low, hot, and damp galleries, bent with the chest on the knees, under
the oppression of clothes damp with moisture or perspiration, which the
inspector must endure.
Proprietors themselves, whose direct interest it is to be aware of what
is going forward under ground, are obliged to depend for inspection on
their underlookers or foremen, who have been colliers.
In a large proportion of accidents, especially those where the witnesses
are themselves destroyed, it would, I conceive, be extremely difficult,
if not impossible, to prove against underlookers or proprietors the
neglect of proper precaution. For example, in explosions of fire-damp
the air-doors are frequently blown to pieces, the waggons dashed to
atoms, the roof brought in by collapse from the exhaustion of the air in
the mine, and, in short, the position of everything so completely
deranged that it would be impossible to arrive at any correct conclusion
as to the state of things previous to the accident.
A boy is thrown out of a tub in ascending the pit-shaft by the chairs
coming in contact half way, the chairs may or may not be broken, the
body is found dashed to pieces at the bottom; if it so happen that there
are no marks either on the chairs or basket to show that they have been
in contact, no one would be so bold as to swear that it was so. Numerous
cases of this nature might be cited.
It may be a question whether extensive remedies are not practicable by
the application of the principle of concentrating responsibility on
those who have the best means of prevention, by such self-acting
arrangements as shall give them a direct interest in prevention.
Coal-owners and the underlookers of collieries assume that all the
accidents which are not caused by the negligence of the workmen
themselves are absolutely unavoidable, and in the present state of their
interest and knowledge I believe them to be sincere in their assumption.
As evidence of its truth, and in justification, they may adduce the
frequent return of verdicts of simply “accidental death” upon inquests
before the coroners. Conceding most fully that a large extent of
accident is an unavoidable and essential concomitant of this branch of
industry, the question then arises, Why should not this branch of
industry bear the whole of its necessary and unavoidable consequences?
The more this question is examined, the more I apprehend will it be
found desirable that the full expenses of such accidents should be borne
by that branch of industry in which they are created; in which case they
will be borne either by those who, as producers, have the chief profits,
or they will fall, as I apprehend they ought to fall, on the consumers.
The satisfaction of the pecuniary losses attendant on _personal
injuries_ from accidents, heavy and long continued as those losses are,
will be found to be a consideration of minor importance to the
_prevention_ of the accidents; and, above all, the prevention of the
degraded mental condition of the reckless population amidst which such
accidents occur. By imposing the pecuniary consequences, not as
penalties for omissions, which at present are really not wilful, but as
a trade charge or _insurance_ payable by the branch of industry liable
to the accidents, an interest will be created in their prevention on the
part of those who alone have the means of efficiently preventing them.
Instead of a penalty in the expense to which they might be put, they
would thus have a perpetually acting bounty in the saving of every new
improvement, and would be made the most efficient inspectors—having in
every foreman and collier a superintendent in himself, gratis to the
public.
It is a maxim of this district that manufacturers “only improve or adopt
improvements upon threadbare profits.” Under the bounty created by the
just and necessary charge upon the mines of the insurance against
accidents and calamities, it can scarcely be doubted that the
coal-owners would find out and adopt improvements in working of which
they are themselves at present unaware. They would, moreover, have an
interest in the removal by education of that dense ignorance,
constituting that state of mind out of which the acts of “indiscretion”
or heedlessness, and the other daily acts which disturb the community,
emanate. Even with the present adult colliers, they would have an
interest in exercising such a preventive control as would be exemplified
by a case in another branch of industry which I have cited in the
section on Accidents in my Report on the Calico Print-Grounds—I allude
to the case of the men who were employed in kyanizing logs of wood on
the Bolton and Preston Railway. It would, of course, follow from the
adoption of the principle of charging the costs of accidents as an
insurance or trade charge on the employment, or on those who had the
best means of preventing them—viz. the coal-proprietors—that they should
be enabled to distribute the principle of self-insurance and
responsibility on their underlookers and workmen.
