[177] Schol. ad Ar. _Av._ 1527 πατρῷον δὲ τιμῶσιν Ἀπόλλωνα Ἀθηναῖοι, ἐπεὶ
Ἴων ὁ πολέμαρχος Ἀθηναίων ἐξ Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ Κρεούσης τῆς Ξούθου ἐγένετο.
[178] Paus. I. 31. 2.
[179] Eur. _Ion_, 57-64.
[180] Eur. _Ion_, 289-295.
[181] Paus. VII. 1. 2, and see _Myth. and Mon. Anc. Athens_, p. lxxxi.
[182] Eur. _Ion_, 492.
[183] Ar. _Lys._ 911.
[184] See _Myth. and Mon. Anc. Athens_, p. 546.
[185] Eur. _Ion_, 492, trans. Mr D. S. MacColl.
[186] Ar. _Lys._ 720 τὴν μὲν δὲ πρώτην διαλέγουσαν τὴν ὄπιν.
[187] Paus. I. 22. 3.
[188] For a full list of these see Dr Frazer on P. I. 22. 3.
[189] Ar. _Thesm._ 300 καὶ τῇ Κουροτρόφῳ τῇ Γῇ, schol. εἴτε τῇ γῇ εἴτε τῇ
ἑστίᾳ, ὁμοίως πρὸ τοῦ Διὸς θύουσιν αὐτῇ.
[190] Suidas, _s.v._ Κουροτρόφος Γῆ ... καταστῆσαι δὲ νόμιμον τοὺς
θύοντάς τινι θεῷ ταύτῃ προθύειν.
[191] Paus. I. 20. 3. See Mr Mitchell Carroll in the _Classical Review_
(July 1905, p. 325), ‘Thucydides, Pausanias and the Dionysium in Limnis,’
but Mr Carroll makes the to my mind fatal mistake of examining the Limnae
question apart from the other sanctuaries.
[192] See Dr Verrall (_Class. Rev._ XIV. 1900, p. 278), who cites Burnham
Beeches which has nothing to do with any _beech_ and Sandiacre which has
nothing to do with _sand_, and, as Mr Carroll observes, ‘Rhode Island’ is
not an island nor is Washington a Washing-Town.
[193] Such sources as are necessary for my argument will be given as
required, but the whole material for the study of the Attic festivals of
Dionysos has been collected by Dr Martin P. N. Nilsson in his _Studia de
Dionysiis Atticis_, Lund, 1900.
[194] For the ceremonies see my _Prolegomena_, p. 40.
[195] Athen. XI. p. 464 F. Φανόδημος δὲ πρὸς τῷ ἱερῷ φησὶ τοῦ ἐν Λίμναις
Διονύσου τὸ γλεῦκος φέροντας τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἐκ τῶν πίθων τῷ θεῷ κιρνάναι:
and X. 437 B ... ἀποφέρειν τοὺς στεφάνους πρὸς τὸ ἐν Λίμναις τέμενος.
[196] [Dem.] _c. Neaer._ § 73 καὶ τοῦτον τὸν νόμον γράψαντες ἐν στήλῃ
λιθίνῃ ἔστησαν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τοῦ Διονύσου παρὰ τὸν βωμὸν ἐν Λίμναις.
[197] _c. Neaer._ § 76 καὶ διὰ ταῦτα ἐν τῷ ἀρχαιοτάτῳ ἱερῷ τοῦ Διονύσου
καὶ ἁγιωτάτῳ ἐν Λίμναις ἔστησαν ἵνα μὴ πολλοὶ εἰδῶσι τὰ γεγραμμένα· ἅπαξ
γὰρ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἑκάστου ἀνοίγεται, τῇ δωδεκάτῃ τοῦ Ἀνθεστηριῶνος μηνός.
[198] This and the separate character of the festivals belonging to the
Limnae from those of the precinct of Dionysos Eleuthereus were first
pointed out I believe by Professor W. v. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, ‘Die
Bühne von Æschylos,’ _Hermes_ XXI. p. 617.
[199] The sources are (1) the law of Euegoros (Dem. _c. Meid._ 10)
Εὐήγορος εἶπεν· ὅταν ἡ πομπὴ ᾖ τῷ Διονύσῳ ἐν Πειραιεῖ καὶ οἱ κωμῳδοὶ
καὶ οἱ τραγῳδοί, καὶ ἡ ἐπὶ Ληναίῳ πομπὴ καὶ οἱ τραγῳδοὶ καὶ οἱ κωμῳδοί,
καὶ τοῖς ἐν ἄστει Διονυσίοις ἡ πομπή ...; (2) an official inscription,
_C.I.A._ II. 741, in which the same two festivals are three times
mentioned.
[200] Poll. _On._ IV. 121 καὶ Διονυσιακὸν θέατρον καὶ Ληναϊκόν.
[201] Hesych. _s.v._ ἐπὶ Ληναίῳ ἀγών· ἔστιν ἐν τῷ ἄστει Λήναιον περίβολον
ἔχον μέγαν, καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ Ληναίου Διονύσου ἱερόν, ἐν ᾧ ἐπετελοῦντο οἱ
ἀγῶνες Ἀθηναίων πρὶν τὸ θέατρον οἰκοδομηθῆναι. The same account is given
by Photius _s.v._ Λήναιον, by the _Etym. Magnum_ ἐπὶ Ληναίῳ and Bekker’s
_Anecdota_ I. p. 278.
[202] Phot. _s.v._ ἴκρια: τὰ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ, ἀφ’ ὧν ἐθεῶντο τοὺς
Διονυσιακοὺς ἀγῶνας πρὶν ἢ κατασκευασθῆναι τὸ ἐν Διονύσου θέατρον,
and see also Eustath. 1472, 7, and Hesych. _s.v._ παρ’ αἰγείρον θέα.
Hesychius quotes Eratosthenes from whom very probably all the other
accounts came.
[203] Tim. _Lex. Plat._ Ὀρχήστρα τόπος ἐπιφάνης εἰς πανήγυριν ἔνθα
Ἀρμοδίου καὶ Ἀριστογείτονος εἰκόνες.
[204] Paus. I. 8. 4.
[205] To any one using my _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_ I
must at this point offer my apologies. The rough sketch map of the agora
(facing p. 5) was made before Prof. Dörpfeld’s excavations. The _Limnae_
is wrongly marked on the district near the Dipylon. I was at that time
convinced only that the _Limnae_ did _not_ lie South of the Acropolis
and wrongly identified it with the sanctuary seen by Pausanias on his
entrance into the city. The _orchestra_ also on my plan must be moved
further to the South-East. The conjectural site of the Odeion seen by
Pausanias is shown on Prof. Dörpfeld’s plan (Fig. 46). At this point a
curved foundation of Roman masonry has come to light.
[206] Plat. _Prot._ 327.
[207] Ar. _Ran. Hyp._ ἐδιδάχθη ἐπὶ Καλλίου τοῦ μετὰ Ἀντιγένη διὰ
Φιλωνίδου εἰς Λήναια.
[208] Ar. _Ran._ 218
ἣν ἀμφὶ Νυσήιον
Διὸς Διόνυσον ἐν
Λήμναις ἰαχήσαμεν
ἡνίχ’ ὁ κραιπαλόκωμος
τοῖς ἱεροῖσι Χύτροισι
χωρεῖ κατ’ ἐμὸν τέμενος λαῶν ὄχλος.
Trans. by Mr Gilbert Murray. For the χύτρινοι ἀγῶνες, see Schol. _ad
loc._, ἤγοντο ἀγῶνες αὐτόθι οἱ χύτρινοι καλούμενοι καθ’ ἅ φησιν Φιλόχορος
ἐν τῇ ἑκτῇ τῶν Ἀτθίδων.
[209] For the literature of the excavations see Bibliography. A _résumé_
of the portion relating to the _Limnae_ will be found in Dr Frazer’s
_Pausanias_, vol. V. p. 495, Addenda, Athens.
[210] H. Schrader, ‘Funde im Bezirk des Dionysion,’ _A. Mitt._, 1896,
XXI. p. 265, pl. IX.
[211] Published and fully discussed by Dr S. Wide, ‘Inschrift der
Iobakchen,’ _A. Mitt._ 1894, p. 248, and see E. Maass, _Orpheus_, p. 16
ff.
[212] _C.I.A._ III. 1159, 1186, 1193, 1197, 1202. See Dr Wide, _op. cit._
p. 1.
[213] See Dr Dörpfeld, _A. Mitt._ XX. 1895, p. 34. The intricacies of
this earlier _Bakcheion_ do not concern the present argument.
[214] I owe this view to the kindness of Mr Percy Droop of Trinity
College. It is taken from a point close to the N.W. end of the _Lesche_
(Fig. 24).
[215] _A. Mitt._ V. 116.
