WHAT OUR NAVY DID IN THE WAR OF 1812.
=273. Outrages committed by the Pirates of the Barbary Coast.=--A hundred
years ago the ports of the nations lying on the northern coast of
Africa--the Barbary States, as they were called, Morocco, Algiers,
Tunis, and Tripoli--were infested by fierce pirates. They used to rush
out with their swift vessels and capture the ships of Christian nations.
After plundering them of their valuables, they would hold the crews as
slaves, or sell them to slave dealers.
These pirates became for years the terror of Europe. Merchants paid
annual tributes of large sums of money to the Pasha to save their
cargoes from seizure. Even our own nation, in 1795, paid these sea
robbers for the release of American sailors captured and held by them as
slaves, and also for the exemption of our ships from attack. First and
last we paid these robber states not less than a million dollars to buy
their good will.
It is difficult to realize that there was once a time when the President
of the United States negotiated treaties, the Senate ratified them, and
Congress voted tribute money to keep the peace with pirates.
In 1801 a disagreement arose about our regular payment; and the Bashaw
of Tripoli, whose greed it was hard to satisfy, had the impudence to
declare war against the United States and cut down the flagstaff in
front of our consul's residence.
=274. The Gallant Exploits of Decatur and his Brave Men.=--Although we had
only a small navy, President Jefferson thought it best to put a stop to
this blackmail business, and settle with the pirates in a different way.
So he sent some war vessels to punish them, and they did it quite
thoroughly.
During one of these encounters the United States frigate Philadelphia,
one of our best, under the command of Captain Bainbridge, chased a
pirate craft into the harbor of Tripoli, but unluckily ran on a reef.
She stuck fast, helpless either to fight or to sail. She was captured,
with all her crew, by the enemy.
But a few months afterwards, Stephen Decatur, a gallant lieutenant of
only twenty-five, sailed from Sicily in a small vessel, the Intrepid,
which had just been captured from the Moors. He boldly entered the
harbor of Tripoli one evening about dusk, and sailed quietly along close
to the Philadelphia. Then pirates did not suspect harm, as the Intrepid
appeared to be a Moorish vessel. With its crew of seventy men concealed
under the bulwarks, the little vessel was instantly made fast to the
ill-fated frigate.
"Follow me, lads!" cried Decatur.
The men from the Intrepid sprang to their feet and climbed on board the
Philadelphia. The surprise was complete. In ten minutes Decatur and his
bold sailors had killed or driven overboard every pirate, then set the
ship afire, leaped back upon the Intrepid, and escaped from the harbor
amid a storm of shot from the batteries. Not one of our men was lost in
the whole affair.
This heroic adventure, which made young Decatur a captain, became common
talk in Europe. England's greatest naval hero, Lord Nelson, said, "It
was the most bold and daring act of the ages." There is no single naval
exploit to be compared with it for boldness, except Cushing's
destruction of the ironclad Albemarle in the war for the Union.
=275. Outrageous Conduct of the British toward American Sailors.=--During
the years soon after 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte was at war with almost all
Europe, and especially with England.
The British navy was very large and in constant need of sailors. To get
them, English men-of-war used to stop American merchant ships wherever
they met them on the high seas. They would fire a cannon shot across the
bows of the American vessel to compel it to heave to. British officers
would then come on board, marshal the crew in line, and pick out sailors
whom they claimed to be deserters from British ships.
Very likely the ones thus singled out could prove that they were
Americans by birth or adoption. No matter for that! They were needed,
and, as the men-of-war had the power to take them by force, go they
must. In time this dastardly business became even worse. The British
sometimes stationed their war vessels off the entrance of our largest
harbors, ready to search our merchantmen as they sailed out.
Now all this bid fair to destroy our commerce. None of our ships were
safe. Importing, exporting, our vast fisheries, important
manufactures--many kinds of business--were on the verge of ruin.
