AÏR: NORTH TO BAGUEZAN MOUNTAINS AND HUNTING BARBARY SHEEP
On 26th April I left Agades with the intention of travelling north
into the Aïr mountains, and to ultimately pitch a base camp on
Baguezan.
Besides four transport camels, the little band which set out was made
up of two goumiers, by name Saidi and Atagoom, the chief of Baguezan,
and two followers and myself; six fully armed camel-mounted men,
not including my cook-boy, John, who was also in the company. The
Chief of Baguezan had been called into Agades so that, if he was
friendly disposed, he could conduct me to his country. He was the
new Chief Minerou who had succeeded Yofa, who was foully killed
a few months before by the dagger-thrust of a skulking foe when
guarding his camels against an attack from prowling robbers.
At Agades, before departure, I had stored every article I could do
without, on account of the difficulties of travel ahead, and took
with me supplies of food and ammunition barely sufficient to last
for a period of two or three months.
Our little band left Agades at various times in the afternoon to
camp at the tent-like inhabited Tuareg village of Azzal, which was
only about five miles N.E. of our starting-point, and was to be
the rendezvous of our organised departure on the morrow.
_27th April._—Left Azzal before dawn. Yesterday we had skirted
the foothills in travelling up the broad dry river-bed of the
shallow Azzal Valley, but to-day we departed from the edge of the
level desert, and entered low hill country of strange appearance,
composed of rock and boulder and gravel, bare of any vegetation,
and therefore dreadfully melancholy and barren. View after view of
brown coloured hills unfolded before us as we passed onward over
gravel-strewn ground, or picked our way through rocky outcrops,
or descended to sandy river-bed; while always one could follow out
the thin line of the river banks or hollows which caught moisture
in the rains, for they contained a bright green growth of dum palm
and “abisgee”[9] bush, which was very striking and conspicuous
among the sombre hills.
Without any doubt it is beyond Azzal that the traveller enters the
true brown-grey rock country of Aïr: the low country, which contains
many isolated cone-shaped hills or kopjes, that leads one, in time,
to the great central mountains. Bare the land is of generous elements
of beauty, and almost equally bare of living thing. In many places
the only vegetation in a large area lies in the thin rift of some
infant rivulet—a meandering line of sand which seeks a way among
the grey pebbles and rocks, wherein a few dry tufts of grass, and,
perhaps, a stunted dwarf acacia, a grasshopper or two, and, if you
are in luck, a small mouse-like, sand-coloured lark crouching on
the ground may be seen, for scarcely any moving living thing misses
the eye in a land that is well-nigh motionless.
We camped at Solom Solom about noon, and obtained some water from
a well which is on the banks of a river there, and about which
one or two Tuaregs are camped. The Tuaregs with me pronounce this
name Selim Selim. It is about 18 miles due north of Azzal, and has
altitude of 2,100 ft. (Agades is 1,710 ft.)
_28th April._—Left Solom Solom an hour before daybreak; reached
Tchefira about noon, after stopping to replenish our water-skins
in the river-bed known to the natives as Arrajubjub. Water obtained
by digging down in the sand of the river-bed close under some large
rocks on the east bank of the stream.
There is a height of land at Arrajubjub where the river falls south
to Agades and north toward Baguezan. The river valley, which we
chiefly followed to-day, and which turns almost due east not long
after leaving Solom Solom, is named in sections, as are most rivers
in the country: thus it is the Solom Solom (which becomes the Azzal
river further south) at the beginning of to-day’s journey, then
Dabaga, then Injerwdan, then Arrajubjub, and, finally, Tchefira. The
river banks continue to have the green fringe of vegetation: dum
palms, Hausa _Kaba_; small skunk-smelling tree, Hausa _Abisgee_;
small dwarf acacia, growing 3 ft. to 4 ft. high, Hausa _Giga_;
and a fairly large acacia, say, 20 ft. high, Hausa _Zandidi_.
[Illustration: MY CARAVAN ON THE ARRAJUBJUB RIVER.]
