FREE FIGURES AND SLAVE.
Under this heading we propose to introduce the remainder of the more
important statistics of the Free and of the Slave States;--especially
those that relate to Commerce, Manufactures, Internal Improvements,
Education and Religion. Originally it was our intention to devote a
separate chapter to each of the industrial and moral interests
above-named: but other considerations have so greatly encroached on our
space, that we are compelled to modify our design. To the thoughtful and
discriminating reader, however, the chief statistics which follow will be
none the less interesting for not being the subjects of annotations.
At present, all we ask of pro-slavery men, no matter in what part of the
world they may reside, is to look these figures fairly in the face. We
wish them to do it, in the first instance, not on the platforms of public
debate, where the exercise of eloquence is too often characterized by
violent passion and subterfuge, but in their own private apartments, where
no eye save that of the All-seeing One will rest upon them, and where, in
considering the relations which they sustain to the past, the present, and
the future, an opportunity will be afforded them of securing that most
valuable of all possessions attainable on earth, a conscience void of
offence toward God and man.
Each separate table or particular compilation of statistics will afford
food for at least an hour's profitable reflection; indeed, the more these
figures are studied, and the better they are understood, the sooner will
the author's object be accomplished,--the sooner will the genius of
Universal Liberty dispel the dark clouds of slavery.
TABLE NO. XXVI.
TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE FREE STATES--1855.
----------------------------------------------------------
States. | Tonnage. | Exports. | Imports.
-----------------|-----------|--------------|-------------
California | 92,623 | $8,224,066 | $5,951,379
Connecticut | 137,170 | 878,874 | 636,826
Illinois | 53,797 | 547,053 | 54,509
Indiana | 3,698 | |
Iowa | | |
Maine | 806,587 | 4,851,207 | 2,927,443
Massachusetts | 970,727 | 28,190,925 | 45,113,774
Michigan | 69,490 | 568,091 | 281,379
New Hampshire | 30,330 | 1,523 | 17,786
New Jersey | 121,020 | 687 | 1,473
New York | 1,404,221 | 113,731,238 | 164,776,511
Ohio | 91,607 | 847,143 | 600,656
Pennsylvania | 397,768 | 6,274,338 | 15,300,935
Rhode Island | 51,038 | 336,023 | 536,387
Vermont | 6,915 | 2,895,468 | 591,593
Wisconsin | 15,624 | 174,057 | 48,159
|-----------|--------------|-------------
| 4,252,615 | $167,520,693 | $236,847,810
==========================================================
TABLE NO. XXVII.
TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
---------------------------------------------------------
States. | Tonnage. | Exports. | Imports.
-----------------|----------|---------------|------------
Alabama | 36,274 | $14,270,585 | $619,964
Arkansas | | |
Delaware | 19,186 | 68,087 | 5,821
Florida | 14,835 | 1,403,594 | 45,998
Georgia | 29,505 | 7,543,519 | 273,716
Kentucky | 22,680 | |
Louisiana | 204,149 | 55,367,962 | 12,900,821
Maryland | 234,805 | 10,395,984 | 7,788,949
Mississippi | 2,475 | | 1,661
Missouri | 60,592 | |
North Carolina | 60,077 | 433,818 | 243,083
South Carolina | 60,935 | 12,700,250 | 1,588,542
Tennessee | 8,404 | |
Texas | 8,812 | 916,961 | 262,568
Virginia | 92,788 | 4,379,928 | 855,405
|----------|---------------|------------
| 855,517 | $107,480,688 | $24,586,528
TABLE NO. XXVIII.
PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------------------------------
States. |Val. of Annual| Capital | Hands
| products. | invested. |employed.
------------------|--------------|----------------|---------
California | $12,862,522 | $1,006,197 | 3,964
Connecticut | 45,110,102 | 23,890,348 | 47,770
Illinois | 17,236,073 | 6,385,387 | 12,065
Indiana | 18,922,651 | 7,941,602 | 14,342
Iowa | 3,551,783 | 1,292,875 | 1,707
Maine | 24,664,135 | 14,700,452 | 28,078
Massachusetts | 151,137,145 | 83,357,642 | 165,938
Michigan | 10,976,894 | 6,534,250 | 9,290
New Hampshire | 23,164,503 | 18,242,114 | 27,092
New Jersey | 39,713,586 | 22,184,730 | 37,311
New York | 237,597,249 | 99,904,405 | 199,349
Ohio | 62,647,259 | 29,019,538 | 51,489
Pennsylvania | 155,044,910 | 94,473,810 | 146,766
Rhode Island | 22,093,258 | 12,923,176 | 20,881
Vermont | 8,570,920 | 5,001,377 | 8,445
Wisconsin | 9,293,068 | 3,382,148 | 6,089
|--------------|----------------|---------
| $842,586,058 | $430,240,051 | 780,576
============================================================
TABLE NO. XXIX.
PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------------------------------
States. |Val. of Annual| Capital | Hands
| products. | invested. |employed.
---------------|--------------|----------------|---------
Alabama | $4,538,878 | $3,450,606 | 4,936
Arkansas | 607,436 | 324,065 | 903
Delaware | 4,649,296 | 2,978,945 | 3,888
Florida | 668,338 | 547,060 | 991
Georgia | 7,086,525 | 5,460,483 | 8,378
Kentucky | 24,588,483 | 12,350,734 | 24,385
Louisiana | 7,320,948 | 5,318,074 | 6,437
Maryland | 32,477,702 | 14,753,143 | 30,124
Mississippi | 2,972,038 | 1,833,420 | 3,173
Missouri | 23,749,265 | 9,079,695 | 16,850
North Carolina | 9,111,245 | 7,252,225 | 12,444
South Carolina | 7,063,513 | 6,056,865 | 7,009
Tennessee | 9,728,438 | 6,975,279 | 12,032
Texas | 1,165,538 | 539,290 | 1,066
Virginia | 29,705,387 | 18,109,993 | 29,108
|--------------|----------------|---------
| $165,413,027 | $95,029,879 | 161,733
TABLE NO. XXX.
MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE FREE STATES--1854-1857.
---------------------------------------------------
States. | Canals,| Railroads,| Cost of
| miles, | miles, | Railroads,
| 1854. | 1857. | 1855.
----------------|--------|-----------|-------------
California | | 22 |
Connecticut | 61 | 600 | $25,224,191
Illinois | 100 | 2,524 | 55,663,656
Indiana | 367 | 1,806 | 29,585,923
Iowa | | 253 | 2,300,000
Maine | 50 | 442 | 13,749,021
Massachusetts | 100 | 1,285 | 59,167,781
Michigan | | 600 | 22,370,397
New Hampshire | 11 | 645 | 15,860,949
New Jersey | 147 | 472 | 13,840,030
New York | 989 | 2,700 | 111,882,503
Ohio | 921 | 2,869 | 67,798,202
Pennsylvania | 936 | 2,407 | 94,657,675
Rhode Island | | 85 | 2,614,484
Vermont | | 515 | 17,998,835
Wisconsin | | 629 | 5,600,000
|--------|-----------|-------------
| 3,682 | 17,855 | $538,313,647
===================================================
TABLE NO. XXXI.
MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1854-1857.
---------------------------------------------------
States. | Canals,| Railroads,| Cost of
| miles, | miles, | Railroads,
| 1854. | 1857. | 1855.
----------------|--------|-----------|-------------
Alabama | 51 | 484 | $3,986,208
Arkansas | | |
Delaware | 14 | 120 | 600,000
Florida | | 86 | 250,000
Georgia | 28 | 1,062 | 17,034,802
Kentucky | 486 | 306 | 6,179,072
Louisiana | 101 | 263 | 1,731,000
Maryland | 184 | 597 | 12,654,333
Mississippi | | 410 | 4,520,000
Missouri | | 189 | 1,000,000
North Carolina | 13 | 612 | 6,847,213
South Carolina | 50 | 706 | 13,547,093
Tennessee | | 508 | 10,436,610
Texas | | 57 | 16,466,250
Virginia | 184 | 1,479 |
|--------|-----------|-------------
| 1,110 | 6,859 | $95,252,581
TABLE NO. XXXII.
BANK CAPITAL IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
California | || Alabama | $2,296,400
Connecticut | $15,597,891 || Arkansas |
Illinois | 2,513,790 || Delaware | 1,393,175
Indiana | 7,281,934 || Florida |
Iowa | || Georgia | 13,413,100
Maine | 7,301,252 || Kentucky | 10,369,717
Massachusetts | 54,492,660 || Louisiana | 20,179,107
Michigan | 980,416 || Maryland | 10,411,874
New Hampshire | 3,626,000 || Mississippi | 240,165
New Jersey | 5,314,885 || Missouri | 1,215,398
New York | 83,773,288 || North Carolina | 5,205,073
Ohio | 7,166,581 || South Carolina | 16,603,253
Pennsylvania | 19,864,825 || Tennessee | 6,717,848
Rhode Island | 17,511,162 || Texas |
Vermont | 3,275,656 || Virginia | 14,033,838
Wisconsin | 1,400,000 || |
|--------------|| |-------------
Total | $230,100,340 || Total | $102,078,948
=================================================================
TABLE NO. XXXIII.
MILITIA FORCE OF THE FREE AND THE SLAVE STATES--1852.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
California | || Alabama | 76,662
Connecticut | 51,649 || Arkansas | 17,137
Illinois | 170,359 || Delaware | 9,229
Indiana | 53,918 || Florida | 12,122
Iowa | || Georgia | 57,312
Maine | 62,588 || Kentucky | 81,840
Massachusetts | 119,690 || Louisiana | 43,823
Michigan | 63,938 || Maryland | 46,864
New Hampshire | 32,151 || Mississippi | 36,084
New Jersey | 39,171 || Missouri | 61,000
New York | 265,293 || North Carolina | 79,448
Ohio | 176,455 || South Carolina | 55,209
Pennsylvania | 276,070 || Tennessee | 71,252
Rhode Island | 14,443 || Texas | 19,766
Vermont | 23,915 || Virginia | 125,128
Wisconsin | 32,203 || |
|--------------|| |-------------
Total | 1,381,843 || Total | 792,876
TABLE NO. XXXIV.
POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE FREE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------------
States. | Stamps | Total Postage | Cost of Trans.
| sold. | collected. | the mails.
----------------|-----------|---------------|---------------
California | $81,437 | $234,591 | $135,386
Connecticut | 79,284 | 179,230 | 81,462
Illinois | 105,252 | 279,887 | 280,038
Indiana | 60,578 | 180,405 | 190,480
Iowa | 28,198 | 82,420 | 84,428
Maine | 60,165 | 151,358 | 82,218
Massachusetts | 259,062 | 532,184 | 153,091
Michigan | 49,763 | 142,188 | 148,204
New-Hampshire | 38,387 | 95,609 | 46,631
New-Jersey | 31,495 | 109,697 | 80,084
New-York | 542,498 | 1,383,157 | 481,410
Ohio | 167,958 | 452,643 | 421,870
Pennsylvania | 217,293 | 583,013 | 251,833
Rhode Island | 30,291 | 58,624 | 13,891
Vermont | 36,314 | 92,816 | 64,437
Wisconsin | 33,538 | 112,903 | 92,842
|-----------|---------------|---------------
|$1,719,513 | $4,670,725 | $2,608,295
============================================================
TABLE NO. XXXV.
POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------------
States. | Stamps | Total Postage | Cost of Trans.
| sold. | collected. | the mails.
----------------|-----------|---------------|---------------
Alabama | $44,514 | $104,514 | 226,816
Arkansas | 8,941 | 30,664 | 117,659
Delaware | 7,298 | 19,644 | 9,243
Florida | 8,764 | 19,275 | 77,553
Georgia | 73,880 | 149,063 | 216,003
Kentucky | 55,694 | 130,067 | 144,161
Louisiana | 50,778 | 133,753 | 133,810
Maryland | 77,743 | 191,485 | 192,743
Mississippi | 31,182 | 78,739 | 170,785
Missouri | 53,742 | 139,652 | 185,096
North Carolina | 34,235 | 72,759 | 148,249
South Carolina | 47,368 | 91,600 | 192,216
Tennessee | 48,377 | 103,686 | 116,091
Texas | 24,530 | 70,436 | 209,936
Virginia | 96,799 | 217,861 | 245,592
|-----------|---------------|---------------
| $666,845 | $1,553,198 | $2,385,953
TABLE NO. XXXVI.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE FREE STATES--1850.
-------------------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Teachers. | Pupils.
----------------|---------|-----------|----------
California | 2 | 2 | 49
Connecticut | 1,656 | 1,787 | 71,269
Illinois | 4,052 | 4,248 | 125,725
Indiana | 4,822 | 4,860 | 161,500
Iowa | 740 | 828 | 29,556
Maine | 4,042 | 5,540 | 192,815
Massachusetts | 3,679 | 4,443 | 176,475
Michigan | 2,714 | 3,231 | 110,455
New Hampshire | 2,381 | 3,013 | 75,643
New Jersey | 1,473 | 1,574 | 77,930
New York | 11,580 | 13,965 | 675,221
Ohio | 11,661 | 12,886 | 484,153
Pennsylvania | 9,061 | 10,024 | 413,706
Rhode Island | 416 | 518 | 23,130
Vermont | 2,731 | 4,173 | 93,457
Wisconsin | 1,423 | 1,529 | 58,817
|---------|-----------|----------
| 62,433 | 72,621 | 2,769,901
=================================================
TABLE NO. XXXVII.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
-------------------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Teachers. | Pupils.
----------------|---------|-----------|----------
Alabama | 1,152 | 1,195 | 28,380
Arkansas | 353 | 355 | 8,493
Delaware | 194 | 214 | 8,970
Florida | 69 | 73 | 1,878
Georgia | 1,251 | 1,265 | 32,705
Kentucky | 2,234 | 2,306 | 71,429
Louisiana | 664 | 822 | 25,046
Maryland | 898 | 986 | 33,111
Mississippi | 782 | 826 | 18,746
Missouri | 1,570 | 1,620 | 51,754
North Carolina | 2,657 | 2,730 | 104,095
South Carolina | 724 | 739 | 17,838
Tennessee | 2,680 | 2,819 | 104,117
Texas | 349 | 360 | 7,946
Virginia | 2,930 | 2,997 | 67,353
|---------|-----------|----------
| 13,507 | 19,307 | 581,801
TABLE NO. XXXVIII.
LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
-------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Volumes.
----------------|---------|----------
California | |
Connecticut | 164 | 165,318
Illinois | 152 | 62,486
Indiana | 151 | 68,403
Iowa | 32 | 5,790
Maine | 236 | 121,969
Massachusetts | 1,462 | 684,015
Michigan | 417 | 107,943
New Hampshire | 129 | 85,759
New Jersey | 128 | 80,885
New York | 11,013 | 1,760,820
Ohio | 352 | 186,826
Pennsylvania | 393 | 363,400
Rhode Island | 96 | 104,342
Vermont | 96 | 64,641
Wisconsin | 72 | 21,020
|---------|----------
| 14,911 | 3,888,234
=====================================
TABLE NO. XXXIX.
LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
-------------------------------------
States. | Number. | Volumes.
----------------|---------|----------
Alabama | 56 | 20,623
Arkansas | 3 | 420
Delaware | 17 | 17,950
Florida | 7 | 2,660
Georgia | 38 | 31,788
Kentucky | 80 | 79,466
Louisiana | 10 | 26,800
Maryland | 124 | 125,042
Mississippi | 117 | 21,737
Missouri | 97 | 75,056
North Carolina | 38 | 29,592
South Carolina | 26 | 107,472
Tennessee | 34 | 22,896
Texas | 12 | 4,230
Virginia | 54 | 88,462
|---------|----------
| 695 | 649,577
TABLE NO. XL.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
-----------------------------------------
States. | Number. |Copies Printed
| | annually.
----------------|---------|--------------
California | 7 | 761,200
Connecticut | 46 | 4,267,932
Illinois | 107 | 5,102,276
Indiana | 107 | 4,316,828
Iowa | 29 | 1,512,800
Maine | 49 | 4,203,064
Massachusetts | 202 | 64,820,564
Michigan | 58 | 3,247,736
New Hampshire | 38 | 3,067,552
New Jersey | 51 | 4,098,678
New York | 428 | 115,385,473
Ohio | 261 | 30,473,407
Pennsylvania | 309 | 84,898,672
Rhode Island | 19 | 2,756,950
Vermont | 35 | 2,567,662
Wisconsin | 46 | 2,665,487
|---------|--------------
| 1,790 | 334,146,281
=========================================
TABLE NO. XLI.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
-----------------------------------------
States. | Number. |Copies Printed
| | annually.
----------------|---------|--------------
Alabama | 60 | 2,662,741
Arkansas | 9 | 377,000
Delaware | 10 | 421,200
Florida | 10 | 319,800
Georgia | 51 | 4,070,868
Kentucky | 62 | 6,582,838
Louisiana | 55 | 12,416,224
Maryland | 68 | 19,612,724
Mississippi | 50 | 1,752,504
Missouri | 61 | 6,195,560
North Carolina | 51 | 2,020,564
South Carolina | 46 | 7,145,930
Tennessee | 50 | 6,940,750
Texas | 34 | 1,296,924
Virginia | 87 | 9,223,068
|---------|--------------
| 704 | 81,038,693
TABLE NO. XLII.
ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
----------------------------------------------
States. | Native. | Foreign. | Total.
----------------|---------|----------|--------
California | 2,201 | 2,917 | 5,118
Connecticut | 826 | 4,013 | 4,739
Illinois | 34,107 | 5,947 | 40,054
Indiana | 67,275 | 3,265 | 70,540
Iowa | 7,043 | 1,077 | 8,120
Maine | 1,999 | 4,148 | 6,147
Massachusetts | 1,055 | 26,484 | 27,539
Michigan | 4,903 | 3,009 | 7,912
New Hampshire | 893 | 2,064 | 2,957
New Jersey | 8,370 | 5,878 | 14,248
New York | 23,241 | 68,052 | 91,293
Ohio | 51,968 | 9,062 | 61,030
Pennsylvania | 41,944 | 24,989 | 66,928
Rhode Island | 981 | 2,359 | 3,340
Vermont | 565 | 5,624 | 6,189
Wisconsin | 1,459 | 4,902 | 6,361
|---------|----------|--------
| 248,725 | 173,790 | 422,515
==============================================
TABLE NO. XLIII.
ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
----------------------------------------------
States. | Native. | Foreign. | Total.
----------------|---------|----------|--------
Alabama | 33,618 | 139 | 33,757
Arkansas | 16,792 | 27 | 16,819
Delaware | 4,132 | 404 | 4,536
Florida | 3,564 | 295 | 3,859
Georgia | 40,794 | 406 | 41,200
Kentucky | 64,340 | 2,347 | 66,687
Louisiana | 14,950 | 6,271 | 21,221
Maryland | 17,364 | 3,451 | 20,815
Mississippi | 13,324 | 81 | 13,405
Missouri | 34,420 | 1,861 | 36,281
North Carolina | 73,226 | 340 | 73,566
South Carolina | 15,580 | 104 | 15,684
Tennessee | 77,017 | 505 | 77,522
Texas | 8,037 | 2,488 | 10,525
Virginia | 75,868 | 1,137 | 77,005
|---------|----------|--------
| 493,026 | 19,856 | 512,882
TABLE NO. XLIV.
NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE FREE STATES--1857.
-------------------------------------------------------
States. | Senators. | Rep. in lower | Electoral
| | House Cong. | votes.
