THE DECORATIVE COLOURING OF INTERIORS
When treating any building in colour, importance should be given
obviously to the emphasising, and not to the effacement of the
structural features, but when the building is deficient in such
features, or very poor in this respect, it is the duty of the decorator
to provide, in some measure, for this deficiency by dividing, for
example, the large plain surfaces into panels, friezes, dadoes,
spandrels, or other subdivisions, by the use of painted bands and lines,
which may take the place of mouldings, but these painted bands and
fillets should be treated flatly, and not in imitation of relief
mouldings. These enclosing bands around panels, or large wall and
ceiling subdivisions, may in certain cases be decorated with simple
repeating patterns of ornament, and in others, if necessary, left in
plain tints of colour. If, however, there should happen to be some
permanent structural features, such as marble columns and entablatures,
or woodwork in oak or mahogany, etc., already in the interior, and whose
natural surfaces must be preserved, it follows then
[Illustration:
_PLATE V_
DESIGN FOR THE DECORATION OF THE TOWN HALL, MACCLESFIELD]
that the decorator must arrange his scheme of colour, not only to
harmonise with the natural colour of these permanent structural
features, but he must modify his colouring so that it will in no way
overpower the colour of the permanent material, and so weaken the
appearance of its structural character. On the other hand, great care
should be taken to use only such tones in the colours as will prevent
these permanent architectural features from having the undesirable
effect of an extreme isolation in the building.
Whatever scale of colour is used in a building there should be a strict
maintenance of its relationship between all the great divisions and
subdivisions. The colourings of the latter may be treated as a sort of
echo, in lower tones, of those of the former, but not so subdued as to
give sharp contrasts. Every feature of the architecture, major or minor,
should be well defined and balanced in colour harmony, so as to keep the
general effect free from any startling abruptness or discordance, in
order that they may all contribute to, and so preserve, the necessary
breadth of treatment.
The principal or broad contrast in the colour scheme should be between
the structural and non-structural parts, or the active parts such as
columns, piers, ribs and cornices, and the inert surfaces, such as
panels, ceilings, walls, vaults, and spandrels. The more intense and
forcible expressions of colour relief ought to be used on selected
portions of the structural forms, if they are not already of natural
coloured materials, in order to unite them together, to give them a
vigorous expression of life, and to emphasise their importance in the
building.
TREATMENT OF WALLS.
There are no parts of a building that lend themselves to a more varied
treatment in colour and decoration than the main walls of an interior,
and this diversity depends on the character, architectural style and
uses of the building. It is obvious that the same treatment cannot well
be given to the walls of a church, a theatre, a concert or an assembly
room, and a private residence, though it often is done. Nor can an
interior, like that of a public hall or palace, that may have such
architectural features as columns, pilasters, and well-marked
panellings, either of marble, stone, or of wood construction, be treated
in a similar manner to that which may be proper for the walls of a room
which may be devoid of any architectural features.
Then, again, we have to consider, before we set about the planning of
the colour or decoration of a wall, whether it is to be partly covered
with pictures in frames, or if great surfaces are to be coloured which
will have nothing placed or hung upon them, or if the large surfaces are
already divided into panels, or if the wall is to have a dado and a
frieze, if there are already hangings or window curtains of
[Illustration:
_PLATE VI_
COLOUR ARRANGEMENT FOR A ROOM]
a certain colour, and the carpet and furniture likewise. We may also
have to decide whether our wall colouring is to be a harmony of analogy,
or closely related colour tones, in accordance with the above objects in
the room--that would be the simplest and safest method of colour
treatment for the walls--or if it is to be a harmony of contrast in
colour, which offers a more difficult problem, but if well done, would
be more effective and interesting.
There are two other questions regarding the colour treatment of walls,
or rather of interior colouring generally, which for the sake of
argument we might consider, though they are of very little importance,
and certainly have nothing like the importance which some decorators
attach to them. We are told that before we begin the colouring of a room
we are to ask ourselves “What is the aspect?” and also, “Is the room to
be used mostly in the day, or mostly at night?” The questions seem
logical enough, but we might well say in reply, that as regards the
aspect of a room, what does it really matter whether the colouring is in
a harmony of cool or warm, light or dark, arrangements of colour,
provided we do obtain a harmony? Again, in our own countries, where we
get so few days of long sunshine, is it really a matter of importance to
decorate a room with a southern aspect in any way different from one
with a northern aspect? The greatest decorators of the finest periods
never seemed to trouble themselves much about aspects. They were more
interested in producing good decoration, and in the planning of fine
colour schemes. As regards the decoration and colouring of a room for
day, or for night uses, we may say at once, that if we except the
interiors of theatres, there are hardly any rooms, in either public or
private buildings and residences, that are not used both in the day and
at night, so we may safely disregard the problem of colouring that is to
be viewed by artificial light, for in nine cases out of ten, at least,
ordinary interiors are seen, and ordinary rooms used, both in the day
and night. It is best, therefore, to arrange our colour schemes so that
they will look harmonious in the daylight, and such colouring will not
suffer much by artificial light, provided the room is well lighted by
electric or incandescent gas lamps, and is not in a state of low
illumination, or semi-darkness.
