SURROUNDED
On the seventeenth messages were sent to Lofa and Lang Fang to recall
the three trains there, but it was evident that it would be impossible
to utilize them for our retreat, as they might be suddenly cut off
by the Boxers. One came in on the afternoon of the next day, and the
others arrived in the evening. They had had some very sharp fighting.
The German naval officer, who was in charge of the two trains, reported
that he had been attacked early that afternoon by a force of fully five
thousand men, including cavalry, a great proportion of whom were armed
with magazine rifles of the latest pattern. The attack was made both
in front and on the flanks. The troops marched out against them, and
although exposed to a heavy fire, forced them to retreat. Nevertheless,
when our men retired towards the train, the enemy rallied and advanced
again with the evident determination to gain their object; but being
beaten off with more loss than before, they finally retreated. Their
loss was over four hundred killed, while we had six killed and
forty–eight wounded. In the course of the fight a banner was captured
which belonged to the army of Tung–Fu–Hsiang. This was the first
indication we had that the Imperial Chinese troops had taken the field
against us.
“A conference of the commanding officers of the various nationalities
was held the next day, and it was decided that, as the railway was
completely destroyed on both sides of them, and they could not use
it either for advance or retreat, it would be better to endeavour to
withdraw to Tientsin. Preparations were at once made. The wounded and
the few remaining stores were carried down and placed on board some
junks that had been captured on the previous day, and at three oʼclock
in the afternoon a start was made. Progress, however, was not destined
to be rapid, for the junks had not gone far before they grounded in a
shallow reach of the river. Three of them were got off pretty easily;
but a six–pounder quick–firing gun of the _Centurion_ had to be thrown
overboard to lighten the fourth before she would float. In consequence
of this delay, we had only made two and a half miles when night fell.
We started early the next morning and were fighting all day, but
progress was very much retarded by the necessity for keeping abreast
of the junks. The management of these lubberly craft was beyond the
European sailors, and as no Chinaman could be got to navigate them they
were continually running across the river and getting stuck, so that
from four oʼclock in the morning till six in the evening the force only
advanced eight miles.
“The fighting began at a quarter–past nine. The Chinese occupied a
village near the bank, and when they were driven out they fell back to
the next village. Here they were reinforced, and village after village
had to be carried either by rifle fire, or, in some cases, where
the resistance was too obstinate, by a bayonet charge. The Chinese
stood splendidly against our rifle fire, but they could not bring
themselves to face the bayonet; the cheers of our men seemed to take
all the spirit out of them. In the afternoon the Chinese opened fire
with a one–pounder quick–firing gun. It did not do any great damage,
but it harassed the troops in their advance, especially when they
had to cross open ground. The enemy were using smokeless powder, and
consequently, as the gun was frequently shifted, we found it impossible
to locate its position and so to keep down its fire with musketry.
“It was a very trying day. The heat was great, the water in the
water–bottles was soon exhausted, and the men were too busily engaged
to go down to the river to refill them. The next day was even worse.
A start was made at half–past seven, and we had not gone far when we
saw some two hundred cavalry on the left flank of the advance guard.
All hoped at first that this was a detachment of Cossacks who had
come to our aid, but this hope was doomed to disappointment, for as
they drew nearer their dress showed that they were Chinese troops.
For the rest of the day they hovered about on our left flank, firing
when they saw an opportunity; but a few well–directed shrapnel–shell
from the nine–pounder sufficed to keep them at a distance. As soon
as they had retired, after reconnoitring our position, they opened
fire with a field–gun and a one–pounder quick–firing gun. We replied
with our nine–pounder and machine–guns, and as the enemy were using
ordinary powder, the smoke of which showed their position, they were
soon obliged to shift. They were quiet for a time, but they began
again in the course of the day, always, however, with the same result.
Fighting went on continuously, as village after village, and the town
of Peitsang, which is the chief place between Yangtsun and Tientsin,
had to be carried.
“At six oʼclock in the evening we halted, having arrived opposite a
very strong position held by the enemy, from which we were unable to
dislodge them. The commanding officers held a council of war, and
decided that, after we had had some refreshment and a few hoursʼ rest,
we should make a night march as the best chance of getting through.
We had made only six miles during the day, owing to the stubborn
resistance of the enemy and their increased gun power.