----------------|-----------|---------------|----------
California | 2 | 2 | 4
Connecticut | 2 | 4 | 6
Illinois | 2 | 9 | 11
Indiana | 2 | 11 | 13
Iowa | 2 | 2 | 4
Maine | 2 | 6 | 8
Massachusetts | 2 | 11 | 13
Michigan | 2 | 4 | 6
New Hampshire | 2 | 3 | 5
New Jersey | 2 | 5 | 7
New York | 2 | 33 | 35
Ohio | 2 | 21 | 23
Pennsylvania | 2 | 25 | 27
Rhode Island | 2 | 2 | 4
Vermont | 2 | 3 | 5
Wisconsin | 2 | 3 | 5
|-----------|---------------|----------
| 32 | 141 | 176
=======================================================
TABLE NO. XLV.
NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE SLAVE STATES--1857.
-------------------------------------------------------
States. | Senators. | Rep. in lower | Electoral
| | House Cong. | votes.
----------------|-----------|---------------|----------
Alabama | 2 | 7 | 9
Arkansas | 2 | 2 | 4
Delaware | 2 | 1 | 3
Florida | 2 | 1 | 3
Georgia | 2 | 8 | 10
Kentucky | 2 | 10 | 12
Louisiana | 2 | 4 | 6
Maryland | 2 | 6 | 8
Mississippi | 2 | 5 | 7
Missouri | 2 | 7 | 9
North Carolina | 2 | 8 | 10
South Carolina | 2 | 6 | 8
Tennessee | 2 | 10 | 12
Texas | 2 | 2 | 4
Virginia | 2 | 13 | 15
|-----------|---------------|----------
| 30 | 90 | 120
TABLE NO. XLVI.
POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE FREE STATES--1856.
------------------------------------------------------------------
States. |_Republican._|_American._|_Democratic._| Total.
| Fremont. | Fillmore. | Buchanan. |
---------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
California | 20,339 | 35,113 | 51,925 | 107,377
Connecticut | 42,715 | 2,615 | 34,995 | 80,325
Illinois | 96,189 | 37,444 | 105,348 | 238,981
Indiana | 94,375 | 22,386 | 118,670 | 235,431
Iowa | 43,954 | 9,180 | 36,170 | 89,304
Maine | 67,379 | 3,325 | 39,080 | 109,784
Massachusetts | 108,190 | 19,626 | 39,240 | 167,056
Michigan | 71,762 | 1,660 | 52,136 | 125,558
New Hampshire | 38,345 | 422 | 32,789 | 71,556
New Jersey | 28,338 | 24,115 | 46,943 | 99,396
New York | 276,907 | 124,604 | 195,878 | 597,389
Ohio | 187,497 | 28,126 | 170,874 | 386,497
Pennsylvania | 147,510 | 82,175 | 230,710 | 460,395
Rhode Island | 11,467 | 1,675 | 6,580 | 19,722
Vermont | 39,561 | 545 | 10,569 | 50,675
Wisconsin | 66,090 | 579 | 52,843 | 119,512
|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
| 1,340,618 | 393,590 | 1,224,750 | 2,958,958
==================================================================
TABLE NO. XLVII.
POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE SLAVE STATES--1856.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
States. |_Republican._|_American._|_Democratic._| Total.
| Fremont. | Fillmore. | Buchanan. |
-----------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
Alabama | | 28,552 | 46,739 | 75,291
Arkansas | | 10,787 | 21,910 | 32,697
Delaware | 308 | 6,175 | 8,004 | 14,487
Florida | | 4,833 | 6,358 | 11,191
Georgia | | 42,228 | 56,578 | 98,806
Kentucky | 314 | 67,416 | 74,642 | 142,372
Louisiana | | 20,709 | 22,164 | 42,873
Maryland | 281 | 47,460 | 39,115 | 86,856
Mississippi | | 24,195 | 35,446 | 59,641
Missouri | | 48,524 | 58,164 | 106,688
North Carolina | | 36,886 | 48,246 | 85,132
South Carolina[3]| | | |
Tennessee | | 66,178 | 73,638 | 139,816
Texas | | 15,244 | 28,757 | 44,001
Virginia | 291 | 60,278 | 89,826 | 150,395
|-------------|-----------|-------------|----------
| 1,194 | 479,465 | 609,587 | 1,090,246
TABLE NO. XLVIII.
VALUE OF CHURCHES IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
--------------------------------------------------------------
California | $288,400 || Alabama | $1,244,741
Connecticut | 3,599,330 || Arkansas | 149,686
Illinois | 1,532,305 || Delaware | 340,345
Indiana | 1,568,906 || Florida | 192,600
Iowa | 235,412 || Georgia | 1,327,112
Maine | 1,794,209 || Kentucky | 2,295,353
Massachusetts | 10,504,888 || Louisiana | 1,940,495
Michigan | 793,180 || Maryland | 3,974,116
New Hampshire | 1,433,266 || Mississippi | 832,622
New Jersey | 3,712,863 || Missouri | 1,730,135
New York | 21,539,561 || North Carolina | 907,785
Ohio | 5,860,059 || South Carolina | 2,181,476
Pennsylvania | 11,853,291 || Tennessee | 1,246,951
Rhode Island | 1,293,600 || Texas | 408,944
Vermont | 1,251,655 || Virginia | 2,902,220
Wisconsin | 512,552 || |
|--------------|| |------------
Total | $67,773,477 || Total | $21,674,581
==============================================================
TABLE NO. XLIX.
PATENTS ISSUED ON NEW INVENTIONS IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE
STATES--1856.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Free States. || Slave States.
--------------------------------------------------------------
California | 13 || Alabama | 11
Connecticut | 142 || Arkansas |
Illinois | 93 || Delaware | 8
Indiana | 67 || Florida | 3
Iowa | 14 || Georgia | 13
Maine | 42 || Kentucky | 26
Massachusetts | 331 || Louisiana | 30
Michigan | 22 || Maryland | 49
New Hampshire | 43 || Mississippi | 8
New Jersey | 78 || Missouri | 32
New York | 592 || North Carolina | 9
Ohio | 139 || South Carolina | 10
Pennsylvania | 267 || Tennessee | 23
Rhode Island | 18 || Texas | 4
Vermont | 35 || Virginia | 42
Wisconsin | 33 || |
|--------------|| |------------
Total | 1,929 || Total | 268
TABLE NO. L.
BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contribu. for | Contribu. for
| the Bible Cause. | the Tract Cause.
-----------------|------------------|-----------------
California | $1,900 | $ 5
Connecticut | 24,528 | 15,872
Illinois | 28,403 | 3,786
Indiana | 6,755 | 1,491
Iowa | 4,216 | 2,005
Maine | 5,449 | 2,981
Massachusetts | 43,444 | 11,492
Michigan | 5,554 | 1,114
New-Hampshire | 6,271 | 1,288
New-Jersey | 15,475 | 3,546
New-York | 123,386 | 61,233
Ohio | 25,758 | 9,576
Pennsylvania | 25,360 | 12,121
Rhode Island | 2,669 | 2,121
Vermont | 5,709 | 2,867
Wisconsin | 4,790 | 474
|------------------|-----------------
| $319,667 | $131,972
======================================================
TABLE NO. LI.
BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contribu. for | Contribu. for
| the Bible Cause. | the Tract Cause.
-----------------|------------------|-----------------
Alabama | $3,351 | 477
Arkansas | 2,950 | 110
Delaware | 1,037 | 163
Florida | 1,957 | 5
Georgia | 4,532 | 1,468
Kentucky | 5,956 | 1,366
Louisiana | 1,810 | 1,099
Maryland | 8,909 | 5,365
Mississippi | 1,067 | 267
Missouri | 4,711 | 936
North Carolina | 6,197 | 1,419
South Carolina | 3,984 | 3,222
Tennessee | 8,383 | 1,807
Texas | 3,985 | 127
Virginia | 9,296 | 6,894
|------------------|-----------------
| $68,125 | $24,725
TABLE NO. LII.
MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES--1855-1856.
-----------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contributions for | Contributions for
|Miss'y purposes, 1855.|Coloniza. pur., 1856.
--------------|----------------------|---------------------
California | $ 192 | $ 1
Connecticut | 48,044 | 9,233
Illinois | 10,040 | 543
Indiana | 4,705 | 34
Iowa | 1,750 | 3
Maine | 13,929 | 1,719
Massachusetts | 128,505 | 1,422
Michigan | 4,935 | 4
New Hampshire | 11,963 | 1,130
New Jersey | 19,946 | 3,261
New York | 172,115 | 24,371
Ohio | 19,890 | 2,687
Pennsylvania | 43,412 | 4,287
Rhode Island | 9,440 | 2,125
Vermont | 11,094 | 304
Wisconsin | 2,216 | 806
|----------------------|---------------------
| $502,174 | $51,930
===========================================================
TABLE NO. LIII.
MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855-1856.
-----------------------------------------------------------
States. | Contributions for | Contributions for
|Miss'y purposes, 1855.|Coloniza. pur., 1856.
--------------|----------------------|---------------------
Alabama | $5,963 | $1,113
Arkansas | 455 | 1
Delaware | 1,003 | 250
Florida | 340 | 13
Georgia | 9,846 | 5,323
Kentucky | 6,953 | 4,436
Louisiana | 334 | 871
Maryland | 20,677 | 406
Mississippi | 4,957 | 2,177
Missouri | 2,712 | 313
North Carolina| 6,010 | 969
South Carolina| 15,248 | 129
Tennessee | 4,971 | 1,611
Texas | 349 | 6
Virginia | 22,106 | 10,000
|----------------------|---------------------
| $101,934 | $27,618
TABLE NO. LIV.
DEATHS IN THE FREE STATES--1850.[5]
-------------------------------------------------
States. | Number of | Ratio to the Number
| deaths. | living.
--------------|-------------|--------------------
California | |
Connecticut | 5,781 | 64.13
Illinois | 11,619 | 73.28
Indiana | 12,728 | 77.65
Iowa | 2,044 | 94.03
Maine | 7,545 | 77.29
Massachusetts | 19,414 | 51.23
Michigan | 4,520 | 88.19
New Hampshire | 4,268 | 74.49
New Jersey | 6,467 | 75.70
New York | 44,339 | 69.85
Ohio | 28,949 | 68.41
Pennsylvania | 28,318 | 81.63
Rhode Island | 2,241 | 65.83
Vermont | 3,132 | 100.13
Wisconsin | 2,884 | 105.82
| ----------- | -------------------
| 184,249 | 72.91
=================================================
TABLE NO. LV.