In spite of our protests the British government kept up this practice
for years, until it was said that more than nine hundred American
vessels had been searched, and over six thousand American sailors
kidnapped from them.
=276. The War of 1812 begun.=--Why did we endure these insults from
England so long? Perhaps the principal reason was our small navy. The
English war fleets then numbered over a thousand vessels, and ours less
than twenty! These outrages could not, however, be longer tolerated.
England even insisted that she had a perfect _right_ to seize our ships
and to carry off our citizens.
War was declared in 1812. In this war most of our land battles were more
or less failures, but the brilliant success of our naval contests more
than made up for them. In fact, whenever we speak of the war of 1812, we
always think of the surprising series of victories won by our splendid
though small naval force against England.
[Illustration: ISAAC HULL.]
=277. The Great Naval Battle between the Constitution and the
Guerriere.=--Only a few weeks after war was declared, our frigate
Constitution, Captain Isaac Hull, met the enemy's man-of-war Guerriere,
Captain Dacres, off the Massachusetts shore. The British vessel had been
sailing proudly up and down our coast, challenging the Yankee craft to
fight. The Guerriere in real British pride flings out a flag from the
top of each "ocean spire." Her guns flash but the balls fall short.
"Not a cannon to be fired till I give the word," cried Captain Hull;
"double shot the guns."
"May we not begin?" shouted his first officer as the shot came tearing
through the rigging.
Another broadside from the Guerriere! The men are getting impatient.
Captain Hull calmly waits until he can bring every gun to bear.
"Now, boys, give it to them!" he shouted at the top of his voice.
They did their work well. In twenty minutes the proud English frigate
was a helpless wreck.
"I will not take your sword," said the gallant Hull to Captain Dacres as
the British officer surrendered; "but I will trouble you for that hat!"
It seems that these two brave captains were personal friends, and Hull
had made a bet with Dacres that his vessel would "whip" the Guerriere if
there should ever be a war, and the loser was to forfeit his hat!
The Constitution was almost unhurt. The Guerriere, shattered and
useless, was set on fire, and in a few minutes blew up. All that was
left of the splendid vessel instantly vanished from sight forever. Hull
took his prisoners to Boston, where he was received with enthusiastic
welcome.
The news of this victory created equal joy in every section of the
country. Its chief importance lay in the confidence it inspired among
all the people, demonstrating that a first-class English battleship was
far from invincible. The British government was astounded. So were the
naval authorities, some of whom had sneered at the Constitution as "a
bundle of pine boards."
[Illustration: CAPTAIN HULL REFUSES TO ACCEPT CAPTAIN DACRES' SWORD.]
=278. Naval Battle between the Wasp and Frolic; Other Brilliant Naval
Victories for the American Sailors.=--A few weeks later the American
sloop-of-war Wasp fell in with the British brig Frolic off Virginia. It
was a sharp fight for three-quarters of an hour. Both vessels were
nearly destroyed, when the Wasp came close to the Frolic and gave a
tremendous broadside that carried away everything before it. Then the
Wasp's crew boarded the Frolic and found not a sailor on deck--only the
officers, who surrendered. The surviving sailors had gone below to
escape the deadly fire.
The very next week Commodore Decatur of the frigate United States
attacked the British frigate Macedonian near the Canary Islands. It was
a brisk fight of two hours, when the Macedonian surrendered with a loss
of over one hundred men.
Decatur's victory produced a profound impression both in this country
and in England. Congress recognized its importance by a vote of thanks
and a gold medal to the commodore.
=279. "Old Ironsides" and her Noble Record.=--In the same month occurred
the famous battle off Brazil between the Constitution under Commodore
Bainbridge and the frigate Java. It was a furious contest for two hours.
The enemy's ship had every mast shot away, and her hull was torn with
shot. Her deck was covered with more than two hundred killed and
wounded. The wreck of the Java surrendered, the survivors were taken on
board the Constitution, and the hull was burned. This was the fourth
brilliant naval victory gained within six months.