[Illustration: TYPICAL AÏR LANDSCAPE.]
Some picturesque hill country was passed through, though the hills
remain bare of vegetation. The large mountain range of Aouderas
was sighted faintly in the north about 11 a.m., distant a little
more than 20 miles.
A number of Dorcas Gazelles were seen at Tchefira and a single
Dama Gazelle.
_29th April._—To-day our direction of travel changed to about
due N.E., while we kept chiefly in touch with the Araouat River,
sometimes travelling up its heavy sandy bed, sometimes branching off
to make a short cut overland when the river took a large circuitous
bend. The hills we passed to-day in the stony uneven plains were
mostly conical and of blackish lava rock or reddish dust. About 6
miles from Tchefira there is a prominent hill which the Tuaregs call
Nafurifanya, and below this hill, on the west side, we found a single
native working on a section of ground that contained a salt deposit,
which mineral he collected by digging one foot to three feet below
the sand surface. At the end of our journey, after travelling a
considerable distance over gravel-covered country, we intersected a
narrow river-bed, named Arra (not on map), where we camped for the
day, in view of Baguezan, lying north, and Aouderas, north-west:
both very large mountains, of which Aouderas appears the lesser in
extent but the greater in height. Many of the lower hills between
Baguezan and Aouderas are of striking shapes; two noteworthy with
tower-like peaks, and the others strangely cone-shaped.
Altitude at camp, 3,000 ft.
_30th April._—Travelled onward in the early morning, and camped
two to three miles north-west of Teouar (a deserted village of
stone-built huts), close in under Baguezan foothills, at a place
selected by Minerou as a suitable camping-ground from which to hunt
among the hills for mountain sheep. We were still in the district
known to the natives as Arra, so named apparently on account of
the river course that has its source in the mountain of that name,
which is the most northern of a group of three prominent elevations
that lie immediately to the west of this camp, named respectively,
from south to north, Tchebishrie, Aouderas, and Arra.
When camp was selected, brackish water was obtained from the
Arra river by digging in the sandy bottom, but there was no rich
vegetation on the banks.
Thus far, north of Agades, good water had been found at Azzal and
Solom Solom in wells, and at Arrajubjub by excavation. No water was
drawn at Tchefira, except for the camels, as it was brine-tasted
and not good, and there was no water at our first camp on the Arra
river on 29th April.
Altitude at camp, 3,300 ft.
About 3 p.m. I set out with Minerou to tramp to the mountains to
search for sheep, and had my first experience of the nature of
the hunting that lay before me in looking for those animals. The
ruggedness of the country was astonishing. To begin with, the
apparently flat stony land that lay between camp and the hills was,
on closer acquaintance, found to be thickly seared with deep ravines,
and although Minerou, who knew the country like a book, led me by
the easiest route, our path was constantly barred by those strange
deep channels, down which we scrambled, over rocks and stones, to
afterwards ascend with no little effort to the opposite side. The
nearer we drew to the hills, the rougher became the nature of
the country, and our outward journey culminated at the base of
Arra in one long scramble among huge boulders and loose stones,
where foothold had to be picked out at each step as we hurried on,
for Minerou, born mountaineer and barefooted (for he had removed
his sandals the better to grip foothold as he stepped or jumped
from rock to rock), was covering the ground at a great pace. We had
planned, in setting out, that we would not have sufficient daylight
to climb the mountain, and would skirt a part of the base in the
hope that at dusk we might chance upon sheep descending from the
mountain tops (where they remain all day) to feed on the sparse
vegetation in the ravines. However, our search went unrewarded,
although I had the pleasure of actually seeing one animal perched
away up on the mountain-side at a great height.
During the outing I saw some birds of great interest, and I
particularly made note of three species which I had not observed
further south, and which, later, proved to be the Rock Pigeon
(_Columba livia targia_), the beautiful Sandgrouse (_Pterocles
lichtensteinii targins_), and a small sombre wheatear-like bird
(_Ceromela melanura airensis_) of blackish-brown colour of striking
similarity to the rocks and stones on which they perch.