I avail myself of an illustration of the operation of the principle of
preventive legislation which appears to me to be applicable to cases of
the nature of those which are the subjects of this Report.
Formerly convicts were transported in private vessels engaged for the
purpose at a charge of a certain amount per head on the number
_embarked_. The ships belonged to respectable merchants and owners; and
on that responsibility which is supposed to attach to fair character and
respectability the convicts were committed to their charge.
The interest which engrossed the mind of the shipowner, it may be
presumed, was that of making the most of his vessels, and sending out a
full cargo. No wilful oversight, still less any oppression, was perhaps
imputable to the owners, the captains, or any one else: but still the
fair profits of a good cargo could scarcely be expected to be sacrificed
for the avoidance of any temporary inconvenience of convicts during a
voyage; but somehow or other it happened that fever broke out, and that
the mortality during the first voyages was dreadful—sometimes half the
passengers were lost. I presume that the convicts were accompanied by
officers of the Government; but the importance of ventilation was little
known at that time, and even the King’s ships were ravaged by scurvy,
dysentery, and fever. The appointment of special inspectors for this
purpose solely would possibly have mitigated the evil to some extent,
perhaps to an extent to warrant the expense; but I believe it would have
protracted amendment, and left untouched a large mass of evil.
At length, however, the form of contract was altered: instead of the
shipowners being paid per head on the number _embarked_, they were only
paid per head _on the number landed alive_; so that the shipowners lost
by every person who died on the passage. This form of contract changed
the whole face of things.
Attention, or the efficient stimulus of interest, was directed to the
cause of the mortality: ventilation and other appliances were sedulously
attended to; the merchant, at his own proper cost, provided a medical
officer to take charge of the convicts, and the remuneration of that
officer was proportioned to the number landed _alive_. The result was
that the frightful mortality disappeared, and the voyages have generally
been effected with a higher degree of health amongst the passengers, or
with less mortality, than would perhaps have occurred amongst the same
number of the same class of persons living at large on shore.[64] The
East India Company have also, I am informed, adopted the same principle
in the payment of the medical officers who have charge of the transport
of their troops. The same principle has been directed to be applied by
the Poor Law Commissioners in the contracts for the shipment of
pauper-emigrants for Canada; and I am informed that complaints and the
cause of them have proportionably disappeared.
I am informed by a friend who has taken a great interest in the subject
of the transport of emigrants, that a year or two ago the principle was
overlooked in the transport of emigrants by the Government agent. Some
vessels were chartered and officered by Government officers of the
highest character; but fever broke out in those ships, and there was
severe suffering; whilst the voyages of ordinary emigrant-ships,
commanded by common skippers—people of no rank or consideration, but
placed under a contract which made their interest coincident with
humanity—made their voyages as any person of practical experience and
observance of the operation of different interests might have expected.
I believe that the practical application of the same principle of
legislation, viz. the concentration of responsibility on those who may
best find out and apply the means of prevention, would, in this
important branch of industry, in which such numbers of young persons,
and persons young in understanding and discretion, are employed, would
be the most efficient preventive, and would, at the same time, give the
owners and managers of collieries, at the outset, the least trouble, and
ultimately a high degree of comfort.
I may here repeat, that it is observable in the district assigned to me,
that the accidents from the breakage of rope are of rare occurrence in
the deepest mines. The cost of a rope for the deeper mines is
proportionably greater than for those of less depth. Not only,
therefore, is the breakage of a rope a serious loss in itself, but the
cause of still more serious loss from the interruption of the very
extensive operations of the large mines to which they belong. It is a
matter of fact, that greater care is bestowed on these expensive ropes
and gearing, because it is the interest of those who are not always
thinking about preventing _remote_ accidents, but who are naturally and
properly always thinking about _immediate_ profits, to take care of
them.
The responsibility implied by the proposed application of the principle
for prevention, is a responsibility for exercise of care in their own
business operations, which care can be exercised by them and no others,
without interrupting and interfering with them in their business
operations.
