THE COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.
The vanguard of the Loyalists now began to make its appearance.
Captain Simon Baxter has a fair claim to be considered the pioneer
Loyalist of this province. He arrived at Fort Howe with his family in
March, 1782, in distressed circumstances, and was befriended by
William Hazen and James White, who recommended him to the favorable
consideration of the authorities at Halifax. Captain Baxter was a
native of New Hampshire. He was proscribed and banished on account of
his loyalty, and had several narrow escapes at the hands of his "rebel
countrymen." On one occasion he was condemned to be hanged, but upon
being brought out to execution contrived to escape from his
persecutors and fled for safety to Burgoyne's army. His early arrival
at St. John proved of substantial benefit to him, for on the 15th of
August he obtained a grant of 5,000 acres, "as a reduced subaltern and
as a refugee," in what is now the Parish of Norton, in Kings County.
His sons, William and Benjamin, received 500 acres each, along with
their father. The important services of Major Gilfred Studholme were
also rewarded at this time by a grant of 2,000 acres on the
Kennebecasis river, just above Captain Baxter's land. Two years later
Major Studholme obtained a grant of a tract nearly three miles square,
at Apohaqui, to which he gave the name of Studville.
It was not without fore-thought and serious consideration that the
Loyalists came to the River St. John. Several associations were formed
at New York, in 1782, to further the interests of those who proposed
to settle in Nova Scotia. One of the Associations had as its
president, the Rev. Doctor Seabury,[136] and for its secretary,
Sampson Salter Blowers.[137] It was under the arrangements made by
this Association that a great many of the Loyalists of the Spring
fleet came to the St. John river. The document, which is published
below, is well worthy of preservation by the descendants of those
devoted men and women, who were induced by unshaken loyalty to seek
refuge in a wilderness under its provisions.
[136] Dr. Seabury was consecrated first Bishop of the Episcopal Church
in the United States, November 14th, 1784.
[137] Sampson Salter Blowers was appointed chief justice of Nova
Scotia in 1809. He died in 1842 in his 100th year having
outlived all his contemporaries. He was a man of wonderful
vitality and is said never to have worn an overcoat.
ARTICLES.
Of the Settlement of Nova Scotia, Made With the Loyalists at New
York, at the Time of the Peace of 1783.
"The reverend Doctor Samuel Seabury, and Lieutenant Colonel B.
Thompson, of the Kings American Dragoons, having been appointed by
the Board of Agents to wait on His Excellency Sir Guy Carleton,
Commander in Chief, in behalf of the Loyalists desirous of
emigrating to Nova Scotia, they read the following rough
proposals, as articles of supply for the settlers in Nova
Scotia:--
1st.--That they be provided with proper vessels and convoy to
carry them, their horses and cattle, as near as possible to the
place appointed for their settlement.
2nd.--That besides the provisions for the voyage, one year's
provision be allowed them, or money to enable them to purchase.
3d.--That some allowance of warm clothing be made in proportion to
the wants of each family.
4th.--That an allowance of medicines be granted, such as shall be
thought necessary.
5th.--That pairs of millstones, necessary iron works for grist
mills, and saws and other necessary articles for saw-mills, be
granted them.
6th.--That a quantity of nails and spikes, hoes and axes, spades
and shovels, plough irons, and such other farming utensils as
shall appear necessary, be provided for them, and also a
proportion of window glass.
7th.--That such a tract or tracts of land, free from disputed
titles, and as conveniently situated as may be, be granted,
surveyed and divided at the public cost, as shall afford from 300
to 600 acres of useful land to each family.
8th.--That over and above 2,000 acres in every township be allowed
for the support of a clergyman, and 1,000 acres for the support of
a school, and that these lands be unalienable for ever.
9th.--That a sufficient number of good musquets and cannon be
allowed with a proper quantity of powder and ball for their use,
to enable them to defend themselves against any hostile invasion;
also a proportion of powder and lead for hunting.
"His Excellency the Commander in Chief, in reply, was pleased to
say that in general he approved the above Articles, and that at
least the terms of settlement should be equivalent to them. He was
pleased to say further that he should give every encouragement to
the settlers in Nova Scotia, and that he would write to the
Governor of the Province respecting the matter. He advised that
some persons might be sent to examine the vacant lands and see
where the settlement could be made to the best advantage.
"We whose names are hereunto subscribed do agree to remove to the
Province of Nova Scotia, on the above encouragement, with our
families, in full reliance on the future support of Government,
and under the patronage of the following gentlemen as our agents,
they having been approved of as such by His Majesty's Commissioner
for restoring Peace, etc:--Lieut. Col. B. Thompson, K. A. D;
Lieut. Col. E. Winslow, Gen. Muster-master provincial forces;
Major J. Upham, K. A. D; Rev. Dr. Samuel Seabury, Rev. John Sayre,
Captain Maudsley, Amos Botsford, Esq., Samuel Cummings, Esq.,
Judge John Wardle, Esq., James Peters, Esq., Frederick Hauser."
These terms were liberal and were afterwards considerably extended.
The Loyalists were allowed not only full provisions for the first
year, but two-thirds of that allowance for the second year, and one
third for the third year.
In accordance with the prudent advice of Sir Guy Carleton, it was
decided to send agents to Nova Scotia immediately to explore the
country and report upon it. The agents chosen were Messrs. Amos
Botsford, Samuel Cummings and Frederick Hauser. They were furnished
with the following
INSTRUCTIONS.
"That on their arrival in Nova Scotia they apply themselves to
discover whether a Tract or Tracts of Land free from all disputed
titles, either with the Indians or former Grantees, can be found
sufficient to accommodate the Loyalists and their Families who
shall remove thither.
"They will examine the soil, timber, game, limestone, rivers,
bays, creeks, harbors, streams and ponds of water with regard to
mills, fishing, trade, etc. They will examine the face of the
country whether it be hilly, stoney, sandy, clayey, etc.
"They will enquire what lands in the neighborhood are granted and
to whom, whether the grants be forfeited, or whether they may be
purchased and at what rate; and whether advantageous terms may not
be made with the present proprietors.
"They will endeavor to ascertain as near as they can what will be
the difficulties and obstructions in forming new settlements, and
what will be the probable advantages.
"They will keep a journal of their proceedings and register their
observations, noting well the distances from the principal
settlements already made, and from noted rivers and harbors, as
well as the obstructions in travelling and transporting.