The Constitution has ever since been popularly known as "Old Ironsides,"
by which name her exploits have been celebrated from that day until this
in oratory and song. Many years ago the government planned to break her
up and sell her timbers. This prompted Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes to
write his famous poem beginning:--
Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!
Long has it waved on high.
These stirring lines had a powerful influence upon the public mind, and
the noble-vessel was saved. She may be seen now (1900), carefully
protected, in the navy yard at Charlestown, Mass.
Slowly but surely the idea dawned upon many minds in Europe that a
nation was springing up on the other side of the Atlantic that would
sometime dispute with England, the "mistress of the seas," the supremacy
of the ocean.
=280. Battle between the Chesapeake and Shannon.=--The year 1813 opened
with hopeful prospects, but the scale turned less in our favor than
during 1812. A brilliant young officer, Captain James Lawrence, was
given in reward for his bravery the command of the Chesapeake, then
lying in Boston Harbor. She was one of the finest frigates in our young
navy, but had the name among the sailors of being an "unlucky" craft.
Lawrence had hardly taken charge of his new ship when he received a
challenge from the British frigate Shannon, cruising outside, daring him
to come out and fight. He hastily made ready for sea, collected such a
crew as he could, part landsmen and part foreigners, and sailed out.
This was really very unwise.
[Illustration: JAMES LAWRENCE.]
The Shannon's crew were picked men, and had had long and careful drill,
while Lawrence's men were fresh and unprepared. Lawrence was young,
proud of his late victory, and full of courage. The hostile ships fought
fiercely and with terrible effect. In a few minutes every one of the
Chesapeake's officers was either killed or wounded.
While Lawrence was giving an order, a musket ball inflicted upon him a
fatal wound. As he was carried below, his dying words were,
"DON'T GIVE UP THE SHIP!"
--a stirring battle-cry, which has ever since been a source of
inspiration to our navy.
The battle was soon over. The torn rigging of the Chesapeake was
entangled with that of the Shannon, the enemy's officers leaped on board
and raised the British flag. The Chesapeake was taken to Halifax, where
Lawrence was buried with military honors.
=281. Commodore Perry and his Brilliant Victory on Lake Erie.=--The story
of Perry's brilliant victory on Lake Erie has been told in prose and
verse ever since it took place. The control of this inland sea between
two hostile countries was very important. The British already had a
little fleet of six vessels with sixty-three guns, to oppose which we
had hardly anything in the shape of vessels or trained men.
A naval officer, Oliver Hazard Perry of Rhode Island, not quite
twenty-eight years old and who had never been in action before, was
appointed to take charge of the whole matter in behalf of the United
States. First, he must have an armed flotilla to meet the enemy.
With remarkable energy the young captain put a large force of
wood-choppers and ship carpenters at work for months near Erie, Pa.,
felling huge trees and building war vessels of the green timber. Soon he
had launched nine, with fifty-four cannon--more vessels than the enemy,
but fewer guns.
One beautiful September morning the British fleet was seen on the
horizon.
"Sail ho!" rang out from the masthead of the American flagship.
"Enemy in sight!" "Get under way!" was the signal sent to each vessel.
Perry stripped his flagship, the Lawrence, for action. At her masthead
he raised a blue battle-flag, upon which had been painted in large white
letters the dying words of the brave Lawrence, "Don't give up the ship."
"My brave lads," said Perry, "this flag has on it the dying words of
Captain Lawrence. Shall I hoist it?"
"Aye, aye, sir," shouted every man, and cheer after cheer echoed and
reechoed through the fleet. This was the signal for battle.
The enemy's fire was directed mostly upon Perry's vessel, which fought
the two largest British ships till the Lawrence was almost a helpless
wreck--cannon dismounted, masts shot away, and most of the crew either
killed or wounded.
Should Perry surrender? NOT HE!