DEATHS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.[5]
--------------------------------------------------
States. | Number of | Ratio to the Number
| deaths. | living.
---------------|-------------|--------------------
Alabama | 9,084 | 84.94
Arkansas | 2,987 | 70.18
Delaware | 1,209 | 75.71
Florida | 933 | 93.67
Georgia | 9,920 | 91.93
Kentucky | 15,206 | 64.60
Louisiana | 11,948 | 42.85
Maryland | 9,594 | 60.77
Mississippi | 8,711 | 69.93
Missouri | 12,211 | 55.81
North Carolina | 10,207 | 85.12
South Carolina | 7,997 | 83.59
Tennessee | 11,759 | 85.34
Texas | 3,046 | 69.79
Virgina | 19,053 | 74.61
| ----------- | -------------------
| 133,865 | 71.82
TABLE NO. LVI.
FREE WHITE MALE PERSONS OVER FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE
ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER OUT-DOOR LABOR IN THE
SLAVE-STATES--1850.
-----------------------------------------------------------
States. | No. engaged | No. engaged |
| in | in other | Total.
| Agriculture. | out-door labor. |
---------------|--------------|-----------------|----------
Alabama | 67,742 | 7,229 | 74,971
Arkansas | 28,436 | 5,596 | 34,032
Delaware | 6,225 | 4,184 | 10,409
Florida | 5,472 | 2,598 | 8,070
Georgia | 82,107 | 11,054 | 93,161
Kentucky | 110,119 | 26,308 | 136,427
Louisiana | 11,524 | 13,827 | 25,351
Maryland | 24,672 | 17,146 | 41,818
Mississippi | 50,028 | 5,823 | 55,851
Missouri | 64,292 | 19,900 | 84,192
North Carolina | 76,338 | 21,876 | 98,214
South Carolina | 37,612 | 6,991 | 44,603
Tennessee | 115,844 | 16,795 | 132,639
Texas | 24,987 | 22,713 | 47,700
Virginia | 97,654 | 33,928 | 131,582
---------------|--------------|-----------------|----------
| 803,052 | 215,968 | 1,019,020
===========================================================
Too hot in the South, and too unhealthy there--white men "can't stand
it"--negroes only can endure the heat of Southern climes! How often are
our ears insulted with such wickedly false assertions as these! In what
degree of latitude--pray tell us--in what degree of latitude do the rays
of the sun become too calorific for white men? Certainly in no part of the
United States, for in the extreme South we find a very large number of
non-slaveholding whites over the age of fifteen, who derive their entire
support from manual labor in the open fields. The sun, that bugbear of
slaveholding demagogues, shone on more than one million of free white
laborers--mostly agriculturists--in the slave States in 1850, exclusive
of those engaged in commerce, trade, manufactures, the mechanic arts, and
mining. Yet, notwithstanding all these instances of exposure to his wrath,
we have had no intelligence whatever of a single case of _coup de
so-leil_. Alabama is not too hot; sixty-seven thousand white sons of toil
till her soil. Mississippi is not too hot; fifty-five thousand free white
laborers are hopeful devotees of her out-door pursuits. Texas is not too
hot; forty-seven thousand free white persons, males, over the age of
fifteen, daily perform their rural vocations amidst her unsheltered air.
It is stated on good authority that, in January, 1856, native ice, three
inches thick, was found in Galveston Bay; we have seen it ten inches thick
in North Carolina, with the mercury in the thermometer at two degrees
below zero. In January, 1857, while the snow was from three to five feet
deep in many parts of North Carolina, the thermometer indicated a degree
of coldness seldom exceeded in any State in the Union--thirteen degrees
below zero. The truth is, instead of its being too hot in the South for
white men, it is too cold for negroes; and we long to see the day arrive
when the latter shall have entirely receded from their uncongenial homes
in America, and given full and undivided place to the former.
Too hot in the South for white men! It is not too hot for white women.
Time and again, in different counties in North Carolina, have we seen the
poor white wife of the poor white husband, following him in the
harvest-field from morning till night, binding up the grain as it fell
from his cradle. In the immediate neighborhood from which we hail, there
are not less than thirty young women, non-slaveholding whites, between
the ages of fifteen and twenty-five--some of whom are so well known to us
that we could call them by name--who labor in the fields every summer; two
of them in particular, near neighbors to our mother, are in the habit of
hiring themselves out during harvest-time, the very hottest season of the
year, to bind wheat and oats--each of them keeping up with the reaper; and
this for the paltry consideration of twenty-five cents per day.
That any respectable man--any man with a heart or a soul in his
composition--can look upon these poor toiling white women without feeling
indignant at that accursed system of slavery which has entailed on them
the miseries of poverty, ignorance, and degradation, we shall not do
ourself the violence to believe. If they and their husbands, and their
sons and daughters, and brothers and sisters, are not righted in some of
the more important particulars in which they have been wronged, the fault
shall lie at other doors than our own. In their behalf, chiefly, have we
written and compiled this work; and until our object shall have been
accomplished, or until life shall have been extinguished, there shall be
no abatement in our efforts to aid them in regaining the natural and
inalienable prerogatives out of which they have been so infamously
swindled. We want to see no more plowing, or hoeing, or raking, or
grain-binding, by white women in the Southern States; employment in
cotton-mills and other factories would be far more profitable and
congenial to them, and this they shall have within a short period after
slavery shall have been abolished.
Too hot in the South for white men! What is the testimony of reliable
Southrons themselves? Says Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky:--
"In the extreme South, at New Orleans, the laboring men--the
stevedores and hackmen on the levee, where the heat is intensified by
the proximity of the red brick buildings, are all white men, and they
are in the full enjoyment of health. But how about Cotton? I am
informed by a friend of mine--himself a slaveholder and therefore
good authority--that in Northwestern Texas, among the German
settlements, who true to their national instincts, will not employ
the labor of a slave--they produce more cotton to the acre, and of a
better quality, and selling at prices from a cent to a cent and a
half a pound higher than that produced by slave labor."
Says Gov. Hammond, of South Carolina:--
"The steady heat of our summers is not so prostrating as the short,
but frequent and sudden, bursts of Northern summers."
In an extract which may be found in our second chapter, and to which we
respectfully refer the reader, it will be seen that this same South
Carolinian, speaking of "not less than fifty thousand" non-slaveholding
whites, says--"most of these now follow agricultural pursuits."
Says Dr. Cartwright of New Orleans:--
"Here in New Orleans, the larger part of the drudgery--work requiring
exposure to the sun, as railroad-making, street-paving, dray-driving,
ditching and building, is performed by white people."
To the statistical tables which show the number of deaths in the free and
in the slave States in 1850, we would direct special attention. Those
persons, particularly the propogandists of negro slavery, who,
heretofore, have been so dreadfully exercised on account of what they have
been pleased to term "the insalubrity of Southern climes," will there find
something to allay their fearful apprehensions. A critical examination of
said tables will disclose the fact that, in proportion to population,
deaths occur more frequently in Massachusetts than in any Southern State
except Louisiana; more frequently in New York than in any of the Southern
States, except Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas; more
frequently in New Jersey, in Pennsylvania, and in Ohio, than in either
Georgia, Florida, or Alabama. Leaving Wisconsin and Louisiana out of the
account, and then comparing the bills of mortality in the remaining
Northern States, with those in the remaining Southern States, we find the
difference decidedly in favor of the latter; for, according to this
calculation, while the ratio of deaths is as only one to 74.60 of the
living population in the Southern States, it is as one to 72.39 in the
Northern.
Says Dr. J. C. Nott, of Mobile:--
"Heat, moisture, animal and vegetable matter are said to be the
elements which produce the diseases of the South, and yet the
testimony in proof of the health of the banks of the lower portion of
the Mississippi River, is too strong to be doubted,--not only the
river itself but also the numerous bayous which meander through
Louisiana. Here is a perfectly flat alluvial country, covering
several hundred miles, interspersed with interminable lakes, lagunes
and jungles, and still we are informed by Dr. Cartwright, one of the
most acute observers of the day, that this country is exempt from
miasmatic disorders, and is extremely healthy. His assertion has been
confirmed to me by hundreds of witnesses, and we know from our own
observation, that the population present a robust and healthy
appearance."
But the best part is yet to come. In spite of all the blatant assertions
of the oligarchy, that the climate of the South was arranged expressly for
the negroes, and that the negroes were created expressly to inhabit it as
the healthful servitors of other men, a carefully kept register of all the
deaths that occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, for the space of six
years, shows that, even in that locality which is generally regarded as so
unhealthy, the annual mortality was much greater among the blacks, in
proportion to population, than among the whites. Dr. Nott himself shall
state the facts. He says:--
"The average mortality for the last six years in Charleston for all
ages is 1 in 51, including all classes. Blacks alone 1 in 44; whites
alone, 1 in 58--a very remarkable result, certainly. This mortality
is perhaps not an unfair test, as the population during the last six
years has been undisturbed by emigration and acclimated in a greater
proportion than at any former period."
Numerous other authorities might be cited in proof of the general
healthiness of the climate south of Mason and Dixon's line. Of 127
remarkable cases of American longevity, published in a recent edition of
Blake's Biographical Dictionary, 68 deceased centenarians are credited to
the Southern States, and 59 to the Northern--the list being headed with
Betsey Trantham, of Tennessee--a white woman, who died in 1834, at the
extraordinarily advanced age of 154 years.
TABLE NO. LVII.
NATIVES OF THE SLAVE STATES IN THE FREE STATES, AND NATIVES OF THE FREE
STATES IN THE SLAVE STATES.--1850.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
States. | Natives of the | States. | Natives of the
| Slave States. | | Free States.