“In the course of the evening the field and machine–guns were placed
on board a junk that had been taken on the previous day, and at one
oʼclock in the morning the march recommenced. Fires were soon seen at a
little distance from the river bank, and it was obvious that the enemy
were by this means signalling our approach. A heavy fire opened on
the force from a village some hundred yards ahead, and a shell from a
field–piece struck the junk that was carrying the guns, and she filled
and had to be abandoned. The guns unfortunately, could not be got off,
but the Maxims were saved. The village was carried by the marines with
fixed bayonets.
“At four oʼclock we arrived opposite a great building, which turned out
to be the Imperial arsenal of Hsi Ku. Two unarmed soldiers came out
from a house a hundred yards from the bank with the evident intention
of communicating with us. Our advance halted, and the men, when they
came up, made some simple enquiries as to who we were and where we were
going. Having got what information they wanted they sauntered back to
the houses, from which, as soon as they reached them a heavy fire was
opened with rifles and guns. Fortunately there was good cover close at
hand. Some of our fellows occupied a neighbouring village, and others
took shelter behind the river embankment.
“It was then decided to take the arsenal. The resistance was becoming
more severe with every yard the force advanced, the provisions
were almost exhausted, and the troops, who had been for some time
on half–rations, were exhausted with the heat and their continual
exertions. The attack was begun with a heavy rifle fire against a
Hotchkiss gun in the north corner of the arsenal and two guns on the
river front, which were soon silenced. A body of marines and seamen
was then directed to cross the river higher up, and, if possible, to
rush the enemyʼs position at the north corner. Fortunately there was
a village only a hundred and fifty yards from this point, and the
sailors, having crawled up there unobserved, dashed out of cover at the
double with a cheer, in which the troops on the other side of the river
joined, and the Chinese at the corner they were making for bolted at
once. Lower down the river a German detachment had crossed and captured
the guns in their front, and subsequently several others. Between them
the two bodies cleared out the armoury.
“In the afternoon the Chinese made a most determined attempt to retake
the arsenal, advancing boldly under a very heavy shell fire. As,
however, we had the captured guns, we drove the enemy back with heavy
losses, but not before we had suffered considerably ourselves. The main
body of the troops and the wounded were in the meantime crossing, and
late in the afternoon the whole force was safe in the arsenal.
“Things looked better now than they had done since we had left
Tientsin. Of course we had no knowledge at all of what was going on
there, and thought that we should only have to maintain ourselves till
a force was sent out to our assistance.
“Several messengers had been sent on during the march, and during
the night three officers with a hundred marines set out to try to
make their way down to Tientsin. They had scarcely started, however,
when they encountered a determined resistance. Bugles sounded in all
directions, and finding that the whole force of the enemy was upon
them, and having lost four of their number, they had no option but to
fall back. At daylight the Chinese made another desperate attempt to
retake the armoury, and maintained this until eight oʼclock, when they
were beaten off.
“We had now time to make a thorough investigation of the contents of
the various buildings, and to our delight we found a store of some
fifteen tons of rice. This placed us for some time beyond the risk
of starvation. We discovered, too, an immense supply of guns, arms,
and ammunition, and war material of the latest pattern, so that we
felt capable of holding out for a long time. At a council of war it
was considered to be impossible to force a way down, for we had now
no fewer than two hundred and thirty wounded to carry. Our first move
was to mount a number of guns on the various fronts of the arsenal,
and with these we opened fire upon a Boxer stronghold situated near
the arsenal and the Chinese fort lower down the river. The effect was
excellent; the Chinese retired, and made no fresh attempt to retake the
place.
“On the twenty–fifth European troops were reported in sight, and at
seven oʼclock the relief column under Colonel Shirinsky arrived at the
fort. Preparations were at once made for the evacuation of the armoury
and for the destruction of the arsenal. The wounded were transported
across the river in the afternoon, and the whole force followed later.
At three oʼclock on the following morning we started, two officers
remaining behind to set fire to the ammunition and store–houses. Fires
were lit in five separate places, and from the volumes of smoke that
rose from the building, and the explosions which we heard from that
direction, the destruction seemed fairly complete. The officers crossed
the river after lighting the fires, mounted ponies that were waiting
for them, and then rejoined the main body, which met with no further
resistance.
“The country through which we passed was flat, and along the river
banks villages of mud–huts, generally surrounded with enclosures of
dried reeds, were scattered at frequent intervals. Near the villages
high reeds grew plentifully in patches, and trees were numerous. These,
with the entrenchments for irrigation and against flood, and the graves
everywhere scattered about, afforded excellent cover to the enemy; they
seldom exposed themselves, always withdrawing as we advanced. Their
fire was generally very high; had it been otherwise we should have
suffered very severely. Altogether, I think that, although we failed
in our object, the affair has been very creditable, and, considering
the difficulties to which we were exposed, none of those who took part
in it have any reason to be ashamed of what they have done. At the
beginning our opponents were largely armed only with swords and spears,
but in the latter part we had to encounter trained troops excellently
armed and provided with guns, and there can be no doubt that all these
belonged to the regular army.”
