THE CHURCH AT WORK.
Spare not, lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes.
--_Is. liv. 2._
The chief part of the Church's work is to keep open the way to heaven.
The English Church understands this duty in New Zealand no otherwise
than it does elsewhere. That the Lord Jesus Christ, when He had overcome
the sharpness of death, did open the kingdom of heaven to all
believers--this its people sing and believe. There has been no heresy
among the colonists, if by heresy be understood anything more than
individual dissent from the common creed of Christendom.
How the way thus opened is to be kept unclosed and clear, is doubtless a
question upon which some difference exists. But even here our island
Church has been less vexed by controversy than have most other portions
of the Christian realm. No Cummins or Colenso has arisen among its
bishops. Only once has the ponderous machinery of its canon on
"discipline" been put in motion against a presbyter. That instance
occurred in 1877, when the Rev. H. E. Carlyon of Kaiapoi, a very earnest
and devoted man, was found guilty by the Bench of Bishops of erroneous
teaching and unlawful practice in regard to auricular confession and the
administration of the Holy Eucharist. The cases of Mr. Kirkham of
Roslyn, and some others, though productive of angry controversy, never
came within the purview of the courts. The opposition to Bishop Jenner,
though really based on the fear of Romanising ritual, took the safer
course of challenging the validity of his appointment.
The conduct of public worship in New Zealand presents no special
features in contrast with that of the mother Church. At one time it
seemed as though the hymns at least might have borne a distinctive
character. The second general synod decided to compile a special hymnal,
and under its authority such a book was issued in 1864. It contained 222
hymns, many of which were beautiful. But neither in this collection nor
in the enlarged edition put forth in 1870 were there any original
compositions, nor anything (except perhaps the hymns for "time of war")
to make it specially suitable to the needs of this country. The second
edition, set to music by Dr. Purchas of Auckland, never attained to such
widespread use as the first had enjoyed, and was soon driven from the
field by _Hymns Ancient and Modern_.
The changed seasons of the Southern Hemisphere still wait for an
inspired poet. The summer Christmas and the autumn Easter have yet to be
naturalised among us. Some attempts have been made, not altogether
without success. The birth of the Heavenly Babe "in the fulness of time"
is felt to be in keeping with the season when
The feathered choir, in copse and glade,
Their own enchanting carols sing;
Flowers add their incense to the gifts
Which nature offers to its King--
while at Easter time, instead of the old association of the Resurrection
with the renewed vitality of Spring, we have a fitness drawn from the
very contrast:
Christ is risen! All around
Autumn leaves are falling;
Signs of death bestrew the ground,
Winter time recalling.
Fading leaf and withered flower
Tell us we are mortal:
Easter morn reveals a Power
Lighting death's dark portal!
These verses are surely on the way to some poetic interpretation of the
changed seasons which shall fix the devotions of the future in classic
form.[18]
[18] From "The Christian Year Beneath the Southern Cross," by the Rev.
F. R. Inwood.
Turning from the liturgical to the personal element in our services, we
find that the solitary Marsden of 1814 is now represented by 414 clergy,
of whom 50 belong to the Maori race. The numbers vary greatly in the
different dioceses. Auckland heads the list with 110 clergy (19 being
Maoris), Wellington follows with 77, and Christchurch with 76; Waiapu
has 68 (24 being Maoris); Dunedin 46, and Nelson 29. About ninety of
these white clergy were born in the land, and many others, having
arrived in childhood, have received their training at one or other of
the colleges which have been established for the purpose.
Chief among these theological colleges stands, of course, Selwyn's old
foundation of St. John's. Its career has been a chequered one, but it
was considerably enlarged during the episcopate of Bishop Neligan, and
is now in a flourishing condition. Christchurch, in the Upper Department
of Christ's College; Dunedin, in Selwyn College; and Wellington, in the
Hadfield Hostel, possess institutions which supply to candidates for the
ministry a home and a theological training while they attend the
lectures at the University colleges. Bishopdale College, which was an
institution of great importance under Dr. Suter, has now been revived by
the present Bishop of Nelson. The studies in all these local centres are
systematised and tested by a Board of Theological Studies, whose
operations cover the whole province, and whose standard is equal to that
of the mother Church.
As to the work done by the clergy of New Zealand, it would be unbecoming
of the author to say much. Each diocese is happy in the possession of
some parish priests whose faithful service is beyond price and beyond
praise. Many, too, of those whose working day is past, are recalled with
grateful affection in the scenes of their former activity. Some have
left their mark in our large cities through their long and faithful
pastorates: Archdeacon Benjamin Dudley in Auckland, Archdeacon Stock and
Richard Coffey in Wellington, Archdeacons Lingard and Cholmondeley in
Christchurch, Henry Bromley Cocks in Sydenham. For length of service as
well as for culture and ability stand out conspicuous the names of
Archdeacon Govett of New Plymouth, and of Archdeacon Henry Harper of
Westland and Timaru. In the gift of popular preaching and of winning
business men, Dean Hovell of Napier and Archdeacon Maclean of Greymouth
and Wanganui have had few rivals. Of a more scholarly type were H. B.
Harvey of Wellington, C. S. Bowden of Mornington, Canon Joseph Bates of
Davenport, and W. Marsden Du Rieu of Auckland--the last also being
distinguished for his extraordinary charity and generosity. Ability and
spirituality were likewise conspicuous in the short career of Charles
Alabaster of Christchurch; self-sacrificing vigour in that of Archdeacon
E. A. Scott.
[Illustration: BAPTISTERY OF ST. MATTHEW'S, AUCKLAND.]
Provincial towns have often kept the same pastor for a long term of
years, the man and the place seeming to become identified in the eyes of
the world. Such cases are those of Archdeacon Butt at Blenheim, James
Leighton at Nelson, Archdeacon Stocker at Invercargill, Algernon Gifford
at Oamaru, Archdeacon Dudley at Rangiora. The large and difficult
country districts also have often had earnest and devoted priests, among
whom may be mentioned Canon Frank Gould of Auckland, Amos Knell in the
Wairarapa, James Preston at Geraldine, Samuel Poole at Motueka. Other
holy and humble men of heart there have been whose names never came
conspicuously before the world or even before the Church.