"Such lands as may be obtained will be distributed and divided
among the proposed adventurers in as just and equitable a manner
as the nature of the case will admit, and the Agents will make
reports of their proceedings from time to time, as early as may
be, to the Secretary of the Agency in New York."
Amos Botsford, Samuel Cummings and Frederick Hauser arrived at
Annapolis Royal on the 19th October, 1782, in company with 500
Loyalists, who sailed from New York in nine transport ships. Rev.
Jacob Bailey, who was then living at Annapolis, describes their
arrival in one of his letters:
"On Saturday morning early, we were all surprized with the
unexpected appearance of eleven sail of shipping, sailing by Goat
Island and directing their course towards the town. About nine,
two frigates came to anchor, and at ten the remainder, being
transports, hauled close in by the King's wharf. On board this
fleet were about 500 refugees, who intend to settle in this
province. They are a mixture from every province on the continent
except Georgia. Yesterday they landed and our royal city of
Annapolis, which three days ago contained only 120 souls, has now
about 600 inhabitants. You cannot be sensible what an amazing
alteration this manoeuvre has occasioned. Everything is alive, and
both the townspeople and the soldiers are lost among the
strangers.
"All the houses and barracks are crowded and many are unable
to procure any lodgings; most of these distressed people left
large possessions in the rebellious colonies, and their
sufferings on account of their loyalty and their present
uncertain and destitute condition render them very affecting
objects of compassion. Three agents are dispatched to Halifax
to solicit lands from government."
The agents on their return from Halifax, at once set out to explore
the country in the vicinity of Annapolis; they then crossed the Bay of
Fundy and arrived at St. John about the end of November. In the
report, which they subsequently transmitted to their friends in New
York, they write:--
"We found our passage up the river difficult, being too late to
pass in boats, and not sufficiently frozen to bear. In this
situation we left the river, and for a straight course steered by
a compass thro' the woods,[138] encamping out several nights in
the course, and went as far as the Oromocto, about seventy miles
up the river, where is a block-house, a British post." "The St.
John is a fine river, equal in magnitude to the Connecticut or
Hudson. At the mouth of the river is a fine harbor, accessible at
all seasons of the year--never frozen or obstructed by ice....
There are many settlers along the river upon the interval land,
who get their living easily. The interval lies on the river and is
a most fertile soil, annually matured by the overflowings of the
river, and produces crops of all kinds with little labor, and
vegetables in the greatest perfection, parsnips of great length,
etc. They cut down the trees, burn the tops, put in a crop of
wheat or Indian corn, which yields a plentiful increase. These
intervals would make the finest meadows. The up-lands produce
wheat both of the summer and winter kinds, as well as Indian corn.
Here are some wealthy farmers, having flocks of cattle. The
greater part of the people, excepting the township of Maugerville,
are tenants, or seated on the bank without leave or licence,
merely to get their living. For this reason they have not made
such improvements as might otherwise have been expected, or as
thorough farmers would have done.... Immense quantities of
limestone are found at Fort Howe, and at the mouth of the river.
We also went up the Kenebeccasis, a large branch of St. John's
river, where is a large tract of interval and upland, which has
never been granted; it is under a reserve, but we can have it.
Major Studholme and Capt. Baxter, who explored the country, chose
this place, and obtained a grant of 9,000 acres. On each side of
this grant are large tracts of good land, convenient for
navigation. A title for these lands may be procured sooner than
for such as have been already granted, such as Gage, Conway, etc.,
which must be obtained by a regular process in the court of
Escheats. The lands on the river St. John are also sufficiently
near the cod fishery in Fundy Bay, and perfectly secure against
the Indians and Americans. The inhabitants are computed to be near
one thousand men, able to bear arms. Here is a County and Court
established, and the inhabitants at peace, and seem to experience
no inconveniency from the war."
[138] Frederick Hauser, one of the agents, was a surveyor. A number of
grants made to the Loyalists were laid out by him.
The popular idea of the landing of the Loyalists at St. John is that
on the 18th day of May, in the year 1783, a fleet of some twenty
vessels sailed into St. John harbor, having on board three thousand
people, who, wearied with the long voyage, immediately disembarked and
pitched their tents on the site of the present city of St. John--then
called Parrtown. The popular idea, however, is not strictly in
accordance with the facts. The fleet arrived at St. John, not on the
18th, but on the 10th or 11th of May, and, according to the narrative
of Walter Bates, there was no one day fixed for disembarkation. In the
case of the "Union," in which Mr. Bates and many of the founders of
Kingston came from New York, the passengers were allowed to remain on
board until several of their number had gone up the river and selected
a place for them to settle. In some cases, however, the passengers
were "precipitated on shore." As regards the name Parr (or Partown) it
was not given for months after the arrival of the Loyalists, and was
then applied only to that part of the city south of Union street, on
the east side of the harbor. The name was never very acceptable to the
citizens. Governor Parr admitted that it originated "in female
vanity;" from which observation we may assume that the name was
suggested by Madame Parr. The name of Parr was soon discarded, and the
time-honored name, which goes back to the days of de Monts and
Champlain was restored at the incorporation of the city on the 18th of
May, 1785.
The names of the vessels of the Spring fleet and of their respective
masters, so far as they have been preserved, are as follows:--"Union,"
Consett Wilson, master; "Camel," Wm. Tinker, master; "Cyrus," James
Turner, master; "Sovereign," Wm. Stewart, master; "Aurora," Capt.
Jackson; "Hope," Capt. Peacock; "Otter," Capt. Burns; "Emmett," Capt.
Reed; "Spring," Capt. Cadish; "Ann," Capt. Clark; "Bridgewater," Capt.
Adnet; "Favorite," Capt. Ellis; "Commerce," Capt. Strong; "Lord
Townsend," Capt. Hogg; "Sally," Capt. Bell; and five others,
"Spencer," "Thames," "William," "Britain" and "King George," the names
of whose masters are unknown.
The Loyalists who came to St. John in the first fleet numbered
about 3,000. They were mostly natives of Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York and New Jersey, who had been driven from their homes and
forced to seek refuge within the British lines at New York, or on
Long Island. There was a scarcity of ships, and the number of those
desirous of emigrating to Nova Scotia proved much larger than had been
anticipated. It became evident that the vessels must make repeated
trips. The following paragraph from an old newspaper is interesting
in this connection:--
New London, Conn., April 25, 1783. We hear that the Loyalists
destined for Nova Scotia from New York are to depart in two
Divisions; the first, consisting of about 3,000 men, women and
children, are nearly ready to sail; the second to sail as soon as
the vessels return which carry the first."