_1st May._—Away before daylight to hunt in earnest for wild
sheep. To-day we did not go to the mountains lying N.W., but made
for some lower more isolated hills in the north, the principal
one of which the Tuaregs call Tuckazanza. The chief of Baguezan
and one of his men accompanied me. Travelling was as hard as that
experienced yesterday, over rough mountain sides and valleys of
rocks and boulders and stones, while in some cases whole hills
were composed of huge boulders, individually many tons in weight,
which could only be negotiated by reckless bounding and leaping and
scrambling, while deep ugly chasms held open mouth to receive you
should you slip. I have hunted in many strange places, but never
in such wild mountainous country as this; I feel I cannot compare
it with anything at home: the nearest to it in ruggedness that I
know is where one may hunt for sea otters along the cliff-shores
of the storm-torn coasts of the Orkney Islands.
About 7.30 a.m., having seen no sheep, we held a consultation,
when Minerou decided that he would climb right over the summit of
Tuckazanza, while his follower and myself were directed to go further
round the base and climb over a lower spur, and we were eventually
to meet again on the other side. This arranged, we started off on
our separate ways. In due time I, along with Minerou’s follower,
had climbed to the summit of the ridge, always scanning every fresh
hollow or rise as they appeared in view in hope of sighting game;
but thus far without any luck.
We had begun the descent down the other side, when the native beside
me suddenly gripped my arm and pointed excitedly to the right,
where, after a few moments of perplexity in endeavouring to locate
that which the Tuareg had seen, my eyes were arrested by the slight
movement of a pair of heavy curved horns. Not a hair of the animal
was in sight, but the head undoubtedly belonged to a sheep standing
not more than five hundred yards away in a slight dip in the mountain
side. No time was to be lost: the horns were facing our way, and
perhaps, for all we could tell, the wary animal had heard us and
was looking upward, listening. I signed to the native to lead on,
judging he would choose the easiest way through the huge boulders
that we were among (I found in later experience that mountain sheep
always frequent the very roughest places, where they the more readily
find the coolest and darkest shelter from the heat and sunlight in
the caves and chasms which gigantic boulders and rocks so readily
form), and, crouching and scrambling and leaping, we set off on the
stalk at a perilous speed—perilous at least to me, who could not
boast the barefooted nimbleness of my mountaineer companion.
It was surely the “daftest” and the least cunning stalk I have
ever made, excepting perhaps the “buck-fever” pranks of my
earliest experiences of hunting. The native had simply grasped the
idea that the animals looked like shifting when we sighted them,
for he had seen two, and his one purpose was to get there before
they could possibly be gone—and I had but to follow; for moments
were precious, and what use to hesitate and stop to explain that I
should advance slowly so that my footwear would make no scraping
noise on the rocks, and slowly, also, so that I should have some
breath and life in my body when the moment came to shoot. How I
managed to cover the distance in our mad haste without mishap I do
not to this day know, except that for the moment I had no time to
think of fear, which certainly helped me on over ugly chasms that
yawned across my path, entailing leaps that seemed beyond my ability,
yet, somehow, were miraculously crossed and left behind.
We reached the place where the animal had stood, and, on peering
over the slight rise which had screened us, at once saw two sheep
clambering away over the rocks. I fired at once at the largest one
and brought him down, but twice missed the second one as he headed
away upwards, sometimes in view, more often hidden among the rocks.
However, as luck had it, we learned a little later, when Minerou
joined us, that this second animal had run into him on the summit,
and he had shot it, so that both animals were bagged.
Consultation decided that the follower and I should go back to camp
for a camel to fetch in the game, while Minerou would return to
his kill on the summit and safeguard it against jackals and crows
(the latter were already croaking and cawing on the rocks about
us, having detected the kills from afar with their extraordinary
eyesight), as we had already secured ours, after disembowelling it,
by moving it into a hollow between two rocks, and heaping upon it
big stones so that nothing could reach the carcass.