Greatly as the number of the clergy has grown within recent years, the
services of the Church could not be carried on without the help of a
large body of layreaders. Some of these are licensed to preach and
interpret, others read sermons by approved divines, but both classes
render invaluable help. The number of these readers in the diocese of
Auckland alone is almost equal to the number of clergy in the whole of
New Zealand. Nor are the services of women altogether wanting. In
Christchurch there exists a community of deaconesses, who, besides
educational and charitable work, carry on a constant ministry of
intercession and prayer.
How much the devotional side of the religious life is assisted by music
can hardly be over-emphasised. There is one paid choir in the
country--that of Christchurch Cathedral--and there are many salaried
organists of high culture; but throughout the length and breadth of the
land there are voluntary musicians and singers whose devoted efforts do
much to keep alive the inspiring practice of sacred song.
The buildings in which worship is offered are gradually becoming more
worthy of their high purpose. The last decade has seen many fine
churches begun or finished. Christchurch Cathedral; St. Mary's, Timaru;
St. Luke's, Oamaru; St. John's, Invercargill, have been brought to
completion; the fine churches of St. Matthew, Auckland; St. Luke,
Christchurch; All Saints', Palmerston North; St. Matthew's, Masterton;
Holy Trinity, Gisborne, have been built. Smaller churches of great
beauty mark the country side at Hororata, Glenmark, Little Akaloa, and
elsewhere. Some of these buildings are due to the generosity of
individual donors; others represent combined parochial effort.
For _administrative_ purposes the Church in New Zealand is divided into
six dioceses--three in each island. Since the days of Bishop Selwyn, no
addition has been made to the number. The diocese of Auckland is now
large and populous enough for subdivision, but the project for a
Taranaki bishopric has not hitherto elicited much enthusiasm.
The authority in each diocese is shared by the bishop with his synod.
This body contains all the licensed clergy and an approximately equal
number of lay representatives. Its powers are considerable, but the days
when the synod was the arena of violent strife seem to be over. Good
feeling and harmonious co-operation between bishop, clergy, and laity
are now everywhere the rule.
The relations between bishop and clergy were rendered clearer by the
case of Dodwell v. the Bishop of Wellington in 1887. The old legal
status of an English "parson" was shown not to exist in New Zealand: no
clergyman has any position save such as is given him by the constitution
of the Church. In the same way, no parishioner has any claim at law
against his parish priest. This point was decided by the Avonside case
in 1889, where the action of a parishioner against the Rev. Canon
Pascoe, on the ground of a refusal of the Holy Communion, was disallowed
by the judge. The Church is free to do its own work in its own way, and
is bound only by such laws as it may think good to make for itself.
The supreme authority for the making of such laws is the General Synod,
of which the primate is president. This dignified body has hardly yet
developed that power and continuity of action which are required for
effective leadership. It suffers from smallness of numbers, from
infrequency of meetings, and from changes of locality. Attempts have
been made (notably in 1910) to strengthen the central authority by
conferring upon the primate the title of archbishop, in the hope that
the office might eventually be attached to one particular see, which
would thus become the ecclesiastical centre of the Province. Such
attempts have hitherto met with slight success. The country itself seems
to render centralisation difficult. If called upon to choose one of the
existing sees as the seat of the archbishopric, how would the synod
decide between Auckland with its traditions, Wellington with its
central position, and Christchurch with its cathedral and its
endowments? To ask the question is to show the difficulty of its answer.
By the fundamental provisions of its constitution the synod has no power
to alter the Prayer-Book. At every session this point is debated afresh,
with the only result of throwing up into clearer relief the
powerlessness of the synod with regard to it. Another matter which comes
up for regular treatment is the admission of women to a vote at parish
meetings. The measure has hitherto always been defeated by the vote of
the clerical order, but the tide seems now to have turned, as at least
two diocesan synods (those of Christchurch and Nelson) have passed
favouring resolutions by considerable majorities.
Of all the problems which come before the ecclesiastical statesman,
perhaps the most difficult of solution is that of "the appointment of
pastors to parishes." The history of its treatment in New Zealand is
somewhat singular. At their inception the synods showed extreme jealousy
of episcopal control. A parochial system was devised which should give
to the parishioners as large a voice as possible in the selection of
their pastor, and to the priest so chosen as large a measure as possible
of independence of his bishop. The only check upon the parochial
nominators (who were elected by the vestry) was the presence upon the
Board of an equal number of diocesan nominators elected by the synod.
The one person who had no voice in the matter was the bishop. Proposals
were occasionally made to give him a seat upon the Board of Nominators,
but it was sufficient for a northern archdeacon (in 1880) to declaim
against the "cauld blanket" which the bishop's presence would cast upon
the erstwhile happy gathering of laymen, to secure the abandonment of
the proposal for a whole generation. But the arrangement was unnatural;
and, as the feelings of distrust abated, it was found that important
churches would not infrequently refrain from claiming independent
status in order that they might remain as mere "parochial districts" in
the bishop's hands. At length, in 1913, the Bishop of Christchurch
carried through the General Synod a bill which revolutionised the whole
procedure. The appointment to parishes and parochial districts alike was
placed in the hands of a small diocesan Board of Nomination. This
consists of the bishop himself, with one priest elected by the clergy
and one layman elected by the laity. The only advantage enjoyed by a
fully-formed parish is that its vestry has the privilege of selecting
between three names submitted to it by the Board of Nomination, after a
consultation between this board and the parish vestry.
Administration is intimately connected with _finance_, and on this head,
too, something must be said. The Dominion of New Zealand contains
slightly over 1,000,000 people, of whom 411,671 declared themselves in
1911 to be members of the Church of England. When it is noted that the
membership of many of these is more nominal than real, and that many are
not of age to possess any money of their own, it must surely be taken as
a sign of vitality that in the year 1912 no less a sum than L72,590 was
contributed through offertories and subscriptions alone for the stipends
of the clergy and for other parochial needs. Doubtless the sum would be
considerably higher if the rich gave always in proportion to their
means, but even so the result is cheering.
Noble gifts have indeed been sometimes made by those who have been
entrusted with worldly wealth. These gifts have taken various forms.