27.—_Tables of Sickness in Prisons._
Table showing the Sickness experienced by 2,876 Prisoners committed to
the Prison of Glasgow, from 1st January to 31st October, 1841, including
432 in Prison on 1st January, as compared with that of the East India
Company’s Labourers, and the Highland Society’s Tables.
┌────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┬────────┐
│ Age. │ Females. │ Prison │
│ │ │ of │
│ │ │Glasgow.│
├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┼────────┤
│ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │Average │
│ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness,│duration│
│ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of│ of │
│ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Glasgow. │Sickness│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ per │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ annum │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ for │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ every │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │Female. │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ │ │ │ │ Days │ │ │
│ Years. │ │ │ │ & │ Days. │ │
│ │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│Under 16│ 68 │ │ 4,520 │ 66·47 │ 11 │ ·87 │
│16 to 21│ 317 │ This │23,575 │ 74·36 │ 61 │ ·95 │
│ │ │cannot be │ │ │ │ │
│21 to 26│ 209 │ given │17,140 │ 82·00 │ 125 │ 2·74 │
│ │ │ without │ │ │ │ │
│26 to 31│ 172 │ immense │ 8,932 │ 51·93 │ 57 │ 2·34 │
│ │ │ labour, │ │ │ │ │
│31 to 36│ 95 │ no │ 6,306 │ 66·37 │ 30 │ 1·89 │
│ │ │ register │ │ │ │ │
│36 to 41│ 89 │ having │ 5,785 │ 65· │ 21 │ 1·5 │
│ │ │ been │ │ │ │ │
│41 to 46│ 46 │kept which│ 3,198 │ 69·52 │ 57 │ 6·5 │
│46 to 51│ 45 │ readily │ 1,813 │ 40·28 │ 7 │ 1·38 │
│ │ │ shows │ │ │ │ │
│51 to 56│ 24 │the daily │ 1,530 │ 63·75 │ 9 │ 2·19 │
│56 to 61│ 7 │average of│ 1,731 │ 247·28 │ 40 │ 8· │
│61 to 66│ 5 │ the │ 45 │ 9· │ │ │
│ │ │ various │ │ │ │ │
│66 to 71│ 2 │ ages and │ 362 │ 181· │ 60 │ ·60 │
│ │ │ sexes. │ │ │ │ │
│71 to 76│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│76 to 81│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ Total. │ 1,079 │ │74,837 │ 69·36 │ 478 │ 2·33 │
└────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴────────┘
┌────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┐
│ Age. │ Males. │Prison of│
│ │ │Glasgow. │
│ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┼─────────┤
│ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │ Average │
│ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness,│duration │
│ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of│ of │
│ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Glasgow. │Sickness │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │per annum│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │for every│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Male. │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ │ │ │ │Days and │ │Days and │
│ Years. │ │ │ │Decimals.│ Days. │Decimals.│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│Under 16│ 267 │ │20,428 │ 76·50 │ 66 │ 1·17 │
│16 to 21│ 596 │ This │43,484 │ 72·95 │ 417 │ 3·5 │
│ │ │cannot be │ │ │ │ │
│21 to 26│ 376 │ given │23,128 │ 61·51 │ 116 │ 1·83 │