[216] Schol. ad Ar. _Ran._ 216 Λίμνη τόπος ἱερὸς Διονύσου ἐν ᾧ καὶ οἶκος
καὶ νεὼς τοῦ θεοῦ Καλλίμαχος ἐν Ἑκάλῃ
Λιμναίῳ δὲ χοροστάδας ἦγον ἑορτάς.
[217] Thucyd. II. 15 τὸ ἐν Λίμναις Διονύσου.
[218] _c. Neaer._ 76 τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Διονύσου ἐν Λίμναις.
[219] Phanodemus ap. Athen. XI. 465 A τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ ἐν Λίμναις Διονύσου.
[220] Is. _Or._ VIII. 35 τὸ ἐν Λίμναις Διονύσιον. For these references
see Dr Dörpfeld, ‘Lenaion,’ _A. Mitt._ 1895, XX. p. 368.
[221] For the fullest account of this orchestra see Prof. Dörpfeld, _Das
Griechische Theater_, p. 27.
[222] In the _Parian Chronicle_, ἀφ’ οὗ Θέσπις ὁ ποιητὴς [ὑπεκρίνα]το
πρῶτος, ὃς ἐδίδαξε [δρ]ᾶ[μα ἐν ἄ]στ[ει. The restoration ἐν ἄστει seems
certain.
[223] Ps. Plut. _Vit. X. Orat._ 6 εἰσήνεγκε δὲ καὶ νόμους τὸν περὶ τῶν
κωμῳδῶν ἀγῶνα τοῖς Χύτροις ἐπιτελεῖν ἐφάμιλλον ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ, καὶ τὸν
νικήσαντα εἰς ἄστυ καταλέγεσθαι, πρότερον οὐκ ἐξὸν, ἀναλαμβάνων τὸν ἀγῶνα
ἐκλελοιπότα.
[224] Ps. Plut. _Vit. X. Orat._
[225] Paus. I. 8. 6 τὸ θέατρον ὃ καλοῦσιν ᾠδεῖον.
[226] Philostr. _Vit. Soph._ II. 5. 4 τὸ ἐν τῷ Κεραμεικῷ θέατρον ὃ δὴ
ἐπωνόμασται Ἀγριππεῖον. For the whole question of the Odeion which,
save for its possible identity in site with the old orchestra, does not
concern us, see Dr Dörpfeld, ‘Die verschiedenen Odeien in Athen,’ _A.
Mitt._ XVII. 1892, p. 352.
[227] _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, Chapter II., The
Anthesteria.
[228] Dr Verrall, _J. H. S._ XX. 115.
[229] _Journal of Hellenic Studies_ XXIV. p. xxxix. 1904.
[230] It seems to me possible that the transition may have been helped as
regards the word Lenaion by the fact that the Greek ληνός means _coffin_
as well as _wine-press_. The ληνός like the πίθος could be used for
purposes widely diverse.
[231] A. Koerte, ‘Bezirk eines Heilgottes,’ _A. Mitt._ 1893, XVIII.
pl. xi.; A. Koerte, ‘Ausgrabungen am Westabhange IV. Das Heiligtum des
Amynos,’ _A. Mitt._ 1896, XXI. p. 286, pl. xi.
[232]
ων τευξα-
—ων σεμνοτάτην.
Λυσιμαχι]δῆς Λυσιμάχου Ἀχαρνε[ύς.
See Dr Koerte’s discussion of the relief, _A. Mitt._ 1893, p. 235.
[233] See my _Prolegomena_, p. 349.
[234] Koerte, _A. Mitt._ 1896, XXI. p. 295 Μνησιπτολέμη ὑπὲρ
Δικαιοφάνου[ς] Ἀσκληπιῷ Ἀμύνῳ ἀνέθηκε.
[235] Koerte, _op. cit._ p. 299 ... δεδόχθαι τοῖς ὀργεῶσι ἐπειδή εἶσιν
ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ περὶ τὰ κοινὰ τῶν ὀργεώνων τοῦ Ἀμύνου καὶ τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ καὶ
τοῦ Δεξίονος....
[236] line 15 ἀναγράψαι δὲ τόδε τὸ ψήφισμα ἐν στήλαις λιθίναις δυοῖν καὶ
στῆσαι τὴν μὲν ἐν τῷ το[ῦ] Δεξίονος ἱερῷ τὴν δὲ [ἐ]ν τῷ το(ῦ) Ἀμύνου καὶ
Ἀσκληπιοῦ.
[237] For the worship of Sophocles, see my _Prolegomena_, p. 346.
[238] Eur. _El._ 1271.
[239] _Myth. and Mon. Anc. Athens_, II. p. 554.
[240] _Prolegomena_, pp. 239-253.
[241] Athen. X. 437.
[242] Harp. _s.v._ Πάνδημος Ἀφροδίτη ... Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν τῷ περὶ Θεῶν
πάνδημόν φησιν Ἀθήνῃσι κληθῆναι τὴν ἀφιδρυθεῖσαν περὶ τὴν ἀρχαίαν
ἀγοράν....
[243] Paus. I. 22. 3.
[244] Dörpfeld, _A. Mitt._ 1896, p. 511.
[245] Foucart, _Bull. de Corr. Hell._ 1889, p. 157.
[246] The facsimile is from Δελτίον 1889, p. 127. The inscription reads
as follows:
...]δωρος μ’ ἀνέθηκ’ Ἀφροδίτην δῶρον ἀπαρχήν.
Πότνια τῶν ἀγαθῶν τῶ[ι] σὺ δὸς ἀφθον[ί]αν.
οἵ τε λέγ[ου]σι λόγους ἀδίκως ψευδᾶς κ...εκ....
It is discussed with the two that follow by Mr Foucart, _Bull. de Corr.
Hell._ 1889, p. 157.
[247]
Τόνδε σοὶ, ὦ μεγάλη σεμνὴ Πάνδημε Ἀφρ[οδίτη]
[κοσ]μοῦμεν δώροις εἰκόσιν ἡμετέραις
Ἀρχῖνος Ἀλυπήτου Σκαμβωνίδης, Μενεκράτεια Δεξικράτους
Ἰκαριέως θυγάτηρ, ἱέρεια τῆς [Ἀφροδίτης], ...
...Δ]εξικράτους Ἰκαριέως θυγάτηρ, Ἀρχίνου δὲ μήτηρ.
For discussion of this inscription and the nature of the building
dedicated, see Dr Kawerau, ‘Die Pandemos-Weihung auf der Akropolis’ (_A.
Mitt._ 1905), which through his kindness reached me after the above was
written.
[248]
ἡ πομπὴ τῆι Ἀφροδίτηι τε͂ι Πανδή-
μωι παρασκευάζειν εἰς κάθαρσι[ν
τ]οῦ ἱεροῦ περιστέραν καὶ περιαλε[ῖ-
ψαι] τοὺς βωμοὺς καὶ πιττῶσαι τὰ[ς
ὀροφὰς] καὶ λοῦσαι τὰ ἔδη παρασκευ-
άσαι δὲ κα]ὶ πορφύραν ὁλκὴν 𐅂 𐅂 [𐅂.
See _B.C.H._ 1889, p. 157, and _Myth. and Mon. Anc. Athens_, p. 331.
[249] Plat. _Symp._ 180 D. For Aphrodite Ourania, see _Myth. and Mon.
Anc. Athens_, p. 211.
[250] Paus. IX. 16. 3.
[251] I follow M. Victor Bérard, _Origine des cultes Arcadiens_, p.
142. Ourania is ‘Queen of Heaven,’ מלכת־השׁמים, as in the Hebrew
scriptures, Jerem. vii. 18, xliv. 18-20. Pandemos is רבת־הארץ, lady
of the land. I have ventured above, p. 54, to suggest that to the armed
Ourania, the _Virgo Caelestis_, we owe at least some elements in the
armed Athena.
[252] Paus. VIII. 32. 2.
[253] Herod. I. 105. The name Kythera is Semitic (כתרת); see M.
Victor Bérard, _Les Phéniciens et l’Odyssée_, p. 427. _Kythera_ means a
headdress, a tiara, and its Greek ‘doublette’ is Skandeia.
[254] Paus. I. 14. 7.
[255] We have incidentally curious evidence of the association of
Kourotrophos with the Oriental Aphrodite. An inscription (_C.I.A._
III. 411) found on a Turkish wall near the temple of Nike mentions
the entrance to a chapel of Blaute and Kourotrophos (εἴσοδος πρὸς
σηκὸν Βλαύτης καὶ Κουροτρόφου). Lydus (_de Mens._ I. 21), on the
authority of Phlegon, tells us that Blatta was ‘a title of Aphrodite
among the Phenicians’ (καὶ βλάττα δέ, ἐξ ἧς τὰ βλάττια λέγομεν, ὄνομα
Ἀφροδίτης, ἐστι κατὰ τοὺς Φοίνικας ὡς ὁ Φλέγων ἐν τῷ περὶ ἑορτῶν φησί).
He does not tell us,—what is obvious enough,—that Blaute and Blatta
are Greek attempts to reproduce Baalat (בַּעֲלַת). Blaute is but
Aphrodite-Pandemos, Lady, Baalat of the People.