Sometimes the object has been the building of a church, as in the case
of the Harrop bequest of L30,000 for the erection of a cathedral at
Dunedin, or the gift by the Rhodes family of a tower and spire for the
cathedral of Christchurch. Sometimes it has been the endowment of a
parish. In this respect the diocese of Christchurch stands out
conspicuous. Glenmark, endowed by Mrs. Townend; West Lyttelton by
Archdeacon Dudley; Otaio and Waimate by Mr. Myers; Hororata (partially)
by Sir John Hall: these can hardly be paralleled elsewhere, except
perhaps in the diocese of Nelson, where the parishes of Brightwater and
of Wakefield share an endowment of L11,000 bequeathed by Dr. Brewster.
Nor must it be forgotten that among the greatest benefactors to the
Church were Bishops Selwyn, Hobhouse, and Suter. The monetary gifts of
themselves and their English friends have been estimated at no less than
L30,000.
Diocesan Funds, on the other hand, seem to have attracted the attention
of wealthy donors chiefly in Dunedin and in Waiapu. The former diocese
has received large gifts from Mr. George Gray Russell; the latter has
been permanently supplied with the stipend of an archdeacon from an
anonymous source. The bishopric endowment of Nelson received not long
since the sum of L8,000 from Miss Marsden; the poorer clergy of the
archdeaconry of Christchurch, L5,000 under the will of Mrs. Townend. The
pension fund of the northern dioceses is enriched by the capital sum of
L3,000 from Mr. James Cottrell; that of Christchurch by a similar sum
received under the will of Mr. F. G. Stedman.
In the department of charitable institutions Auckland stands
distinguished. The Arrowsmith bequest for St. Mary's Homes at Otahuhu
exceeded L11,000; the same homes and a children's home in the city of
Auckland have received considerable sums from Sir J. Campbell and Mrs.
Knox. In Christchurch the bishop administers the interest of L5,000
bequeathed by Mr. R. H. Rhodes for the spiritual benefit of the fallen
and unfortunate. The daughters of the clergy throughout the Dominion
found a wise friend in Miss Lohse, an honoured member of the teaching
profession, who left the whole of her fortune for the furtherance of
their higher education.
Second only in importance to the administration of the Word and
Sacraments, comes the _education_ of the young in the principles of the
Christian faith. The New Zealand Church is happy in possessing two
secondary boys' schools of first-rate importance--Christ's College
Grammar School in the South Island, and the Wanganui Collegiate School
in the North. Both were founded in the early 'fifties, and endowed with
lands which now yield a substantial revenue. Both embody the best
traditions of English public-school life. Wanganui has the larger number
of boarders; Christ's College of day-boys. The old alumni of these
institutions have become a power in the land, and, of late years, they
have done much to provide their old schools with solid and handsome
buildings.
Diocesan high schools for girls are found at Auckland and at Marton in
the North Island, while in the South the Kilburn Sisters carry on
collegiate schools at Dunedin and at Christchurch. There are also many
private schools, both for girls and boys, wherein religious instruction
is given.
It is in the primary department that the Church is weak. Except for
three parochial schools in Christchurch, there is nothing in the country
to correspond to the National School system in England. Almost every
child in the Dominion attends some government day school, and in these,
since 1877, religious teaching has formed no part of the curriculum. The
clergy in many places have tried to supply the want by giving lessons
out of school hours, but the difficulties are great, and the returns of
attendance show strange fluctuations. The figures for the year 1912 give
a total of 9,546 children who are thus taught, nearly two-thirds of the
number being credited to the South Island. Agitation for an amendment of
the Education Act has never altogether died down, and during the last
two or three years it has acquired a strength and an organisation which
it never had before. The success of the Bible-in-Schools movement in
several of the Australian States has inspired the various religious
bodies in New Zealand with hopeful determination to bring about a like
reform. _Quod festinet Deus noster_.
In the meanwhile the one resource is the Sunday school. According to the
latest returns, the Church of this country claims over 39,000 Sunday
scholars, and rather more than 3,000 teachers. Here the North Island far
outstrips the South. There are those who decry the Sunday school with
its limited hours and its often untrained teachers, but the devotion of
these voluntary workers is one of the brightest features of the church
life of to-day; while the results of their labours--could they be really
measured--would probably astonish the gainsayer. That the ethical ideals
of the community are what they are, and that the moral standard achieved
is what it is, must surely be largely due to the simple elements of
Christian faith and duty which are inculcated in the Sunday school.
In comparison with the churches of older lands, the Church of New
Zealand may seem to do little in the way of _charitable relief_. In a
young and prosperous community there is not the same call for
eleemosynary effort; and in New Zealand the whole community has taken up
whatever burden of this kind there may be, and bears it as a part of its
ordinary governmental task. That hospitals and asylums, homes for the
aged, and even reformatories for the vicious, should be thus undertaken
by the State is doubtless right and good, especially as every facility
is given for ministers of religion to visit the inmates. The case stands
differently with the care of the young and the rescue of the tempted and
the fallen. Here the spiritual atmosphere is all-important. Our Church
possesses orphanages in most of the large towns--Auckland (with three
large institutions), Palmerston North, Nelson, Christchurch, and
Dunedin; while in Napier and Wanganui it co-operates with other
religious organisations to the same end.
[Illustration: NEW ZEALAND BISHOPS IN 1914.
Bishop Mules.
Bishop of Nelson.
Bishop of Melanesia.
Bishop Williams.
Bishop of Wellington.
Bishop of Christchurch.
The Primate.
Bishop of Auckland.
Bishop of Waiapu.]
Of rescue work not so much can be said. Through the influence of Sister
Frances Torlesse, many devoted ladies in Christchurch entered upon this
Christ-like work in the 'eighties, though the home they established has
now been made over to the orphans. In Wellington, Mrs. Wallis took up
the task, and the city still keeps up the institutions which she
founded.
More pleasant is the thought of the agencies which aim at preventing
vice, rather than at undoing its ravages. Mothers' Unions and Girls'
Friendly Societies are spread widely throughout the land; while, owing
to the visits of Mr. Woollcombe and Mr. Watts-Ditchfield, the Church of
England Men's Society has taken firm root among us. Slowly but surely
the supreme lesson of _service_ is being learnt: the old type of layman
who supported the Church as an honourable part of the State fabric, and
as a barrier against revolution, is passing away before the newer type
of enthusiastic worker, who feels the call of Christ to share in labour
and sacrifice for the brotherhood and for the world.
