│ │ No. 1. Lowest Class of │
│ │ Cottages, average 1_s._ │
│ │3_d._ per Week, or £3. 5_s._│
│ │ per Year, allowing for │
│ │ Repairs, &c. │
├─────────────────────┼─────────┬────────┬─────────┤
│ │ │Average │Interest │
│ │Number of│Cost of │ on the │
│ │Tenements│erecting│Outlay or│
│ │ or │ each │ Capital │
│ │Cottages.│Cottage.│invested.│
├─────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┤
│ │ │ £. │Per Cent.│
│Congleton │ 1,168│ 47│ 7│
│Macclesfield │ 2,481│ 38│ 8½│
│Stockport │ 3,457│ 28│ 11‑12/20│
│Altrincham │ 1,200│ 49│ 6‑13/20│
│Northwich │ 1,615│ 52│ 6¼│
│Nantwich │ 1,994│ 47│ 7│
│Lichfield │ 1,281│ 34│ 9‑11/20│
│Newcastle │ 1,502│ 57│ 5‑14/20│
│Stoke-upon-Trent │ 2,181│ 45│ 7‑4/20│
│Woolstanton and │ │ │ │
│ Burslem │ 2,292│ 50│ 6½│
│Tamworth │ 1,278│ 47│ 7│
│Cheadle │ 1,438│ 40│ 8‑3/20│
│Uttoxeter │ 672│ 29│ 11‑4/20│
│Burton-upon-Trent │ 2,100│ 40│ 8‑3/20│
│Leek │ 1,281│ 47│ 7│
│Chapel-en-le-Frith │ 713│ 60│ 5‑8/20│
│Hayfield │ 270│ 50│ 6½│
│Glossop │ 142│ 60│ 5‑8/20│
│Bakewell │ 2,519│ 58│ 5‑12/20│
│Chesterfield │ 1,969│ 45│ 7‑4/20│
│Belper │ 3,324│ 40│ 8‑1/20│
│Derby │ 1,035│ 45│ 7‑4/20│
│Salford │ 680│ 53│ 6‑1/20│
│Chorlton-upon-Medlock│ 527│ 44│ 7‑8/20│
├─────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┤
│ │ 37,119│ 40[53]│ 8│
└─────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┘
┌─────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┐
│ │ No. 2. Second Class of │
│ │ Cottages, average 2_s._ │
│ │ 3_d._ per Week, or £5. │
│ │ 15_s._ per Year, allowing │
│ │ for Repairs, &c. │
├─────────────────────┼─────────┬────────┬─────────┤
│ │ │Average │Interest │
│ │Number of│Cost of │ on the │
│ │Tenements│erecting│Outlay or│
│ │ or │ each │ Capital │
│ │Cottages.│Cottage.│invested.│
├─────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┤
│ │ │ £. │Per Cent.│
│Congleton │ 2,035│ 66│ 8‑11/20│
│Macclesfield │ 3,864│ 60│ 9‑11/20│
│Stockport │ 5,032│ 53│ 10‑17/20│
│Altrincham │ 1,352│ 79│ 7‑6/20│
│Northwich │ 2,121│ 75│ 7‑11/20│
│Nantwich │ 1,158│ 74│ 7¾│
│Lichfield │ 1,227│ 68│ 8‑9/20│
│Newcastle │ 1,135│ 78│ 7‑7/20│
│Stoke-upon-Trent │ 5,610│ 60│ 9‑11/20│
│Woolstanton and │ │ │ │
│ Burslem │ 2,993│ 90│ 6‑8/20│
│Tamworth │ 376│ 69│ 8‑7/20│
│Cheadle │ 805│ 67│ 8‑12/20│
│Uttoxeter │ 471│ 40│ 14‑8/20│
│Burton-upon-Trent │ 1,270│ 90│ 6‑8/20│
│Leek │ 650│ 63│ 9‑1/20│
│Chapel-en-le-Frith │ 215│ 79│ 7‑6/20│
│Hayfield │ 534│ 80│ 7‑4/20│
│Glossop │ 559│ 80│ 7‑4/20│
│Bakewell │ 424│ 87│ 6‑12/20│
│Chesterfield │ 2,618│ 70│ 8‑4/20│
│Belper │ 2,542│ 67│ 8‑12/20│
│Derby │ 2,855│ 75│ 7‑11/20│
│Salford │ 3,741│ 46│ 12½│
│Chorlton-upon-Medlock│ 2,463│ 54│ 10‑11/20│