This paragraph accords with what subsequently took place. The first
fleet sailed from Sandy Hook, on the 26th April, arriving at St. John
about the 11th of May; and the second fleet sailed from Sandy Hook on
the 16th June, arriving at St. John on the 28th of the same month. The
most authentic account of the voyage of the first fleet is to be found
in the narrative of Walter Bates,[139] who was a passenger on board
the "Union." We learn from this source that in the early part of
April, 1783, the Rev. John Sayre, one of the agents for settling the
Loyalists in Nova Scotia, visited those who were then living on the
north shore of Long Island at Eaton's Neck, Lloyd's Neck and
Huntington, to inform them that the King had granted to those who did
not incline to return to their former places of abode and would go to
Nova Scotia, two hundred acres of land to each family and two years
provisions, and provide ships to convey them as near as might be to a
place of settlement. A public meeting was held at which the matter was
considered in detail, and it was resolved by all present to remove
with their families to Nova Scotia and settle together in some
situation where they might enjoy the advantages of a church and
school. Mr. Bates says that providence seemed to select for them the
best ship and by far the best captain in the fleet. The captain
received them on board "as father of a family," and took care that
nothing in his power should be wanting to render them comfortable on
the voyage. The "Union" took on board her passengers at Huntington
Bay. The embarkation began on April 11th and was completed in five
days. The manifest of the ship has been preserved and is now in
possession of J. T. Allan Dibblee of Woodstock, N. B. (See Collections
of N. B. Hist. Society, Vol. II. p. 276). It is signed by Fyler
Dibblee, deputy agent in charge of the party. There were 209
passengers in all, viz., 61 men, 39 women, 59 children over ten, 48
children under ten and 2 servants. The ship sailed to the place of
rendezvous near Staten Island. While waiting at New York for the other
vessels, an interesting incident occurred, which (together with
subsequent events) we shall let Mr. Bates tell in his own way:--
"Having a couple on board wishing to be married, we call upon the
Reverend Mr. Leaming, who received us with much kindness and
affection--most of us formerly of his congregation--who after the
marriage reverently admonished us with his blessing, that we pay
due regard to church and schools, as means to obtain the blessing
of God upon our families and our industry. We embarked; next day
the ship joined the fleet, and on the 26th day of April, 1783,
upwards of twenty sail of ships, under convoy, left Sandy Hook for
Nova Scotia--from whence, after the pleasure of leading the whole
fleet fourteen days, our good ship Union arrived at Partridge
Island before the fleet was come within sight. Next day our ship
was safely moored by Capt. Dan'l. Leavitt, the Pilot, in the most
convenient situation for landing in the harbor of St. John, all in
good health--where we remained comfortable on board ship (while
others was sickly and precipitated on shore from other ships)
which we proved a providential favor, until we could explore for a
place in the Wilderness suitable for our purpose of settlement. A
boat was procured for the purpose. David Pickett, Israel Hait,
Silas Raymond and others proceeded sixty miles up the River St.
John and report that the inhabitants were settled on Interval
lands by the river--that the high-lands had generally been burned
by the Indians, and there was no church or church Minister in the
country. They were informed of a tract of timbered land that had
not been burned, on Bellisle Bay, about thirty miles from the
harbor of St. John, which they had visited and viewed the
situation favorable for our purpose of settlement. Whereupon we
all agreed (to proceed thither) and disembarked from on board the
good ship Union, and with Capt. Wilson's blessing embarked on
board a small sloop all our baggage. The next morning with all our
effects--women and children--set sail above the falls and arrived
at Bellisle Bay before sunset. Nothing but Wilderness before our
eyes, the women and children did not refrain from tears."
[139] See "Kingston and the Loyalists of 1783," in which Walter Bates'
narrative is edited, with notes by the author of this history;
published at St. John by Barnes & Co. in 1889.
Those who are curious to know what kind of a passage their fore-fathers
had on their voyage to the River St. John will be able to form some
idea from a study of the following record of the weather, kept by
Benjamin Marston, while he was engaged in laying out the town of
Shelburne.
"May 1st, Thursday--Wind east; calm at night.
May 2nd, Friday--Rain; wind south-westerly.
May 3d, Saturday--Fair; wind north-westerly, fresh.
May 4th, Sunday--Fair; wind north-westerly, fresh.
May 5th, Monday--Fair; wind westerly, moderate.
May 6th, Tuesday--Fair; wind easterly changing to southerly.
May 7th, Wednesday--Fair; wind south-easterly.
May 8th, Thursday--Fair; wind easterly.
May 9th, Friday--Fair; wind easterly.
May 10th, Saturday--Weather foggy and at times drizzly; wind
south-easterly.
May 11th, Sunday--Begins with plenty of rain; wind south-westerly,
changes to foggy weather. At night wind south-easterly with
frequent showers.
The Union had not long to wait until she was joined by her sister
ships, and all lay safely anchored near the landing place at the Upper
Cove. We may well believe that the arrival of such a multitude
produced a profound sensation among the dwellers at Portland Point,
then a mere hamlet.
Three hundred years have passed since Champlain sailed up this same
harbor and in honor of the day of its discovery, gave to St. John the
name it still retains, but in all these centuries the most notable
fleet that ever cast anchor in the port was the "Spring fleet" of
1783. The old iron guns of Fort Howe thundered out their salute as the
score of vessels came up the harbor, the flag of Britain streaming
from the masthead, and we know that Major Studholme gave the wearied
exiles a hearty welcome. The old soldier had held his post secure, in
spite of hostile savages and lawless marauders, and he was now
equally faithful in the discharge of his duty to his new comrades. He
did his best to cheer their drooping spirits and as speedily as
possible to settle them in habitations which they once more might call
their own.
There is a quiet spot in the parish of Studholme, on the banks of the
Kennebecasis, where the mortal remains of Gilfred Studholme lie. No
headstone marks his grave.
Little preparation had been made by the Government of Nova Scotia for
the reception of the Loyalists, and the season was cold and backward.