│ │ │ without │ │ │ │ │
│26 to 31│ 204 │ immense │11,886 │ 58·26 │ 86 │ 2·65 │
│ │ │ labour, │ │ │ │ │
│31 to 36│ 111 │ no │ 8,409 │ 75·75 │ 64 │ 2·83 │
│ │ │ register │ │ │ │ │
│36 to 41│ 93 │ having │ 4,813 │ 51·75 │ 12 │ 9· │
│ │ │ been │ │ │ │ │
│41 to 46│ 62 │kept which│ 4,174 │ 67·32 │ 6 │ ·49 │
│46 to 51│ 37 │ readily │ 1,195 │ 32·29 │ 7 │ 2·16 │
│ │ │ shows │ │ │ │ │
│51 to 56│ 26 │the daily │ 1,156 │ 44·46 │ 25 │ 7·9 │
│56 to 61│ 12 │average of│ 612 │ 51· │ 4 │ 2·3 │
│61 to 66│ 7 │ the │ 238 │ 34· │ 4 │ 6· │
│ │ │ various │ │ │ │ │
│66 to 71│ 4 │ ages and │ 948 │ 237· │ │ │
│ │ │ sexes. │ │ │ │ │
│71 to 76│ 1 │ │ 14 │ 14· │ │ │
│76 to 81│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ Total. │ 1,796 │ │123,885│ 68·98 │ 807 │ 2·38 │
└────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
┌────────┬──────────┬────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
│ Age. │East India│ Highland │ Prison of Glasgow. │
│ │Company’s │ Society. │ │
│ │Labourers.│ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────┬─────────┼─────────┬───────────┤
│ │ Average │ Age. │ Average │ No. │ Deaths. │
│ │ duration │ │duration │liberated│ │
│ │ of │ │ of │ on │ │
│ │ Sickness │ │Sickness │ account │ │
│ │per annum │ │per annum│ of │ │
│ │for every │ │for every│Sickness.│ │
│ │ Man. │ │ Man, as │ │ │
│ │ │ │shown by │ │ │
│ │ │ │Tables of│ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────┼─────────┼────┬────┼─────┬─────┤
│ │ Days and │ │Days and │ M. │ F. │ M. │ F. │
│ Years. │Decimals. │Years.│Decimals.│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│Under 16│ │ 21 │ 4·0 │ │ │ │ │
│16 to 21│ 4·02 │ 46 │ 7·0 │ 1 │ │ 3 │ 2 │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│21 to 26│ 5·40 │ 57 │ 14·0 │ │ 1 │ │ 1 │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│26 to 31│ 4·49 │ 63 │ 21·0 │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│31 to 36│ 4·55 │ 65 │ 30·8 │ │ 1 │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│36 to 41│ 5·57 │ 66 │ 37·8 │ │ │ 3 │ 1 │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│41 to 46│ 5·18 │ 67 │ 46·2 │ │ │ │ │
│46 to 51│ 5·43 │ 68 │ 56·0 │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│51 to 56│ 6·80 │ 69 │ 63·0 │ │ 1 │ │ │
│56 to 61│ 7·21 │ 70 │ 70·0 │ │ │ │ │
│61 to 66│ 10·24 │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│66 to 71│ 9·93 │ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│71 to 76│ 10·60 │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│76 to 81│ 12·67 │ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────┼─────────┼────┼────┼─────┼─────┤
│ Total. │ │ │ │ │ │8[65]│4[65]│
└────────┴──────────┴──────┴─────────┴────┴────┴─────┴─────┘
Dietary.│ Weight.—First-rate, 24 ounces; second-rate, 30 ounces; │
│ third-rate, 36 ounces. │
│ Equivalent Total in ounces of wheaten bread. │
│Cost on an average 3‑1/16_d._ per day, but taking the average│
│ of the last seven years, it cost exactly 2¾_d._ per day. │
│ This is exclusive of fuel and cooking. │
Table showing the Sickness experienced by 2,889 Prisoners committed to
the Prison of Edinburgh from 1st January to 31st October, 1841, as
compared with that of the East India Company’s Labourers, and the
Highland Society’s Tables.