Taking his motto banner, he sprang into his only open boat, with his
little brother and four stout sailors, and standing erect with his
battle-flag half folded about him, balls flying all around him, he was
rowed through the thickest of the fight to another of his ships, the
Niagara, half a mile distant.
A mighty shout went up from all our fleet at the sight of this heroic
deed.
"Fire upon that boat," ordered the British commander.
The enemy at once poured a hail of cannon-balls, grapeshot, and musket
bullets around the men in the open boat. Strange to say, not a person
was hurt. Perry sprang on board of the Niagara, took command, sailed his
vessels into the enemy's line, and thundered a series of broadsides
right and left into five of their best ships.
[Illustration: OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.]
In fifteen minutes from this moment the work was over! For the first
time in history an American fleet had met a British fleet in a fair
fight--and captured it!
The battle had lasted three hours. The victory was complete. Then with
singular pride Perry returned to the shattered Lawrence and there
received the enemy's surrender! When he was sure of victory, he wrote
in pencil on the back of an old letter, resting the paper on his cap,
and sent to General Harrison (afterwards President in 1841) that
remarkable despatch, the first sentence of which has been so often
repeated:
"WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY AND THEY ARE OURS!"
This victory, so astonishing for its daring act of valor, turned the
scales of war. It saved the western states from further inroads by the
British, and paved the way for General Harrison to recover what was lost
in General Hull's surrender of Detroit.
=282. Other Events of this War.=--The next year, 1814, which saw the end
of the war, was marked by events few but important. In the summer the
British with their vast fleet blockaded all our most important ports,
and sailing up rivers and into unprotected harbors, they plundered
without mercy the defenseless cities and towns.
In August one of their fleet sailed up to Washington, the city being
entirely unguarded. President Madison, the officers of the government,
and many citizens fled, and General Ross marched unopposed into the
city. Obeying instructions from his government, he burned the Capitol,
the President's house, the Treasury, and other public buildings, with
vast amounts of valuable books and records. This shameful act has
always received the sharpest condemnation from the civilized world.
Next the British army marched to Baltimore, where the fleet bombarded
Fort McHenry all day and all night, but without avail. The next morning
Francis Scott Key, then a prisoner on a British ship, seeing the flag
still flying over the fort, hastily wrote in pencil, on the back of an
old letter, the stirring song that we all know so well, "The
Star-Spangled Banner."
The British General Ross was killed, and his army hastened to the ships
and sailed away.
In September the English, with an army of fourteen thousand veterans,
tried to force a way from Canada to New York through Lake Champlain.
Their army marched from Quebec, while the fleet sailed down the lake,
and both were at Plattsburg together. But our gallant flotilla under
Commodore McDonough utterly destroyed the British squadron, far superior
to ours.
=283. How General Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans.=--Later in
the year the British made a vigorous effort to capture New Orleans. More
than ten thousand trained veterans, believed to be the finest troops in
the world, were met by less than half that number of men under Andrew
Jackson, afterwards President. The battle was short but decisive.
The British general repeated the fatal error of Bunker Hill in marching
his soldiers to attack men who were behind breastworks, and who knew how
to hit every time they fired. Jackson's wall of cotton bales was
assaulted time and again, but the red-coat lines broke and ran before
the withering fire of the backwoods rifles. The sharpshooters of the
South-west had worsted British veterans who had defeated the best
soldiers of Napoleon.
In less than an hour the enemy's leader, General Packenham, was killed,
seven hundred of his men lay dead on the field, and the contest was
over. The British lost over two thousand in all, the Americans only
thirteen! Never had a British army met a more decisive defeat.
This battle, fought on the eighth of January, 1815, was really needless;
for peace had been made in Europe about two weeks before.
=284. Results of the War.=--The war of 1812 was not fought in vain. It put
an end at once to searching American vessels and kidnapping American
sailors on the high seas. Foreign nations saw that we were determined to
maintain our rights on the ocean, and have never thought it best since
then to insult our country. This war also served to strengthen the
American feeling of nationality.