├─────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┤
│ │ 46,050│ 65│ 8¾│
└─────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┘
┌─────────────────────┬────────────────────────────╥───────────┐
│ │ No. 3. Third Class of ║ │
│ │ Cottages, average 3_s._ ║ │
│ │6_d._ per Week, or £9. 2_s._║ │
│ │ per Year, allowing for ║ │
│ │ Repairs, &c. ║Population.│
├─────────────────────┼─────────┬────────┬─────────╫───────────┤
│ │ │Average │Interest ║ │
│ │Number of│Cost of │ on the ║ │
│ │Tenements│erecting│Outlay or║ │
│ │ or │ each │ Capital ║ │
│ │Cottages.│Cottage.│invested.║ │
├─────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────╫───────────┤
│ │ │ £. │Per Cent.║ │
│Congleton │ 395│ 94│ 9‑14/20║ 26,377│
│Macclesfield │ 2,657│ 84│ 10‑17/20║ 50,639│
│Stockport │ 6,436│ 98│ 9‑6/20║ 68,906│
│Altrincham │ 540│ 101│ 9║ 30,139│
│Northwich │ 212│ 89│ 10‑4/20║ 26,906│
│Nantwich │ 471│ 108│ 8‑9/20║ 30,992│
│Lichfield │ 320│ 148│ 6‑1/20║ 22,749│
│Newcastle │ 251│ 136│ 6‑14/20║ 16,476│
│Stoke-upon-Trent │ 946│ 90│ 10‑2/20║ 37,220│
│Woolstanton and │ │ │ ║ │
│ Burslem │ 295│ 150│ 6‑1/20║ 23,567│
│Tamworth │ 134│ 117│ 7‑16/20║ 12,175│
│Cheadle │ 169│ 101│ 9║ 14,473│
│Uttoxeter │ │ │ ║ 12,837│
│Burton-upon-Trent │ 125│ 115│ 7‑17/20║ 24,667│
│Leek │ 104│ 86│ 10‑12/20║ 18,387│
│Chapel-en-le-Frith │ 95│ 123│ 7‑8/20║ 10,448│
│Hayfield │ 627│ 140│ 6½║ 9,493│
│Glossop │ 1,050│ 90│ 10‑2/20║ 9,631│
│Bakewell │ 74│ 146│ 6¼║ 25,879│
│Chesterfield │ 128│ 105│ 8‑11/20║ 34,246│
│Belper │ 661│ 107│ 8½║ 33,388│
│Derby │ 1,026│ 155│ 5‑17/20║ 25,484│
│Salford │ 5,445│ 75│ 12‑1/20║ 52,366│
│Chorlton-upon-Medlock│ 4,261│ 83│ 10‑10/20║ 46,465│
├─────────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────╫───────────┤
│ │ 26,322│ 92│ 9¾║ 663,890│
└─────────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────╨───────────┘
11.—_Tables of the Expense of building Cottages, and Repairs, in England
and Scotland._
┌───────────────┬────────────────────────┬────────┐
│ ENGLAND. │ Cost of Erection of │Cost of │
│ │ Cottages. │Repairs.│
├───────────────┼───────────┬────────────┼────────┤
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │Two-roomed.│Four-roomed.│ │
├───────────────┼───────────┼────────────┼────────┤
│Norfolk, 22 │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │4 to 40 │
│ │ 40_l._ to │ 60_l._ to │ per │
│ │ 80_l._ │ 150_l._ │ cent. │
│Suffolk, 15 │ │ │2 to 20 │
│ Unions │ 30_l._ to │ 60_l._ to │ per │
│ │ 125_l._ │ 180_l._ │ cent. │
│Chester, 5 │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │10 to 30│
│ │ 20_l._ to │ 25_l._ to │ per │
│ │ 80_l._ │ 120_l._ │ cent. │
