LEXINGTON AND CONCORD.
=149. The Patriots prepare for War.=--When General Gage began to increase
slowly the number of troops in Boston, and especially when he began to
fortify Boston Neck, it was plain enough that this meant war. The people
on their part began to prepare anxiously for the coming struggle. Every
one felt that desperate times were near at hand. The patriots quickly
collected arms and ammunition and, having packed them in loads of hay
and similar disguises to deceive the British spies, sent them for safe
keeping to Concord, about sixteen miles northwest of Boston.
=150. Gage forms Plans to capture Military Stores.=--General Gage soon
learned this, and made secret preparations to capture these supplies.
Inasmuch as in previous expeditions of this kind he had met with
failure, the advantage of a surprise was this time to be increased by
the presence of a large force. The Americans, however, were quite as
keen of sight and hearing as their enemies, and had even more reason to
keep a sharp lookout.
About midnight on the 18th of April, 1775, Gage quietly sent out from
Boston nearly eight hundred soldiers. He had two objects in view; to
seize the military stores at Concord, and to arrest Samuel Adams and
"his ready and willing tool," that "terrible desperado," John Hancock.
Gage thought the start of his midnight soldiers was quite unknown to the
Americans. He never suspected that Warren and other vigilant patriots
had been watching every movement, and were determined to thwart his
plans. At about ten or eleven o'clock, two hours before the British
soldiers embarked, a signal lantern hung out of the belfry of the Old
North Church in Boston, and in a few minutes another by its side--"One,
if by land, and two, if by sea"--flashed the tidings of the coming
expedition.
=151. The Country about Boston aroused.=--An hour or two before the
British troops began to cross in boats to Charlestown, two horsemen, who
had been watching for the lantern lights in the steeple, dashed out on
swift steeds by different roads towards Lexington and Concord: William
Dawes went like an arrow over Boston Neck, and then through Roxbury and
Watertown, while Paul Revere across the water sped as if on wings from
Charlestown. Their swift horses' hoofs clattered sharply in the quiet of
this beautiful night, striking fire from the stones in the darkness.
But at almost every house they paused a moment to arouse the sleepers.
"Wake up!" they shouted. Windows flew open.
"What's the matter?"--"What's the mat-ter?"
"Matter enough, you'll find, by daylight!" was the hurried reply. "The
British are coming!"
=152. The Night March to Concord.=--Meanwhile the British soldiers were
marching along rapidly through the cool April night. They made no noise.
There was no drumbeat; the officers gave their commands almost in
whispers. Only the clatter of the horses' hoofs and the steady tramp of
the marching men broke the silence. When day dawned they approached the
village of Lexington, ten miles from Boston and about two-thirds of the
way to Concord. They were not entirely surprised to find, even so early,
a squad of armed minute-men awaiting them, for they had heard church
bells ringing and had seen, all along their march, lights moving to and
fro in the farm houses.
=153. The Patriots make a stand at Lexington.=--The British arrived at
Lexington about half-past four. Ready to meet them were some sixty or
seventy men drawn up on the village green close beside the
meeting-house, with loaded guns. As they stood there, silent and
fearless, on that sweet spring morning, April 19, 1775, their leader,
Captain John Parker, who fifteen years before had climbed the Heights of
Abraham by the side of Wolfe, addressed them briefly.
"Stand your ground. Don't fire unless fired upon," said Parker; "but if
they mean to have a war, let it begin here!" Seventy men against eight
hundred! War it was, and it did begin there.
[Illustration: PAUL REVERE'S RIDE.]
Major Pitcairn, who soon afterwards fell at Bunker Hill, rode up and
cried out:--
"Disperse, you villains! Throw down your arms, you rebels, and go home!"
He then discharged his pistol and, turning to his soldiers, cried,
"Fire!" Instantly flashed out the first volley of the Revolutionary War,
and eight of the farmer minute-men fell dead!
The number of the Americans was so small in proportion to that of the
British that the only sensible course was to retreat. They retired with
a few parting shots at the enemy. Then the red-coats, giving three
cheers, marched on towards Concord, six miles farther.
The patriots at Concord had the day before received some hint of the
proposed capture, and had removed most of the military stores to the
woods. The British found two cannon, which they spiked, and some cannon
balls and gunpowder, which they threw into the river. Then they
destroyed a quantity of flour, cut down the liberty-pole, and set fire
to the courthouse.
=154. The Fight at Concord Bridge.=--While they were busy doing this,
fresh minute-men, about four hundred in number, were coming in from all
the adjoining towns. They gathered near the old North Bridge to drive
away some regulars who had begun to take up the planks. As the militia
approached, the British soldiers fired and killed several. Among the
dead was Captain Isaac Davis. Long after life was extinct, the fingers
of this brave patriot, as if still true to his purpose, held firm grasp
on his gun.
Major Buttrick, a leader among the soldier-farmers, shouted, "Fire,
fellow-soldiers! Fire!" Obedient to this order, the Americans in return
"fired the shot heard round the world!" The regulars fell back in
confusion. The minute-men held the bridge, and the enemy began a hasty
retreat.
[Illustration: THE MINUTE-MEN ATTACKING THE BRITISH REGULARS ON THE
RETREAT.]
Our men were too few in number to join in a square pitched battle with
the trained British soldiers; but as soon as these began to withdraw,
the patriots followed them closely and kept up a brisk discharge of
musketry. The previous volleys and the bell-ringing had aroused the
whole adjacent country, and fresh men came pouring in from every side.
Most of them were without their coats; but they had guns in their hands
and they knew how to use them.