---------------|----------------|--------------------|---------------
California | 24,055 | Alabama | 4,947
Connecticut | 1,390 | Arkansas | 7,965
Illinois | 144,809 | Delaware | 6,996
Indiana | 176,581 | Florida | 1,718
Iowa | 31,392 | Georgia | 4,219
Maine | 458 | Kentucky | 31,340
Massachusetts | 2,980 | Louisiana | 14,567
Michigan | 3,634 | Maryland | 23,815
New-Hampshire | 215 | Mississippi | 4,517
New-Jersey | 4,110 | Missouri | 55,664
New-York | 12,625 | North Carolina | 2,167
Ohio | 152,319 | South Carolina | 2,427
Pennsylvania | 47,180 | Tennessee | 6,571
Rhode Island | 982 | Texas | 9,982
Vermont | 140 | Virginia | 28,999
Wisconsin | 6,353 | |
|----------------| |---------------
| 609,223 | | 205,924
---------------------------------------------------------------------
This last table, compiled from the 116th page of the Compendium of the
Seventh Census, shows, in a most lucid and startling manner, how negroes,
slavery and slaveholders are driving the native non-slaveholding whites
away from their homes, and keeping at a distance other decent people. From
the South the tide of emigration still flows in a westerly and
north-westerly direction, and it will continue to do so until slavery is
abolished. The following remarks, which we extract from an editorial
article that appeared in the Memphis (Tenn.) _Bulletin_ near the close of
the year 1856, are worth considering in this connection:--
"We have never before observed so large a number of immigrants going
westward as are crossing the river at this point daily, the two ferry
boats--sometimes three--going crowded from early morn until the boats
cease making their trips at night. It is no uncommon sight to see
from twenty to forty wagons encamped on the bluff for the night,
notwithstanding there has been a steady stream going across the river
all day, and yet the cry is, still they come."
About the same time the Cassville (Geo.) _Standard_ spoke with surprise of
the multitude of emigrants crowding the streets of that town bound for the
far West.
Prof. B. S. Hedrick, late of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, says:--
"Of my neighbors, friends and kindred, nearly one-half have left the
State since I was old enough to remember. Many is the time I have
stood by the loaded emigrant wagon, and given the parting hand to
those whose faces I was never to look upon again. They were going to
seek homes in the free West, knowing, as they did, that free and
slave labor could not both exist and prosper in the same community.
If any one thinks that I speak without knowledge, let him refer to
the last census. He will there find that in 1850 there were
fifty-eight thousand native North Carolinians living in the free
States of the West--thirty-three-thousand in Indiana alone. There
were, at the same time, one hundred and eighty thousand Virginians
living in the free States. Now, if these people were so much in love
with the 'institution,' why did they not remain where they could
enjoy its blessings?
"From my knowledge of the people of North Carolina, I believe that
the majority of them who will go to Kansas during the next five
years, would prefer that it should be a free State. I am sure that if
I were to go there I should vote to exclude slavery."
For daring to have political opinions of his own, and because he did not
deem it his duty to conceal the fact that he loved liberty better than
slavery, the gallant author of the extract above quoted was peremptorily
dismissed from his post of analytical and agricultural chemist in the
University of North Carolina, ignominiously subjected to the indignities
of a mob, and then savagely driven beyond the borders of his native State.
His villainous persecutors, if not called to settle their accounts in
another world within the next ten years, will probably survive to repent
of the enormity of their pro-slavery folly.
TABLE NO. LVIII.
VALUE OF THE SLAVES AT $400 PER HEAD.--1850.[6]
-------------------------------------------------------------
|Value of the Slaves| Val. of Real and Per.
States. | at $400 per head. | Estate, less the val. of
| | slaves at $400 p. head.
---------------|-------------------|-------------------------
Alabama | $137,137,600 | $81,066,732
Arkansas | 18,840,000 | 21,001,025
Delaware | 916,000 | 17,939,863
Florida | 15,724,000 | 7,474,734
Georgia | 152,672,800 | 182,752,914
Kentucky | 84,392,400 | 217,236,056
Louisiana | 97,923,600 | 136,075,164
Maryland | 36,147,200 | 183,070,164
Mississippi | 123,951,200 | 105,000,000
Missouri | 34,968,800 | 102,278,907
North Carolina | 115,419,200 | 111,381,272
South Carolina | 153,993,600 | 134,264,094
Tennessee | 95,783,600 | 111,671,104
Texas | 23,264,400 | 32,097,940
Virginia | 189,011,200 | 202,634,638
|-------------------|-------------------------
| $1,280,145,600 | $1,655,945,137
=============================================================
TABLES 34 and 35 show that, on account of the pitiable poverty and
ignorance of slavery, the mails were transported throughout the Southern
States, during the year 1855, at an extra cost to the General Government
of more than six hundred thousand dollars! In the free States, postages
were received to the amount of more than two millions of dollars over and
above the cost of transportation.
To Dr. G. Bailey, editor of the _National Era_, Washington city, D. C., we
are indebted for the following useful and interesting statistics, to which
some of our readers will doubtless have frequent occasion to refer:--
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Appointed.
March 4, 1789 } George Washington, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1797 }
March 4, 1797 } John Adams, _Massachusetts_.
" 3, 1801 }
March 4, 1801 } Thomas Jefferson, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1809 }
March 4, 1809 } James Madison, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1817 }
March 4, 1817 } James Monroe, _Virginia_.
" 3, 1825 }
March 4, 1825 } John Q. Adams, _Massachusetts_.
" 3, 1829 }
March 4, 1829 } Andrew Jackson, _Tennessee_.
" 3, 1837 }
March 4, 1837 } Martin Van Buren, _New York_.
" 3, 1841 }
March 4, 1841 } William H. Harrison, _Ohio_.
" 3, 1845 }
March 4, 1845 } James K. Polk, _Tennessee_.
" 3, 1849 }
March 4, 1849 } Zachary Taylor, _Louisiana_.
" 3, 1853 }
March 4, 1853 } Franklin Pierce, _New Hampshire_.
" 3, 1857 }
March 4, 1857 } James Buchanan, _Pennsylvania_.
" 3, 1861 }
At the close of the term for which Mr. Buchanan is elected, it will have
been seventy-two years since the organization of the present Government.
In that period, there have been eighteen elections for President, the
candidates chosen in twelve of them being Southern men and slaveholders,
in six of them Northern men and non-slaveholders.
No Northern man has ever been re-elected, but five Southern men have been
thus honored.
Gen. Harrison, of Ohio, died one month after his inauguration. Gen.
Taylor, of Louisiana, about four months after his inauguration. In the
former case, John Tyler, of Virginia, became acting President, in the
latter, Millard Fillmore, of New York.
Of the seventy-two years, closing with Mr. Buchanan's term, should he live
it out, Southern men and slaveholders have occupied the Presidential chair
forty-eight years and three months, or a little more than two-thirds of
the time.
THE SUPREME COURT.
The judicial districts are organized so as to give five judges to the
slave States, and four to the free, although the population, wealth, and
business of the latter are far in advance of those of the former. The
arrangement affords, however, an excuse for constituting the Supreme
Court, with a majority of judges from the slaveholding States.
MEMBERS.
Chief Justice--R. B. Taney, _Maryland_.
Associate Justice--J. M. Wayne, _Georgia_.
" " John Catron, _Tennessee_.
" " P. V. Daniel, _Virginia_.
" " John A. Campbell, _Alabama_.
" " John McLean, _Ohio_.
" " S. Nelson, _New York_.
" " R. C. Grier, _Pennsylvania_.
" " B. R. Curtis, _Massachusetts_.
Reporter--B. C. Howard, _Maryland_.
Clerk--W. T. Carroll, _D. C._
SECRETARIES OF STATE.
The highest office in the Cabinet is that of Secretary of State, who has
under his charge the foreign relations of the country. Since the year
1789, there have been twenty-two appointments to the office--fourteen from
slave States, eight from free. Or, counting by years, the post has been
filled by Southern men and slaveholders very nearly forty years out of
sixty-seven, as follows:
Appointed.
Sept. 26, 1789, Thomas Jefferson, _Virginia_.
Jan. 2, 1794, E. Randolph, _Virginia_.
Dec. 10, 1795, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_.
May 13, 1800, J. Marshall, _Virginia_.
March 5, 1801, James Madison, _Virginia_.
March 6, 1809, R. Smith, _Maryland_.
April 2, 1811, James Monroe, _Virginia_.
Feb. 28, 1815, " " "
March 5, 1815, J. Q. Adams, _Massachusetts_.
March 7, 1825, Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
March 6, 1829, Martin Van Buren, _New York_.
May 24, 1831, E. Livingston, _Louisiana_.
May 29, 1833, Louis McLane, _Delaware_.
June 27, 1834, J. Forsyth, _Georgia_.
March 5, 1841, Daniel Webster, _Massachusetts_.
July 24, 1843, A. P. Upshur, _Virginia_.
March 6, 1844, J. C. Calhoun, _South Carolina_.
March 5, 1845, James Buchanan, _Pennsylvania_.
March 7, 1849, J. M. Clayton, _Delaware_.
July 20, 1850, Daniel Webster, _Massachusetts_.
Dec. 9, 1851, E. Everett, _Massachusetts_.
March 5, 1853, W. L. Marcy, _New York_.
PRESIDENTS PRO TEM. OF THE SENATE.
Since the year 1809, every President _pro tem._ of the Senate of the
United States has been a Southern man and slaveholder, with the exception
of Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, who held the office for a very short
time, and Mr. Bright, of Indiana, who has held it for one or two sessions,
we believe, having been elected, however, as a known adherent of the
slave interest, believed to be interested in slave "property."
SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
April, 1789 }
March 3, 1791 } F. A. Muhlenberg, _Penn._
Oct. 24, 1791 }
March 2, 1793 } J. Trumbull, _Connecticut_.
Dec. 2, 1793 }
March 3, 1795 } F. A. Muhlenberg, _Penn._
Dec. 7, 1795 }
March 3, 1797 } Jonathan Dayton, _New Jersey_.