* * * * *
The beginning of our history found New Zealand waiting for the coming of
a Christian missionary. Many parts of Maoriland are still needing such a
messenger to recall them from apostacy and indifference. But, on the
whole, New Zealand is now a country which sends out missionaries rather
than one that expects them. For many years past it has received no
financial help from any outside society. The heathen parts of Maoridom
are being evangelised by agents sent by the Church of the land--the
South Island for this purpose helping the more heavily-burdened North.
But all parts combine in following up Selwyn's mission to Melanesia.
Though unable, as yet, to bear the whole of the cost, the Church of this
Dominion has always followed this romantic undertaking with its
sympathies and with its prayers. The hopeful beginnings under Selwyn and
Patteson; the check caused by the latter's death; the slow recovery
under the younger Selwyn; the great expansion under Bishop Wilson; the
hopeful prospect under Bishop Wood--all this has formed part of our
outlook upon the great world. Some of our sons and daughters have given
themselves to the service, and no one can be considered to be a true
member of our Church who does not contribute annually to the mission
funds.
Still farther afield range the thoughts and the gaze of the young
amongst us. Twenty-one years ago the old Church Missionary Society,
which had done so much for New Zealand in the past, saw a
daughter-society spring up in this distant country. The Church
Missionary Association of New Zealand has been instrumental in greatly
fostering the missionary spirit among young people, has sent out a
goodly number to foreign countries, and raises a considerable sum for
their support. Young New Zealanders are often more attracted by China
and Japan than by the Maoris and Melanesians at their own doors.
What does this show but that the English Church in New Zealand must
widen its outlook and expand its sympathies, till it feels itself lifted
up and inspired to attempt greater things than anything yet achieved?
For long centuries Christianity could never reach these islands: instead
of advancing, it was driven back by the Mohammedan invasion. At last,
with new knowledge and new hope, there came new enterprise and new
daring. The very difficulties of the task became means to its
accomplishment; through the most unlikely channels the beginnings of the
message came. Portuguese and Hollander and Briton; da Gama and Tasman
and Cook; rough whalers, and condemned criminals: in all these we must
recognise the instruments which were used by the All-wise in the laying
of our foundations. But it is to those who set themselves with conscious
courage and far-seeing wisdom to build upon the stone thus laid--to
Marsden and Williams and Selwyn--that we owe the deepest debt.
Undeterred by the difficulties of their task, undismayed by the dangers
of their way, these heroic men gave themselves to the work of building
up under southern skies another England and another home for England's
Church. It is the same spirit that is needed now, but with such fresh
applications as are demanded by the new age.
In this book we have had to tell the hundred years' story of "the
English Church in New Zealand." Perhaps the historian of a century hence
may be able to trace its absorption into a Church which shall include
all the broken fragments of the Body of Christ within its unity; all
true schools of thought within its theology; all classes of men within
its membership; every legitimate interest and pursuit within its
gracious welcome!
For the present juncture the old words approve themselves as the most
fitting: "Keep, we beseech thee, O Lord, thy Church with thy perpetual
mercy; and, because the frailty of man without Thee cannot but fall,
keep us ever by thy help from all things hurtful, and lead us to all
things profitable to our salvation, through Jesus Christ our Lord."
APPENDIX I.
A TABLE EXHIBITING THE EPISCOPAL SUCCESSION IN NEW ZEALAND.
_Those to whose names an asterisk is prefixed were consecrated under
Royal Letters Patent._
DIOCESE OF NEW ZEALAND.
*GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN: Consecrated October 17, 1841, at Lambeth, by W.
Cantuar (Howley), C. J. London (Bloomfield), J. Lincoln (Kaye), W. H.
Barbadoes (Coleridge). (Resigned May, 1869, after translation to
Lichfield.)
DIOCESE OF AUCKLAND.
WILLIAM GARDEN COWIE: Consecrated June 29, 1869, at Westminster by A. C.
Cantuar (Tait), J. London (Jackson), E. H. Ely (Browne), H. Worcester
(Philpott), G. A. Lichfield (Selwyn), G. Columbia, F. T. McDougall, V.
W. Ryan. (Died June 26th, 1902.)
MOORE RICHARD NELIGAN: Consecrated May 21, 1903, at St. Mary's
Cathedral, Parnell, by S. T. Dunedin, C. Christchurch, C. O. Nelson, W.
L. Waiapu. (Res. July 15, 1910.)
OWEN THOMAS LLOYD CROSSLEY: Consecrated April 25th, 1911, at St Mary's
Cathedral, Parnell, by C. Christchurch, C. O. Mules, A. W. Waiapu, W. L.
Williams. (Res. July 1, 1913.)
ALFRED WALTER AVERILL: Translated from Waiapu, February 10, 1914.
DIOCESE OF CHRISTCHURCH.
*HENRY JOHN CHITTY HARPER: Consecrated August 10, 1856, at Lambeth, by
J. B. Cantuar (Sumner), C. R. Winchester (Charles R. Sumner), A. T.
Chichester (Gilbert), S. Oxford (Wilberforce). (Res. March 31, 1890.)
CHURCHILL JULIUS: Consecrated May 1, 1890, in Christchurch Cathedral by
O. Wellington, A. B. Nelson, S. T. Dunedin, E. C. Waiapu, H. J. C.
Harper.
DIOCESE OF NELSON
*EDMUND HOBHOUSE: Consecrated September 29, 1858, in Lambeth Church, by
J. B. Cantuar (Sumner), A. C. London (Tait), J. Lichfield (Lonsdale), S.
Oxford (Wilberforce). (Res. Dec., 1865.)
ANDREW BURN SUTER: Consecrated August 24, 1866, in Canterbury Cathedral,
by C. T. Cantuar (Longley), A. C. London (Tait), C. J. Gloucester
(Ellicott). (Res. Oct., 1891.)
CHARLES OLIVER MULES: Consecrated February 24th, 1892, at St. Paul's,
Wellington, by O. Wellington, W. G. Auckland, S. T. Dunedin, E. C.
Waiapu, C. Christchurch. (Res. June 30, 1912.)
WILLIAM CHARLES SADLIER: Consecrated July 21, 1912, at Nelson, by S. T.
Dunedin, T. H. Wellington, Lloyd Auckland.
DIOCESE OF WELLINGTON.
*CHARLES JOHN ABRAHAM: Consecrated September 29, 1858, in Lambeth
Church, by J. B. Cantuar, A. C. London, J. Lichfield, S. Oxford. (Res.
June 1, 1870.)