Anxious as were the masters of the transports to return speedily to
New York they were obliged to tarry some days. We learn from an old
newspaper that the ship "Camel," captain William Tinker, sailed from
St. John on her return voyage, the 29th of May, in company with eight
other transports, and that they left the new settlers "in good health
and spirits." Before the Loyalists could disembark, it was necessary
to clear away the brushwood around the landing place and to erect
tents and various kinds of shelter. The 18th of May saw them safely
landed. The day was Sunday, and it is said the hapless exiles found
consolation in a religious service held by the Rev. John Beardsley on
the site of the present Market Square.
If Abraham's fidelity to the Almighty caused him on his arrival in the
land he was to inherit, to erect an altar, it was equally fitting that
the first public act of the founders of the City of the Loyalists
should be to render thanks for their preservation and safe arrival in
the land of their adoption. The psalms for that 18th morning may have
struck a responsive chord in many hearts. "Comfort us again now after
the time that thou hast afflicted us, and for the years wherein we
have seen adversity." "Establish the work of our hands upon us, yea,
the work of our hands establish thou it."
No friendly roof had yet been reared to shelter them from the storm.
The wilderness had its unknown perils. Perhaps too the dread of some
lurking savage may have filled the hearts of the helpless ones with a
nameless fear. Still the message was--"He that dwelleth in the
tabernacle of the most High shall lodge under the shadow of the
Almighty." "Thou shalt not be afraid for any terror by night, nor for
the arrow that flieth by day."
The Loyalists could not but feel relieved when they safely reached
their destination. There were no light houses, or beacons, or fog
horns to aid the navigator, and the charts were imperfect. The vessels
were greatly over crowded and the accommodations not of the best. To
add to the general discomfort, in some of the ships epidemics, such as
measles, broke out. Yet, glad as they were to be again on shore, it
was with heavy hearts they watched the departure of the fleet. The
grandmother of the late Sir Leonard Tilley said to one of her
descendants, "I climbed to the top of Chipman's Hill and watched the
sails disappearing in the distance, and such a feeling of loneliness
came over me that, although I had not shed a tear through all the war,
I sat down on the damp moss with my baby in my lap and cried."
The days that followed the arrival of the Loyalists were busy days for
Major Studholme and his assistant, Samuel Denny Street.[140] By their
orders, boards, shingles, clapboards, bricks, etc., were distributed
to those needing them. A large number of Studholme's accounts in this
connection are on file at Halifax. The first in which the name of Parr
(Parrtown) occurs is the following:--
"Parr, on the River St. John, 31 August, 1783.
"Rec'd from Gilfred Studholme L5. 18. 10 1-2 for surveying 142,660
feet lumber for use of the Loyalists settled on the River St.
John.
"JEREMIAH REGAN."
[140] Amongst the documents at Halifax relating to the settlement of
the Loyalists at St. John is the following receipt:
River St. John, 30 September, 1783.
"Rec'd from Gilfred Studholme, Esq. the sum of L72.10.0
Halifax currency for superintending his office for
conducting the settlement of and issuing lumber to the
Loyalists within the district of St. John from the 9th May
to 30th September, 1783, both days included, at 10
shillings pr. day for which I have signed three receipts
of the same tenor and date.
SAM'L DENNY STREET.
Each Loyalist on his arrival was provided with 500 feet of boards, and
a proportion of shingles and bricks. Most of the erections at first
were log houses, the lumber being used for roofing. By the end of May,
1784, Major Studholme had delivered to the Loyalists 1,731,289 feet of
boards, 1,553,919 shingles and 7,400 clapboards. The lumber was
purchased from James Woodman, William Hazen, Nehemiah Beckwith,
Patrick Rogers, John Whidden and others, the usual price being, for
boards L4 per M., and for shingles 15 shillings per M.
The work of building must have progressed rapidly, for when winter
came, about 1,500 dwellings afforded shelter. Joshua Aplin wrote Chief
Justice Smith that the efforts of the people were unparalleled, and
that on his arrival he could scarce credit his own eyes at the sight
of such industry. But, he adds, the people had no legal right even to
the ground their houses covered, and they appeared to be almost in
despair at not getting on their lands. The greater part of those in
the town at the mouth of the St. John river never meant to fix
themselves there, but to settle on their lands and to apply their
money to building farm houses, purchasing live stock, etc., and great
loss had been incurred by their being obliged to build at the mouth of
the river.
The Kingston settlers were amongst the few that proceeded directly to
the lands on which they were to settle. For some weeks they lived in
tents on the banks of Kingston Creek, where the mothers found
occupation in nursing their children through the measles. They used to
send across the river to "Jones's" for milk and other necessaries.
They were visited by the Indians, with whom they established friendly
relations and who furnished them plentifully with moose meat. In the
month of July they obtained the services of Frederick Hauser to survey
their land. Before the lots were drawn by the settlers, however,
reservations were made for church and school purposes. They then set
to work with a will, working in one united party, clearing places on
their lots for buildings, cutting logs, carrying them together with
their own hands, having as yet neither cattle nor horses to draw them.
By the month of November every man in the district found himself and
his family covered under his own roof, and, according to Walter
Bates, they were "perfectly, happy, contented and comfortable in their
dwellings through the winter." In this respect they were fortunate
indeed in comparison with those who passed their first winter in
canvas tents at Parrtown and St. Anns.
We must now speak of the arrival of the Summer fleet of transports at
the River St. John.
Almost everybody has heard of the Spring and Fall fleets, but
comparatively few are aware that a very important contingent of
Loyalists came to St. John on the 29th of June. The late J. W.
Lawrence makes no mention of this Summer fleet in his "Foot-Prints;"
in fact nearly all of our local historians have ignored it. Moses H.
Perley, in his well known lecture on early New Brunswick history,
mentions it very briefly. Lorenzo Sabine, in his Loyalists of the
American Revolution, incidentally refers to the date of arrival. The
reference occurs in the biographical sketch of John Clarke, of Rhode
Island, of whom we read:--
"At the peace, he settled at St. John. He arrived at that city on
the 29th of June, 1783, at which time only two log huts had been
erected on its site. The government gave him and every other
grantee 500 feet of very ordinary boards towards covering their
buildings. City lots sold in 1783 at from two to twenty dollars.
He bought one for the price of executing the deed of conveyance
and 'a treat.' Mr. Clarke was clerk of Trinity church nearly 50
years. He died at St. John in 1853, in his ninety-fourth year,
leaving numerous descendants."