┌────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────┬──────────┐
│ Age. │ Females. │Prison of │
│ │ │Edinburgh.│
│ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬──────────┼──────────┤
│ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │ Average │
│ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness, │ duration │
│ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of │ of │
│ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Edinburgh.│ Sickness │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │per annum │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │for every │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Female. │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────┤
│ Years. │ │ │ │ Days & │ Days. │ │
│ │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │ │
│Under 16│ 106 │ 11·9 │ 3,631 │ 34·25 │ 9 │ ·90 │
│16 to 21│ 420 │ 49·2 │15,060 │ 35·85 │ 25 │ ·60 │
│21 to 26│ 437 │ 42·6 │12,952 │ 29·61 │ 102 │ 2·87 │
│26 to 31│ 252 │ 22·8 │ 6,958 │ 27·61 │ 57 │ 2·90 │
│31 to 36│ 135 │ 17·7 │ 5,463 │ 40·66 │ 32 │ 2·01 │
│36 to 41│ 105 │ 11·1 │ 3,399 │ 32·37 │ 11 │ 1·17 │
│41 to 46│ 47 │ 4·3 │ 1,327 │ 28·23 │ 30[66] │ 8·25 │
│46 to 51│ 60 │ 7·5 │ 2,294 │ 38·23 │ 6 │ ·95 │
│51 to 56│ 14 │ 1·6 │ 494 │ 35·28 │ 3 │ 2·21 │
│56 to 61│ 29 │ 1·7 │ 524 │ 18·06 │ │ │
│61 to 66│ 9 │ 1·2 │ 386 │ 42·88 │ │ │
│66 to 71│ 11 │ 1·1 │ 339 │ 30·81 │ │ │
│71 to 76│ 3 │ ·23 │ 70 │ 23·33 │ │ │
│76 to 81│ 5 │ ·43 │ 130 │ 26· │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────────┤
│ Total. │ 1,663 │ 173·36 │53,057 │ 32·49 │ 275 │ 1·9 │
└────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────────┘
┌────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Age. │ Males. │
│ │ │
│ │ │
├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬──────────┤
│ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │
│ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness, │
│ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of │
│ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Edinburgh.│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼──────────┤
│ Years. │ │ │ │ Days & │ Days. │
│ │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │
│Under 16│ 216 │ 41·9 │12,752 │ 59·03 │ 43 │
│16 to 21│ 314 │ 55·3 │16,826 │ 53·58 │ 143 │
│21 to 26│ 223 │ 28·9 │ 8,199 │ 36·72 │ 37 │
│26 to 31│ 136 │ 15·8 │ 4,818 │ 35·42 │ 36 │
│31 to 36│ 95 │ 11·2 │ 3,426 │ 36·06 │ 25 │
│36 to 41│ 81 │ 9·8 │ 3,007 │ 37·12 │ 7 │
│41 to 46│ 56 │ 4·4 │ 1,338 │ 23·88 │ 2 │
│46 to 51│ 55 │ 8·2 │ 1,892 │ 34·40 │ 12 │
│51 to 56│ 23 │ 1·7 │ 544 │ 23·85 │ 13 │
│56 to 61│ 24 │ 3·3 │ 1,004 │ 41·83 │ 36[66] │
│61 to 66│ 19 │ 2·2 │ 683 │ 35·94 │ 8 │
│66 to 71│ 8 │ ·62 │ 190 │ 23·75 │ │
│71 to 76│ 3 │ ·16 │ 51 │ 17· │ │
│76 to 81│ 3 │ ·19 │ 60 │ 20· │ 3[66] │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼──────────┤
│ Total. │ 1,256 │ 179·67 │54,790 │ 43·62 │ 365 │
└────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴──────────┘
┌────────┬──────────┬──────────╥────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