OCTAVIUS HADFIELD: Consecrated at Wellington, October 9, 1870, by H. J.
C. Christchurch, W. Waiapu, A. B. Nelson, W. G. Auckland. (Res. October
9, 1893)
FREDERIC WALLIS: Consecrated in St. Paul's, Wellington, January 25,
1895, by W. G. Auckland, C. Christchurch, J. Salisbury (Wordsworth), C.
O. Nelson, C. Melanesia, S. T. Dunedin, W. L. Waiapu. (Res. April 23,
1911.)
THOMAS HENRY SPROTT: Consecrated June 6, 1911, in St. Paul's Cathedral,
Wellington, by C. Christchurch, A. W. Waiapu, O. T. L. Auckland, W. L.
Williams.
DIOCESE OF WAIAPU.
*WILLIAM WILLIAMS: Consecrated April 3, 1859 at Wellington, by G. A. New
Zealand, H. J. C. Christchurch, C. J. Wellington, E. Nelson. (Res. May
31, 1876.)
EDWARD CRAIG STUART: Consecrated December 9, 1877, at Napier, by H. J.
C. Christchurch, W. G. Auckland, O. Wellington. (Res. Jan. 31, 1894.)
WILLIAM LEONARD WILLIAMS: Consecrated January 20, 1895, in Napier
Cathedral, by W. G. Auckland, C. Christchurch, C. O. Nelson, C.
Melanesia. (Res. June 30, 1909.)
ALFRED WALTER AVERILL: Consecrated January 16, 1910, in Napier
Cathedral, by S. T. Dunedin, C. Christchurch, C. O. Nelson, F.
Wellington, M. R. Auckland, W. L. Williams. Tr. to Auckland, February,
1914.
WILLIAM WALMSLEY SEDGWICK: Consecrated February 22, 1914, in Napier
Cathedral, by S. T. Dunedin, C. Christchurch, A. W. Auckland, T. H.
Wellington, W. C. Nelson, C. O. Mules, W. L. Williams.
DIOCESE OF DUNEDIN.
SAMUEL TARRATT NEVILLE: Consecrated June 4, 1871, at Dunedin, by H. J.
C. Christchurch, A. B. Nelson, O. Wellington, W. Waiapu.
DIOCESE OF MELANESIA.
JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON: Consecrated February 24, 1861, in St. Paul's,
Auckland, by G. A. New Zealand, E. Nelson, C. J. Wellington. (Killed
September 20, 1871.)
JOHN RICHARDSON SELWYN: Consecrated at Nelson, February 18, 1877, by H.
J. C. Christchurch, A. B. Nelson, W. G. Auckland, O. Wellington, S. T.
Dunedin. (Res. 1891.)
CECIL WILSON: Consecrated June 11, 1894, at Auckland, by W. G. Auckland,
S. T. Dunedin, C. Christchurch, C. O. Nelson. (Res. July, 1911.)
CECIL JOHN WOOD: Consecrated July 14th, 1912, at Dunedin, by S. T.
Dunedin, T. H. Wellington, Lloyd Auckland.
This table reveals the curious fact that Dr. Selwyn, while Bishop of New
Zealand, consecrated only two bishops, viz., W. Williams and Patteson.
Of these, Bishop Patteson never had the opportunity of laying hands on
another bishop. Bishop Williams joined in the consecration of but one
bishop, viz., Hadfield. The tactual succession from the great Bishop of
New Zealand has therefore passed to the present episcopate only through
two of the missionaries who were at work in the country before his
arrival. Dr. Selwyn joined in the consecration of Bishop Cowie, but only
as one of the English diocesans.
APPENDIX II.
AUTHORITIES FOR THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN NEW ZEALAND.
The student of New Zealand Church History needs to glean his
information, bit by bit, from many quarters, but there are certain
outstanding authorities to which he will go at the outset. These are not
all of equal value, and they need to be used with discrimination.
For the life and work of Samuel Marsden, the promised volume by the late
Dr. Hocken should take the first place. Meanwhile, the "Memoirs"
published by the Religious Tract Society in 1858 are of primary
importance. The book has been reprinted in modified form by Messrs.
Whitcombe and Tombs (1913). The editor, Mr. Drummond, has been able to
correct a few mistakes, and has supplied some additional information.
The original author, the Rev. J. B. Marsden, had no personal knowledge
of his hero nor of the scenes of his labours. He consequently falls into
error here and there, but his book gives a faithful and interesting
picture of the religious side of the great missionary's life and work.
Another side is presented in the "Narrative of a Voyage to New Zealand"
(1817) by John Liddiard Nicholas, whose book has the high authority of
an eye-witness. Much useful information on the work of Marsden and his
helpers has been collected in Brett's "Early History of New Zealand"
(Auckland, 1890).
For the subsequent history of the mission, the chief available authority
is "Christianity among the New Zealanders," by the first Bishop of
Waiapu (London, 1867). Living on the spot, and being one of the
principal actors in the events which he describes, the bishop is able to
give a detailed account whose value is only marred by the mistakes made
by the English printers in the spelling of Maori names.
For the Selwynian period, the "Life and Episcopate" of the great bishop
by Prebendary Tucker (two vols., London, 1879) is a primary authority.
Its value is seriously diminished by the author's want of acquaintance
with New Zealand geography, and still more by his studied disparagement
of the Church Missionary Society, but his book remains indispensable for
its collection of letters. A useful corrective to Tucker may be found in
Dr. Eugene Stock's History of the C.M.S.--a book which, in spite of some
startling inaccuracies, throws a welcome light on many obscure passages
of our history.
More reliable than either of these varying presentations of the bishop's
policy and work is the small volume of "Annals of the Colonial Church.
Diocese of New Zealand" (London, 1857), which contains the bishop's
journals for the first years of his episcopate. Lady Martin's
unpretending little book on "Our Maoris" is extremely valuable as coming
from one who was a devoted member of the Selwyn circle.
The unhappy controversy between Bishop Selwyn and Archdeacon Henry
Williams had at least this good result, that it led to the compilation
of a full and authoritative life of the latter by his son-in-law, Mr.
Hugh Carleton (two vols., Auckland, 1874 and 1877). When allowance is
made for the personal bias of the talented author who fights both
governor and bishop "with the gloves off," the book remains an authority
of the first rank.
