti-Nicene Christian Library, 525
Antinori, “Notizie istoriche ... Accad. del Cimento”: Firenze,
1841; Antinori and Nobili, 477
Antiochenus, Stephanus (_at_ Hali-Abas), 519
Anti-phlogistic doctrine, 261, 386
Antipodes and rotundity of earth ridiculed, 523–525
Antiquitates Americanæ, 115
Antiquitates Italiæ Modii-Acri, 539
Antisthenes, Greek philosopher (_b._ 423 B.C.); founder of the
Cynic school of philosophy, 543
“Antologia, giornale di scienze ..., dir Vieusseux”: Firenze, 256,
482
Antologia Romana. _See_ Gandolfi, B.
Antonia, Paola (Novelli), 505
Antonii, Bibl. Hisp. Vetus., 39
Antonio, Nicolas, “Bibl. Hisp. Nova,” 528
Antonius de Fantis. _See_ Fantis.
Antonius Musæ Brasavolus. _See_ Brasavolus.
“Aperçus historiques sur la boussole.” _See_ Avezac d’.
_Aphron_ (south) and _Zohron_ (north), 33, 35
Apianus. _See_ Abano.
Apjohn, James (_at_ Pearson, Geo.), 325
Apollo (_at_ School of Athens), 543
Apollonius of Perga (born _c._ 262 B.C.), 540, 541
Apollonius of Tyana (fl. first century A.D.). Life of, by
Philistratus, 8, 533
Aponus. _See_ Abano.
Appleton and Company, “New American Cyclopædia,” 22 Vols.;
“Dictionary of Machines, Mechanics ...,” 22, 149, 255, 286,
316, 317, 318, 446, 449, 481
Apuleius--Appuleus (fl. second century), “Apologia and Florida”:
Leipzig, 1900, 8
Aquinas. _See_ Thomas Aquinas.
Aractensis Machometes. _See_ Albatagnius.
Arago, Dom. François Jean (1786–1853), vii, 126, 138, 142, 166,
190, 195, 208, 228, 248, 259, 266, 309, 315, 321, 344, 375,
380, 389, 396, 412, 416, 417, 455, 461, 464, 472, 476,
477–481, 482, 484, 485, 520
Aranjuez-Madrid, telegraph line, 1798, 318
Aratus of Soli, in Cilicia (born _c._ 315 B.C.), 533
Arcana of science and art ...: London, 1828–1838.
Archelaus, Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C., surnamed
_Physicus_, 503, 532, 542
“Archeologia philosophica nova ...”: London, 1663, 4, 210. _See_
Harvey, Gideon.
Archimedes (_c._ 287–212 B.C.), whom Lodge calls the “father of
physics,” 533, 540, 541, 544
Archives de l’électricité, par Rive, M. A. de la; Supplément à la
“Bibliothequè Universelle,” de Genève.
Archives der mathematik und physik. _See_ Grundig, C. G.
Archives des sciences.... _See_ Genève.
Archives des sciences physiques. _See_ “Bibliothèque Universelle”:
Genève.
Archives du magnétisme animal, 237
Archives du Musée Tyler, 160
Archives du Nord, pour la physique et la médecine: Copenhagen, 353
Archives ... Ges. Natural, 288
Archives für chemie und meteorologie. _See_ Kastner, K. W. G.
Archives für ... naturlehre. _See_ Kastner, K. W. G.
Archives littéraires, 351
Archives Néerlandaises, 142
Archytas of Tarentum (_c._ 428–347 B.C.), Greek scientist of the
Pythagorean school, 532, 544
Arcothea (_at_ School of Athens), 543
Arcueil, La Société d’, 236, 386, 389
Arcy, Patrik d’ (1725–1799), 177
Arderon, M. (_at_ Milly, N. C. de Thy), 235
Ardoniis--Ardonyis--Santes de, _Pisaurensis_; “Liber de Venenis,”
1492, 26
Arella, Carnerale Antonio, “Storia dell’ Elettricita,” 2 Vols.,
1839, 296
Arezzo, Ristoro d’, 50
Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1799–1875), in the Vörtragen
geh. in der Königsberg Gesellschaft, 139
Argelatti, Philippo, native of Bologna (1685–1755), “Biblioth.