May 15, 1797 }
March 3, 1799 } " " "
Dec. 2, 1799 }
March 3, 1801 } Theodore Sedgwick, _Mass._
Dec. 7, 1801 }
March 3, 1807 } Nathaniel Macon, _N. Car._
Oct. 26, 1807 }
March 3, 1811 } J. B. Varnum, _Massachusetts_.
March 4, 1811 }
Jan. 19, 1814 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
Jan. 19, 1814 }
March 2, 1815 } Laugdon Cheves, _S. Car._
Dec. 4, 1815 }
Nov. 13, 1820 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
Nov. 15, 1820 }
March 3, 1821 } J. W. Taylor, _New-York_.
Dec. 3, 1821 }
March 3, 1823 } P. B. Barbour, _Virginia_.
Dec. 1, 1823 }
March 3, 1825 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
Dec. 5, 1825 }
March 3, 1827 } J. W. Taylor, _New-York_.
Dec. 3, 1827 }
June 2, 1834 } A. Stevenson, _Virginia_.
June 2, 1834 }
March 3, 1835 } John Bell, _Tennessee_.
Dec. 7, 1835 }
March 3, 1839 } James K. Polk, _Tennessee_.
Dec. 16, 1839 }
March 3, 1841 } R. M. T. Hunter, _Virginia_.
May 31, 1841 }
March 3, 1843 } John White, _Tennessee_.
Dec. 4, 1843 }
March 3, 1845 } J. W. Jones, _Virginia_.
Dec. 1, 1845 }
March 3, 1847 } J. W. Davis, _Indiana_.
Dec. 6, 1847 }
March 3, 1849 } R. C. Winthrop, _Mass._
Dec. 22, 1849 }
March 3, 1851 } Howell Cobb, _Georgia_.
Dec. 1, 1851 }
March 3, 1853 } Linn Boyd, _Kentucky_.
Dec. 1 1853 }
March 3, 1855 } " " "
Feb. 28, 1856 }
March 3, 1857 } Nathaniel P. Banks, _Mass._
POSTMASTERS-GENERAL.
Appointed--
Sept. 26, 1789, S. Osgood, _Massachusetts_.
Aug. 12, 1791, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_.
Feb. 25, 1795, J. Habersham, _Georgia_.
Nov. 28, 1801, G. Granger, _Connecticut_.
March 17, 1814, R. J. Meigs, _Ohio_.
June 25, 1823, John McLean, _Ohio_.
March 9, 1829, W. T. Barry, _Kentucky_.
May 1, 1835, A. Kendall, _Kentucky_.
May 18, 1840, J. M. Niles, _Connecticut_.
March 6, 1841, F. Granger, _New York_.
Sept. 13, 1841, C. A. Wickliffe, _Kentucky_.
March 5, 1845, C. Johnson, _Tennessee_.
March 7, 1849, J. Collamer, _Vermont_.
July 20, 1850, N. K. Hall, _New York_.
Aug. 31, 1852, S. D. Hubbard, _Connecticut_.
March 5, 1853, J. Campbell, _Pennsylvania_.
Sectionalism does not seem to have had much to do with this Department or
with that of the Interior, created in 1848-'49.
SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.
Appointed--
March 7, 1849, T. Ewing, _Ohio_.
July 20, 1850, J. A. Pearce, _Maryland_.
Aug. 15, 1850, T. M. T. McKennon, _Pennsylvania_.
Sept. 12, 1850, A. H. H. Stuart, _Virginia_.
March 5, 1853, R. McClelland, _Michigan_.
ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.
Appointed--
Sept. 26, 1789, E. Randolph, _Virginia_.
June 27, 1794, W. Bradford, _Pennsylvania_.
Dec. 10, 1795, C. Lee, _Virginia_.
Feb. 20, 1801, T. Parsons, _Massachusetts_.
March 5, 1800, L. Lincoln, _Massachusetts_.
March 2, 1805, R. Smith, _Maryland_.
Dec. 23, 1805, J. Breckinridge, _Kentucky_.
Jan. 20, 1807, C. A. Rodney, _Pennsylvania_.
Dec. 11, 1811, W. Pinkney, _Maryland_.
Feb. 10, 1814, R. Rush, _Pennsylvania_.
Nov. 13, 1817, W. Wirt, _Virginia_.
March 9, 1829, J. McPherson Berrien, _Georgia_.
July 20, 1831, Roger B. Taney, _Maryland_.
Nov. 15, 1833, B. F. Butler, _New York_.
July 7, 1838, F. Grundy, _Tennessee_.
Jan. 10, 1840, H. D. Gilpin, _Pennsylvania_.
March 5, 1841, J. J. Crittenden, _Kentucky_.
Sept. 13, 1841, H. S. Legare, _South Carolina_.
July 1, 1843, John Nelson, _Maryland_.
March 5, 1845, J. Y. Mason, _Virginia_.
Oct. 17, 1846, N. Clifford, _Maine_.
June 21, 1848, Isaac Toucey, _Connecticut_.
March 7, 1849, R. Johnson, _Maryland_.
July 20, 1850, J. J. Crittenden, _Kentucky_.
March 5, 1853, C. Cushing, _Massachusetts_.
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.
The post of Secretary of the Treasury, although one of great importance,
requires financial abilities of a high order, which are more frequently
found in the North than in the South, and affords little opportunity for
influencing general politics, or the questions springing out of Slavery.
We need not therefore be surprised to learn that Northern men have been
allowed to discharge its duties some forty-eight years out of sixty-seven,
as follows:
Appointed--
Sept. 11, 1789, A. Hamilton, _New York_.
Feb. 3, 1795, O. Wolcott, _Connecticut_.
Dec. 31, 1800, S. Dexter, _Massachusetts_.
May 14, 1801, A. Gallatin, _Pennsylvania_.
Feb. 9, 1814, G. W. Campbell, _Tennessee_.
Oct. 6, 1814, A. J. Dallas, _Pennsylvania_.
Oct. 22, 1816, W. H. Crawford, _Georgia_.
March 7, 1825, R. Rush, _Pennsylvania_.
March 6, 1829, S. D. Ingham, _Pennsylvania_.
Aug. 8, 1831, L. McLane, _Delaware_.
May 29, 1833, W. J. Duane, _Pennsylvania_.
Sept. 23, 1833, Roger B. Taney, _Maryland_.
June 27, 1834, L. Woodbury, _New Hampshire_.
March 5, 1841, Thomas Ewing, _Ohio_.
Sept. 13, 1841, W. Forward, _Pennsylvania_.
March 3, 1843, J. C. Spencer, _New York_.
June 15, 1844, G. M. Bibb, _Kentucky_.
March 5, 1845, R. J. Walker, _Mississippi_.
March 7, 1849, W. M. Meredith, _Pennsylvania_.
June 20, 1850, Thomas Corwin, _Ohio_.
March 5, 1843, James Guthrie, _Kentucky_.
SECRETARIES OF WAR AND THE NAVY.
The Slaveholders since March 8th, 1841, a period of nearly sixteen years,
have taken almost exclusive supervision of the Navy. Northern men having
occupied the Secretaryship only two years. Nor has any Northern man been
Secretary of War since 1849. Considering that nearly all the shipping
belongs to the free States, which also supply the seamen, it does seem
remarkable that Slaveholders should have monopolized for the last sixteen
years the control of the Navy.
SECRETARIES OF WAR.
Appointed--
Sept. 12, 1789, Henry Knox, _Massachusetts_.
Jan. 2, 1795, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_.
Jan. 27, 1796, J. McHenry, _Maryland_.
May 7, 1800, J. Marshall, _Virginia_.
May 13, 1800, S. Dexter, _Massachusetts_.
Feb. 3, 1801, R. Griswold, _Connecticut_.
March 5, 1801, H. Dearborn, _Massachusetts_.
March 7, 1802, W. Eustis, _Massachusetts_.
Jan. 13, 1813, J. Armstrong, _New York_.
Sept. 27, 1814, James Monroe, _Virginia_.
March 3, 1815, W. H. Crawford, _Georgia_.
April 7, 1817, G. Graham, _Virginia_.
March 5, 1817, J. Shelby, _Kentucky_.
Oct. 8, 1817, J. C. Calhoun, _South Carolina_.
March 7, 1825, J. Barbour, _Virginia_.
May 26, 1828, P. B. Porter, _Pennsylvania_.
March 9, 1829, J. H. Eaton, _Tennessee_.
Aug. 1, 1831, Lewis Cass, _Ohio_.
March 3, 1837, B. F. Butler, _New York_.
March 7, 1837, J. R. Poinsett, _South Carolina_.
March 5, 1841, James Bell, _Tennessee_.
Sept. 13, 1841, John McLean, _Ohio_.
Oct. 12, 1841, J. C. Spencer, _New York_.
March 8, 1843, J. W. Porter, _Pennsylvania_.
Feb. 15, 1844, W. Wilkins, _Pennsylvania_.
March 5, 1845, William L. Marcy, _New York_.
March 7, 1849, G. W. Crawford, _Georgia_.
July 20, 1850, E. Bates, _Missouri_.
Aug. 15, 1850, C. M. Conrad, _Louisiana_.
March 5, 1853, Jefferson Davis, _Mississippi_.
SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.
Appointed--
May 3, 1798, G. Cabot, _Massachusetts_.
May 21, 1798, B. Stoddart, _Massachusetts_.
July 15, 1801, R. Smith, _Maryland_.
May 3, 1805, J. Crowninshield, _Massachusetts_.
March 7, 1809, P. Hamilton, _South Carolina_.
Jan. 12, 1813, W. Jones, _Pennsylvania_.
Dec. 17, 1814, B. W. Crowninshield, _Massachusetts_.
Nov. 9, 1818, Smith Thompson, _New York_.
Sept. 1, 1823, John Rogers, _Massachusetts_.
Sept. 16, 1823, S. L. Southard, _New Jersey_.
March 9, 1829, John Branch, _North Carolina_.