“Thank you very much, Major Johnston, for your interesting account!”
Mr. Bateman said. “We have been fighting nearly as hard here for the
past ten days, and I hope now that in a short time we shall begin to
turn the tables upon them. I expect you will have hard work before you
to take Tientsin, for there you will probably be opposed by all the
troops with whom you have hitherto been engaged. I have no doubt that
they have followed you down to–day, anticipating that we shall now take
the offensive.”
“Yes, I expect we shall have some stiff fighting,” Major Johnston said,
“but you may be sure that we shaʼnʼt shirk it. Well, I think now, with
your permission, that we will turn in. We had no sleep to speak of last
night, and may be wanted again early in the morning.”
The three officers were up early and went down to see after the
marines, and Rex went out with them to hear what was going to be done.
The town presented a very different appearance from that which it had
shown for the past ten days. The streets were no longer deserted, but
swarmed everywhere with troops; bugles were blowing, and all was life
and bustle. The houses that had been closed were open again, and men
congratulated each other that the strain was over. Rex went down to the
shed which was the head–quarters of the volunteers. Here some twenty or
thirty had already assembled. Rex was, of course, in the simple uniform
of the corps, and had brought his rifle with him.
“What is going to be done?” he asked.
“We donʼt know yet,” said one of his friends. “The Russians are
certainly going to march out, and I suppose a mixed column will also
go, in which case we shall accompany it. I expect we shall get orders
before long.”
Tientsin is one of the most important towns in China. Standing as it
does at the junction of the Peiho, the Grand Canal, the Lupi Canal,
and five smaller streams and canals, it is not only the port of Pekin,
but practically the sole outlet of the trade of the whole of the
north–western provinces of China. Its population amounts to nearly a
million, and its trade is considerably better than that of Canton, and
is exceeded only by that of Shanghai. The native city is enclosed in
sombre walls, and lies some two miles farther up the river than the
foreign settlements. The imports of Tientsin include not only European
manufactures, but also sugar, salt, and the tribute rice of the
southern provinces. From the interior there is a vast export trade in
the wood and furs of Manchuria and Mongolia, the teas of Hang–Chow, and
the ground–nuts and bristles of Chih–li.
The foreign trade was growing rapidly, and would have increased still
more but for the want of water in the Peiho. This river is about the
size of the Thames at Richmond, but it used to be deep, with rapid
currents, and large ocean–going steamers were able to come up to the
settlements to unload. The extensive canal and irrigation works,
however, have of late years greatly diminished the flow of water, so
that now vessels of any considerable draught have to remain outside the
bar, thirteen miles out at sea, and even small vessels can only come as
far as Tonku, three miles up the river mouth.
As soon as it was known that the allied generals had decided upon
the bombardment of the city, earnest protestations were made by the
leading merchants of all nationalities, but the military necessities
overruled their wishes. Until the town was captured the settlements
would be practically beleaguered, and it would be impossible to make
an advance to Pekin and leave the large Chinese force in the city
behind. Moreover, if the advance did not take place, not only would the
Legations at Pekin inevitably fall, but the life of every European in
China would be in jeopardy. Consequently the allied generals arrived
unanimously at the conclusion that the bombardment and assault of
Tientsin was an absolute and vital necessity. Already there had been
an enormous loss of life there. Thousands, if not tens of thousands,
of the Chinese suspected of being favourable to the allies had been
sacrificed, and in the perpetration of these outrages whole streets
had been destroyed by fire. It was therefore necessary, if for no
other reason, to inflict a terrible lesson upon the Chinese troops who
occupied the city.
The Chinese were convinced that it would be impossible for the
Europeans to capture their city, held as it was by a greatly superior
force of regular Chinese troops, and protected by a very large number
of guns.
The bombardment was to be greatly deplored, for the enormous injury
inflicted upon Tientsin could not but cripple the trade there for many
years, and probably divert it to other channels. Still, the necessity
could not be denied, grievous though its effects might be.