│ Age. │Prison of │East India║ Highland │Prison of Edinburgh. │
│ │Edinburgh.│Company’s ║ Society. │ │
│ │ │Labourers.║ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────╫──────┬─────────┼─────────┬───────────┤
│ │ Average │ Average ║ Age. │ Average │ No. │ Deaths. │
│ │ duration │ duration ║ │duration │liberated│ │
│ │ of │ of ║ │ of │ on │ │
│ │ Sickness │ Sickness ║ │Sickness │ account │ │
│ │per annum │per annum ║ │per annum│ of │ │
│ │for every │for every ║ │for every│Sickness.│ │
│ │ Male. │ Man. ║ │ Man, as │ │ │
│ │ │ ║ │shown by │ │ │
│ │ │ ║ │Tables of│ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────╫──────┼─────────┼────┬────┼─────┬─────┤
│ Years. │ Days & │ Days & ║Years.│ Days & │ M. │ F. │ M. │ F. │
│ │Decimals. │Decimals. ║ │Decimals.│ │ │ │ │
│Under 16│ 1·23 │ ║ 21 │ 4·0 │ │ │ │ │
│16 to 21│ 3·10 │ 4·02 ║ 46 │ 7·0 │ │ │ 1 │ │
│21 to 26│ 1·64 │ 5·40 ║ 57 │ 14·0 │ │ │ │ │
│26 to 31│ 2·72 │ 4·49 ║ 63 │ 21·0 │ │ │ │ │
│31 to 36│ 2·63 │ 4·55 ║ 65 │ 30·8 │ │ │ │ │
│36 to 41│ ·85 │ 5·57 ║ 66 │ 37·8 │ │ │ │ │
│41 to 46│ ·51 │ 5·18 ║ 67 │ 46·2 │ │ │ │ │
│46 to 51│ 2·31 │ 5·43 ║ 68 │ 56·0 │ │ │ 1 │ │
│51 to 56│ 8·71 │ 6·80 ║ 69 │ 63·O │ │ │ 1 │ │
│56 to 61│ 13·09 │ 7·21 ║ 70 │ 70·0 │ │ │ │ │
│61 to 66│ 4·27 │ 10·24 ║ │ │ │ │ │ │
│66 to 71│ │ 9·93 ║ │ │ │ │ │ │
│71 to 76│ │ 10·60 ║ │ │ │ │ │ │
│76 to 81│ 18·25 │ 12·67 ║ │ │ │ │ 1 │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────╫──────┼─────────┼────┼────┼─────┼─────┤
│ Total. │ 2·4 │ ║ │ │ │ │ 4 │ │
└────────┴──────────┴──────────╨──────┴─────────┴────┴────┴─────┴─────┘
Table showing the Sickness experienced by 5,408 Prisoners committed to
the Prisons of Salford from October 17, 1840, to October 16, 1841, as
compared with that of the East India Company’s Labourers, and the
Highland Society’s Tables.
┌────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┬────────┐
│ Age. │ Females. │ Prison │
│ │ │ of │
│ │ │Salford.│
├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┼────────┤
│ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │Average │
│ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness,│duration│
│ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of│ of │
│ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Salford. │Sickness│
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ per │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ annum │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ for │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ every │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │Female. │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ Years. │ │ │ │ Days & │ Days. │ │
│ │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │ │
│Under 16│ 58│ 12·93│ 3,353│ 57·81│ 4│ ·44│
│16 to 21│ 279│ 37·52│ 13,701│ 49·1│ 372│ 9·91│
│21 to 26│ 264│ 31·96│ 11,681│ 44·24│ 239│ 7·46│
│26 to 31│ 185│ 26·69│ 9,748│ 52·7│ 409│ 15·31│
│31 to 36│ 120│ 17·33│ 6,329│ 52·74│ 316│ 18·22│
│36 to 41│ 90│ 8·49│ 3,238│ 36·│ 56│ 6·31│
│41 to 46│ 58│ 9·98│ 3,647│ 62·89│ 213│ 21·31│
│46 to 51│ 46│ 6·36│ 2,325│ 50·54│ 55│ 8·63│
│51 to 56│ 17│ 2·83│ 1,034│ 60·82│ │ │