The Loyalists who came in the Summer fleet embarked at various places,
some on Long Island, others at Staten Island and many at New York. In
some instances embarkation had taken place three weeks prior to the
departure of the ships from Sandy Hook. The delay in sailing was
caused by difficulties attending the embarkation and getting the fleet
together. The names of the vessels have been preserved in the
following notice, printed in a New York paper:--
"NOTICE TO REFUGEES.
The following Transports, viz. Two Sisters, Hopewell, Symetry,
Generous Friends, Bridgewater, Thames, Amity's Production, Tartar,
Duchess of Gordon, Littledale, William and Mary, and Free Briton,
which are to carry Companies commanded by Sylvanus Whitney, Joseph
Gorham, Henry Thomas, John Forrester, Thomas Elms, John Cock,
Joseph Clarke, James Hoyt, Christopher Benson, Joseph Forrester,
Thomas Welch, Oliver Bourdet, Asher Dunham, Abia. Camp, Peter
Berton, Richard Hill and Moses Pitcher, will certainly fall down
on Monday morning; it will therefore be absolutely necessary for
the people who are appointed to go in these companies, to be all
on board To-Morrow Evening.
"New York, June 7th, 1783."
Of the seventeen companies whose captains are named above, those of
Christopher Benson and Richard Hill went to Annapolis, and that of
Moses Pitcher, to Shelburne; the others (with the possible exception
of Thomas Welch's company) came to St. John. We learn from a document
entitled "A Return of the number of Loyalists gone to St. John's River
in Nova Scotia, as pr. returns left in the Commissary General's
Office in New York" that the number enrolled in the various companies
for provisions, etc., was as given below:--
Men. Women. Children. Servants. Total.
Capt. S. Whitney 42 27 87 12 168
Capt. J. Goreham 31 20 78 7 136
Capt. H. Thomas 32 26 52 12 122
Capt. J. Forrester 51 30 73 31 185
Capt. Thos. Elms 30 19 27 45 121
Capt. John Cock 32 21 48 10 111
Capt. J. Clarke 36 25 48 52 161
Capt. Jas. Hoyt 42 31 61 85 219
Capt. Jas. Forrester 35 25 47 15 122
Capt. O. Bourdet 55 36 47 42 180
Capt. A. Dunham 31 19 57 5 112
Capt. Abi. Camp 52 36 67 48 203
Capt. P. Berton 31 20 51 30 132
--- --- --- --- ----
Total 500 335 743 394 1972
If all who gave in their names to Brook Watson at the commissariat
office actually embarked for St. John in the June fleet, it would
appear that nearly two thousand persons were carried in that fleet.
But it is not unlikely that some of those who gave in their names did
not go at this time. Among the papers in the archives at Halifax,
there is a copy of a "Return of Loyalists, etc., gone from New York to
Nova Scotia as pr. returns in the Commissary General's office." The
original was compiled at New York, Oct., 12, 1783, by Richard
Fitzpatrick, and at the bottom he adds the significant words--"The
above is made from returns left in the commissary general's office,
but it is probable the numbers actually gone will fall far short." The
chief reason for supposing this to have been the case in regard to the
summer fleet is the publication of the following official return,
signed by Sir Guy Carleton, in one of the newspapers of the day.
RETURN OF REFUGEES EMBARKED FOR NOVA SCOTIA.
New York, 17th June, 1783.
Men. Women. Children. Servants. Total.
For St. John's River 443 283 670 258 1654
For Annapolis Royal 46 37 76 46 205
For Port Roseway 34 15 39 34 122
For Fort Cumberland 175 86 216 14 491
--- --- ---- --- ----
Total 698 421 1001 352 2472
GUY CARLETON.
It may be safer to take the figures in Sir Guy Carleton's list; but
whichever list we take, the numbers are sufficient to make the arrival
of the summer fleet a thing of considerable importance. The names of
nearly all the captains of the companies of Loyalists, who sailed in
the fleet are found amongst the grantees of Parrtown.
The diary of Sarah Frost, who was a passenger to St. John in the ship
"Two Sisters," throws much light upon the circumstances that attended
the voyage. Sarah (Schofield) Frost was the wife of William Frost, a
sturdy loyalist of Stamford. He was proscribed and banished and
threatened with death if he ever returned to Connecticut. He did
return, however, on the night of July 21, 1781, accompanied by an
armed party in seven boats. The boats were secreted and the party
placed themselves in hiding in a swamp near the meeting house. The
next day, which was Sunday, they surprised and captured the minister,
Rev. Dr. Mather, and his entire congregation. A selection of the
prisoners was quickly made, and forty-eight individuals were hurried
away to the boats and taken across the sound to Lloyd's Neck, where
they were greeted in no complimentary fashion by some of their old
neighbors whom they had driven from their homes. Twenty-four of the
prisoners were allowed to go back to Stamford on parole. The
remainder, twenty-six in number, were sent to the provost prison in
New York. Dr. Mather was one of those consigned to the provost, as a
"leader of sedition." Needless to say this exploit rendered Wm. Frost
exceedingly obnoxious to the "patriots" of Stamford. The parents of
Mrs. Frost espoused the cause of the revolutionary party, and her's
was one of those sad cases in which families were divided by the war.
The extracts from her journal will enable the reader to have a good
idea of some of the trials endured by those who left their old homes
for the sake of the principles they cherished.
"May 25, 1783. I left Lloyd's Neck with my family and went on
board the Two Sisters, commanded by Captain Brown, for a voyage to
Nova Scotia with the rest of the Loyalist sufferers. This evening
the Captain drank tea with us. He appears to be a very clever
gentleman. We expect to sail as soon as the wind shall favor. We
have very fair accommodation in the cabin, although it contains
six families besides my own. There are two hundred and fifty
passengers on board."
A few days later the ships proceeded to New York, and then there
followed an uncomfortable period of waiting. They hoped to have sailed
on the 9th of June, having been already a fortnight on shipboard, but
it was not until a week later that they got away. While at New York
the passengers spent much of their time on shore, visiting their
friends and making purchases of things needed on the voyage. Mrs.
Frost had a touching interview with her father, who came in a boat
from Stamford to bid her farewell. She writes under date of Monday,
June 9th; "Our women all came on board with their children, and there
is great confusion in the cabin. We bear with it pretty well through
the day, but at night one child cries in one place, and one in
another, while we are getting them to bed. I think sometimes I will go
crazy. There are so many of them, if they were still as common, there
would be a great noise amongst them."