We shall say something later on in reference to the changes which some
colours undergo when seen in artificial light. (Plate 13.)
We offer a few suggestions for the general colouring of walls in rooms
of an ordinary residence or in public buildings, namely:--If a red is
decided upon it should be of a deep pink slightly broken or toned with a
very little blue and yellow; if the colour is to be of a yellowish tone,
it ought to be pale and golden inclining to a light brown; if blue it
should be of a pale greenish blue, or of any tint between that and a
greyish ultramarine; a deep blue tone should never be used for large
wall spaces.
[Illustration:
_PLATE VII_
THREE SUGGESTIONS OF COLOUR TINTS FOR PAINTED WALLS OR PAPER-HANGINGS,
AS BACKGROUNDS FOR FRAMED PICTURES]
If greens are to be used in large spaces they should be, if pale, more
pure in colour than in the case of deep greens; the latter tones should
be less pure and more grey, in order to avoid rankness of hue.
These suggestions apply to the colours of either painted walls, or to
the tints of paperhangings, if the latter be used as wall-coverings.
Large expanses of wall surfaces when painted in a single tint have
usually a dry and uninteresting appearance; to avoid this, and at the
same time to give the wall the effect of being treated in a single tone
of colour, the surface, after being painted in the chosen colour, should
have another thin application of a tint, slightly lighter, or darker
than the previous coating, stippled over the latter, or the thin, and
different, shade of colour may be applied with the brush, and
immediately after the application it should be partially wiped off with
clean rags. This operation will give the wall surface a slightly mottled
and lively appearance, and will remove the dead and monotonous
uniformity usually seen on painted walls when the work is finished in
the more solid and flat methods of execution. (See Plate 7.)
We give as suggestions of colours the three examples on Plate 7, which
we think suitable as background tints for the walls of rooms on which
pictures would be hung. Any of these colours might be used on the walls
of a picture gallery or in rooms that contained pictures in gold or in
black frames, either for the colour tints of paint, if used, or for the
tints of paperhangings, but for choice we think the brownish
tinted--middle illustration--would be on the whole the most satisfactory
of the three. If the walls are to be painted they should be finished in
a stippled manner, as described above, but if a paperhanging is used the
stippled effect would be obtained by a very small self-coloured, lighter
or darker pattern, or by some other method of superimposed lines or dots
on the red, brown, or grey-green ground.
TREATMENT OF CEILINGS: VAULTED OR FLAT.
When decorating curved surfaces, such as vaulted ceilings, domes, or the
semi-dome of an apse, when they are not sectionally divided by
mouldings, or archivolts, it is extremely difficult to preserve the
proper appearance of their sections or surfaces, especially when they
are treated pictorially, or with a diaper, or all-over-pattern of
ornament. In such cases it is necessary, as the custom was with the
majority of the old mosaic artists and fresco painters, to subdivide
these vaulted or domed ceilings into proportionate parts, running either
in a vertical or in a horizontal direction, by bands, or lines, thus
supplying the needed substitute for mouldings or relief divisional
lines. Even if these bands and lines were left out, and the decoration
designed in a series of horizontal, vertical, or arched divisions,
forming rows of figures or ornament, an appearance of constructive
stability would be given to the scheme of decoration and so prevent any
confusion as to the true section of the vaulted surface.
When a ceiling of a large hall or of a church is to be decorated,
whether the surface be flat or curved, it is generally necessary to
interpose a band of colour, either plain, or with a pattern on it,
between the cornice, ribs, or archivolts and the field or panel, so that
the structural abruptness between these features may be modified and
softened, and that an artistical alliance may be created between the
colouring of the panel and that of the cornice under the flat ceiling,
or between the ribs and the vaulted surface, respectively.