│Derby, 7 Unions│ │ │2½ to 20│
│ │ 20_l._ to │ 40_l._ to │ per │
│ │ 100_l._ │ 120_l._ │ cent. │
│Lancashire, 2 │ │ │ 10_s._ │
│ Unions │ 30_l._ to │ 30_l._ to │ to │
│ │ 50_l._ │ 55_l._ │ 40_s._ │
│Stafford, 9 │ 20_l._ to │ 40_l._ to │4_s._ to│
│ Unions │ 80_l._ │ 100_l._ │ 40_s._ │
│Gloucester, 3 │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ About │ │ │
│ │ 62_l._ │ │ 10_s._ │
│Hereford, 1 │ About │ │ │
│ Union │ 62_l._ │ │ │
│Monmouth, 5 │ About │ │ │
│ Unions │ 62_l._ │ │ │
│Worcester, 4 │ About │ │ │
│ Unions │ 65_l._ │ │ │
│Gloucester, 3 │ About │ │ │
│ Unions │ 70_l._ │ │ │
│Hereford, 8 │ About │ │ │
│ Unions │ 45_l._ │ │ │
│Brecknock, 1 │ About │ │ │
│ Union │ 45_l._ │ │ │
│Radnor, 2 │ About │ │ │
│ Unions │ 45_l._ │ │ │
│Salop, 2 Unions│ │ │ 10_s._ │
│ │ 50_l._ to │ │ to │
│ │ 55_l._ │ │ 12_s._ │
│Worcester, 6 │ │ │ 10_s._ │
│ Unions │ 50_l._ to │ │ to │
│ │ 55_l._ │ │ 12_s._ │
│Northumberland,│ │ │ │
│7 Unions │ │ │ │
│ │ 30_l._ to │ │3_s._ to│
│ │ 50_l._ │ │ 5_s._ │
│Durham, 8 │ │ │ 10_s._ │
│ Unions │ 50_l._ to │ │ to │
│ │ 70_l._ │ │ 15_s._ │
│Cumberland, 1 │ │ │ │
│ Union. │ 50_l._ │ │ 3_s._ │
│Durham, 2 │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ 45_l._ │ 60_l._ │ │
│Cumberland, 4 │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ 30_l._ to │ │ │
│ │ 45_l._ │ │ 7_s._ │
│Bedford, 5 │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ 15_l._ to │ 20_l._ to │5_s._ to│
│ │ 60_l._ │ 120_l._ │ 20_s._ │
│Bucks, 1 Union │ 40_l._ to │ │9_s._ to│
│ │ 60_l._ │ │ 10_s._ │
│Hertford, 4 │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ 20_s._ │
│ │ 40_l._ to │ 50_l._ to │ to │
│ │ 70_l._ │ 120_l._ │ 30_s._ │
│Northampton, 6 │ 30_l._ to │ 50_l._ to │5_s._ to│
│ Unions │ 100_l._ │ 150_l._ │ 20_s._ │
│Stafford, 5 │ 20_l._ to │ 35_l._ to │7_s._ to│
│ Unions │ 60_l._ │ 100_l._ │ 45_s._ │
│Warwick, 7 │ 20_l._ to │ 50_l._ to │6_s._ to│
│ Unions │ 70_l._ │ 140_l._ │ 40_s._ │
│Worcester, 2 │ │ │ 10_s._ │
│ Unions │ 10_l._ to │ 45_l._ to │ to │
│ │ 50_l._ │ 150_l._ │ 12_s._ │
└───────────────┴───────────┴────────────┴────────┘
┌───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ENGLAND. │ │
│ │ Rent of Cottages. │
├───────────────┼────────┬────────┬───────────┬────────┤
│ │ │ 2. │ │ │
│ │ │Cottages│ │ │
│ │ │with one│ 3. │ │
│ │ │Room on │Cottages of│ 4. │
│ │ │ or │ the same │Cottages│
│ │ │Bed-room│Description│ with │
│ │ │ the │ or │ four │
│ │ 1. │ Ground │Wash-house │ Rooms, │
│ │Cottages│ Floor, │ as No. 2, │ two │
│ │ with │ and a │ with a │ below, │
│ │only one│ above. │Back-house │and two │
│ │ Room. │Chamber │ annexed. │ above. │