On the way back to camp there occurred a strange incident that
proved highly exciting for a moment, until the voices of friends
banished the possibility of human bloodshed; an incident which
demonstrated to me at an early stage how real is bandit warfare in
those hills. This is what happened. We were about to cross a deep
ravine, when we suddenly espied two men travelling toward us on foot,
not on the open ground of the level land above, but perched up on
the cliff face of the sunken ravine and advancing amongst the rocks,
as if they had some purpose in remaining concealed. Instantly the
native with me crouched behind cover and looked to the full charging
of his rifle, quite apparently apprehending danger. In a few moments
the men advanced around a spur and disappeared into a recess in the
twisting ravine. Whenever they were out of sight my follower bounded
forward, agile as a goat, among the huge rocks, to a prominence
where he might carefully look over and down upon the approaching
men and observe them more closely from a point of advantage, while
I lay with my rifle ready and waited. But the native did not beckon
me forward, or return himself, and soon I heard voices ring out,
and knew we were with friends and not enemies, and a few moments
proved them to be one of our own party, who had been sent away the
night before by the Chief to scout through the neighbourhood as a
precaution against robbers, and with him was a native from Baguezan
whom he had chanced to meet.
The alarm had turned out to be false. Nevertheless, I did not readily
forget my native’s instant expectation of a fight with enemies,
and the familiar manner in which he accepted the situation. His
were the actions of one who lived from day to day in the midst of
dangers, and had been bred and born to the habit of defence against
foes that ever lurked near.
Many incidents of this character I experienced later on, and had soon
learned that the alarming rumours relating to robbers which were
prevalent farther south were all too true, and that the shadows of
lurking foes were foremost in the thoughts of every Tuareg in Aïr,
where robbers imposed a terrifying oppression.
On reaching camp, a camel was despatched to find Minerou in the
hills and bring in the sheep, which in due course arrived in camp
to be skinned and used as food, as neither beast was perfect enough
to serve as a museum specimen. The larger of the two had a fine
head, but the body hair was thin and patchy, and altogether out
of condition.
A peculiar change in the hot cloudless weather had occurred during
the past two days. Yesterday, in the afternoon, there was high
wind and some rain showers, while to-day, at the same hour, the
sky was overclouded, and distant thunder rumbled, and there was
again very high wind which wrecked my tarpaulin shade-shelter and
rudely interrupted the bird-skinning on which I was employed at
the time. Possibly Rains are now falling in Nigeria, where, I am
told by the natives, they are about due. But Rains are not due in
Aïr until July or August, if local information is to be trusted.
_2nd May._—Away again at peep of daylight, but to-day had no
luck. The Chief and I followed the trail of a very large animal
where it had been this morning feeding along the foot of the
mountain named Ebodina, and when we had traced it over rocks and
sand-pools in the ravines to where it had taken to the heights,
we too started to ascend in hope of finding its resting-place in
some cave above. And upward we laboured during the remainder of
the morning, the sure-footed Chief sound of lung and never daunted,
and I, bound to follow over the wildest mountain face imaginable,
composed, like the hills we had hunted yesterday, chiefly of pile
upon pile of huge boulders, with deep dark chasms between. Into the
deepest of those recesses the Chief would sometimes pause to throw
a pebble in the hope that it might send the sheep from its place
of hiding in its noisy course as it bounded and trickled down into
the gloomy well-like depth. But all to no avail, and we returned
to camp empty-handed.
On this day I found the relics of a tragedy among the boulders
near the foot of Ebodina. They were the rags of clothing and a
few minute pieces of personal belongings, and a riddled goat-skin
water-bag belonging to some native who had died there alone,
either through falling from the rocks or from want of water or
food. No weather-bleached bones lay beside those pitiful remnants,
and without doubt jackals had long ago seen to their removal.