[256] Luke ii. 24.
[257] Mr E. Babelon, _Monnaies des Phéniciens_, CXXV.
[258] Ael. _Nat. Anim._ IV. 2; see M. Victor Bérard, _Cultes Arcadiens_,
p. 106.
[259] For what can here be deduced from the text apart from new
archaeological material, see Dr Verrall, _Class. Rev._ 1900, p. 277.
[260] Paus. I. 14. 1 πλησίον δέ ἐστι κρήνη, καλοῦσι δὲ αὐτὴν
Ἐννεάκρουνον, οὕτω κοσμηθεῖσαν ὑπὸ Πεισιστράτου. Between the statues
of Harmodios and Aristogeiton (I. 8. 5) and the Odeion (I. 8. 6) there
is no connecting particle. This often happens in Pausanias when things
in immediate juxtaposition are described. Traces of curved foundations
of Roman date which may mark the site of the Odeion are shown in Prof.
Dörpfeld’s plan (Fig. 46), but as the identification is conjectural I
prefer not to use it as an argument.
[261] Paus. I. 14. 1 ναοὶ δὲ ὑπὲρ τὴν κρήνην ὁ μὲν Δήμητρος πεποίηται καὶ
Κόρης.
[262] Plat. _Axioch._ I. § 364 Ἐξιόντι μοι ἐς Κυνόσαργες καὶ γενομένῳ
[μοι] κατὰ τὸν Ἰλισσὸν διῆξε φωνὴ βοῶντός του, Σώκρατες, Σώκρατες. ὡς δὲ
ἐπιστραφεὶς περιεσκόπουν ὁπόθεν εἴη Κλεινίαν ὁρῶ τὸν Ἀξιόχου θέοντα ἐπὶ
Καλλιρρόην.
[263] Herod. VI. 137 αὐτοὶ Ἀθηναῖοι λέγουσι ... φοιτᾶν γὰρ ἀεὶ τὰς
σφετέρας θυγάτερας ἐπ’ ὕδωρ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἐννεάκρουνον.
[264] Paus. I. 14. 1 φρέατα μὲν γὰρ καὶ διὰ πάσης τῆς πόλεώς ἐστι, πηγὴ
δὲ αὔτη μόνη.
[265] For what follows I am entirely indebted to Herr Gräber’s final
investigations, completing those of Prof. Dörpfeld. See ‘Enneakrounos,’
_A. Mitt._ 1905, p. 58.
[266] Fully discussed by Herr Gräber, _op. cit._
[267] Herod. III. 60.
[268] For a full account of the Samos aqueduct, see Dr Fabricius, _A.
Mitt._ IX. 1884, p. 175.
[269] Examined and discussed by Dr E. Ziller, _A. Mitt._ II. p. 112, and
see Herr Gräber, ‘Die Enneakrounos,’ _A. Mitt._ 1905, p. 58.
[270] The account is taken entirely from the official reports by
Prof. Dörpfeld after examination of the site under his guidance. See
Bibliography, _Enneakrounos_, and for the more recent supplementary
investigations of Herr Gräber ‘Enneakrounos,’ _A. Mitt._ 1905, XXX. p. 1.
[271] _A. Mitt._ XVIII. 1893, p. 223.
[272] By Herr Gräber, _op. cit._ p. 26.
[273] Paus. I. 40. 1 οὗτος ὁ Θεαγένης τυραννήσας ᾠκοδόμησε τὴν κρήνην
μεγέθους ἕνεκα καὶ κόσμου καὶ ἐς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν κιόνων θέας ἀξίαν· καὶ
ὕδωρ ἐς αὐτὴν ῥεῖ καλούμενον Σιθνίδων νυμφῶν.
[274] Delbrück and Vollmöller, ‘Das Brunnenhaus des Theagenes,’ _A.
Mitt._ 1900, XXV. p. 23, pl. vii. and viii.
[275] ap. Athen. XI. § 465 ὅθεν καὶ Λιμναῖον κληθῆναι τὸν Διόνυσον,
ὅτι μιχθὲν τὸ γλεῦκος τῷ ὕδατι τότε πρῶτον ἐπόθη κεκραμένον. Διόπερ
ὀνομασθῆναι τὰς πηγὰς Νύμφας καὶ τιθήνας τοῦ Διονύσου ὅτι τὸν οἶνον
αὐξάνει τὸ ὕδωρ κιρνάμενον.
[276] Brit. Mus. Cat. B. 329, _Antike Denkmäler_ II. Taf. 19. On another
vase in the British Museum (Cat. B 331) is inscribed Kalire Krene, Spring
Fair-Fount, and on it also occurs the name _Hippokrates_, which _may_
be intended for the brother of Kleisthenes; see _Myth. and Mon. Anc.
Athens_, Fig. 20.
[277] Mr F. M. Cornford draws my attention to the striking resemblance
between the plan of the Kallirrhoë cavern (Figs. 36 and 43) and the
curious arrangement of the ‘cavernous underground chamber’ which in Plato
(_Rep._ VII. 514) symbolizes the prison-house of earthly existence. This
chamber was entered by a long and steep descent from the outer air and
had at the opposite end a low parapet, answering to the well-parapet in
Kallirrhoë. Even the image in the niche has its Platonic counterpart in
the shadows cast by the fire-light upon the inmost wall from the images
carried along the parapet. One can imagine that Plato himself had often
visited the well, had seen his own shadow thrown across the parapet by
the torch of his guide standing at the foot of the entrance-stair, and
heard the echo of his own voice as though it were proceeding from the
shadow (Plat. _Rep._ 515 B).
[278] Omont, _Athènes au XVII. siècle_, Pl. XXXIX.
[279] See Prof. Dörpfeld, _A. Mitt._ XX. p. 510, 1895.
[280] Prof. Dörpfeld writes to me—‘Unhappily this is no longer true; the
inscribed stones have been stolen.’
[281] Wordsworth, _Greece pictorial, descriptive and historical_, p. 133,
1839.
[282] _C.I.A._ II. 11 and IV. 211 _b_.
[283] _C.I.A._ II. 14. See Foucart, _Bull. de Corr. Hell._ p. 166, 1888.
[284] Ar. _Eq._ 1092
καὶ μοὐδόκει ἡ θεὸς αὐτὴ
ἐκ πόλεως ἐλθεῖν καὶ γλαῦξ αὐτῇ ’πικαθῆσθαι.
[285] Ar. _Lys._ 175.
[286] _Speeches of Isaeus_, p. 476, where the use of _polis_ for
_acropolis_ is fully discussed.
[287] See Bibliography.
[288] The map in Fig. 46 is reproduced by Prof. Dörpfeld’s kind
permission from his official plan published in the _Antike Denkmäler_
(II. 37). To discuss the later Greek, Hellenistic and Roman agoras is
no part of the object of the present book, but it was thought well to
reproduce the plan as showing how the agora spread gradually to the
North and also as elucidating the complex of roads that meet at the
Enneakrounos.
[289] For the details of this and the other buildings both of the
Hellenistic and Roman agoras, see my _Myth. and Mon. Anc. Athens_, pp.
17-22, 199, 183-203.
[290] _A. Mitt._ 1896, XXI. p. 108.
[291] After the restoration of W. Judeich, _Jahrbuch f. Phil._ CXLI. p.
746. The plan is only given here to illustrate bygone conceptions. I am
rejoiced to see that Dr Judeich in his recent _Topographie von Athen_,
1905, accepts the main outlines of Prof. Dörpfeld’s topography. See his
Plan I.
[292] For a full statement of this view see Dr Frazer, _Pausanias_, Vol.
V. p. 484, and Prof. Ernest Gardner, _Ancient Athens_, p. 141. I regret
to see that Prof. Ernest Gardner translates καὶ τὸ _ὑπ’ αὐτὴν_ πρὸς νότον
μάλιστα τετραμμένον ‘and the district _outside it_ to the Southward.’
[293] Paus. I. 18. 6 and 7, and I. 19. 1.
[294] Paus. I. 19. 1. For a full account of this Olympieion and Pythion
which, save for the mistaken identification, do not concern us here, see
my _Myth. and Mon. of Anc. Athens_, p. 184.
[295] Plut. _de Exil._ VI. ἆρα οὖν ξένοι καὶ ἀπόλιδες εἰσὶν Ἀθηναίων
οἱ μεταστάντες ἐκ Μελίτης εἰς Διωμίδα ὅπου καὶ μῆνα Μεταγειτνιῶνα καὶ
θυσίαν ἐπώνυμον ἄγουσι τοῦ μετοικισμοῦ τὰ Μεταγείτνια, τὴν πρὸς ἑτέρους
γειτνιάσιν εὐκόλως καὶ ἱλαρῶς ἐκδεχόμενοι καὶ στέργοντες; οὐκ ἂν εἴποις.
Attention was first drawn to the importance of this passage by Prof.