May 23, 1831, L. Woodbury, _New Hampshire_.
June 30, 1834, M. Dickerson, _New Jersey_.
June 20, 1838, J. K. Paulding, _New York_.
March 5, 1841, G. F. Badger, _North Carolina_.
Sept. 13, 1841, A. P. Upshur, _Virginia_.
July 24, 1843, D. Henshaw, _Massachusetts_.
Feb. 12, 1844, T. W. Gilmer, _Virginia_.
March 14, 1844, James Y. Mason, _Virginia_.
March 10, 1845, G. Bancroft, _Massachusetts_.
Sept. 9, 1846, James Y. Mason, _Virginia_.
March 7, 1849, W. B. Preston, _Virginia_.
July 20, 1850, W. A. Graham, _N. Carolina_.
July 22, 1852, J. P. Kennedy, _Maryland_.
March 3, 1853, J. C. Dobbin, _N. Carolina_.
RECAPITULATION.
_Presidency._--Southern men and Slaveholders, 48 years 3 months; Northern
men, 23 years 9 months.
_Pro. Tem. Presidency of the Senate._--Since 1809, held by Southern men
and Slaveholders, except for three or four sessions by Northern men.
_Speakership of the House._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders
forty-three years, Northern men, twenty-five.
_Supreme Court._--A majority of the Judges, including Chief Justice,
Southern men and Slaveholders.
_Secretaryship of State._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty
years, Northern, twenty-seven.
_Attorney Generalship._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-two
years, Northern men, twenty-five.
_War and Navy._--Secretaryship of the Navy, Southern men and Slaveholders,
the last sixteen years, with an interval of two years.
WILLIAM HENRY HURLBUT, of South Carolina, a gentleman of enviable literary
attainments, and one from whom we may expect a continuation of good
service in the eminently holy crusade now going on against slavery and the
devil, furnished not long since, to the _Edinburgh Review_, in the course
of a long and highly interesting article, the following summary of
oligarchal usurpations--showing that slaveholders have occupied the
principal posts of the Government nearly two-thirds of the time:--
Presidents 11 out of 16
Judges of the Supreme Court 17 out of 28
Attorneys General 14 out of 19
Presidents of the Senate 61 out of 77
Speakers of the House 21 out of 33
Foreign Ministers 80 out of 134
As a matter of general interest, and as showing that, while there have
been but 11 non-slaveholders directly before the people as candidates for
the Presidency, there have been _at least_ 16 slaveholders who were
willing to serve their country in the capacity of chief magistrate, the
following table may be here introduced:--
RESULT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1796 TO
1856.
Year. Name of Candidate. Elect'l vote.
1796 { John Adams 71
{ Thomas Jefferson 68
1800 { Thomas Jefferson 73
{ John Adams 64
1804 { Thomas Jefferson 162
{ Charles C. Pinckney 14
1808 { James Madison 128
{ Charles C. Pinckney 45
1812 { James Madison 122
{ De Witt Clinton 89
1816 { James Monroe 183
{ Rufus King 34
1820 { James Monroe 218
{ No opposition but one vote
1824 { Andrew Jackson[7] 99
{ John Q. Adams 84
{ W. H. Crawford 41
{ Henry Clay 37
1828 { Andrew Jackson 178
{ John Q. Adams 83
1832 { Andrew Jackson 219
{ Henry Clay 49
{ John Floyd 11
{ William Wirt 7
1836 { Martin Van Buren 170
{ William H. Harrison 73
{ Hugh L. White 26
{ Willie P. Mangum 11
{ Daniel Webster 14
1840 { William H. Harrison 234
{ Martin Van Buren 60
1844 { James K. Polk 170
{ Henry Clay 105
1848 { Zachary Taylor 163
{ Lewis Cass 127
1852 { Franklin Pierce 254
{ General Winfield Scott 42
1856 { James Buchanan 174
{ John C. Fremont 114
{ Millard Fillmore 8
AID FOR KANSAS.
As a sort of accompaniment to tables, 50, 51, 52 and 53, we will here
introduce a few items which will more fully illustrate the liberality of
Freedom and the niggardliness of Slavery.
From an editorial article that appeared in the Richmond (Va.,) _Dispatch_,
in July, 1856, bewailing the close-fistedness of slavery, we make the
following extract:--
"Gerrit Smith, the Abolitionist, has just pledged himself to give
$1,500 a month for the next twelve months to aid in establishing
Freedom in Kansas. He gave, but a short time since, at the Kansas
relief meeting in Albany, $3,000. Prior to that, he had sent about
$1,000 to the Boston Emigrant Committee. Out of his own funds, he
subsequently equipped a Madison county company, of one hundred picked
men, and paid their expenses to Kansas. At Syracuse he subscribed
$10,000 for Abolition purposes, so that his entire contributions
amount to at least $40,000."
An Eastern paper says:--
"The sum of $500 was contributed at a meeting at New Bedford on
Monday evening, to make Kansas free. The following sums have been
contributed for the same purpose: $2,000 in Taunton: $600 in Raynham:
$800 in Clinton: $300 in Danbury, Ct. In Wisconsin, $2,500 at
Janesville: $500 at Dalton: $500 at the Women's Aid Meeting in
Chicago: $2,000 in Rockford, Ill."
A telegraphic dispatch, dated Boston, January 2, 1857, informs us that--
"The Secretary of the Kansas Aid Committee acknowledges the receipt
of $42,678."
Exclusive of the amounts above, the readers of the New-York _Tribune_
have contributed about $30,000 for the purpose of securing Kansas to
Freedom; and, with the same object in view, other individuals and
societies have, from time to time, made large contributions, of which we
have failed to keep a memorandum. The legislature of Vermont has
appropriated $20,000; and other free State legislatures are prepared to
appropriate millions, if necessary. Free men have determined that Kansas
shall be free, and free it soon shall be, and ever so remain. Harmoniously
the work proceeds.
Now let us see how slavery has rewarded the poor, ignorant, deluded, and
degraded mortals--swaggering lickspittles--who have labored so hard to
gain for it "a local habitation and a name" in the disputed territory. One
D. B. Atchison, Chairman of the Executive Committee of Border Ruffians,
shall tell us all about it. Over date of October 13th, 1856, he says:
"Up to this moment, from all the States except Missouri, we have only
received the following sums, and through the following persons:--
A. W. Jones, Houston, Miss., $152
H. D. Clayton, Eufala, Ala., 500
Capt. Deedrick, South Carolina, 500
------
$1,152."
On this subject, further comment is unnecessary.
Numerous other contrasts, equally disproportionate, might be drawn between
the vigor and munificence of freedom and the impotence and stinginess of
slavery. We will, however, in addition to the above, advert to only a
single instance. During the latter part of the summer of 1855, the
citizens of the niggervilles of Norfolk and Portsmouth, in Virginia, were
sorely plagued with yellow fever. Many of them fell victims to the
disease, and most of those who survived, and who were not too unwell to
travel, left their homes, horror-stricken and dejected. To the horror of
mankind in general, and to the glory of freemen in particular,
contributions in money, provisions, clothing, and other valuable supplies,
poured in from all parts of the country, for the relief of the sufferers.
Portsmouth alone, according to the report of her relief association,
received $42,547 in cash from the free States, and only $12,182 in cash
from all the slave States, exclusive of Virginia, within whose borders the
malady prevailed. Including Virginia, the sum total of all the slave State
contributions amounted to only $33,398. Well did the Richmond _Examiner_
remark at the time--"we fear that generosity of Virginians is but a figure
of speech." Slavery! thy name is shame!
In connection with tables 44 and 45 on page 292, it will be well to
examine the following statistics of Congressional representation, which we
transcribe from Reynold's Political Map of the United States;--
UNITED STATES SENATE.
16 free States, with a white population of 13,238,670, have 32
Senators.
15 slave States, with a white population of 6,186,477, have 30
Senators.
So that 413,708 free men of the North enjoy but the same political
privileges in the U. S. Senate as is given to 206,215 slave
propagandists.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
The free States have a total of 144 members.
The slave States have a total of 90 members.
One free State Representative represents 91,935 white men and women.
One slave State Representative represents 68,725 white men and women.
Slave Representation gives to slavery an advantage over freedom of 30
votes in the House of Representatives.
CUSTOM-HOUSE RECEIPTS.--1854.
Free States, $60,010,489
Slave States, 5,136,969
-----------
Balance in favor of the Free States, $54,873,520
A contrast quite distinguishable!
That the apologists of slavery cannot excuse the shame and the shabbiness
of themselves and their country, as we have frequently heard them attempt
to do, by falsely asserting that the North has enjoyed over the South the
advantages of priority of settlement, will fully appear from the following
table:--
FREE STATES.
1614. New-York first settled by the Dutch.
1620. Massachusetts settled by the Puritans.
1623. New-Hampshire settled by the Puritans.
1624. New-Jersey settled by the Dutch.
1635. Connecticut settled by the Puritans.
1636. Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams.
1682. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn.
1791. Vermont admitted into the Union.
1802. Ohio admitted into the Union.
1816. Indiana admitted into the Union.
1818. Illinois admitted into the Union.
1820. Maine admitted into the Union.
1836. Michigan admitted into the Union.
1846. Iowa admitted into the Union.
1848. Wisconsin admitted into the Union.
1850. California admitted into the Union.
SLAVE STATES.
1607. Virginia first settled by the English.
1627. Delaware settled by the Swedes and Fins.
1635. Maryland settled by Irish Catholics.
1650. North Carolina settled by the English.
1670. South Carolina settled by the Huguenots.
1733. Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe.
1782. Kentucky admitted into the Union.
1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union.
1811. Louisiana admitted into the Union.
1817. Mississippi admitted into the Union.
1819. Alabama admitted into the Union.
1821. Missouri admitted into the Union.
1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union.
1845. Florida admitted into the Union.
1846. Texas admitted into the Union.
In the course of an exceedingly interesting article on the early
settlements in America, R. K. Browne, formerly editor and proprietor of
the San Francisco _Evening Journal_, says:--
"Many people seem to think that the Pilgrim Fathers were the first
who settled upon our shores, and therefore that they ought to be
entitled, in a particular manner, to our remembrance and esteem.