_3rd May._—Similar to the previous days here, the weather dulled
down in the afternoon, and we had high wind and thunder and a little
rain, the wind being a great hindrance to skinning in my temporary
quarters, for I have not built a grass-hut workshop here, as the
ground is bad to excavate for post sockets—rocks and gravel—
and wood and grass is very scarce.
No hunting except for small specimens, and none of the men left camp,
save to keep watch over the camels, who have constantly a guard in
case robbers should discover them.
The Chief of Baguezan is impatient to move on to the security of
his mountain home, one long day’s journey distant, but I ask
him to have patience for a little, for here we are on low ground,
and can hunt for bird and beast and butterfly which I may not find
on the mountain-top of Baguezan.
_4th May._—Dawn found Minerou and myself again among the deep
ravines and rugged mountains in quest of sheep. Four animals were
seen late in morning far up the mountain side of Aouderas, but we
were unable to get near them. Signs of sheep are plentiful enough,
but, so far as I can judge at present, they are very wary and wild
and secretive in their movements, resting and hiding in the dark
mountain caves by day, and coming out to feed in late evening and
through the night.
Yesterday evening and to-day Rains have fallen quite heavily,
and the hitherto dry river-bed at camp is to-day a shallow stream
of water, which is a sight to gladden men’s hearts in this land
of terrible drought. The water in the river is very reddish on
account of the soil of that colour which has been washed down from
the ravine sides and mountain sides. Streams of water are also
apparent to-day in ravines on the slopes of Baguezan Mountains,
so that precious rain has fallen there also, and the Chief is now
more anxious than ever to get back to his home.
I discussed the boundaries of Aïr with the Chief of Baguezan
to-day. He states that Aderbissinat is within the boundary of Aïr,
and that east and west their country terminates at the edge of the
desert. He declares he knows nothing of the limits of Aïr to the
north, and that his people never go there. “It is bad country, they
are afraid to go,” he said; while at the same time he informed me
that none of his people would accompany me to Assodé or Iferouan
when I declared my intention to visit those places. Moreover, he
warned me solemnly that I would be very rash if I did not give up
my intention of going farther into the country—a view expressed
by every Tuareg native of Aïr with whom I discussed the subject
previous to setting out north. From which it may be gathered that
northern Aïr is indeed a place of evil repute.
To-day I trapped a beautiful silver-grey fox of a kind I had not
seen before, which, I fancy, is peculiar to mountain country and
not to be found in the desert. (Scientific examination has since
proved it to be a new sub-species: _Vulpes rüppelli cæesia_.)
_5th May._—Travelled far this day over most rugged country,
but once again did not succeed in bagging sheep.
On returning to camp in the afternoon, blustering wind-squalls
again made the skinning of small specimens almost impossible,
and I suddenly made up my mind to pack up and go on to Baguezan,
prompted partly by the unsatisfactory conditions at camp and partly
by the wishes of the Chief and his men, who were impatient to reach
their homes.
Thus closed the first few days of hunting in the Aïr mountains
without any great measure of success. But I had thoroughly enjoyed
the search for sheep amongst the wild grandeur of strange mountains
and had found a type of hard hunting which, I fancy, would rejoice
the heart of any sportsman. Moreover, in the Chief of Baguezan I
had found a splendid hunter, full of shrewd knowledge of the habits
of the animals of his country, a born mountaineer, active as a cat
among the rocks, familiar with every nook and cranny in the hills,
and tireless in his quest for game.
At a later date I was very successful in similar hunting, and
secured fine representative specimens of the Barbary sheep of Aïr,
which the Hausa natives name _Ragondoutchie_ (or Ragonduchi) and
the Tuaregs _Afitell_, and which has proved to be a new sub-species
which Lord Rothschild has named _Ammotragus lervia angusi_.
The head of the best male specimen had horns measuring 21 ins.
in length and of 20½ ins. span, while the animal weighed 152 lbs.
The largest sheep I shot was an old one which weighed 164 lbs.,
with damaged horns that had no larger dimensions than those
recorded above.