Mediol.,” 528, 540
Argentelle, Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d’ (1777–1828), 302, 303
Argolus, Andreas, “Epistola ad Davidem,” 1610, 553
Aristarchus of Samos (fl. 280–264 B.C.), Greek astronomer, 505,
519, 530, 533, 541
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), xix, 7, 11, 15, 21, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39,
40, 41, 43, 57, 81, 88, 124, 129, 136, 230, 323, 333, 370,
503, 504, 507, 511, 524, 532, 533, 537, 539, 541, 543. “De
Anima, libri tres ...”; “De Cœlo, libri quatuor ...”; “De
Generatione ... libri duo ...”; “Meteorologicorum, libri
quatuor ...”; “De naturali auscultatione ...”; Joannes a
Trinitate; Joannes Baptista, 1748; Joannes de Mechlinea. _See_
Jourdain, C. M. G. B.; Scaliger, J. C.; Speng, Leonhard;
Taylor, Thomas.
Arlandes, Comte d’ (_at_ Charles, J. A. C.), 288
Arlensis, “Sympathia septem metallorum,” 1610, 553
Arlincourt, M. d’ (_at_ Cruikshanks, Wm.), 338
Armagh Observatory, 92
Armangaud, Jeune. _See_ “Electricité L’.”
Armed loadstones or magnets, 86 (Gilbert), 100 (Bacon).
Armées Météores, Les, 115
Armstrong and Faraday (_at_ Schübler, G.), 416
Armstrong, Sir William George, First Lord, F.R.S., “Electric
Movement in Air and Water” (1810–1900).
Arnaldus de Villa Nova--Arnaud de Villeneuve, dit de Bachuone
(1235–1312); “Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum,” 27, 505–506
Arnaud and Porna, 385
Arnim, Ludwig Achim von (1781–1831), “Versuch. einer theorie ...”;
“A treatise on the magnet”: Halle, 1799, 285, 393, 557
Arnold, Brother, “La Salle Institute” (Peregrinus), 45
Arnold, Matthew, Oxford Lectures, 6
Arrais, Edoardo, Madeira--Arraes, Duarte Madeyra, 135–137
Arrhenius, Claudius--Claes--Clas (1627–1694), 140, 141. _See_
“Nouv. Biogr. Univ.”, 351–352
Arrhenius, Svante August, Director of the Physico-Chemical
Department of the Nobel Institute, Stockholm (1859), 391, 392
Arriaga, Rodericus de, 505
Arsaces, Queen of Ethiopia, 8
Arsinoë, temple of, 18
Arsonval, Arsène d’ (1851), 420
Artaxerxes Mnemon, King of Persia (404–358 B.C.), 196
“Art de vérifier les dates....” _See_ Saint Allais, 2
Art of making signals, both by sea and by land, 149
Arts and Sciences, New Universal History of, 155
Arts (Royal), Society of, London. _See_ Journal of the Society of
Arts: London.
Asclepius, the _ascendants_ or _horoscopes_ of, 541 (fl. end of
fifth century A.D.).
Ash, Dr. Edward (_on_ the action of metals ...), 337
Ashburner, Dr. John, translator of Reichenbach’s
“Physico-Physiological Researches,” 140, 401
Askesian Society, founded by Pepys, W. H., and others, 371
Association, British, for the advancement of science. _See_ British
Association.
Astatic needles, invented by Ampère (A.D. 1820), 473, 475
Asterisks, large and small, in Gilbert’s _De Magnete_, 83, 545
Astrolabe (_at_ A.D. 1235–1315), invented by Hipparchus, 32, 46,
54, 148 (Bion), 520, 530
Astronom. Jahrbuch of Schumacher for 1838 (entered _at_ Oersted,
A.D. 1820), 455
Astronomia Britannica. _See_ Newton, John.
Astronomical Society of France. _See_ Paris.
Astronomical Society of Great Britain. _See_ London.
Astronomische Abhandlungen of Schumacher (entered _at_ Fraunhofer,
A.D. 1814–1815), 432
“Astronomische Gesellschaft Vierteljahrschrift:” Leipzig,
1866–1876, 165
Astronomy, Historical account of, 521
Astruc, Jean, “Historie de la faculté de médecine de Montpellier,”
506
Ateneo, Commentarii, Perego, Antonio: Brescia.
Ateneo di Venezia. _See_ Venetian Athenæum.
Athenæ Britannicæ. _See_ Davies, Myles-Miles.
Athenæ Cantabrigienses. _See_ Cooper, C. H.
Athenæ Oxionenses. _See_ Wood, Anthony à.
“Athenæum:” London, 33, 134, 209, 495, 496
Athenæum of Treviso, 253
Athens, School of, 542–544
Atkinson, H. (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314
Atlantic line of no declination, 64
“Atlantic Monthly,” 114
Atlas showing charts of magnetic variation, 62
Atmosphere, electricity of the, 319–321
Atmospheric electricity. _See_ Electricity, atmospheric.
“Atmospheric magnetism” (taken from Jameson’s Journal), 498
Atomic doctrine of Leucippus and Democritus, 512
Atomic theory of chemistry, 307
Atomistic philosophy, 512
Atoms, doctrine of, 543
Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei: Roma.