Dörpfeld.
[296] Plut. _Vit. Them._ 22 πλήσιον δὲ τῆς οἰκίας κατεσκεύασεν ἐν Μελίτῃ
τὸ ἱερόν οὗ νῦν τὰ σώματα τῶν θανατουμένων....
[297] Plat. _Parmenid._ 126 C.
[298] Dem. LIV. 7 ... παρῆλθε πρὸς Μελίτην ἄνω.
[299] Ar. _Av._ 999
ἐγὼ Μέτων,
ὃν οἶδεν Ἕλλας χὠ Κολωνός,
Schol. ... ἐπὶ Ἀψεύδους δὲ τοῦ Πυθοδώρου ἡλιοτρόπιον ἐν τῇ νῦν οὔσῃ
ἐκκλησίᾳ πρὸς τῷ τείχει τῷ ἐν τῇ πνύκι. μήποτε οὖν τὸ χώριον φασί τινες
ἐκεῖνο ἅπαν ᾧ περιλαμβάνεται καὶ ἡ Πνύξ, Κολωνός ἐστιν ὁ ἕτερος, ὁ
μίσθιος λεγόμενος· οὕτως μέρος τι νῦν σύνηθες γέγονε τὶ Κολωνὸν καλεῖν
τὸ ὄπισθεν τῆς μακρᾶς στοᾶς· ἀλλ’ οὔκ ἐστι. Μελίτη γὰρ ἅπαν ἐκεῖνο ὡς ἐν
τοῖς ὁρισμοῖς γέγραπται τῆς πόλεως.
The MSS. have ἐκεῖνο ἐπάνω, Forchammer ἐπάνω ᾧ, Wachsmuth ἅπαν ᾧ, Dobree
πᾶν ᾧ. I follow Wachsmuth.
[300] Diomeia is marked on my map (Fig. 49) to the South-East of the
Olympieion. My map was drawn before the appearance of Dr Judeich’s
_Topographie von Athen_; I am glad to see that he (_Topographie_, pp.
155, 158) accepts the position assigned by Professor Dörpfeld to Diomeia.
The British School of Archaeology claims to have found the gymnasium of
Kynosarges (_Annual of the British School_, 1896-7, p. 89), but as the
plans are not yet published I prefer to base my argument on literary
evidence.
[301] Herod. VI. 116.
[302] Paus. I. 19. 3. Those who following Curtius (_Stadtgeschichte von
Athen_, pl. IV.) place Diomeia and Kynosarges North-West on the slopes of
Lykabettos have to make Pausanias retrace his steps to visit the stadium.
[303] Schol. _ad_ Ar. _Ran._ 501 ... οὑκ Μελίτης μαστιγίας, σύνηθές τε
οὐχ οὕτω λέγειν ἐπὶ θεῶν, οὑκ Μελίτης ἀλλ’ ὁ ἐν Μελίτῃ, ὡς καὶ Ζεὺς ὁ ἐν
Ὀλυμπίᾳ· ἐπὶ δὲ ἀνθρώπων ἐκ Μελίτης.... My attention was drawn to the
scholiast’s remark in relation to the ‘flitting’ by Mr Gilbert Murray.
[304] Ar. _Ran._ 650
ἀλλ’ ἐφρόντισα
ὁπόθ’ Ἡράκλεια τἀν Διομείοις γίγνεται.
[305] Ar. _Ran._ 501 Schol. ... ἐν γὰρ Μελίτῃ δήμῳ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐμυήθη
Ἡρακλῆς τὰ μικρὰ μυστήρια.
[306] Plut. _Demetr._ 26. Kleidemos, ap. Bekk. _Anec._ p. 326 Ἄγραι
χωρίον ἔξω τῆς πόλεως Ἀθηνῶν, οὗ τὰ μικρὰ τῆς Δήμητρος ἄγεται μυστήρια.
[307] Steph. Byz. Ἄγρα καὶ Ἄγραι χωρίον ... ἐν ᾧ τὰ μικρὰ μυστήρια
ἐπιτελεῖται μίμημα τῶν περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον, ἐν ᾧ λέγουσι καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα
μεμυῆσθαι (codd. μεμνῆσθαι).
[308] Paus. I. 14. 2.
[309] Kleidemos, _loc. cit._ παρ’ Ἰλισσοῦ μυστικαῖς ὄχθαις.
[310] Eustath. 361. 38 ἀπὸ χώρας πρὸς τῷ Ἰλισσῷ ᾧ κλῆσις Ἄγραι καὶ
Ἄγρα, οὗ τὰ μικρὰ τῆς Δήμητρος ἤγετό φησι μυστήρια ἃ ἐλέγετο τὰ ἐν
Ἄγραις. Professor Tucker is I believe right in his conjecture (_Class.
Rev._ 1904, p. 416) that the Mysteries in the _Frogs_ are these Lesser
Mysteries and this, as I have pointed out in connection with his
discussion (_op. cit._, p. 418), adds fresh significance to the figure of
Herakles.
[311] Plat. _Lys._ 205 C Ἡρακλέους ξενισμόν.
[312] Xen. _Hell._ VI. 3. 6.
[313] Plut. _Vit. Thes._ 33.
[314] See my _Myth. and Mon. Anc. Athens_, p. 155, Fig. 33.
[315] Apollod. ap. Zenob. _Cant._ V. 22 μήλου (l. μήλων) Ἡρακλῆς.
Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν τοῖς περὶ θεῶν ὅτι θύεται Ἀθήνησι Ἡρακλεῖ ἀλεξικάκῳ
ἰδιάζουσά τις θυσιά. Pollux (_Onom._ I. 30) gives the aetiological myth
and adds the important detail that the same cultus title _Melon_ and the
same ritual was in use in Boeotia. καὶ καλεῖται παρὰ τοῖς Θηβαίοις ἢ τοῖς
Βοιωτοῖς Μήλων ὁ Ἡρακλῆς, ὄνομα ἐκ τοῦ τρόπου τῆς θυσίας λαβών. Melos and
Belos appear to be interchangeable forms (Steph. Byz. Βῆλος, ἢ καὶ Μῆλος
πρὸς ταῖς Ἡρακλέους στήλαις), and of the island Melos we know from the
same writer (_s.v._ Μῆλος) that its earlier colonists were Phenicians,
Φοίνικες οὖν οἰκισταὶ πρότερον. Cf. Herakles at Gades, Appian (ed. Bekk.
p. 49) says Θρησκεύεται νῦν ἔτι φοινικικῶς.
[316] The Oriental character of the Herakles cult at Melite was first,
I believe, pointed out by Curtius, and further emphasized by Wachsmuth,
_Stadt Athen_, p. 404 ff. It has never, I believe, been discussed in
relation to the shift of population from Melite to Diomeia.
[317] See Lewy, _Die Semitischen Fremdwörter im Griechischen_, p. 209,
the root mālaṭ מלט to save, מְלִיטָה.
[318] Diod. V. 12 καὶ πρώτη μέν ἐστιν ἡ προσαγορευομένη Μελίτη ... ἐστὶ
δὲ ἡ νῆσος αὕτη Φοινίκων ἄποικος οἳ ταῖς ἐμπορίαις διατείνοντες μέχρι
τοῦ κατὰ τὴν δύσιν Ὠκεανοῦ καταφυγὴν εἶχον ταύτην, εὐλίμενον οὖσαν καὶ
κειμένην πελαγίαν.
[319] Strab. X. 472 ... ἀπελθεῖν τούτους (τοὺς Κορύβαντας) εἰς Σαμοθράκην
καλουμένην πρότερον Μελίτην.
[320] Diod. V. 47 ἔνιοι δέ φασι τὸ παλαιὸν Σαόννησον καλουμένην ...
ἐσχήκασι δὲ παλαιὰν ἰδίαν διάλεκτον οἱ αὐτόχθονες ἧς πολλὰ ἐν ταῖς
θυσίαις μέχρι τοῦ νῦν τηρεῖται ... ὅρους θέσθαι τῆς σωτηρίας.
[321] Hesych. _s.v._ ἐκ Μελίτης μαστιγίας, καλεῖται δὲ ὁ ἐν Μελίτῃ
Ἡρακλῆς ἀλεξίκακος. The Greek was doubtless, as Lewy points out, simply
the translation of some such Semitic divine title as מְמַלֵּט
מֵרָעָה mᵉmallēṭ mērāʿā, Preserver-from-Evil.
[322] Diod. IV. 39. Diodorus goes on to describe the strange primitive
ceremony of adoption by which Hera naturalized Herakles among the
Olympians; see my _Proleg._, p. 347.
[323] Strabo X. 471.
[324] Plut. _Vit. Them._ 1.