├───────────────┼────────┼────────┼───────────┼────────┤
│Norfolk, 22 │ │ 1_l._ │ │ │
│ Unions │ 10_s._ │ 10_s._ │ │ 3_l._ │
│ │ to │to 5_l._│ 2_l._ to │5_s._ to│
│ │100_s._ │ 5_s._ │6_l._ 6_s._│ 9_l._ │
│Suffolk, 15 │ 20_s._ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │to 2_l._│2_l._ to│ 3_l._ to │3_l._ to│
│ │ 15_s._ │ 6_l._ │ 6_l._ │ 8_l._ │
│Chester, 5 │ │ 1_s._ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │6_d._ to│ │ │
│ │ 1_s._ │ 2_s._ │2_s._ 6_d._│ │
│ │ 6_d._ │ 6_d._ │ to 4_s._ │ │
│Derby, 7 Unions│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│Lancashire, 2 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│Stafford, 9 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ │
│Gloucester, 3 │ │ │ 5_l._ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ 10_s._ to │ │
│ │ │ │ 6_l._ │ │
│Hereford, 1 │ │ │ │ │
│ Union │ │ │ │ │
│Monmouth, 5 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ │
│Worcester, 4 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ │
│Gloucester, 3 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ 4_l._ │ │
│Hereford, 8 │ │ │ 3_l._ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ 10_s._ │ │
│Brecknock, 1 │ │ │ 3_l._ │ │
│ Union │ │ │ 10_s._ │ │
│Radnor, 2 │ │ │ 3_l._ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ 10_s._ │ │
│Salop, 2 Unions│ │ │ 3_l._ │ │
│ │ │ │ 13_s._ │ │
│ │ │ │ 6_d._ │ │
│Worcester, 6 │ │ │ 3_l._ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ 13_s._ │ │
│ │ │ │ 6_d._ │ │
│Northumberland,│ │ │ │ │
│7 Unions │ 2_l._ │ │ │ │
│ │5_s._ to│ │ │ │
│ │ 4_l._ │ │ │ │
│Durham, 8 │ │ 2_l._ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ 10_s._ │ │ │
│ │ 4_l._ │to 6_l._│ │ │
│Cumberland, 1 │ │ 3_l._ │ │ │
│ Union. │ │ 5_s._ │ │ │
│Durham, 2 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ 4_l._ │ │
│Cumberland, 4 │ │ 2_l._ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ 12_s._ │ │ │
│ │ │to 3_l._│ │ │
│Bedford, 5 │ │ │ │ 2_l._ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ 10_s._ │
│ │ │ │ │to 4_l._│
│Bucks, 1 Union │ │ │ │ 2_l._ │
│ │ │ │ │ 12_s._ │
│Hertford, 4 │ │ │ │ 2_s._ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ 6_d._ │
│ │ │ │ │ per │
│ │ │ │ │ week. │
│Northampton, 6 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ │
│Stafford, 5 │ │ │ │2_l._ to│
│ Unions │ │ │ │ 4_l._ │
│Warwick, 7 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ │
│Worcester, 2 │ │ │ │ │
│ Unions │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
└───────────────┴────────┴────────┴───────────┴────────┘
11.—_Tables of the Expense of building Cottages, and Repairs, in England
and Scotland_ - continued.