The Rev. J. King Davis' "History of St. John's College" (Auckland);
Bishop Cowie's "Our Last Year in New Zealand" (London, 1888); and Canon
Mason's "Round the Round World on a Church Mission" (London, 1892), may
also be mentioned as supplying interesting details of church work,
especially in the mother diocese of Auckland.
On the whole, it must be said that in contrast with the Melanesian
Mission, which possesses its biographies of Bishop Patteson and Bishop
J. R. Selwyn, its detailed history by Mrs. Armstrong, and several other
books of a descriptive and historical character, the New Zealand Church
is meagrely provided. The early missionaries themselves published
little. Yate's "Account of New Zealand" (1835), and Taylor's "Te Ika a
Maui" (London, 1855), and his "Past and Present of New Zealand" (1868),
stand almost alone. Some journals have been printed for private
circulation; others are only available in MS.; others again have been
destroyed. No biography exists of any of our bishops except those of
Selwyn by Tucker and Curteis, and that of Bishop Harper by the present
writer. Yet where could be found a better subject for a memoir than
Bishop Hadfield? Bishop William Williams also should surely have his
biography, but the materials for such a book seem to have been used as
fuel by the British soldiers during the siege of Waerenga-a-hika in
1868. Archdeacons Brown and Maunsell also deserve that their life
histories should be told. The founders of Canterbury should not be
allowed to pass into oblivion. Altogether there remains much work to be
done by the historical student of the future.
INDEX.
_The dates given in brackets are those of the birth and death of the
person indexed; where only the date of death is known it is preceded by
an asterisk._
Abraham, Bp. (1815-1903), arrives in N.Z., 146;
suggested for bishopric of Auckland, 154;
appointed bishop of Wellington, 165;
consecration, 245;
resigns, 216;
coadjutor to Selwyn at Lichfield, 219.
Ashwell, Rev. B. Y. (*1883), at Waikato, 113;
returns after war, 207.
Averill, Bp., becomes bishop of Waiapu, 227;
of Auckland, 227.
Bay of Islands, scenery and associations, 7;
deserted, 140.
Benefactions, 237_f_.
Bodington, Canon, mission by, 222.
_Boyd_, ship. Massacre of crew, 14;
retaliation, 9;
conciliation, 19.
Broughton, Bp., visits Bay of Islands, 67;
his opinion of the mission, 94, 101.
Brown, Archdeacon A. F. (*1884). arrival in N.Z., 43;
visits Thames, 53;
settles at Matamata, 56;
at Tauranga, 65;
appointed archdeacon, 126;
suggested for bishopric of Tauranga, 114.
Butler, Rev. J., 28.
Canterbury settlement. Its ideals, 147;
relations with Bishop Selwyn, 148, 194.
Carlyon case, 230.
Chapman, Rev. Thomas (*1896). joins mission, 43;
settles at Rotorua, 56;
driven away, 57;
Mrs. Chapman's bonnet, 58;
returns to Rotorua, 65;
labours at Taupo, 65, 79;
ordination, 126.
Churches at Auckland, 234;
Christchurch, 222, 228, 234;
Christchurch cathedral, 222, 234;
Gisborne, 234;
Invercargill, 234;
Masterton, 234;
Napier, 222;
Oamaru, 234;
Palmerston North, 234;
Timaru, 222, 234.
Church Missionary Society. Its foundation, 11;
its authority in N.Z., 85;
difference with Bp. Selwyn, 126, 130;
objects to synods, 155, 159;
withdraws objection, 160;
urges native ministry, 170;
present position, 242;
_History of_, 247.
Churton, Archdeacon J. F., ministry at Wellington, 110;
at Auckland, ibid.
Clergy of New Zealand, 232_f_.
Clarke, G., joins mission, 42;
disconnected, 145.
Colenso, Rev. W., joins mission, 51;
works first printing-press, 62;
ordained, 126.
Communism among missionaries, 26;
failure of, 43;
at St. John's College, 118, 129, 137, 144;
at Chatham Islands, 144.
Constitution of N.Z. Church. Chap. XII. _passim._ revised, 194;
fundamental provisions of, 236.
Cowie, Bp. W. G. (1831-1902), succeeds Selwyn at Auckland, 202;
consecration, 244;
re-opens St. John's College, 218;
becomes primate, 226;
dies, 227.
Davis, Rev. Richard (1790-1863), arrival, 43;
agricultural skill, ibid;
ordained deacon, 126.
Darwin, Charles. His visit to Waimate, 91.
Education. Act of 1877, 217;
proposed amendment of, 239_f_.
Earle, Augustus; strictures on missionaries, 91.
Fairburn (catechist), joins mission, 42;
at Maramarua, 96;
dismissed, 145.
Fenton, Archdeacon J., 211.
Finance, 237.
Gate Pa, Battle of, 185.
Girls' War, the, 47.
Godley, John Robert (1814-1861), character of, 148;
difference with Canterbury Association, 149;
views on church government, 159.
Grace, Rev. T. S. (*1879), favours king movement, 173;
imprisoned at Opotiki, 188;
escape, 192_f_.
Grey, Sir George, accuses Henry Williams of treachery, 133_f_;
declares war on king Maoris, 183;
gives church site at Wellington, 203;
reconciliation with H. Williams, 178.
Hadfield, Bp. (1815-1904), joins mission, 68;
volunteers to go to Kapiti, 74;
settles at Otaki, 76;
saves Wellington, 121;
illness, 143;
declines bishopric of Wellington, 165;
becomes bishop of Wellington, 216;
consecration, 245;
elected primate, 223;
primacy, resignation and death, 226.
Hall, Francis, 28;
his character, 86.
Hall, William, 12, 36;
retires from mission, 43.
Hamlin, James (*1865), joins mission, 42;
settles at Mangapouri, 56;
at Manukau, 66.
Harper, Bp. (1804-1893), appointed to Christchurch, 152;
consecration, 244;
keeps Christchurch synod from deserting constitution, 180;
becomes primate, 202;
attacked in Dunedin synod, 214;
his work, 218;
resignation, 222.
Hauhauism, origin of, 187;
collapse of, 205.
Heke, Hone, 130;
attacks Kororareka, 131;
burial, 146.
Hinaki, chief of Mokoia, 32;
quarrel with Hongi, 34;
killed by Hongi, 35.
Hipango, J. W., resists Hauhaus, 187;
Christian conduct of, ibid.