[325] The cult of Herakles in Diomeia contains other elements obviously
Semitic, the discussion of which would lead us far. The details are given
in my _Myth. and Mon. Ancient Athens_, p. 216, but the Semitic character
of the ‘white dog’ legend I did not then realize. Prof. Robertson Smith
long ago (_Religion of the Semites_, p. 274, note 2), pointed out that
the supposed ‘white dog’ is really the ‘dogs’ enclosure’ and that the
sacred dogs are a class of Semitic temple-ministrants (see Deut. xxiii.
18, and _C.I.S._ No. 86). To the whole question of the Semitic elements
in the worship of Herakles I hope to return on another occasion.
[326] Plut. _Vit. Them._ 22 ... ἣν Ἀριστοβούλην μὲν προσηγόρευσεν.
[327] Porphyr. _de Abst._ II. 54 ἐθύετο γὰρ καὶ ἐν Ῥόδῳ μηνὶ
Μεταγειτνιῶνι ἑκτῇ ἱσταμένου ἄνθρωπος τῷ Κρόνῳ ὃ δὴ ἐπὶ πολὺ κρατῆσαν
ἔθος μετεβλήθη· ἕνα γὰρ τῶν ἐπὶ θανάτῳ δημοσίᾳ κατακριθέντων μέχρι μὲν
τῶν Κρονίων συνεῖχον, ἐνστάσης δὲ τῆς ἑορτῆς προαγαγόντες τὸν ἄνθρωπον
ἔξω πυλῶν ἄντικρυ τοῦ Ἀριστοβούλης ἕδους οἴνου ποτίσαντες ἔσφαττον. In
this connection it is strange that the tradition of human sacrifice
before the battle of Salamis, possibly apocryphal, attaches itself to
Themistocles; see my _Prolegomena_, p. 489.
[328] Plut. _Vit. Them._ 1.
[329] Aug. Mommsen, _Feste der Stadt Athen_, p. 160. Probably Mommsen is
right in his conjecture that the sacrifice of the Metageitnia mentioned
by Plutarch was an actual part or at least preliminary to the _Herakleia_.
[330] I selected the worship of Herakles for discussion because we have
definite evidence that Herakles is connected with Diomeia as well as
Melite. An equally striking case of the shift of a foreign cult from
Melite to the district of the Ilissos is that of Aphrodite Ourania.
Pausanias (I. 14. 7) saw the sanctuary in Melite, noted its oriental
origin and the current story that Porphyrion founded a sanctuary of
Aphrodite in the deme Athimoneus, _i.e._ on the way from Marathon. When
he came to the Ilissos to the district of the Gardens (I. 19. 2) he
sees the sanctuary of Aphrodite Ourania, her image as a _herm_ and the
inscription says she is eldest of the Fates. He notes that there is ‘no
local legend.’ How should there be if the cult was transplanted? From
this sanctuary he passes on next to Kynosarges.
[331] Paus. I. 19. 5.
[332] Plat. _Phaedr._ 229 A.
[333] See _Myth. and Mon. Anc. Athens_, p. 226 and Fig. 17. Since I wrote
that account excavations have been undertaken by the Greek Archaeological
Society on the supposed site of the Enneakrounos on the Ilissus; traces
of channels for the conducting of water have been found, but the water so
conducted is not drinkable. For report see Πρακτικὰ τῆς Ἀρχ. Ἑταιρίας,
1893, pp. 111-136.
[334] _Etym. Mag._ Ἐννεάκρουνος· κρήνη Ἀθήνησι παρὰ τὸν Ἴλισσον, ἡ
πρότερον Καλλιρόη ἔσκεν ἀφ’ ἧς τὰ λουτρὰ ταῖς γαμουμέναις μετίασι.
Πολύζηλος Δημοτυνδαρέῳ
‘ἴξει πρὸς Ἐννεάκρουνον, εὔυδρον τόπον.’
See Koch, _Frag. Com._ vol. I. pp. 790-2. Polyzelos is of course not
responsible for the statement about the Ilissos.
[335] Hesych. _s.v._ Ἐννεάκρουνος takes his account and acknowledges it
ὥς φησι καὶ Θουκυδίδης.
[336] Suidas, _s.v._ νυμφικὰ λουτρά—τὰ εἰς γάμους ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἀπὸ
κρήνης λαμβανόμενα.
[337] Hierocles, _Hippiatr. praef._ sub fin. Ταραντῖνος δὲ ἱστορεῖ
τὸν τοῦ Διὸς νεὼν κατασκευάζοντας Ἀθηναίους Ἐννεακρούνου πλησίον
εἰσελαθῆναι ψηφίσασθαι τὰ ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς εἰς τὸ ἄστυ ζεύγη ἅπαντα· φόβῳ
δὲ τοῦ ψηφίσματός τινα τῶν γεωργῶν ἡμίονον ἀγαγεῖν γέραιον ἄγοντα ἔτος
ὀγδοηκοστὸν, τὸν δὲ δῆμον τιμῇ τοῦ γήρως προηγητόρα τῶν ζεύγων εἰς τὴν
κατασκευὴν αὐτὸν τοῦ νεὼ καταστῆσαι προβαδίζειν τε ἄζευκτον καὶ ἄπληκτον
ψηφίσασθαι μηδένα δὲ τῶν πυροπώλων ἢ κριθοπώλων ἀπελαύνειν αὐτὸν τῆς
ἑστίας ἢ ἀπείργειν τῆς βρώσεως. It will be seen that I have construed
πλησίον with κατασκευάζοντας, that being the usual rendering. Dyer has
however pointed out (_Journal of Philology_, III. 1871, p. 90) that it
might be taken with εἰσελαθῆναι.
[338] Plut. _Cat._ V. ὁ δὲ τῶν Ἀθηναίων δῆμος οἰκοδομῶν τὸν Ἑκατόμπεδον,
and _De sollert. an._ XIII. τὸν γὰρ ἑκατόμπεδον νεὼν Περικλέους ἐν
ἀκροπόλει.
[339] Ael. _Hist. An._ VI. 49 Ἡνίκα γοῦν Ἀθηναῖοι κατεσκεύαζον τὸν
Παρθενῶνα.
[340] Aristot. _Hist. An._ VI. 24 ἤδη γάρ τις βεβίωκεν ἔτη καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα
οἷον Ἀθήνησιν ὅτε τὸν νεὼν ᾠκοδόμουν· ὃς καὶ ἀφειμένος ἤδη διὰ τὸ γῆρας,
συναμπρεύων καὶ παραπορευόμενος παρώξυνε πρὸς τὸ ἔργον ὡς ἐψηφίσαντο μὴ
ἀπελαύνειν αὐτὸν τοὺς σιτοπώλους ἀπὸ τῶν τηλιῶν. Aristotle is obviously
the ultimate source of the statement of Tarantinos.
[341] Professor Ernest Gardner in his _Ancient Athens_, p. 20, quotes
the passage of Tarantinos as part of the ‘overwhelming evidence that
Kallirrhoë lay in the bed of Ilissus.’ No one, so far as I know, has
ever doubted that there was a Kallirrhoë in the bed of the Ilissus, the
point is whether the particular Kallirrhoë which was transformed into
Enneakrounos lay there. Attention was I believe first drawn by Prof.
Dörpfeld to the various temple buildings with which the mule-story is
connected. I owe the references to Dr Bodensteiner’s ‘Enneakrounos und
Lenaion,’ _Blätter f. das Gym. Schulwesen_, 1895, p. 31.
[342] It is almost incredible that the fact that Alciphron in one epistle
(III. 49. 1) mentions Enneakrounos—as a source of ordinary drinking
water—and in another (III. 51. 1) speaks of Kallirrhoë—as an object
of sentiment—has been urged as an argument for an Enneakrounos on the
Ilissos. He is obviously speaking of two different springs. Pliny (_N.
H._ IV. 7. 11) enumerating the Attic fountains says ‘Cephisia Larine
Calliroe, Enneacrunos,’ and some editors assume that Pliny wrote Calliroe
Enneacrunos by apposition. Surely, as Dyer observes (_Journ. Phil._ III.
p. 87), since Pliny was reckoning up the actual number of fountains, he
would have given his readers notice that these were only two different
names for the same object, and have inserted _seu_ or some such word
between them.
[343] Paus. I. 8. 5 οὐ πόρρω δὲ ἑστᾶσιν Ἁρμόδιος καὶ Ἀριστογείτων. I. 14.
1 ἐς δὲ τὸ Ἀθήνῃσιν ἐσελθοῦσιν Ὠδεῖον ... πλήσιον δέ ἐστι κρήνη, καλοῦσι
δὲ αὐτὴν Ἐννεάκρουνον ... ναοὶ δὲ ὑπὲρ τὴν κρήνην ἔτι δὲ ἀπωτέρω ναὸς
Εὐκλείας.
[344] For further evidence on these sanctuaries, see my _Myth. and Mon.
Anc. Athens_, pp. 89-111.
[345] For the Eleusinion and Thesmophorion, see Dörpfeld, _A. Mitt._
XXII. 1897, p. 477, and 1896, p. 106.
CRITICAL NOTE
On Thucydides II. 15 §§ 3-6. For text see p. 7.