┌─────────────┬────────────────┬────────┬────────────────┬────────────┐
│ SCOTLAND. │Cost of Erection│Cost of │ Rent of │ Proportion │
│ │ Cottages, &c. │Repairs.│ Cottages. &c. │of Rent paid│
│ │ │ │ per Annum. │by Labourer │
│ │ │ │ │to his total│
│ │ │ │ │Expenditure.│
├─────────────┼────────────────┼────────┼────────────────┼────────────┤
│Aberdeen │Houses for 6 │1_l._ │Garret or │From 8 to 14│
│ │ families, │ per │ cellar, 25_s._│ per cent. │
│ │ 250_l._ to │ year │ to 30_s._; │ │
│ │ 300_l._ │ │ room and │ │
│ │ │ │ closet 50_s._ │ │
│ │ │ │ to 80_s._; two│ │
│ │ │ │ rooms, 5_l._; │ │
│ │ │ │ ditto and │ │
│ │ │ │ closet, 6_l._;│ │
│ │ │ │ cottages, &c.,│ │
│ │ │ │ 4_l._ to 6_l._│ │
│Aberdour │ │ │One or two │About 4½ per│
│ │ │ │ rooms. 1_l._ │ cent. │
│ │ │ │ to 2_l._; │ │
│ │ │ │ cottage, 2_l._│ │
│ │ │ │ to 3_l._ │ │
│Arbroath │60_l._ to 80_l._│2 per │3_l._ to 6_l._; │From 11 to │
│ │ │ cent. │ garrets, │ 16½ per │
│ │ │ │ 20_s._ to │ cent. │
│ │ │ │ 30_s._ │ │
│Alloa │Houses for 3 │ │One apartment, │From 10 to │
│ │ families, │ │ 1_l._ to │ 12½ per │
│ │ 200_l._ to │ │ 3_l._; two │ cent. │
│ │ 300_l._; │ │ ditto, 3_l._ │ │
│ │ Cottage, │ │ to 5_l._; │ │
│ │ 20_l._ to │ │ 1_l._ 10_s._ │ │
│ │ 30_l._ │ │ to 3_l._ │ │
│ │ │ │ cottage. │ │
│Andrews, St. │ │ │1_l._ to 1_l._ │About 8¼ per│
│ │ │ │ 15_s._ each │ cent. │
│ │ │ │ room. │ │
│Ayr │About 30_l._ │ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │About 8¼ per│
│ │ │ │ 4_l._ │ cent. │
│Carluke │Tenement for 2 │½ per │One room and │From 5 to │
│ │ families, │ cent. │ closet, │ 12½ per │
│ │ 60_l._ to │ │ 50_s._; one │ cent. │
│ │ 70_l._ │ │ room and │ │
│ │ │ │ kitchen, │ │
│ │ │ │ 70_s._ to │ │
│ │ │ │ 80_s._ │ │
│Coldstream │40_l._ │ │2_l._ 10_s._ to │About 10 per│
│ │ │ │ 3_l._ │ cent. │
│Cupar, Fife, │30_l._ │ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │About 10 per│
│ &c. │ │ │ 2_l._ 10_s._ │ cent. │
│Douglas │ │ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │ │
│ │ │ │ 2_l._ │ │
│Dundee │60_l._ to 80_l._│5 per │One room, 2_l._ │From 6¼ to │
│ │ │ cent. │ to 2_l._ │ 21¼ per │
│ │ │ │ 10_s._; two │ cent. │
│ │ │ │ rooms, 3_l._ │ │
│ │ │ │ 10_s._ to │ │
│ │ │ │ 5_l._ │ │
│Dunfermline │80_l._ to 90_l._│ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │From 10 to │
│ │ │ │ 6_l._ │ 11 per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Earls Ferry │15_l._ to 30_l._│ │1_l._ to 2_l._ │About 5 per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Elgin │ │ │1_l._ to 5_l._ │From 12½ to │
│ │ │ │ │ 14 per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Cowgate │ │ │2_l._ to 4_l._ │ │
│Edinburgh │ │ │1_l._ to 5_l._ │From 6 to 25│
│ │ │ │ 4_s._; 2_l._ │ per cent. │
│ │ │ │ to 4_l._ for │ │
│ │ │ │ one apartment;│ │
│ │ │ │ one room and │ │
│ │ │ │ kitchen, 3_l._│ │
│ │ │ │ to 5_l._ │ │
│Forfar │70_l._ to │1 per │Two rooms, 2_l._│From 12½ to │
│ │ 110_l._ │ cent. │ 10_s._; ditto │ 14 per │
│ │ │ │ and closet, │ cent. │
│ │ │ │ 3_l._ 15_s._ │ │
│Forres │ │ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │About 12½ │
│ │ │ │ 5_l._ │ per cent. │
│Fraizerburgh │ │ │2_l._ to 3_l._ │From 16½ to │