The Russians had already started from their camp, which was on the
opposite side of the river, in the foreign settlements, and marched
against the Peiyang arsenal, which is on the same side, about a mile
and a half up. It was defended by several thousand Chinese, with six
nine–pounder Krupps. The attack had to be made across an open plain,
and this was swept by an incessant rifle fire, while the Chinese
artillery made excellent practice. The casualties mounted up quickly,
and before long a halt was called, and messengers were sent to Tientsin
to ask for reinforcements.
When the messengers arrived, the bugle sounded and the troops hastily
assembled. The whole of the Naval Brigade, under Captain Bourke of the
_Orlando_, was called out, including a battalion of marines under Major
Johnston, and with them went a twelve–pounder gun from the _Terrible_.
The American Marine Artillery also went out, together with a detachment
of Tientsin volunteers. When they got to the scene of action, they
found the Russians shelling the arsenal under cover of the railway
embankment.
No movement was made till eleven oʼclock, when a Russian shell exploded
in the principal Chinese magazine, which contained no less than eighty
tons of powder. The explosion was terrific, and for some minutes a
great cloud of smoke hung over the arsenal. The shock was so severe
that soldiers who were standing up at the time were thrown off their
feet by it, and the sound was heard distinctly at Taku, thirty miles
away. The British had increased their fire, and shortly afterwards a
_Terrible_ twelve–pounder put a shell into the smaller magazine, which
also blew up. Each explosion was hailed by the troops with tremendous
cheers, which a few minutes later were redoubled when the Chinese were
seen leaving the fort. The British and Americans, who were nearer than
the Russians, at once advanced at the double. Some Chinese, composed of
sterner stuff than their comrades, still kept up their fire, causing
some casualties, but they also retreated in good time to secure their
own safety.
When the storming party was close to the arsenal, what seemed to be a
tremendous musketry fire broke out from the building, and, supposing
that there was still a very large force there, the troops halted.
Presently, however, the fire ceased altogether, and they again
advanced. When they entered the place they discovered that the fire
that had checked them was not musketry, but long strings of crackers
which the Chinese had prepared to check any storming party, and thus
secure their own retreat. Angry as the troops were at being deceived,
they laughed heartily at the trick that had been played upon them.
After the arsenal was occupied, a large mixed force of Chinese
regulars and Boxers came out from Tientsin city, at the back of the
railway–station, and placed themselves between the arsenal and the
river, on the very ground the British and Americans had occupied,
and their first act was to massacre all the wounded who had been
left there. One poor fellow alone was saved, for although he had
been very seriously wounded in both legs he managed to run, and the
British–Chinese regiment coming up at the moment, he was able to reach
the arsenal in safety.
The murder of the wounded exasperated the troops to the last degree,
and palliated, if it did not excuse, the general refusal of quarter
to the Chinese during the campaign. In Tientsin a document was found
showing that rewards had been paid to several Chinese who had brought
in the heads of British and American soldiers.
The capture of the arsenal enabled all the women and children to be
sent away within the next few days, which was a fortunate occurrence,
for large reinforcements of Chinese troops entered the city the day
after, and the settlements were again exposed to a vigorous fire.
Reinforcements were coming up, but even yet the force was not
considered sufficiently strong to attack Tientsin. The destruction
caused by the Chinese fire was very great; numbers of houses were
burnt, many containing stores of great value. In one of these alone,
twenty thousand pounds worth of furs and other Chinese produce was
consumed.
Rex was maddened by the delay which occurred after the arsenal had
been taken. It was a fixed idea among the military men that Pekin
had fallen, and its occupants had been massacred. Many rumours to
this effect had indeed been received, and Rex found his assertions
that the Legations were well able to hold out received with absolute
incredulity. He repeatedly urged his opinion on Major Johnston, but
that officer said that all the officers in command were so firmly
convinced that it was quite useless for him to bring the matter before
them.
“You see,” he said, “it is now a fortnight since you left the place,
and it may very well have fallen by this time. You yourself reported
the state of things on your arrival, but so much has occurred since
then, and the Chinese have fought so pluckily, that one cannot imagine
it possible that the mere handful of men in the Legations can have
resisted any determined attack. At the time you left, the news of the
fighting here could not have arrived, but I fear that when the fierce
fighting here became known, the anger of the Chinese would be raised
to such a point that they would make a general and furious attack on
the Legations, in which case you acknowledge yourself that they must
have fallen. Besides, however anxious everyone may be for our advance,
nothing can be done until Tientsin is taken.”