Hobhouse, Bp. (1817-1904), appointed to bishopric of Nelson, 165;
consecration, 244;
breakdown, 211;
at Lichfield, 219.
Hobson, Captain W., arrives in Bay of Islands, 83;
his relations with Henry Williams, 84;
becomes first governor, ibid.
Hocken, Dr., Pref.
Hongi, 25;
visit to England, 30_f_;
return, 34;
attacks Mokoia, 35;
wounded, 45;
death of, 46;
estimates of his character, ibid.
Hymns, 231.
Jacobs, Dean, His history of the N.Z. Church, Pref.
Jenner, Bp., 212-214.
Julius, Bp., appointed to Christchurch, 224;
consecrated, 244;
carries nomination statute, 237.
Kaitaia, mission station established, 52.
Kemp, James, 28.
Kendall, Thomas, joins mission, 17;
visits Hokianga, 28;
accompanies Hongi to England, 30;
supports him against missionaries, 35;
dismissed, 36;
his gnosticism, 86_f_.
Kerikeri, station established, 28;
plight of in 1821, 36;
episcopal library at, 115.
King movement, 172, 176, 181;
present position of, 208.
King, John (1787-1854), 12, 23, 28, 36.
Land claims of missionaries. Chapter X, _passim._
Leigh, Rev. Samuel, visits mission, 27;
establishes Wesleyan mission, 92.
Mangapouri, station established, 56.
Marsden, Samuel (1764-1838), early training, 92;
meets Te Pahi, 8;
visit to England, 11;
plants mission in New Zealand, Ch. I.;
second visit to New Zealand, 28;
third visit, 29;
last visit, 61-63;
death, 63;
his character, 64;
friendly attitude to Wesleyans, 92.
Martin, Sir William, at Auckland, 128;
signs letter asking for church constitution, 157;
absent from Taurarua conference, 161;
instructs Maori students, 170;
favours king movement, 173;
protests against seizure of Waitara, 183;
mediates in Synod of 1865, 194.
Martin, Lady, her writings, 248.
Mason, Canon, holds mission, 222.
Mason, Rev. J. (*1843), settles at Wanganui, 80;
drowned, 117.
Matahau (see Ripahau).
Matthews, Rev. Joseph (*1892), joins mission, 43;
settles at Kaitaia, 52.
Maunsell, Archdeacon (*1894), at Waikato Heads, 66;
translates Old Testament, 88;
escapes from rebels, 184;
at Parnell, 208.
Melanesian Mission, 142, 151, 154, 241.
"Missions," parochial and general. Bodington-Mason, 222;
Mission of Help (1910), 228.
Morgan, Rev. John (*1865), joins mission, 51;
goes to Puriri, 55;
settles at Matamata, 56;
at Otawhao, 113;
death, 207.
Mules, Bp., 226;
consecration, 245.
Neligan, Bp., consecrated, 245;
enlarges St. John's College, 232.
Nelson, 109, 111, 120, 143;
school system in, 217.
Neville, Bp., consecrated bishop, 212, 246;
primate, 227;
senior prelate, 228;
his recollections, Pref.
New Plymouth. Bright promise, 112;
loved by Selwyn, 143;
saved by Te Rangitaake, 174.
New Zealand Company, 105.
Opotiki, station founded at, 66;
tragedy at, 188.
Orakau, defence of, 184.
Otaki, station founded at, 76;
church built, 142;
school, 209.
Orphanages, 240.
Paihia, establishment of station, 42, 44;
schools, 44;
examination at, 49;
present condition of, 140.
Patteson, Bp. (1827-1871), joins Melanesian Mission, 152;
consecrated, 169, 246;
preaches on Volkner's martyrdom, 191;
illness and death, 214-216.
Porirua, projected college at, 145.
Poverty Bay massacre, 206.
Preece, James, 43, 55, 66.
Puckey, William (*1878), joins mission, 43;
settles at Kaitaia, 52.
Puriri, station established, 55;
abandoned, 66.
Rangiaohia, its prosperity, 184;
its devastation, 186.
Rangihoua described, 19, 25;
scene of first service, 20_ff_;
Holy Communion at, 29;
abandoned, 63;
present condition of, 24.
Rauparaha, migrates to Kapiti, 72;
meets H. Williams, 76;
attempts to destroy Wellington, 121;
becomes a catechumen, 122;
builds church at Otaki, 142.
Reinga, Cape, 52.
Ripahau (or Matahau), 71, 76.
Ruapekapeka, capture of, 134.
Ruatara, early adventures, 10;
meets Marsden, 13;
prepares the way for the mission, 15, 18;
death of, 23_f_.
Sadlier, Bp., 228, 245.
St. John's College, begun at Waimate, 108, 117-119;
removed to Tamaki, 128;
difficulties and trials, 143;
breakdown, 151;
reconstitution of Maori department at Parnell, 170;
second closing of, 211;
reopened, 218;
enlarged by Bp. Neligan, 232.
Schools. Church schools, 239;
Government schools, ibid;
Sunday schools, 240.
Sedgwick, Bp., 228, 245.
Selwyn, G. A., Bishop of New Zealand (1809-1878),
early training and ideals, 107;
consecration, 244;
settlement at Waimate, 108;
first missionary journey, Chap. VIII. _pass._;
his ecclesiastical position, 115_f_;
second journey, Ch. IX., _pass._;
sides with governor against missionaries, 137;
visit to England, 151, 160;
accepts bishopric of Lichfield, 196_f_;
action in Jenner case, 212-214;
death of, 219.
Selwyn, Bp. J. R. (1845-1898), becomes bishop of Melanesia, 218;
consecration, 246;
turns lay vote in primatial election, 223;
resignation, 226.
Sprott, Bp., 228, 245.
Stuart, Bp. (*1911), 219;
resignation, 227.
Suter, Bp. (1830-1894), becomes bishop of Nelson, 218, 245;
as educationist, 217;
his work, 218;
personality, 222;
rejected for primacy, 223;
resigns, 226.
Synods, of 1844, 127;
of 1847, 142;
their constitution, Ch. XII., _pass._;
Maori synods at Waiapu, 169;
synod of 1862, 179;
of 1865, 194;
stormy synod in Dunedin, 214;
present working of, 235.
Taiwhanga, David, conversion of, 48;
baptism of, ibid.
Tamaki. Church built by Selwyn, 125;
St. John's College removed thither, 128.