│ │ │ │ │ 20 per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Glasgow │Tenements for 16│ │One room, 2_l._;│From 7½ to │
│ │ families, │ │ room and │ 33 per │
│ │ 800_l._ to │ │ kitchen, 3_l._│ cent. │
│ │ 1200_l._, room│ │ to 7_l._ two │ │
│ │ and kitchen │ │ rooms and │ │
│ │ for each. │ │ kitchen, 6_l._│ │
│ │ │ │ to 9_l._ │ │
│Haddington │ │ │1_l._ to 4_l._ │About 5 per │
│ │ │ │ 10_s._ │ cent. │
│Hoddon │10_l._ to 25_l._│2½ to 6 │About 2_l._ │From 8 to 10│
│ │ │ per │ │ per cent. │
│ │ │ cent. │ │ │
│Inverary │ │ │10_s._ to 5_l._ │From 10 to │
│ │ │ │ │ 20 per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Inverkeithing│ │ │2_l._ to 3_l._ │From 6½ to │
│ │ │ │ │ 14 per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Inverness │30_l._ to 80_l._│ │From 1_l._ to │About 10 per│
│ │ │ │ 3_l._ a room. │ cent. │
│Irvine │30_l._ to 40_l._│ │2_l._ to 3_l._ │About 10 per│
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Kirkcaldy │Two rooms, │ │One room, 30_s._│From 6 to 10│
│ │ 40_l._ │ │ to 40_s._; two│ per cent. │
│ │ │ │ rooms, 3_l._ │ │
│Kirkwall │50_l._ to 60_l._│ │1_l._ to 2_l._ │From 6 to 16│
│ │ │ │ for one room. │ per cent. │
│Lanark │40_l._ to │ │2_l._ each │About 10 per│
│ │ 50_l._, for │ │ apartment. │ cent. │
│ │ two families. │ │ │ │
│Leith │ │ │2_l._ 10_s._ to │ │
│ │ │ │ 6_l._ │ │
│Lesmahagow │50_l._ to 60_l._│1 per │2_l._ to 3_l._; │From 14 to │
│ │ │ cent. │ attics, from │ 16½ per │
│ │ │ │ 26_s._ to │ cent. │
│ │ │ │ 32_s._ 6_d._ │ │
│Lillisheaf │ │ │1_l._ to 3_l._ │About 10 per│
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Lochmaben │20_l._ to 50_l._│ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │From 8 to │
│ │ │ │ 3_l._ │ 16½ per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Melrose │60_l._ to 80_l._│ │4_l._ │About 16½ │
│ │ │ │ │ per cent. │
│Montrose │30_l._ to 40_l._│ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │About 10 per│
│ │ │ │ 2_l._ │ cent. │
│Portobello │ │ │2_l._ 12_s._ for│About 10 per│
│ │ │ │ a room. │ cent. │
│Queensferry │30_l._ │1¾ per │1_l._ to 1_l._ │From 4 to 5 │
│ │ │ cent. │ 10_s._ │ per cent. │
│Renfrew │Tenement of four│per │6_l._; 2_l._ to │About 14 per│
│ │ houses, │ cent. │ 3_l._ 10_s._ │ cent. │
│ │ 300_l._ │ │ │ │
│Selkirk │60_l._ to │ │2_l._ 10_s._ │From 10 to │
│ │ 70_l._, two │ │ │ 12½ per │
│ │ apartments. │ │ │ cent. │
│Stewarton │House for two or│ │2_l._ to 3_l._ │From 6½ to │
│ │ three │ │ │ 7½ per │
│ │ labourers, │ │ │ cent. │
│ │ 100_l._ to │ │ │ │
│ │ 120_l._ │ │ │ │
│Tain │10_l._ to 20_l._│ │10_s._ to 3_l._ │About 5 per │
│ │ │ │ │ cent. │
│Wigtown │15_l._ │ │1_l._ 10_s._ to │About 7½ per│
│ │ │ │ 2_l._ │ cent. │
└─────────────┴────────────────┴────────┴────────────────┴────────────┘
PLANS OF COTTAGES ERECTED AT EGERTON FOR H. & E. ASHWORTH.
[Illustration]
ELEVATION AND PLANS OF HOUSES IN GREAT RUSSELL STREET,
BIRMINGHAM
[Illustration]
GROUND PLAN OF TWO NEW COURTS OF HOUSES IN BRADFORD STREET, BIRMINGHAM
[Illustration]
ELEVATIONS OF HOUSES, IN BRADFORD STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
[Illustration]
12.—_Examination of the_ REV. THOMAS WHATELEY, _Cookham, Berks, on
Cottage Allotments, and the keeping of Pigs by Cottagers_.