=155. The British begin their Retreat.=--Occasionally the retreating
soldiers would stop and shoot back, and then hurry on and even run, to
escape the deadly bullets. Soon the minute-men, leaping over the stone
walls, ran on ahead, or, cutting across at some bend of the road, got a
long distance in advance. Then as the column came on, the Americans,
from behind barns, trees, rocks, and walls, would pour a storm of shot
into the staggering ranks. So from right and left, behind and before,
came in showers the fatal balls of the minute-men. A British officer
afterwards said, "It seemed as if men dropped from the clouds."
You remember Longfellow's description:--
How the British regulars fired and fled,
How the farmers gave them ball for ball,
From behind each fence and farm-yard wall,
Chasing the red-coats down the lane,
Then crossing the fields to emerge again,
Under the trees at the turn of the road,
And pausing only to fire and load.
The British suffered fearfully in this six-mile march. The weather was
as sultry as in midsummer, and the dust was suffocating. They had been
on the road without food or water from midnight to noon. They were worn
and exhausted, and the ceaseless shot of the Americans, who were all
trained to the use of the rifle, brought down some of the regulars at
almost every step. To go on was perilous, to pause long was fatal. Dead
and wounded men and horses lay all along the road.
Thus beset, the British pushed on, hurrying back over the dreadful
distance till they reached Lexington. Here they were rejoiced to find a
thousand soldiers sent out from Boston under Lord Percy to meet them.
These had marched out of Boston to the tune of Yankee Doodle! They were
formed in a hollow square, and into this shelter rushed the runaway
red-coats, falling upon the green grass from pure exhaustion, "with
their tongues hanging out of their mouths, like dogs after a chase."
Lord Percy allowed a rest of only about half an hour, knowing very well
that the longer he delayed the greater would be the increasing swarm of
armed men gathering around him.
=156. The Panic-Stricken British Regulars at last reach the Shelter of
the Men-of-War.=--The British commander had now in all nearly eighteen
hundred men, and he made straight for Charlestown, the nearest point of
safety. But in spite of this large force, the minute-men with their
unerring aim kept on his flanks, picking off the regulars, especially
the officers, all along the road. In vain the officers threatened; the
men ran like sheep. At sunset the British reached Charlestown and found
themselves safe under the shelter of their men-of-war.
If Percy's reinforcements had not come up, all the British soldiers that
started back from Concord would have been killed or taken prisoners. The
king's regulars had been driven in rout and almost panic before the
stout-hearted minute-men. Well might General Gage feel keenly the
disgrace.
The loss on both sides at Lexington and Concord was small. Most of the
fighting took place on the retreat, where the loss of the Americans was
about fifty killed and forty-three wounded, while the British lost in
all two hundred and seventy-three men.
=157. What the Eventful Day showed.=--Thus began and ended one of the most
eventful days in the history of our country. It witnessed the opening
conflict of the American Revolution.
When that sturdy patriot, Samuel Adams, heard the crackle of the
musketry, he exclaimed, "What a glorious morning is this!" He knew that
the time had come when the people must draw the sword.
The Americans had now shown that they could fight. They saw the
promptness with which they could assemble, and they felt that, if need
were, they could defend themselves. The British also learned that the
American farmers could fight, and that, too, on the spur of the moment.
They found that the colonies were not to be frightened into submission.
It became plain to each side that very serious work was near at hand.
The grim figure of WAR cast its long black shadow into the future.
The shots of these resolute farmers echoed far and wide. They told the
whole world that a people stood ready to give their lives in defense of
their rights; that they fought after their own fashion, and they fought
hard.
=158. The Minute-Men; the Work they did, and how they did it.=--The
minute-men were bands of enrolled patriots pledged to start at a
minute's notice to a call for their services. They had few good weapons,
mostly shotguns for hunting birds and squirrels. They were short of
powder and ball. In many of the families the women melted or pounded up
their pewter spoons and dishes into bullets and slugs.
The minute-men were numerous in every town, and when the alarm was
given, they would leave plow or shop, hurry home, take down the gun from
its hooks over the fireplace, bid good-by to wife and children, and be
off to help their country in its peril.
Israel Putnam, in leather frock and apron, was at work in a field on his
farm in Connecticut when he heard of Lexington. Leaving the plow in the
furrow, he jumped on his horse and rode the hundred or more miles to
Cambridge in eighteen hours. John Stark was at work in his sawmill in
New Hampshire when the news of Lexington came. He stopped the mill,
hurried home, took down his rifle, and rode on horseback to Cambridge.
In his haste he even forgot to put on his coat!
[Illustration: THE FIGHT AT CONCORD BRIDGE.]
Every town had a company or two of minute-men and of militia soldiers,
who regularly met and drilled. The soldiers and the officers of these
companies were usually the best citizens of the towns. Thirty-one towns
were represented among the patriots who hastened to the fight on the
nineteenth of April.
=159. Tablets now shown along this Historic Road.=--If some day we should
take a ride over this very road, we should notice along the way numerous
landmarks of that famous contest--carved monuments, houses with bullet
holes carefully preserved, bronze tablets on houses, marking some spot
of special interest. At Fiske's Hill, in Lexington, an inscription
records that at a well near by two soldiers met to drink. The British
grenadier raised his gun and said to James Hayward, "You are a dead
man!" "And so are you!" replied the minute-man. Both fired; one was
instantly killed, and the other mortally wounded.
On Lexington Common we should see a stately monument with a long
inscription reciting the event.
At Concord Bridge would be seen a noble statue of the Minute-Man,
beneath which on the pedestal are Emerson's famous verses:--
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.