Tamihana Te Rauparaha, learns from Tarore's gospel, 73;
evangelises South Island, 122.
Tamihana Te Waharoa (Tarapipipi), conversion of, 58;
his ideals, 171;
inaugurates king movement, 172;
joins with Te Rangitaake, 176;
labours for peace, 182;
death of, 195.
Taratoa, Henare Wiremu, 185, 219.
Tarore, killed, 60;
her gospel, 73.
Tasman discovers New Zealand, 2.
Tauranga, station established, 56;
suggested bishopric of, 154.
Taurarua Conference, 161.
Taumatakura, 70.
Te Aute College, how established, 204;
present work, 209.
Te Kooti, 205.
Te Pahi, visits Australia, 8;
death of, 9.
Te Puna (see Rangihoua).
Te Rau College, 209.
Taylor, Rev. R. (*1873), at Wanganui, 142;
land claim, 141;
his influence, 173, 187;
writings, 248.
Volkner, Rev. C. S., 188-192.
Waerenga-a-hika, college begun at, 170;
fight at, 203;
college revived at, 209.
Wakefield, E. G., founds New Zealand Company, 105;
his opinion of Bishop Selwyn, 108_n_;
founds Canterbury, 147.
Waharoa, chief of Matamata, receives Henry Williams, 55;
attacks Rotorua, 57.
Waimate, station established at, 43;
civilised appearance of, 62;
becomes residence of bishop, 108;
St. John's College at, 118;
eviction from, 126_f_.
Wallis, Bp., 227, 245.
Wanganui (or Whanganui). Christianity along river, 78, 120;
Christmas Communion at, 142;
resistance to Hauhaus at, 187;
collegiate school at, 239.
Wellington, foundation of, 75;
beginnings of church in, 110;
still unsatisfactory, 120;
saved by Hadfield and Wiremu Kingi, 121;
improvement, 125;
cathedral site in, how acquired, 203.
Wesleyan Mission, 92-95;
discord between converts, 117;
station at Waikouaiti, 124.
Whytehead, Rev. Thomas, 117.
Williams, Archdeacon Henry (1792-1867), training and character, 38;
settles at Paihia, 42;
leads expedition to Thames, 53;
expedition to Cook Strait, 74;
journey across island, 78;
buys land, 89;
chooses site of Auckland, 90;
saves Auckland, 131;
accused of treachery, 132_f_;
opposed by governor and bishop, 137;
dismissed by C.M.S., 139;
ministry at Pakaraka, 146;
reinstated, 152;
death of, 195.
Williams, Archdeacon Samuel (1822-1907), at St. John's College, 129;
removes to Te Aute, 204.
Williams, Bp. W. L. (1829), baptism of, 48;
at St. John's College, 129;
opens seminary at Turanga, 170;
remains at Turanga through Hauhau troubles, 194;
becomes bishop of Waiapu, 227.
Williams, Bp. W. W. (1800-1878), arrives in N.Z., 43;
leads expedition to Kaitaia, 52;
visits Waiapu, 69;
settles at Turanga, 71;
translates New Testament, 88;
becomes archdeacon of Waiapu, 113;
defends his brother in London, 145;
consecrated bishop of Waiapu, 166, 245;
driven from Waerenga-a-hika, 193;
returns to Napier, 203_f_;
resignation and death, 219.
Wilson, Bp., 226, 246.
Wilson, Rev. J. A. (1809-1887), joins mission, 51;
settles at Puriri, 55;
at Tauranga, 56;
Opotiki, 66;
his experience at Maramarua, 96;
mediates in Taranaki war, 176.
Wiremu Kingi Te Rangitaake, saves Wellington, 121;
migrates to Taranaki, 173;
driven to war, 175;
his claims recognised, 183.
Yate, Rev. William, joins mission, 43;
dismissal, 87;
letters from converts to, 99.
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|Transcriber's Note: |
| |
|The following corrections have been made to this text: |
| |
|Page vi, 'libarary' changed to 'library': |
| (library is kept) |
| |
|Page vii, 'seems' changed to 'seem': |
| (perhaps seem inadequate) |
| |
|Page x, Extraneous line of text removed, original read: |
| her ministerial activities; but for vestries and church com- |
| earth. Nor can I forget that loving and gentle yet firm and |
| mittees the work is harder, demanding, as it does, so much |
| |
|Page xvi, 'Korarareka' changed to 'Kororareka': |
| (Kororareka--Charge against) |
| |
|Page 8, 'Paramatta' changed to 'Parramatta': |
| (into his house at Parramatta) |
| |
|Page 30, 'Kendal' changed to 'Kendall': |
| (Kendall and Hongi to England) |
| |
|Page 34, 'Paramatta' changed to 'Parramatta': |
| (in his parsonage at Parramatta) |
| |
|Page 72, 'Ruaparaha' changed to 'Rauparaha': |
| (Rauparaha, the young chief) |
| |
|Page 83, 'Wiliams' changed to 'Williams': |
| (Henry Williams had but to raise his finger) |
| |
|Page 112, 'Hawkes Bay' changed to 'Hawke's Bay': |
| (open plains of Hawke's Bay) |
| |
|Page 158, 'deliberrate' changed to 'deliberate': |
| (hands in this deliberate way) |
| |
|Page 159, 'Lyttleton' changed to 'Lyttelton': |
| (at Lyttelton, he and Mr. Godley) |
| |
|Page 164, 'Wiliams' changed to 'Williams': |
| ("Henry Williams,") |
| |
|Page 183, 'difficuly' changed to 'difficulty': |
| (difficulty by holding an enquiry) |
| |
|Page 194, 'Wiliams' changed to 'Williams': |
| (Archdeacon Leonard Williams, remained) |
| |
|Page 203, 'Waeranga' changed to 'Waerenga': |
| (house at Waerenga-a-hika) |
| |
|Page 242, 'Da Gama' changed to 'da Gama': |
| (da Gama and Tasman) |
| |
|Page 249, 'Marumarua' changed to 'Maramarua': |
| (at Maramarua, 96) |
| |
|Page 249, Duplicate index entries for Timaru and Napier under |
| heading 'Churches' deleted: |
| (Churches at Auckland) |
| |
|Index, the original index uses a dagger symbol to indicate |
| where the birth date of the person indexed is not known. This |
| has been changed to an asterisk. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+