Rex could not but acknowledge the justice of this reasoning. He was
strongly tempted to make another journey to Pekin, but so many of
Admiral Seymourʼs messengers had failed that he felt that he could not
ask his fatherʼs permission to undertake it. He spent his days, whether
on or off duty, at the barricades, keeping up a vengeful fire on the
Chinese. His love of fun had entirely left him, and his face was as
stern as that of the oldest soldier.
“It is horrible, Father,” he said, “to think that the girls and all
others in the Legation may be massacred before we get there. I wonʼt
believe that it has been captured yet, in spite of the numerous reports
that reach us; but if we keep on delaying as we are doing now, the
Legations may very well have fallen before we get there. I bitterly
regret that I came down, for I might, had I remained at Pekin, have
succeeded somehow in saving the girls.”
“I donʼt think you could have done so, and you would only have thrown
away your own life. You must remember that, dear as the girls are
to us, you are naturally far dearer. It is a very serious business
attacking Tientsin, and a repulse would be telegraphed all over China
and turn all the waverers against us. It would be an awful affair,
and eagerly as I long for a relieving force to set out, I feel that
it cannot be attempted until we have a force sufficient to ensure the
capture of Tientsin, and to be able to fight its way up against the
opposition which it will certainly meet with.”
“Possibly that opposition will not be serious, Father, when we have
once turned them out of Tientsin.”
“That is possible, Rex; but I fear that even then there will be
delays. It is a great pity that this force is not under one head, and
composed of men of one nation. As it is, every step to be taken has to
be discussed and decided upon by the officers in command of the various
nationalities. There are, it is well known, all sorts of bickerings and
jealousies between them. The Russians want to have everything their own
way, and the general opinion is that they are fighting only for their
own advantage, and that they are bent upon the destruction of Tientsin
and the practical annihilation of the trade of the place, in order to
divert the whole of the trade of the north–west to Port Arthur.
“The Japanese interest lies exactly the other way. Here Japan is
acquiring a good share of the trade, but if it were turned to the
Manchurian port she would lose it altogether. Naturally, therefore,
as her force here is about as strong as that of Russia, her generals
are not disposed to let the latter entirely have their own way. As for
ourselves, our interests are as large as all the others put together,
and we have had more than our share of fighting, but unfortunately we
have no officer of sufficient rank and command to hold the Russians in
check.
“However, at present no preparations whatever have been made for an
advance upon Pekin. Nothing is thought or talked of but Tientsin, and
yet, after the city is taken, there will be a great deal to arrange
before we can move forward. It is certain that the advancing force
must move by the river; in no other way could the army be provisioned,
for the railway is wrecked from end to end, and I should say that,
even with hard work and without opposition, it would take at least a
month to restore it to order. Well, it will be necessary to collect
a great number of junks—river junks, for the sea–going craft would
draw far too much water. Then a great quantity of stores must be got
together. It seems to me that while the troops are waiting here for
reinforcements they ought to be making preparations for the advance.
“Of course I am no judge whatever of military matters, but it does
seem to me, as it seems to every civilian here, that at least
something ought to be done, and that with the force we have here it
is disgraceful that we should be doing nothing while our countrymen
are fighting for their lives at Pekin. However, I suppose the
present state of things cannot last indefinitely. I have no doubt
that telegrams have been sent by all the nations in Europe to their
military representatives here urging them to make an effort to relieve
the Legations, though unfortunately, as we learn from Shanghai, it
appears to be almost a settled conviction in Europe, as it is among
the military men here, that the Legations have already fallen and all
within them perished.
“The Empress of China is the one person responsible for all this
mischief. If she had set her face firmly against the Boxers from the
first, and issued stringent instructions to her generals to stamp them
out, they would never have been formidable. The encouragement that
she gave them, and the punishment she inflicted upon the few generals
who did their duty and attacked them, has caused this. It was because
they were allowed to attack the Legations and destroy the railway that
the allies were forced to capture the Taku Forts, and the capture of
the Taku Forts at once caused the Chinese army to make common cause
with the Boxers. One step has been necessitated by another, and were
it not that the viceroys of the Yangtse Valley have declined to obey
her commands, and have maintained order in the districts under them,
the whole of China would be in a blaze, and every European outside the
treaty ports would have been massacred.
“As soon as the affair is over I shall return to Europe, and remain
there for at least a couple of years, for certainly there will be no
renewal of trade within that time. You may be sure that every merchant
in the Chinese city who carried on dealings with us, and was therefore
suspected of being well–disposed towards us, is among the vast number
who have been massacred. We know that the quarter inhabited by them has
been almost destroyed, and before this can be rebuilt, and a fresh body
of men take their places, a very considerable time must elapse.”