Two days later the ships weighed anchor and dropped down to Staten
Island where they remained until Sunday the 15th of June, when Mrs.
Frost writes: "Our ship is getting under way, I suppose for Nova
Scotia. I hope for a good passage. About three o'clock we have a hard
gale and a shower which drives us all below. About five o'clock we
come to anchor within about six miles of the Light House at Sandy
Hook. How long we shall lie here I don't know. About six o'clock we
had a terrible squall and hail stones fell as big as ounce balls.
About sunset there was another squall and it hailed faster than
before. Mr. Frost went out and gathered a mug full of hail stones,
and in the evening we had a glass of punch made of it, and the ice was
in it till we had drank the whole of it."
"Monday, June 16. We weighed anchor about half after five in the
morning, with the wind North-Nor'-West, and it blows very fresh.
We passed the Light House about half after seven. It is now half
after nine and a signal has been fired for the ships all to lie to
for the Bridgewater, which seems to lag behind, I believe on
account of some misfortune that happened to her yesterday.... It
is now two o'clock and we have again got under way. We have been
waiting for a ship to come from New York, and she has now
overhauled us.[141] We have a very light breeze now, but have at
last got all our fleet together. We have thirteen Ships, two
Brigs, one Frigate belonging to our fleet. The Frigate is our
Commodore's. It is now three o'clock, we are becalmed and the men
are out fishing for Mackerel. Mr. Miles has caught the first."
[141] It is a question whether or not the passengers of this ship
are included in Sir Guy Carleton's return of the 17th
July, which appears at p. 354.
"Thursday, June 19. We are still steering eastward with a fine
breeze. We make seven miles an hour the chief part of the day.
About noon we shift our course and are steering North by East. At
two o'clock the Captain says we are 250 miles from Sandy Hook,
with the wind West-Nor'-West. At six o'clock we saw a sail ahead.
She crowded sail and put off from us, but our frigate knew how to
talk to her, for at half past seven she gave her a shot which
caused her to shorten sail and lie to. Our captain looked with his
spy glass; he told me she was a Rebel brig; he saw her thirteen
stripes. She was steering to the westward. The wind blows so high
this evening, I am afraid to go to bed for fear of rolling out."
"Friday 20th. This morning our Frigate fired a signal to shift our
course to North-Nor'-East. We have still fine weather and a fair
wind. Mr. Emslie, the mate, tells me we are, at five in the
afternoon, about 500 miles from Sandy Hook. We begin to see the
fog come on, for that is natural to this place. At six our
Commodore fired for the ships to lie to until those behind should
come up. Mr. Emslie drank tea with Mr. Frost and myself. The fog
comes on very thick this evening."
"Saturday, June 21. Rose at 8 o'clock. It was so foggy we could
not see one ship belonging to the fleet. They rang their bells and
fired guns all the morning to keep company. About half after ten
the fog all went off, so that we saw the chief part of our fleet
around us. At noon the fog came on again, but we could hear their
bells all around us. This evening the Captain showed Mr. Frost and
me the map of the whole way we have come and the way we have yet
to go. He told us we are 240 miles from Nova Scotia at this time.
It is so foggy we lost all our company tonight and we are entirely
alone.
"Sunday, June 22. It is very foggy yet. No ship in sight now, nor
any bells to be heard. Towards noon we heard some guns fired from
our fleet, but could not tell where they was. The fog was so thick
we could not see ten rods, and the wind is so ahead that we have
not made ten miles since yesterday noon.
"Monday, June 23. Towards noon the fog goes off fast, and in the
afternoon we could see several of our vessels; one came close
alongside of us. Mr. Emslie says we are an hundred and forty miles
from land now. In the evening the wind becomes fair, the fog seems
to leave us and the sun looks very pleasant. Mr. Whitney and his
wife, Mr. Frost and I, have been diverting ourselves with a few
games of crib."
The passengers had now become exceedingly weary of the voyage. The
ships had lain buried in a dense fog, almost becalmed, for three days.
An epidemic of measles, too, had broken out on board the "Two
Sisters," and served to add to the anxiety and discomfort of the
mothers. But a change for the better was at hand and Mrs. Frost
continues her diary in a more cheerful strain.
"Thursday, June 26. This morning the sun appears very pleasant. We
are now nigh the banks of Cape Sable. At nine o'clock we begin to
see land. How pleased we are after being nine days out of sight of
land to see it again. There is general rejoicing. At half past six
we have twelve of our ships in sight. Our captain told me just now
we should be in the Bay of Fundy before morning. He says it is
about one day's sail after we get into the Bay to Saint John's
River. How I long to see that place though a strange land. I am
tired of being on board ship, though we have as clever a captain
as ever need to live.
"Friday, June 27. I got up this morning very early to look out. I
can see land on both sides of us. About ten o'clock we passed
Annapolis. The wind died away. Our people got their lines out to
catch cod fish. About half after five John Waterbury caught the
first.
"Saturday, June 28. Got up in the morning and found ourselves nigh
to land on both sides. At half after nine our Captain fired a gun
for a pilot and soon after ten a pilot came on board, and a
quarter after one our ship anchored off against Fort Howe in Saint
John's River. Our people went on shore and brought on board pea
vines with blossoms on them, gooseberries, spruce and grass, all
of which grow wild. They say this is to be our city. Our land is
five and twenty miles up the river. We are to have here only a
building, place 40 feet wide and an hundred feet back. Mr. Frost
has gone on shore in his whale boat to see how it looks. He
returns soon bringing a fine salmon."
"Sunday, June 29. This morning it looks very pleasant. I am just
going on shore with my children.... It is now afternoon and I have
been on shore. It is I think the roughest land I ever saw.... We
are all ordered to land tomorrow and not a shelter to go under."
Such is the simple story told by this good lady; the reader's
imagination can fill in the details. At the time of Mrs. Frost's
arrival she was a young matron of twenty-eight years. Her daughter,
Hannah, born on July 30th., is said to have been the second female
child born at Parrtown.
In the case of the June fleet, as of that which arrived in May, the
captains of many of the transports seem to have been remarkably
considerate for the welfare of their passengers. The "Bridgewater,"
staid at St. John more than a fortnight before she sailed on her
return voyage to New York, as we learn from the address presented to
her captain by the Loyalists who came in her.