It appears that a great part of the land of your parish is common, and
that a portion of the population borders upon the common. What is the
state of that population as compared with that which is too far removed
from the commons to enjoy any of their privileges?—The persons who live
in the immediate neighbourhood of the commons are evidently much poorer
than those who live at a distance.
To what do you attribute this?—I attribute it to their depending upon a
precarious and uncertain income; and I am sure, from all the observation
I have been able to make, that a poor man’s best subsistence will always
depend upon constant work and good wages, and that he never works for so
bad a master as when he works for himself. And all employments, such as
attending sheep, geese, &c., besides the precarious nature of the return
made by them, usually impair his habits of steady and patient industry,
and frequently give him a turn for poaching and pilfering, and engender
other irregular and demoralizing habits.
But may not the children of the cottager, while he is engaged in steady
and patient industry, be usefully and profitably employed in taking care
of a pig or geese on the common?—No. The reason which applies against
the father doing so, namely, the bad desultory habits engendered,
applies with greater force against the children doing so. If they are
old enough to be able to attend to these things, they are usually old
enough to be employed in some rural occupation for which wages would be
earned. Many mistakes are prevalent with respect to the profits from
keeping cows, sheep, geese, pigs, &c., for I do not believe that any of
these are really profitable; and though I am glad to see a pig as an
appendage to a cottage (if the cottager’s employer has no reason to be
sorry), because the pig serves as a sort of savings bank to the
labourer; for if the labourer had not the animal, he would not put by,
and out of his reach, from day to day, the money which the pig costs him
in fatting; yet it is notorious that a labouring man pays more dearly
for his bacon than he would do if he purchased it ready prepared to his
hand.[54] Nor would he be the better clothed or cheaper shod if he took
the operation of the Manchester weaver or the Nottingham shoemaker into
his own hands.
But may not a labourer attend to the management of pigs or cows after
the hours of work?—I think not, because a good labourer usually works by
the great, and has done as much as his strength will allow when he
returns home; and because nothing is gained by feeding cattle upon
commons, where the cattle have nothing else to depend upon. The very
worst master a poor man can work for is himself.
You say that the reason which applies against the father attending to
pigs, geese, &c., on commons, applies equally against the children being
so, _i. e._, the idle habits engendered; and that if they are old enough
to be able to attend to these things, they are usually old enough to be
employed in some rural occupation, for which wages would be earned. Now
would not the children be employed by farmers in the same sort of
labour, namely, in looking after cattle; and if so, why is it that the
care of cattle on the common for the other is worse or more demoralizing
than the care of the same sort of things for the farmer?—I conceive that
I have answered this question before. If a farmer sends his pigs or
other cattle into open fields or commons, and requires the assistance of
a child to watch them, they are turned out only for a change, but are
never in this part of the country kept upon the commons.
Do you think allotments of land to the labourer beneficial; and if so,
what quantity may be usefully occupied by him?—I do not think allotments
of land to the poor beneficial. I had rather see the allotments gathered
into one large one, a farm, and the labouring man employed at good
wages, by a superintendent managing the whole at his own risk and for
his own interest, in the share to which his undivided and greater
attention and anxiety justly entitle him, that is, by a thriving farmer.
The poor man must be a poor master, and he had better serve a rich one.
What do you believe would be the consequence of too large allotments of
land being made to the labourers?—That the poor man could not cultivate
it. The wealth of his employer is the poor man’s safeguard against want.