Atti (also Memorie) dell’ I. R. Istituto Venet. di scienze. _See_
Venetian I. R. Institution.
Attractive poynt of Robert Norman, 76
Atwood, George, “A description ... natural philosophy,” 1776, 212
Aubenas, George Adolphe. _See_ Miller, B. E. C.
Aubert, H., “Electrometrische Flasche”: Paris, 1789, 282
Aubrelicque of Compiègne, 34
Augé, Claude. _See_ Larousse, Pierre.
Augustin, Friedrich Ludwig (_b._ 1776), “Vorn Galvanismus ...”:
Berlin, 1801; “Versuch einer geschichte ... elektricität ...,”
1803, 326, 383
Augustine, Aurelius, Saint (354–430), the most prominent of the
Latin Fathers of the Church, xix, 18, 20, 21, 25–26, 73, 74,
124, 523, 525.
_See_ Monroe Cyclopædia, Vol. I. pp. 300–301.
Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d’Orleans, duc d’ (1822–1907).
_See_ Dazebry, Charles, et Bachelot, The., “Dictionnaire ...” p.
300, xix.
Aurifaber, Andreas (1512–1559), “Succini historia”: Konigsberg,
1551, 8
Aurora Australis, or Southern Polar Light, 141.
_See_ Ulloa, A. de, 165–166
Aurora Borealis, or Northern Polar Light, 138–141; its first
distinctive name, _Nororljós_, was given it by the Icelandic
settlers of Greenland (Cleasby and Vigfusson’s Dictionary),
114, 396. _Consult_ the entries herein under A.D. 1683, pp.
137–141, _also at_ Dalton, pp. 307–308; 1793–1797, Robison, pp.
308–311; 1799, Humboldt, pp. 330–335; 1807, Young, pp. 395–396;
1820, Arago, pp. 477–481. _Consult_ Ramus, J. F., and Capron,
J. Rand.
Auroræ Boreales, Catalogue of, 140
Auroræ Boreales, Chronological Summary of Authors, 140
Auroræ Boreales, Theory of Max Hell, 233
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (_c._ A.D. 309–393), “Mosella,” 11, 18
Austen. _See_ Roberts, Austen.
Autolycus of Pitana, Greek astronomer, author of “De Sphæra”
(fourth century B.C.), 541
Autun, Honorius d’, “Imago Mundi,” 35
Autun. _See_ Société d’Agriculture.
“Avazamenti della Medicina e Fisica.” _See_ Brugnatelli, L. V.
Avelloni, D. d’, “Lettera ... al fuoco elettrico,” 315, 555
Avempace, Arabian philosopher (_d._ 1138), 36, 39
Averroës, Muhammed Ibn Ahmed Ibn-Roschd (1120–1198), 36, 38, 39–40,
124, 544.
_See_ Bayle, P., “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 552–562
Averroës et l’Averroïsme. _See_ Renan.
Averroïsme au xiii^e siècle, 37, 505
Avezac, M. d’, “Aperçus historiques sur la boussole,” 1858–1860,
63, 536
Avicenna--Abu ’Ali Hufain Ibn ’Abd Allah, Ibn Siná, _Abohalis_
(980–1037), 22, 26, 27, 36, 37, 40, 169, 509, 516
Avogadro, Amadeo, Comte de Quaregna (1776–1856). _Consult_ Bibl.
Univ. Suppl. Arch. l’Electricité, Vol. II. pp. 102–110; Mem. di
Torino for 1823 and 1846; Botto, G. D.
Axon, William Edward Armitage (Proc. Phil. Soc. of Manchester, Vol.
16, pp. 166–171, 1877, relative to Strada); “On the history of
the word telegraph” (Proc. Lit. Soc. of Manchester, Vol. 19,
pp. 182–184, 1880).
Ayres, Brown (Journ. Franklin Inst., Ser. 3, Vol. 75, pp. 378–393
and Scientific American Supplement, July 6, 1878, concerning
the telephone).
Ayrton and Perry (_at_ Faraday, M.), 492
Ayrton, William Edward. _See_ Romagnosi (Journ. of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, 1871), 492
Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe (_b._ 1766), “Theorie générale de
l’électricité, du galvanisme et du magnetisme,” 1807, 248
Azuni, Domenico Alberto (1749–1827), “Dissertation sur l’origine de
la boussole,” 1805 (Dissertazione sull’ origine della bussola
nautica, 1797), 1, 3, 17, 22, 30, 31, 33, 43, 55, 57, 60, 69
Azyr, Vicq d’, 302, 303
B
Babbage, Charles (1792–1871) _at_ p. 467 and mentioned at p. 466