It seems to me that there is probably no corruption at all in this
passage and that we may follow the MSS. throughout. (The MSS. are Hude’s
A B C E F G M.)
l. 1. πρὸ τούτου: πρὸ τοῦ C G. No improvement, being a little less
definite than πρὸ τούτου; but on technical grounds quite likely to be
right.
ἡ ἀκρόπολις ἡ νῦν οὖσα πόλις ἦν: Hude transposes ἡ, so as to read ἡ
ἀκρόπολις νῦν οὖσα ἡ πόλις ἦν. Perhaps slightly easier. Stuart Jones
keeps the MS. reading.
l. 2. καὶ ἄλλων θεῶν ἐστι: Classen marked a lacuna here, and most editors
follow him. The meaning of ἄλλων is undoubtedly ‘other than Athena,’ to
whom in Thucydides’ time the Acropolis belonged. The question is whether
in order to make ἄλλων clear, Thucydides must have mentioned Athena
in this clause; or whether from (1) the mention of τῇ θεῷ in the last
sentence, and (2) the obvious and close connexion between Athena and the
Acropolis of Athens, the reference to her could be ‘understood.’
On purely critical grounds this is hard to decide, as it depends on
various unsolved problems about the condition of our Thucydides MSS.,
and the degree of divergence from smooth writing of which Thucydides was
capable. But, if we do suppose that a line has fallen out, I do not think
the argument quite suits with corrections like Classen’s ἄλλων θεῶν ἐστι
<καὶ τὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς>, or Wilamowitz’s ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἀκροπόλει <καὶ ὑπ’
αὐτῇ τῆς τ’ Ἀθηναίας> καὶ ἄλλων θεῶν. Everyone knew that Athena lived
on the Acropolis. You would need <οὐ μόνον τῆς Ἀθηναίας ἀλλὰ> καὶ. And
this sense, after all, is just what we have from the text as it stands.
l. 4. τὸ ἐν Λίμναις Διονύσου: τὸ <τοῦ> Cobet: on purely linguistic
grounds, of which it is hard to estimate the cogency. The same remark
applies to the proposed omissions of either τῇ δωδεκάτῃ or of ἐν μηνὶ
Ἀνθεστηριῶνι in the next sentence.
l. 7. σκευασάντων: κελευσάντων two MSS. (C G), clearly wrong.
l. 8. ἐκείνῃ MSS.: ἐκεῖνοι (_i.e._ οἱ ἀρχαῖοι) Bekker. This makes the
construction easier, and is palaeographically very probable.
τὰ πλείστου ἄξια: τὰ πλεῖστα ἄξια two MSS. (A B): a mere slip.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
THUCYDIDES, II. 15, discussion of.
N. Wecklein, _Sitzungsber. der Bayer. Akad._, 97, 1887.
P. Stahl, “Thukydides über das alte Athen vor Theseus.” _Rhein.
Mus. für Philol._, L. p. 566, 1895.
W. Dörpfeld, “Das alte Athen vor Theseus.” _Rhein. Mus. für
Philol._, LI. p. 127, 1896.
C. Wachsmuth, “Neue Beiträge zur Topographie von Athen. Das
Thukydideische Ur-Athen.” _Abhandl. der K. Sächs. Ges. der
Wiss._, XLI. 1899.
A. W. Verrall, “Thucydides II. 15 and Recent Explorations.”
_Classical Review_, XIV. p. 274, 1900.
L. R. Farnell, “Questions concerning Attic Topography and
Religion.” _Classical Review_, p. 369, 1900.
M. Carroll, “Thucydides, Pausanias and the Dionysium in
Limnis.” _Classical Review_, XIX. p. 325, 1905.
PAUSANIAS, Commentaries on.
T. H. Dyer, _Ancient Athens, its History, Topography and
Remains_, ch. vi. p. 180 sqq., 1873.
Harrison and Verrall, _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient
Athens_, p. 90, 1890.
O. Fallis, _Pausanias auf der Agora von Athen_. Munich, 1895.
Hitzig und Blümner, _Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio_, 1896.
J. G. Frazer, _Pausanias’ Description of Greece_, 1898.
Official Reports of Excavations by the German Archaeological Institute at
Athens published in—
(1) _Mittheilungen des K. Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts in Athen._
(_a_) Die Ausgrabungen am Westabhange der Acropolis.
I. W. Dörpfeld, “Allgemeine Uebersicht,” XIX. p. 496, Pl. XIV.,
1894.
II. W. Dörpfeld, “Das Lenaion oder Dionysion in den Limnai,”
XX. p. 161, Pl. IV., 1895.
III. H. Schrader, “Funde im Gebiete des Dionysion,” XXI. p.
265, Pl. VIII.-X., 1896.
IV. O. Körte, “Das Heiligtum des Amynos,” XXI. p. 287, Pl. XI.,
1896; and see Körte, “Bezirk eines Heilgottes,” XVIII. p. 231,
Pl. XI., 1893.
V. C. Watzinger, “Einzelfunde,” XXVI. p. 305, 1901.
(_b_) Die Ausgrabungen an der Enneakrounos.
I. W. Dörpfeld, XVII. p. 439, 1892.
II. W. Dörpfeld, XIX. p. 143, 1894;
and see Dörpfeld, “Die verschiedenen Odeien in Athen,” XVII. p.
252, 1892.
S. Wide, “Inschrift der Iobakchen,” XIX. p. 248, 1894.
H. v. Prott, “Enneakrunos, Lenaion, u. Διονύσιον ἐν Λίμναις,”
XXIII. p. 205, 1898; and see Prott, Nachtrag dazu, XXIII. p.
367, 1898.
C. Watzinger, “Mimologen. Terracotta vom Westabhange,” XXVI. p.
1, Pl. I., 1901.
C. Watzinger, “Vasenfunde aus Athen,” XXVI. p. 50, Pl. II.-IV.,
1901.
Fr. Gräber, “Die Enneakrunos,” XXX. p. 58, 1905.
E. Ziller, “Wasserleitungen von Athen,” II. 1877.
Fabricius, “Polykrates at Samos,” IX. p. 165, 1884.
Delbrück u. K. G. Vollmöller, “Das Brunnenhaus des Theagenes,”
XXV. p. 23, Pl. VII., VIII., 1900.
_Funde._
1. “Aphrodite Pandemos,” XIV. p. 121, 1889; and see G. Kawerau
u. F. Weibach, “Die Pandemosweihung auf der Akropolis,” XXX. p.
298, 1905.
2. Discoveries, various, XV. p. 343, 444, 1890; XVI. pp. 140,
252, 361, 443, 1891; XVII. pp. 90, 281, 449, 1892.
3. “Stoa Basileios,” XXI. pp. 103, 458, 1896; XXII. pp. 225,
476, 1897.
_Sitzungsprotokolle._
W. Dörpfeld, “Alopeke,” XX. p. 507, 1895.
P. Wolters, “Δεξίων,” XX. p. 508, 1895.
W. Dörpfeld, “Enneakrunos im Siebzehnten Jahrhundert” (Guillet
et Coronelli), XX. p. 510, 1895.
W. Dörpfeld, “Aphrodite Pandemos,” XX. p. 511, 1895.
(2) _Antike Denkmäler d. K. Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Berlin._
(Official plans of Excavations with Text.) Ausgrabungen in Athen,
1899-1901, II., Pl. 37, 38.
(3) _Jahrbuch d. K. D. Arch. Inst._
W. Dörpfeld, “Anzeiger,” XI. p. 19, 1896.
C. Belger, “Anzeiger,” XI. p. 40, 1896.
Topography of Athens:
General.
M. Leake, _Topography of Athens_, 1821.
M. Leake, _Topography of Athens and the Demi_, 1841.
P. Forchhammer, “Topographie von Athen” (_Kieler Philol.
Studien_). Kiel, 1841.
E. Curtius, “Attische Studien” (_Abhandl. d. Göttinger Ges. d.
Wiss._ XI. XII.) Göttingen, I. 1862; II. 1865.
E. Curtius, _Erläuternder Text der Sieben Karten zur
Topographie von Athen_. Berlin, 1868.
H. G. Lolling, _K. Baedekers Griechenland_, pp. 34-83, 1883.
H. G. Lolling, “Anhang zur Hellenischen Landeskunde und
Topographie” (I. Müller’s _Handb. d. C. A. W._), III. 290.
A. Milchhöfer, “Athen” (Baumeister, _Denkmäler des class.
Alt._, I. p. 144, 1884).
C. Wachsmuth, _Die Stadt Athen im Alterthum_, I. 1874, II. 1890.
C. Wachsmuth, “Neue Beiträge zur Topog. von Athen” (_Abh. d. K.
S. Ges. d. Wiss._, XLI.).
W. Judeich, “Anzeiger von C. Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen,” _Jahrbuch
für Class. Phil._ v. A. Fleckeisen, p. 721, 1890.