"To Captain Adnet, Commander of the Transport Bridgewater.
"The Address of the Loyalists, that came in the Ship under your
command, from New-York to St. John's River, Nova-Scotia.
"Your humanity, and the kindness and attention you have shewn to
render as happy as possible each individual on board your ship,
during the passage, and till their disembarkation, has filled our
hearts with sentiments of the deepest gratitude, and merit the
warmest return of acknowledgments and thanks, which we most
sincerely desire you to accept. Wishing you a prosperous voyage to
your intended port, we are, your much obliged and very humble
servants.
Signed by the particular desire, and in behalf of the whole.
JOHN HOLLAND,
CAPTAIN CLARKE,
NATHANIEL DICKINSON.
St. John's River, July 15, 1783.
Vessels continued to arrive during the summer, each bearing its quota
of loyal exiles. Those who came were in nearly all cases enrolled in
companies, and officers appointed, who were commissioned by Sir Guy
Carleton. Several of the ships came repeatedly to St. John. The
Bridgewater, one of the Spring fleet, came again in June, and made a
third voyage in October. The Cyrus, one of the Spring fleet, arrived
again on the 14th September, with 194 passengers, whose names are
given in the collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society. The
Sovereign, one of the vessels of the Spring fleet, came again in
August, as we learn from the letter of thanks addressed to the captain
by her passengers, which follows:
"Dear Sir: Your Generosity, Kindness and Attention to us while on
board your ship, and assistance lent us on landing our Property
from on board, demands our most warm Acknowledgments: Permit us
therefore to return you that unfeigned Thanks for all your
Goodness that feeling hearts can: and as your are about to leave
us, accept of our most sincere wishes for your Happiness and
Prosperity; and that you may have a safe and easy Passage to New
York is the sincere wish of, Dear Sir.
(By Request of the Company.)
Your most obedient, humble servant,
JOHN MENZIES, Capt. 24th Company.
St. John's River, Aug. 12, 1783.
To Capt. Wm. Stewart, Ship Sovereign."
About this time the Americans began to urge upon Sir Guy Carleton the
speedy evacuation of New York by the British forces. But Sir Guy was
too good a friend of the Loyalists to allow himself to be unduly
hurried in the matter. He stated that the violence of the Americans,
since the cessation of hostilities, had greatly increased the number
of Loyalists who were obliged to look to him for escape from
threatened destruction. That their fears had been augmented by the
barbarous menaces of Committees formed in various towns, cities and
districts, which had threatened dire vengeance to any who ventured
back to their former homes. He therefore adds, "I should show an
indifference to the feelings of humanity, as well as to the honor and
interest of the nation whom I serve, to leave any of the Loyalists
that are desirous to quit the country, a prey to the violence they
conceive they have so much cause to apprehend."
Sir Guy did his best to facilitate the emigration of all who desired
to leave New York, and by his instructions the following notice was
published.
"City Hall, New York, August 14, 1783.
"Notice is hereby given to all Loyalists within the lines,
desirous to emigrate from this place before the final Evacuation,
that they must give in their Names at the Adjutant-General's
Office, on or before the 21st instant, and be ready to embark by
the end of this month.
"ABIJAH WILLARD."
Before the arrival of the date, mentioned in the notice, 6,000 names
were entered at the Adjutant-General's Office for passages, and the
evacuation proceeded as fast as the number of transports would admit.
Four weeks later another and more emphatic notice was issued.
"City Hall, New York, September 12, 1783.
The Commissioners appointed to examine the Claims of Persons for
Passages from this Place, give this Notice to all Loyalists, who
have been recommended for Passages to Nova Scotia; that ships are
prepared to receive them on board, and it is expected they will
embark on or before the Twentieth Instant.
"And the Board have Authority further to declare. That if they
neglect to embrace the opportunity now offered, they must not
expect to be conveyed afterwards at the Public Expense.
ABIJAH WILLARD."
There can be little doubt that many who continued to linger at New
York would gladly have returned to their former places of abode, but
the experience of the few days who attempted it was too discouraging.
Here is an instance, as described by one of the American "patriots."
"Last week there came one of the dam'd refugees from New York to a
place called Wall-Kill, in order to make a tarry with his parents.
He was taken into custody immediately, his head and eye brows were
shaved--tarred and feathered--a hog yoke put on his neck, and a
cow bell thereon; upon his head a very high cap of feathers was
set, well plum'd with soft tar, and a sheet of paper in front,
with a man drawn with two faces, representing Arnold and the
Devil's imps; and on the back of it a cow, with the refugee or
tory driving her off."
The forced migration of the Loyalists was a source of much amusement
to the whigs of that day. A parody on Hamlet's soliloquy, "To be or
not to be," was printed in the New Jersey Journal, under the title,
The Tory's Soliloquy. It begins:
"To go or not to go; that is the question,
Whether 'tis best to trust the inclement sky,
That scowl's indignant, or the dreary bay
Of Fundy and Cape Sable's rocks and shoals,
And seek our new domain in Scotia's wilds,
Barren and bare, or stay among the rebels,
And by our stay rouse up their keenest rage."
We have now to consider the circumstances under which the "Fall fleet"
came to St. John.
After the cessation of hostilities, the violent temper manifested by
the victorious Americans caused the officers of the Loyalist regiments
to lay their case before Sir Guy Carleton in a letter dated March 14,
1783. They state, "That from the purest principles of loyalty and
attachment to the British government they took up arms in his
Majesty's service, and, relying on the justice of their cause and the
support of their Sovereign and the British nation, they have
persevered with unabated zeal through all the vicissitudes of a
calamitous and unfortunate war.... That whatever stipulations may be
made at the peace for the restoration of the property of the Loyalists
and permission for them to return home, yet, should the American
Provinces be severed from the British Empire, it will be impossible
for those who have served his Majesty in arms in this war to remain in
the country. The personal animosities that arose from civil
dissensions have been so heightened by the blood that has been shed in
the contest that the parties can never be reconciled." The letter goes
on to speak of sacrifices of property and lucrative professions; of
the anxiety felt for the future of wives and children; of the fidelity
of the troops, who in the course of the contest had shown a degree of
patience, fortitude and bravery almost without example; and of the
great number of men incapacitated by wounds, many having helpless
families who had seen better days. In conclusion they make the
following request:--
"That grants of land may be made to them in some of his Majesty's
American Provinces and that they may be assisted in making
settlements, in order that they and their children may enjoy the
benefit of British government.