The ceilings of interiors, whether flat or vaulted, provide admirable
fields for colour and decoration. The greatest attention was given to
them by the artists of the Italian Renaissance. Even when the rest of
the interiors were simple or almost plain, in regard to decorative
treatment, the ceiling was hardly ever neglected. (Plate 21.) Some of
the finest Italian art is found on the ceilings of the churches and
palaces. For example, Michel Angelo’s masterpiece in painting was the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; there are also Raffaelle’s ceiling
decorations in the Stanze of the Vatican; Pinturrichio’s richly-coloured
ceilings in the Borgia Apartments, and those of his in the “Sala
Piccolomini” at Siena, in the choir of Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, in
Santa Maria Maggiore at Spello, and in the Chapel of the Sala di Cambio
at Perugia, where he worked with Perugino. Many important ceiling
decorations were painted by Raffaelle’s pupils, Giulio Romano, Perino
del Vaga and Giovanni da Udine, in the palaces at Mantua, the Villa
Madama, some in Venice and Genoa, others in the Vatican and in the
Castel Angelo, at Rome, etc. There is also the ceiling of elaborate
panelling, in which figure subjects alternate with arabesques in the
Chapel of the Palazzo Vecchio at Florence, painted by Ridolfo
Ghirlandaio. Ceilings of a later date, heavy in their mouldings and
ornamentation, exist in the churches and palaces of Venice, and other
places, which were painted with pictorial subjects by Paul Veronese and
Tintoretto. The list of Italian painted ceilings would be almost
endless, and we have only mentioned a few to point out the importance
attached to ceiling decoration in Italy. The Italian ceilings were
usually moulded, and were divided into a series of panels,
lozenged-shaped, square, oblong, and circular, and where the relief
mouldings did not exist, the decorator supplied their place by bands and
enclosing lines, or even in some cases by feigned mouldings in colour,
and sometimes by low relief stucco. Most of the ceilings were coloured
in the brightest possible tints, and gold was also freely used, not only
for heightening the salient parts of mouldings and carved enrichments,
but often as backgrounds to the pictorial work and ornamental
patterns. The gold backgrounds were in most cases
[Illustration:
_PLATE VIII_
DESIGN FOR THE DECORATION OF A MORNING ROOM CEILING AT QUEEN’S GATE,
LONDON]
slightly toned with a glaze of warm transparent brown, or were treated
with a fine mesh-like pattern of crossed lines, to enrich and also to
modify the raw brilliancy of the gold. Another effective way of using
gold was the common employment of gold stars and spots over bright red
or blue backgrounds. This was usually done in cases where gold was used
in the bands, or in ornament on the bands, which surrounded the panels
having the bright-coloured backgrounds.
If one may be permitted to criticise the splendid Italian painted
ceilings, it might be pointed out that, generally speaking, the rich and
deep colouring was in many cases too dark, which often produced a
lowering effect in this architectural feature of the room, especially in
cases where the ceiling was only of a moderate height. It is only very
lofty ceilings that can safely be treated in strong and moderately dark
colours, and in proportion to the lowness of a ceiling the colouring
should tend to become lighter in scale. The greatest weight or strength
of colour on a flat ceiling should be kept in the corners, and near the
cornice. This will help to give a more raised appearance to the centre,
or at least it will determine, in an effective manner, the more perfect
flatness of the surface, as all flat ceilings have a tendency to appear
lower in the centre than at the sides. The general colour scheme of a
ceiling should be arranged with due regard to even distribution, not
only of the colour values, but of the tints and hues, and if gold is
used great care must be taken that it is also evenly distributed, so as
to prevent any spottiness that would be due to the inequality of its
application; in short a perfect balance of the colours and gold must be
maintained respectively, although it may not be necessary to have a
mechanical symmetry either in the colouring, ornamental patterns, or in
the infilling of the panels, or other subdivisions.
MOULDINGS.
One of the most distinguishing characteristics of the architectural
styles are the mouldings, so much so, that a building having no
mouldings is almost, if not entirely, devoid of architectural
expression; it may be classed as a structure, but hardly as true
architecture, for the style, and even the date of a building may be
often determined by the design of its mouldings alone. Ruskin has said,
“Never give mouldings separate colours,” but he adds that “he knows this
is heresy.” He is right if he means that the individual members of a
group of mouldings should not be “picked out” in too decided or separate
colours. What should be avoided is the possible danger of detaching them
too much from each other. Contrasting colours should be used sparingly,
and only to distinguish the larger and more structural members from
those of the smaller ones. Simple explanation of their contours only is
[Illustration:
_To face p. 28._] [_From a Drawing by W. Davidson._
PLATE 9.--DECORATED MOULDINGS.
(From the Rood Screen, Ranworth Church: English. Early Sixteenth
Century.)]
wanted, and not any appearance of detachment. As a rule, the more
numerous and elaborate the group of mouldings the less contrast in their
colour treatment is required. But, on the other hand, if a well-balanced
colour harmony is obtained by treating a group of mouldings in separate
colours, provided there is no appearance of detachment, and that the
effect of harmonious unity of colour as a leading motive is secured,
then we should say that this particular treatment would be justified.
There are many instances where groups of mouldings have been treated in
strong contrasting colours, in work of the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, which are examples of successful colouring.