│56 to 61│ 9│ 1·07│ 393│ 43·60│ 80│ 74·3│
│61 to 66│ 4│ ·05│ 192│ 38·│ 29│ 55·13│
│66 to 71│ 1│ │ 14│ 14·│ │ │
│71 to 76│ │ │ 30│ 30·│ │ │
│76 to 81│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ Total │ 1,132│ 155·21│ 55,635│ 49·37│ 1,773│ 11·6│
└────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┴────────┘
┌────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Age. │ Males. │
│ │ │
│ │ │
├────────┼──────────┬──────────┬───────┬─────────┬─────────┤
│ │Total No. │ Daily │ Total │ Average │ Actual │
│ │ of │ average │No. of │ No. of │sickness,│
│ │Prisoners.│ No. of │Days in│ Days in │Prison of│
│ │ │Prisoners.│Prison.│ Prison. │Salford. │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ Years. │ │ │ │ Days & │ Days. │
│ │ │ │ │Decimals.│ │
│Under 16│ 542│ 89·52│ 32,690│ 60·31│ 69│
│16 to 21│ 1,072│ 155·2│ 56,671│ 52·86│ 623│
│21 to 26│ 935│ 118·2│ 43,166│ 46·16│ 293│
│26 to 31│ 590│ 78·07│ 28,507│ 47·67│ 182│
│31 to 36│ 371│ 43·39│ 15,847│ 42·71│ 135│
│36 to 41│ 316│ 41·14│ 15,023│ 47·54│ 210│
│41 to 46│ 170│ 19·98│ 7,298│ 42·93│ 55│
│46 to 51│ 117│ 13·11│ 4,818│ 41·18│ 77│
│51 to 56│ 75│ 9·42│ 3,443│ 45·09│ 51│
│56 to 61│ 47│ 4·24│ 1,547│ 32·93│ 7│
│61 to 66│ 20│ 3·08│ 1,127│ 56·35│ 83│
│66 to 71│ 9│ ·07│ 267│ 29·66│ 2│
│71 to 76│ 4│ ·27│ 101│ 25·25│ │
│76 to 81│ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│ Total │ 4,276│ 574·53│210,503│ 49·23│ 1,787│
└────────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────┴─────────┴─────────┘
┌────────┬─────────┬──────────╥────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
│ Age. │Prison of│East India║ Highland │ Prison of Salford. │
│ │Salford. │Company’s ║ Society. │ │
│ │ │Labourers.║ │ │
├────────┼─────────┼──────────╫──────┬─────────┼─────────┬───────────┤
│ │ Average │ Average ║ Age. │ Average │ No. │ Deaths. │
│ │duration │ duration ║ │duration │liberated│ │
│ │ of │ of ║ │ of │ on │ │
│ │Sickness │ Sickness ║ │Sickness │ account │ │
│ │per annum│per annum ║ │per annum│ of │ │
│ │for every│for every ║ │for every│Sickness.│ │
│ │ Male. │ Man. ║ │ Man, as │ │ │
│ │ │ ║ │shown by │ │ │
│ │ │ ║ │Tables of│ │ │
├────────┼─────────┼──────────╫──────┼─────────┼────┬────┼─────┬─────┤
│ Years. │ Days & │ Days & ║Years.│ Days & │ M.│ F.│ M.│ F.│
│ │Decimals.│Decimals. ║ │Decimals.│ │ │ │ │
│Under 16│ ·77│ ║ 21│ 4·0│ │ │ │ │
│16 to 21│ 4·01│ 4·02║ 46│ 7·0│ │ │ │ │
│21 to 26│ 2·4│ 5·40║ 57│ 14·0│ │ │ 1│ │
│26 to 31│ 2·33│ 4·49║ 83│ 21·0│ │ │ │ 1│
│31 to 36│ 3·1│ 4·55║ 85│ 30·8│ │ │ 2│ 1│
│36 to 41│ 5·1│ 5·57║ 66│ 37·8│ │ │ 1│ │
│41 to 46│ 2·75│ 5·18║ 67│ 46·2│ │ │ 1│ │
│46 to 51│ 5·83│ 5·43║ 68│ 56·0│ │ │ 1│ │
│51 to 56│ 5·43│ 6·80║ 69│ 63·0│ │ │ │ │
│56 to 61│ 1·65│ 7·21║ 70│ 70·0│ │ │ │ │
│61 to 66│ 2·67│ 10·24║ │ │ │ │ 1│ │
│66 to 71│ 2·69│ 9·93║ │ │ │ │ 1│ │
│71 to 76│ │ 10·60║ │ │ │ │ │ │
│76 to 81│ │ 12·67║ │ │ │ │ │ │
├────────┼─────────┼──────────╫──────┼─────────┼────┼────┼─────┼─────┤
│ Total │ 3·098│ ║ │ │ │ │ 8│ 2│
└────────┴─────────┴──────────╨──────┴─────────┴────┴────┴─────┴─────┘
28.—_Experience of Sickness in the Wynds of Edinburgh._