Pickard, “Dionysos ἐν Λίμναις.” _Am. J. of Arch._ VIII. p. 56,
1893.
J. Middleton, Plans and drawings of Athenian Buildings, _J.H.S.
Supplement_ III., 1900.
A. Malinin, “Zwei Streitfragen der Topographie v. Athen,” 1901.
O. Jahn and A. Michaelis, _Arx Athenarum a Pausania Descripta_,
1901.
A. Michaelis, _Tabulae Arcem Athenarum illustrantes_, 1901.
E. A. Gardner, _Ancient Athens_, 1902.
H. Lechat, _Au Musée de l’Acropole d’Athènes_, 1902.
H. Lechat, _La Sculpture Attique avant Phidias_, 1904.
C. H. Weller, “The pre-Periclean Propylaea on the Acropolis of
Athens,” _Am. Journ. Arch._, pp. 33-70, Pl. I.-VI., 1904.
Pan’s Cave.
W. Dörpfeld, Report, _Ath. Mitth._ XXI. p. 460, 1897.
P. Kabbadias, Τοπογραφικὰ Ἀθηνῶν, _Ephem. Arch._ XXI. Pl.
I.-IV. pp. 1-32, 1897.
_Bulletin de Corr. Hel._ XX. p. 382.
A. Michaelis, _op. cit._, _Atlas_, Pl. XVII., 1, XVI., 1 _a_.
Pelargikon.
H. Unger, “Enneakrunos und Pelasgikon,” p. 263 (_Sitzungsber.
d. K. Bayer. Akad. d. Wiss. zu München_), 1874.
W. Miller, “A History of the Acropolis of Athens.” _Amer.
Journ. Arch._ VIII. p. 481, 1893.
J. W. White, Περὶ τοῦ Πελαργικοῦ ἐπὶ Περικλέους. Ἐφημερὶς
Ἀρχαιολογική, 1894, p. 2.
G. Nikolaïdes, Περὶ Καλλιρρόης καὶ Ἐννεακρούνου. _Eph. Arch._
1893, p. 176.
W. Dörpfeld, Ἡ Ἐννεάκρουνος καὶ ἡ Καλλιρρόη. _Eph. Arch._ 1894,
p. 1.
Enneakrounos.
A complete list of the scattered and voluminous foreign literature of the
“Enneakrounos Episode” is not given here, because full references will
be found in three books which must necessarily be in the hands of any
one attempting an independent examination of this or any other question
relating to the topography of Athens—these are:
1. H. Hitzig and H. Blümner, _Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio_,
Berlin, 1896 (for the Enneakrounos episode, I. part 1, pp.
166-172 and pp. 187-191).
2. C. Wachsmuth, “Athenai,” in Pauly-Wissowa,
_Real-Encyclopädie_. Supplement, Erstes Heft, Stuttgart, 1903.
3. W. Judeich, _Topographie von Athen_, München, 1905, in Iwan
von Müller’s _Handbuch d. kl. Altertumswissenschaft_, Band 3,
Abt. 2, Hälfte 2.
The classical sources for the _Enneakrounos_ and other topographical
questions are conveniently collected by Dr Milchhoefer in E. Curtius,
_Die Stadtgeschichte von Athen_, Berlin, 1891.
INDEX.
Acharnae, 14
Acropolis, 135
Aeacus, 147
Aegeus, 50
Aegis, 64
_Agalma_, 52
Aglauros, 33, 34, 49, 81, 100
Agora, 133
Agora, Roman, 138
Agrae, 147
Agrippeion, 99
Agrolas, 24
Ammon, 109
Amphiaraos, 103
Amphictyon, 43
Amphion, 23
Amyneion, 100, 120
Amynos, 104
Anagogia, 110
Anakeion, 34, 100
Antenor, 53
Anthesteria, 99, 100
_Anthesterion_, 7, 84
Aphidna, 6, 14, 148
Aphrodisias, 58
Aphrodite, 110
Aphrodite, armed, 54
Aphrodite Ourania, 151
Aphrodite Pandemos, 82, 105
Apollo Patroös, 76
Apollo Pythios, 76
Apostrophia, 109
_Arai_, 105
Areopagos, 34, 88, 105
Aristoboule, 150
Arrephoria, 50
Arrephoroi, 51
Artemis, 52
Artemis Aristoboule, 144, 151
Artemis Brauronia, 51
Artemis, sanctuary of, 150
Ascalon, 109
Asklepieion, 33, 34
Asklepios, 103
ἀστικὰ Διονύσια, 86
Athena, 39, 53, 54
Athena, Libyan, 64
Athena Nikephoros, 54
Athena Polias, 41, 51, 61
Athenaia, 54
Athenaioi, 53
Athimoneus, 151
_Axiochos_, 113
Baalat, 109
Bakcheion, 91
Basileion, 138
Baths, Wedding, 154
Bdelycleon, 44
Blatta, 109
Blaute, 109
“Blue-beard”, 27
Boreas, 152
Boukoleion, 84
Butadae, 62, 63
Butes, 62
Capitol, 59
Chandler inscription, 46, 49
Choes, 99
Chryse, 45
Chytroi, 88, 99, 105
Citadel, 6
Cyprus, 109
Daedalos, 50
Delphinion, 143
Demeter, 45
Demeter Chloe, 82, 106
Deucalion, 77
Dike, 33
Diokles, 46
Diomeia, 144, 151
Dionysos, 99
Dionysos Eleuthereus, 85, 96
_Dionysos-in-the-Marshes_, 7, 83, 100
Dioscuri, 24, 148
Drama, 99
Dwelling-together, 7
Earth, 61
Eileithyia, 45
Elaphebolion, 85
Eleusinion, 157
Eleusis, 6, 14, 45
Enneakrounos, 35
Enneakrounos Episode, 157
Enneapylon, 35
Epheboi, 51
ἐπίβοιον, 51
Erechtheidae, 53
Erechtheion, 13, 39
Erechtheion, older, 56
Erechtheïs, 58
Erechtheus, 6, 14, 56, 60
Erichthonios, 60
Eridanos, 10, 116
Erinyes, 105
_Eris_, 64
Eryx, 110
Eteobutad, 63
Eukleia, 157
Eumolpos, 6
Eupalinos, 119, 120
Euryalos, 25
Eurymedon, 20
Euthydikos, 53
ἐξιτήρια, 51
Fair-fount, 8
Fidius, 59
Flood, 149
Forum, 134
_Frogs_, 100
Fulgur, 59
Gardens, district of, 151
_Ge_, 7
Ge Kourotrophos, 82, 106
_Gerarae_, 91
Ghosts, 99
Giant, 24
_Gigas_, 22
Goddess, the, 7, 37
Habron, 63
Hadrian, 1
Hadrian, wall of, 152
Harma, 69
Harmodios and Aristogeiton, 87, 156
Harmonia, 108
Hecatompedon, 155
Hellenistic agora, 137
Hephaestos, 62
Hera, 63
Heraion, 63
Herakleion, 146, 151
Herakles, 27
Herakles Alexikakos, 148
Herodes Atticus, 35
Herm, 109, 151
Hermes, 33
Herse, 49
Hersephoria, 50
Hesychidae, 34
Hesychos, 34
_Hippokrates_, 127
Hippolytus, 82, 106
Hydra, 147
Hydrophoros, 56
Hymettus, 25
Hypaethral temples, 59
Hypatos, 54
Hyperbios, 24, 25
ἱερόν, 77
Ilissos, 10, 113, 120, 151, 152
_Iobakcheia_, 85
Iobakchoi, 91
Ion, 43, 80
Ionians, 43
Jupiter, 59
Jupiter-Fulgur, 59
Kadmeia, 23
Kallirrhoë, 116, 129, 143, 153
Karia, 125
Karyatid, 52
Karyatid porch, 41
Karyatids, 46
Katagogia, 110
Kataibates, 59
Kekropia, 7, 43
Kekropidae, 43, 53
Kekrops, 5, 6, 34, 42, 43, 54
Kenchreus, 45
Kerameikos, 138
Keres, 99
Kimon, 11, 14, 18, 19, 21, 51
Kleisthenes, 18, 19
Kleomenes, 25
Klepsydra, 81, 114
Koile, 116, 120
Kolonos, 145
Korae, 46
Κόραι, 52
_Korè_, 52
Korybantes, 149
Kourotrophos, 109
Kranai, 43
Kranaus, 43
Kronia, 151
Kronos, 61, 79, 151
Kyklopes, 23, 24
Kylon, 124
Kyloneion, 34, 35