"This is not the case, and we herewith present to our readers a list
of settlements made in the present United States, prior to that of
Plymouth:
1564. A Colony of French Protestants under Ribault settled in
Florida.
1565. St. Augustine[8] founded by Pedro Melendez.
1584. Sir Walter Raleigh obtains a patent and sends two vessels to
the American coast, which receives the name of Virginia.
1607. The first effectual settlement made at Jamestown, Va., by the
London Company.
1614. A fort erected by the Dutch upon the site of New-York.
1615. Fort Orange built near the site of Albany, N. Y.
1619. The first General Assembly called in Virginia.
1620. The Pilgrims land on Plymouth Rock."
FREEDOM AND SLAVERY AT THE FAIR.
WHAT FREEDOM DID.
At an Agricultural Fair held at Watertown, in the State of New-York, on
the 2d day of October, 1856, two hundred and twenty premiums, ranging from
three to fifty dollars each, were awarded to successful competitors--the
aggregate amount of said premiums being $2,396, or an average of $10.89
each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we make the following
extracts:--
Best Horse Colt, George Parish, $25.00
Best Filly, J. Staplin, 20.00
Best Brood Mare, A. Blunt, 25.00
Best Bull, Wm. Johnson, 25.00
Best Heifer, A. M. Rogers, 20.00
Best Cow, C. Baker, 25.00
Best Stall-fed Beef, J. W. Taylor, 10.00
Best sample Wheat, Wm. Ottley, 5.00
Best sample Flaxseed, H. Weir, 3.00
Best sample Timothy Seed, E. S. Hayward 3.00
(Highest) Best Team of Oxen, Hiram Converse, 50.00
(Lowest) Best sample Sweet Corn, L. Marshall, 3.00
------
Aggregate amount of twelve premiums, $214.00
An average of $17.83 each.
WHAT SLAVERY DID.
At the Rowan County Agricultural Fair, held at Mineral Springs, in North
Carolina, on the 13th day of November, 1856, thirty premiums, ranging from
twenty-five cents to two dollars each, were awarded to successful
competitors--the aggregate amount of said premiums being $42, or an
average of $1.40 each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we
make the following extracts:--
Best Horse Colt, T. A. Burke, $2.00
Best Filly, James Cowan, 2.00
Best Brood Mare, M. W. Goodman, 2.00
Best Bull, J. F. McCorkle, 2.00
Best Heifer, J. F. McCorkle, 2.00
Best Cow, T. A. Burke, 2.00
Best Stall-fed Beef, S. D. Rankin, 1.00
Best Sample Wheat, M. W. Goodman, 50
Best lot Beefs, J. J. Summerell, 25
Best lot Turnips, Thomas Barber, 25
(Highest) Best pair Match Horses, R. W. Griffith, 2.00
(Lowest) Best lot Cabbage, Thomas Hyde, 25
-----
Aggregate amount of twelve premiums, $16.25
An average of $1.36 each.
Besides the two hundred and twenty premiums, amounting in the aggregate to
$2,396, freedom granted several diplomas and silver medals; besides the
thirty premiums amounting in the aggregate to $42, slavery granted
none--nothing. While examining these figures, it should be recollected
that agriculture is the peculiar province of the slave States. If commerce
or manufactures had been the subject of the fair, the result might have
shown even a greater disproportion in favor of freedom, and yet there
would have been some excuse for slavery, for it makes no pretensions to
either the one or the other; but as agriculture was the subject, slavery
can have no excuse whatever, but must bear all the shame of its niggardly
and revolting impotence; this it must do for the reason that agriculture
is its special and almost only pursuit.
The reports of the Comptrollers of the States of New York and North
Carolina, for the year 1856, are now before us. From each report we have
gleaned a single item, which, when compared, the one with the other,
speaks volumes in favor of freedom and against slavery. We refer to the
average value per acre of lands in the two States; let slavocrats read,
reflect, and repent.
In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of
NEW YORK,
Acres of land 30,080,000
Valued at $1,112,133,136
Average value per acre $36.97
In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of
NORTH CAROLINA,
Acres of land 32,450,560
Valued at $98,800,636
Average value per acre $3.06
It is difficult for us to make any remarks on the official facts above.
Our indignation is struck almost dumb at this astounding and revolting
display of the awful wreck that slavery is leaving behind it in the South.
We will however, go into a calculation for the purpose of ascertaining as
nearly as possible, in this one particular, how much North Carolina has
lost by the retention of slavery. As we have already seen, the average
value per acre of land in the State of New York is $36.97; in North
Carolina it is only $3.06; why is it so much less, or even any less, in
the latter than in the former? The answer is, _slavery_. In soil, in
climate, in minerals, in water-power for manufactural purposes, and in
area of territory, North Carolina has the advantage of New York, and, with
the exception of slavery, no plausible reason can possibly be assigned why
land should not be _at least_ as valuable in the valley of the Yadkin as
it is along the banks of the Genesee.
The difference between $36.97 and $3.06 is $33.91, which, multiplied by
the whole number of acres of land in North Carolina, will show, in this
one particular, the enormous loss that Freedom has sustained on account of
Slavery in the Old North State. Thus:--
32,450,560 acres _a_ $33,91 $1,100,398,489.
Let it be indelibly impressed on the mind, however, that this amount,
large as it is, is only a moity of the sum that it has cost to maintain
slavery in North Carolina. From time to time, hundreds upon hundreds of
millions of dollars have left the State, either in search of profitable,
permanent investment abroad, or in the shape of profits to Northern
merchants and manufactures, who have become the moneyed aristocracy of the
country by supplying to the South such articles of necessity, utility, and
adornment, as would have been produced at home but for the pernicious
presence of the peculiar institution.
A reward of Eleven Hundred Millions of Dollars is offered for the
conversion of the lands of North Carolina into free soil. The lands
themselves, desolate and impoverished under the fatal foot of slavery,
offer the reward. How, then, can it be made to appear that the abolition
of slavery in North Carolina, and, indeed, throughout all the Southern
States--for slavery is exceedingly inimical to them all--is not demanded
by every consideration of justice, prudence, and good sense? In 1850, the
total value of all the slaves of the State, at the rate of four hundred
dollars per head, amounted to less than one hundred and sixteen millions
of dollars. Is the sum of one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars more
desirable than the sum of eleven hundred millions of dollars? When a man
has land for sale, does he reject thirty-six dollars per acre and take
three? Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests! Many of you
have lands; comparatively speaking, you have nothing else. Abolish
slavery, and you will enhance the value of every league, your own and your
neighbors', from three to thirty-six dollars per acre. Your little tract
containing two hundred acres, now valued at the pitiful sum of only six
hundred dollars, will then be worth seven thousand. Your children, now
deprived of even the meagre advantages of common schools, will then reap
the benefits of a collegiate education. Your rivers and smaller streams,
now wasting their waters in idleness, will then turn the wheels of
multitudinous mills. Your bays and harbors, now unknown to commerce, will
then swarm with ships from every enlightened quarter of the globe.
Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!
Would the slaveholders of North Carolina lose anything by the abolition of
slavery? Let us see. According to their own estimate, their slaves are
worth, in round numbers, say, one hundred and twenty millions of dollars.
There are in the State twenty-eight thousand slaveholders, owning, it may
be safely assumed, an average of at least five hundred acres of land
each--fourteen millions of acres in all. This number of acres, multiplied
by thirty-three dollars and ninety-one cents, the difference in value
between free soil and slave soil, makes the enormous sum of four hundred
and seventy-four millions of dollars--showing that, by the abolition of
slavery, the slaveholders themselves would realize a net profit of not
less than three hundred and fifty-four millions of dollars!
Compensation to slaveholders for the negroes now in their possession! The
idea is preposterous. The suggestion is criminal. The demand is unjust,
wicked, monstrous, damnable. Shall we pat the bloodhounds of slavery for
the sake of doing them a favor? Shall we fee the curs of slavery in order
to make them rich at our expense? Shall we pay the whelps of slavery for
the privilege of converting them into decent, honest, upright men? No,
never! The non-slaveholders expect to gain, and will gain, something by
the abolition of slavery; but slaveholders themselves will, by far, be the
greater gainers; for, in proportion to population, they own much larger
and more fertile tracts of land, and will, as a matter of course, receive
the lion's share of the increase in the value of not only real estate, but
also of other genuine property, of which they are likewise the principal
owners. How ridiculously absurd, therefore, is the objection, that, if we
liberate the slaves, we ruin the masters! Not long since, a gentleman in
Baltimore, a native of Maryland, remarked in our presence that he was an
abolitionist because he felt that it was right and proper to be one;
"but," inquired he, "are there not, in some of the States, many widows and
orphans who would be left in destitute circumstances, if their negroes
were taken from them?" In answer to the question, we replied that slavery
had already reduced thousands and tens of thousands of non-slaveholding
widows and orphans to the lowest depths of poverty and ignorance, and that
we did not believe one slaveholding widow and three orphans were of more,
or even of as much consequence as five non-slaveholding widows and fifteen
orphans. "You are right," exclaimed the gentleman, "I had not viewed the
subject in that light before; I perceive you go in for the greatest good
to the greatest number." Emancipate the negroes, and the ex-slaveholding
widow would still retain her lands and tenements, which, in consequence of
being surrounded by the magic influences of liberty, would soon render her
far more wealthy and infinitely more respectable, than she could possibly
ever become while trafficking in human flesh.
The fact is, every slave in the South costs the State in which he resides
at least three times as much as he, in the whole course of his life, is
worth to his master. Slavery benefits no one but its immediate, individual
owners, and them only in a pecuniary point of view, and at the sacrifice
of the dearest rights and interests of the whole mass of non-slaveholders,
white and black. Even the masters themselves, as we have already shown,
would be far better off without it than with it. To all classes of society
the institution is a curse; an especial curse is it to those who own it
not. Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!