THE CORNICE.
The cornice in an ordinary room should be treated in colour as part of
the wall, and not as belonging to the ceiling, for the cornice is the
crown of the wall, and is not part of the ceiling. The value of a
cornice in a room, as an architectural feature, is to soften the harsh
divisional line between the ceiling and the wall, but this effect is
destroyed if the cornice is left white or coloured like the ceiling, and
not treated in colour to show that it belongs to the wall. As a general
rule, the deep and recessed hollows in the cornice should be coloured
fairly strong, as weak tints are lost or become grey when they are in
shadow, but large spaces, such as coved hollows, that happen to be well
lighted, should not be treated so strongly in colour. Prominent edges
and fillets of the cornice mouldings should be either light in colour or
gilt.
THE FRIEZE.
The frieze of a public hall, assembly-room, or of a room in an ordinary
house, is an architectural feature which always forms a fine field for
colour and decoration, in sculpture or in painting. In the earliest, and
in all great periods of art, the frieze was that part of the building
which received the richest treatment. The best art of the ancient
Mesopotamian nations was lavished on the coloured enamelled friezes, and
the chief glory of the Parthenon was its sculptured frieze. The
treatment, where pictorial or ornamental, admits of more elaboration in
design and a richer application of colour than any other part of the
room. (Plate 10.) If an interior has an important frieze decoration, it
is not so necessary to have much colour or decoration on the ceiling.
When tinting the cornice mouldings over the frieze it is extremely
important that the dominant colours in the frieze should be “echoed” in
some of the members of the cornice.
A frieze is of more architectural value in a room than a dado, for it is
sufficient of itself to give an architectural aspect to a room; but if
there is a dado it would obviously be coloured somewhat darker
[Illustration:
_PLATE X_
DESIGN FOR A FRIEZE DECORATION]
than the walls, whether it was in wood, or only as a painted feature,
and its moulding or “chair rail” would be coloured so as to harmonise
with the dado, because it is also the crown or cornice of that feature.
As regards the debatable question of the imitation of relief mouldings
and other architectural features on painted walls and ceilings, there
are many precedents for doing so, some of which we will speak of further
on, but this can only be successfully done when the decorator has a good
knowledge of architecture and knows exactly what to do, like Michel
Angelo when he divided the plain surface of the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel into panels and niches by means of imitative structural forms and
mouldings, in order to separate and enclose his magnificent painted
series of scriptural subjects, prophets and sibyls. The imitation of
architectural features in painted light and shade may not be logical,
but when a great artist does such things, we are obliged to accept them
without much criticism, as we accept the work of a great poet who makes
his own grammar.
TREATMENT OF WOODWORK.
The question of whether to paint in colour the woodwork such as doors,
window-frames and wainscoting of interiors, or to leave them in the
natural colour of the wood, depends chiefly on the kind of wood
employed in their construction. It would be wrong, for example, to
advise the painting or colouring of the more valuable kinds of wood such
as oak, mahogany, walnut, ebony, or any rare kind of wood, in any way
other than that which would deepen or make richer the natural tone of
the material by the application of a varnish, and of such a varnish as
would only intensify the natural beauty of the wood, but not produce
anything like a polished surface. It would be better to accept the
natural colour of such woods, and to scheme the colouring of walls and
ceiling to harmonise with the colour of the woodwork in such cases,
especially if in addition to the door and window-framing there happened
to be a considerable amount of wainscoting or wood panelling in the
room.
In the medieval and earlier periods, however, whether in churches,
palaces, or in smaller houses, even the more valuable woods, especially
oak, were always painted and decorated in colours. The natural colour,
or the rarity of valuable woods, did not as a rule prevent them from
being treated in colour like the other parts of the buildings.
Romanesque and Gothic wooden ceilings and rood-screens, though
constructed of oak or other hard woods, were invariably treated in
colour and partly gilt.
The simplest and perhaps the more satisfactory way of treating the
woodwork of an ordinary room in colour would be in selected tones of the
colour which appears on the larger wall spaces, but whatever
[Illustration:
_PLATE XI_
COLOUR ARRANGEMENTS FOR WOODWORK]
the hue that may be used on the woodwork it should be of two or three
shades of the selected colour, forming a harmony of closely related
tones. (See Plates 6 and 11.) The woodwork may be in some cases of a
different scheme of colouring from the walls, as in such instances where
there is a dado of wood or a wainscot of wood panelling, but where the
doors or windows appear as isolated features in large wall spaces, the
most satisfactory way of treating them in colour is to paint them in
analogous tones of the wall colour. If gold occurs in the frieze or on
the cornice mouldings, the fillets, or smaller members of the door
frames and panel mouldings should also be gilt.