Kynosarges, 113, 145
Kythera, 54, 109
Lemnos, 45
Lenaia, 86
Λήναια, 86
Lenaion, 86, 94, 96, 100
_Lenos_, 93
ληνός, 100
Leokorion, 144
_Lesche_, 93, 132
Lesser Mysteries, 147
Libya, 64, 110
_Liknon_, 51
_Limnae_, 88
Limnaios, 125
Lion-gate, 23
Long Rocks, 81
Lycaon, 54
Lycurgos, 63
Lykabettos, 10, 114
_Lysistrata_, 81
Maiden, 3
“Maidens”, 15, 16, 52
Marathon, 145, 151
Marduk, 58
Mary, Virgin, 110
_Mavromati_, 113
Megacles, 35
Megara, 123
Meilichios, 79
Melek, 79
Melite, 144, 151
Melos, 148
_Metageitnia_, 144, 151
Metageitnion, 151
_Metastasis_, 151
Meton, 145
μίσθιος, 145
Mouseion, 114, 134
Mycenae, 13
Neaera, 84
Nearchos, 53
Nike Apteros, 50
Nine-Gates, 34
Nine-Spouts, 7
νόθος, 150
Odeion, 130, 157
Odysseus Bastion, 49
οἴκημα, 62
Olive-tree, 56
Olympieion, 141, 143
Oreithyia, 152
Orestes, 105
Ourania, 109
Pallas, 63
Pan, 33
Panathenaic Way, 93, 131, 135, 139
Pandemos, 109
Pandion, 62
Pandroseion, 43, 48
Pandrosos, 50
Paphos, 109, 110
_Parian Chronicle_, 43
Parthenion, Mt., 33
Parthenon, 17, 155
Peisistratos, 18, 25, 35, 64, 101
πέλανοι, 104
Pelargikon, 25
Pelasgians, 25, 43, 153
Pelasgikon, 11, 25
Pentelicus, 10
_Perforatum tectum_, 59
Perikles, 41
Persians, 33
Phalerum, 145
Phenicians, 109
Pherecrates, 87
_Phlegyas_, 23
Pithoigia, 99
πίθος, 100
Pnyx, 10, 88, 114, 133, 145
Polemon, 34
Poliouchos, 45
_Polis_, 6, 7, 135
Polycrates, 119, 120
Porphyrion, 151
Poseidon, 42, 43, 54, 55, 61
Poseidon-Erechtheus, 41
Pot-contests, 88, 99
Proetus, 23
Propylaea, 10, 13
_Protagoras_, 87
_Pythion_, 7, 141, 143
Rhodes, 151
Salamis, 110, 151
Samos, 121
Samothrace, 149
_Saonnesos_, 149
Satyrs, 100
“Sea,” the, 56
Semnae Theai, 34, 100, 105
Serpent, 58
Sisypheion, 24
Sisyphos, 24
Sithnidian nymphs, 125
Skandeia, 109
Solomon’s temple, 58
Solon, 16
Sosipolis, 45
_Staphyle_, 23
Stoa of Attalos, 137, 138
Stoa Basileios, 133, 138
Stoa of the Giants, 138
Stork-fort, 25
Synoikia, 37
Synoikismos, 6
Talos, 34, 50
_Tamtu_, 58
Terminus, 59
θακήματα, 81
Theagenes, 124
Themistocles, 13, 15, 18, 150
_Theoinia_, 85
Theseion, 130, 132, 138, 145
Theseus, 5, 6, 60, 147
Thesmophoria, 50
_Thesmophoriazusae_, 83
Thesmophorion, 157
_Thiasos_, 91
Thoricus, 6, 14
Timaretè, 52
Tiryns, 13
“Tokens,” the, 58
Tower of the Winds, 137
Tragedy, 99
Trident-mark, 42, 56
Triton, 27, 47, 147
Tritonis, 64
τύλη, 56
Turkovouni, 10
Tyndaridae, 148
Typhon, 27, 47
Tyrant slayers, 87
Virgo Caelestis, 109
_Wine-press_, 93
Xanthias, 146
Xanthias-Herakles, 146
Xuthus, 43
Zethus, 23, 24
Zeus, 39, 55
Zeus Hypatos, 54
_Zeus Olympios_, 7
CLASSICAL AUTHORS.
PAGE
Ael. _Hist. An._ VI. 49 155
Alciphron _Ep._ III. 49. 1 156
Amelesagoras ap. _Paradoxogr._ XII. 63 48
Anth. Pal. VI. 280 52
Antigonos _Hist. Mirab._ 12 10
Apollod. III. 14. 1 58
III. 14. 2 43, 55
III. 15. 1 62
_frg._ ap. Zenob. _Cent._ V. 22 148
Apollon. Rhod. I. 736 23
Ar. _Av._ 999 145
_Eq._ 144 and 551 61
_Eq._ 551 63
_Eq._ 1092 135
_Lys._ 175 135
_Lys._ 720 82
_Lys._ 911 81
_Plutus_ 62
_Ran. Hyp._ 87
_Ran._ 216 Schol. 95
_Ran._ 218 87
_Ran._ 501 Schol. 146, 147
_Ran._ 650 146
_Thesm._ 300 83
Aristot. _Hist. An._ VI. 24 155
Athen. XI. 464 F 84
XI. 465 125
Augustine, St, _de civitat. Dei_ 18. 9 55
Clem. Al. _Protr._ III. 45. 39 45
[Dem.] _c. Neaer._ 76 85
_c. Neaer._ 873 84
Dem. LIV. 7 144
Diod. IV. 39 149
V. 42 149
V. 47 149
Eur. _Electra_ 1271 105
_Ion_ 21-26 48
_Ion_ 154 28
_Ion_ 492 81
Herod. I. 59 64
II. 50 64
III. 60 119
IV. 188-189 64
V. 64 25
V. 82 61
VI. 41 48
VI. 116 145
VI. 137 25, 113
VII. 41 48
VII. 140 1
VIII. 41 45
VIII. 44 43
VIII. 52 33
VIII. 55 55
Hesiod _frg._ ap. Strab. IX. 9. 393 45
Hierocles _de Hippiatr. praef._ 154
Homer _Iliad_ II. 546 60
_Iliad_ II. 547 44
_Iliad_ II. 765 23
_Od._ VII. 80, 81 60
_Od._ XI. 594 24
Isaeus _Or._ VIII. 35 97
Kallimachos _Hekale_ frg. 44, 95
Klearchos ap. Athen. XIII. 2. 555 55
Lycophron, _Alex._ 431 and Schol. ad loc. 62
Lydus _de mens._ 109
Lucian _Bis Accus._ 9 33
_Piscat._ 42 34
_Piscat._ 46 31
Ovid _Fast._ II. 667 59
Paus. I. 3. 6 44
I. 8. 5 156
I. 8. 6 98
I. 14. 1 112, 114
I. 14. 2 147
I. 14. 7 151
I. 18. 2 49
I. 18. 6, 7 141
I. 19. 1 143
I. 19. 2 151
I. 19. 3 146
I. 19. 5 152
I. 20. 3 83
I. 21. 4 53
I. 22. 3 82, 106
I. 22. 5 50
I. 24. 7 45
I. 26. 5 58
I. 26. 30 58
I. 27. 2 49
I. 28. 3 24
I. 40. 1 124
II. 5. 1 54
II. 16. 5 23
II. 25. 7 23
III. 15. 10 54
III. 21. 10 54
V. 14. 10 59
VI. 20. 2-4 45
VIII. 2. 3 54
VIII. 10. 4 58
IX. 5. 6 23
IX. 16. 3, 108 108
Phanodemus ap. Athen. XI. 465 A 96
Philostratos _Vit. Soph._ II. 5. 4 p. 550 70, 99
Plato _Kritias_ 112 10
_Lysis_ 205 C 148
_Parmenid._ 144
_Phaedr._ 229 A 152
_Protag._ 327 87
_Rep._ VII. 514 129
_Rep._ 515 B 129
_Symp._ 180 D 108
Pliny _Nat. Hist._ IV. 7. 11 156
_Nat. Hist._ VII. 57 24
Plut. _de Exil._ VI. 144
_de Is. et Osir._ XXXII. 27
_de sollert. an._ XIII. 155
_Vit. Cat._ V. 155
_Vit. Demetr._ 26 147
_Vit. Cim._ 13 20
_Vit. Them._ 1 150
_Vit. Them._ 22 144
_Vit. Thes._ 33 148
_Vit. Solon._ 12 35
Ps. Plut. _Vit. X. Orat._ 843 63
_Vit. X. Orat._ 6 98
Polemon ap. Schol. _Oed. Col._ 489 34
Polyzelos _frg._ 154
Porphyr. _de Abst._ II. 54 151
Sophocles _Philoctet._ 1327 45
Strabo VIII. 21. 379 24
IX. 2. 404 69
X. 471 150
X. 472 149
Tarantinos, _see_ Hierocles 154
Theodoretus _Graec. affect. cur._ VIII. 30. 908 45
Thucyd. I. 5. 10 6
I. 126 35
I. 2 63
II. 15 5
II. 17 30
Tzetzes _Chil._ V. 19 44
Varro _Ling. Lat._ V. 66 59
Virgil _Aen._ IX. 448, Servius ad loc. 59
Vitruvius I. 2. 5 59
Xen. _Hell._ VI. 3. 6 148
[Illustration]
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.