I approve of the practice of a benevolent farmer in my parish, who is
accustomed to give to his labourers a headland of his field as a bonus
to industry. He says he will make it worth the while of his labourers to
be honest and diligent towards him, by letting them feel that they will
have a suitable return from him. If what are called “ample allotments”
are given, it appears to me to be a sort of wholesale almsgiving,
attended with more than the usual mischiefs attendant upon most
almsgiving. The orchard and garden before me might, if cut up into
allotments, serve for six families of young labourers. It may be all
very well to say, “Take these, my good men, and be happy;” but when, in
the progress of population, there arises four times six families to be
fed from the same soil, where will then be the happiness of the
allotments? What, I submit, are small farms but ample allotments, and
what, when stripped of romance, is found by experience to be the
superior condition and power of production of the small farmers? Are
they not, even where they farm their own lands, almost universally
failing (like the small manufacturers against the large ones) in
competition before the more scientific management, economy of labour,
and more powerful application of capital of the large farmer. What is
all Ireland but a country of cottage allotments; and what is there in
that theatre of disorder and wretchedness that should induce the
benevolent (or those who may have in their eyes the immediate temptation
of _Irish rents_) to make trial of any such system in England? Are the
cottiers who possess the fee-simple, the small freeholders of Ireland,
in a superior condition by virtue of their allotments?—Many of the
promoters of allotments doubtless intend well, and act upon the evidence
of immediate benefits and satisfaction derived from them; so, probably,
did the original promoters of the bread-money, scales, and the allowance
system, labour rates, and the train of corrupting palliatives?
Have you had an opportunity of observing experiments in what is termed
spade husbandry?—I have never seen spade husbandry; but I should wish to
see it universally adopted, if the adoption of it would add wealth to
the farmer, for in that case it could not fail to benefit the labourer.
It is said that farmers ought to take the single agricultural labourers
into their houses, and preside at the labourers’ tables as formerly;
what is your opinion as to the practicability of recurring to the old
system?—Those who say so are very ill formed upon the subject. Farmers,
who were (in manners, wealth, and education) but very little better than
their own labourers, might formerly, with comfort to themselves and
advantage to their men, receive their carters into their family, and
dine at their table with them; but the habits of those times are gone
for ever.
Do you think the enclosures of such parishes as Cookham beneficial to
the poor?—Yes I do, inasmuch as they extend the demand for the poor
man’s only marketable commodity—his labour.
[Every position stated in this examination with relation to the
practical operation of the theory of small farm allotments, and of the
pig and cow theories, was corroborated by a large mass of evidence from
every part of the country, where they had been, for any length of time,
in operation.—E. C.]
13.—_Arrangement of Public Walks in Towns; Plan of the Arboretum at
Derby, laid out by_ J. C. LOUDON, _Esq._
When it appeared that a general botanic garden would be too expensive,
both to create and to keep up; that a mere composition of trees and
shrubs with turf, in the manner of a common pleasure-ground, would
become insipid after being seen two or three times; and, in short, that
the most suitable kind of public garden, for all the circumstances
included in the above data, was an arboretum, or collection of trees and
shrubs, foreign and indigenous, which would endure the open air in the
climate of Derby, with the names placed to each. Such a collection will
have all the ordinary beauties of a pleasure-ground viewed as a whole;
and yet, from no tree or shrub occurring twice in the whole collection,
and from the name of every tree and shrub being placed against it, an
inducement is held out for those who walk in the garden to take an
interest in the name and history of each species, its uses in this
country or in other countries, its appearance at different seasons of
the year, and the various associations connected with it.
[Illustration: PLAN OF THE DERBY ARBORETUM, 1840.]
[Illustration]
A similar interest might no doubt have been created by a collection of
herbaceous plants; but this collection, to be effective in such a space
of ground, must have amounted to at least 5000 species; and to form such
a collection, and keep it up, would have been much more expensive than
forming the most complete collection of trees and shrubs that can at
present be made in Britain. It is further to be observed respecting a
collection of herbaceous plants, that it would have presented no beauty
or interest whatever during the winter season; whereas, among trees and
shrubs, there are all the evergreen kinds, which are more beautiful in
winter than in summer; while the deciduous kinds, at that season, show
an endless variety in the ramification of their branches and spray, the
colour of their bark, and the colour and form of their buds. Add also,
that trees and shrubs, and especially evergreens, give shelter and
encouragement to singing-birds, to which herbaceous plants offer little
or no shelter or food.
There are yet other arguments in favour of trees and shrubs for a garden
of recreation, which are worth notice. Herbaceous plants are low, small,
and to have any effect must be numerous; while to acquire their names,
and look into their beauties, persons walking in the garden must stand
still, and stoop down, which, when repeated several times, would soon,
instead of a recreation, become very fatiguing. Now trees and shrubs are
large objects, and there is scarcely one of them the beauty of which may
not be seen and enjoyed by the spectator while he is walking past it,
and without standing still at all.