"That some permanent provision may be made for such of the
non-commissioned officers and privates as have been disabled by
wounds, and for the widows and orphans of deceased officers and
soldiers.
"That as a reward for their services the rank of the officers be
made permanent in America, and that they be entitled to half pay
upon the reduction of their regiments."
The letter was signed by the commanders of fourteen Loyalist
regiments.
The application of these officers received due recognition, and on the
arrival of his Majesty's orders and instructions to Sir Guy Carleton,
dated the 9th of June, it was decided that the Kings American
Regiment, Queens Rangers, British Legion, New York Volunteers, Loyal
American Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers, De Lancey's Brigade, Prince
of Wales American Regiment, Pennsylvania Loyalists, Maryland
Loyalists, Loyal American Legion, King's American Dragoons and one or
two other corps, should hold themselves in readiness to embark for
Nova Scotia, where on their arrival they were to be disbanded, unless
any should chose to be discharged at New York.
Before the royal orders and instructions arrived in America the King's
American Dragoons had been sent to the mouth of the St. John river,
under command of Major Daniel Murray. They encamped at Manawagonish,
a little to the west of Carleton heights, with the intention of
making a settlement in the old township of Conway. On the 6th of
July, Col. Edward Winslow wrote to Major Joshua Upham, who had
remained at New York as Aide-de-Camp to Sir Guy Carleton: "I am
gratified excessively at the situation and behaviour of your
regiment. I never saw more cheerfulness and good humor than appears
among the men. They are encamped on one of the pleasantest spots I
ever beheld, and they are enjoying a great variety of what you
(New) Yorkers call luxuries--such as partridges, salmon, bass, trout,
pigeons, etc. The whole regiment are this day employed in cutting
and clearing a road to the river, and Murray and I intend to ride
tomorrow where man never rode before." The following day Winslow
wrote Ward Chipman, "I am at present at Murray's head quarters in a
township which we shall lay out for the provincials,[142] and we
have already cut a road from his camp to the river, about three
miles. We cut yesterday, with about 120 men, more than a mile through
a forest hitherto deemed impenetrable. When we emerged from it,
there opened a prospect superior to anything in the world I
believe. A perfect view of the immense Bay of Fundy, on one side, and
very extensive view of the river St. John's with the Falls, grand Bay
and Islands on the other--in front the Fort, which is a beautiful
object on a high hill, and all the settlements about the town,
with the ships, boats, etc., in the harbor--'twas positively the
most magnificent and romantic scene I ever beheld."
[142] Meaning the Loyalist regiments.
The view from Lancaster Heights, which so delighted Colonel Winslow,
proves equally charming to American tourists of the present
generation. The stay of the King's American Dragoons at "Camp
Manawaugonish," however, was brief, for about the end of August they
were sent up the St. John river to what is now the Parish of Prince
William, where many of their descendants are to be found at the
present day. The commander of the regiment was the celebrated Sir
Benjamin Thompson, better known as Count Rumford, who, by the way,
never came to New Brunswick; but other officers of the corps were
prominent in our local affairs. Major Joshua Upham was a judge of the
supreme court. Major Daniel Murray was for some years a member of the
House of Assembly for York County. Chaplain Jonathan Odell was for
years Provincial Secretary. Surgeon Adino Paddock was a leading
physician, and the progenitor of a long line of descendants, who
practiced the healing art. Lieutenant John Davidson was a member for
York County in the provincial legislature and a leading land surveyor
in the early days of the country. Lieutenant Simeon Jones was the
ancestor of Simeon Jones, ex-mayor of St. John, and his well known
family. Quarter master Edward Sands was a leading merchant of the city
of St. John. Cornet Arthur Nicholson was a prominent man on the upper
St. John in early times, and for a while commanded the military post
at Presquile.
After the articles of peace had been signed, no serious effort was
made to restrain the non-commissioned officers and men of the Loyalist
regiments from taking "French leave," and a good many of them left the
service without the formality of a discharge. Those who did so
were of course marked on the roll as deserters; they remained, for
the most part, in the States, and eventually returned to their
former places of abode. Others of the troops were formally discharged
at New York. As a consequence the British American regiments that
came to the St. John river were reduced to a fraction of their
original strength. The number of those who came to St. John in the
Fall fleet, has been commonly stated as about three thousand souls.
The returns of the Commissary general's office in New York show that
up to October 12th as many as 3,396 persons connected with the
Loyalist regiments had sailed to the River St. John, viz., 1823
men, 563 women, 696 children and 311 servants. The following summer
an enumeration was made by Thomas Knox of the disbanded troops settled
on the St. John river. His return for the Loyalist regiments gives
a total of 3,520 persons, viz., 1877 men, 585 women, 865 children
and 193 servants. This does not differ very materially from the
other return at New York, the difference being accounted for by the
fact that a few of the men of these regiments left New York very
late in the season, and consequently were not included in the return
of 12th October.
The official correspondence of Sir Guy Carleton contains a pretty full
account of the circumstances that attended the departure of the
Loyalist regiments and their subsequent arrival at St. John. During
the summer months they had been encamped near Newtown, Long Island, a
short distance from Brooklyn Ferry. They embarked on the 3d of
September, and Sir Guy Carleton wrote to General Fox, the commander in
chief in Nova Scotia, that he hoped they would sail on the 7th of that
month; but, as usual, unforseen delays prevented their departure until
some days later. The command of the troops devolved on Lieut. Col.
Richard Hewlett, of the 3d battalion of De Lancey's Brigade; Lieut.
Col. Gabriel De Veber, of the Prince of Wales American Regiment, was
second in command. Most of the senior officers were at this time in
England, where they had gone to present to the British government
their claims for compensation for losses consequent upon the war, and
to press their claims for half-pay upon the disbanding of their
regiments.
Sir Guy Carleton's instructions to Lieut. Col. Hewlett are contained
in the following letter.
"New York, Sep. 12, 1783.
"Sir.--You are to take the command of the British American Troops
mentioned in the margin,[143] which are to proceed to the River
St. John's in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. On your arrival
there you will see that the stores intended for them are duly
delivered, and you will take such steps as shall be necessary for
the several corps proceeding immediately to the places alloted for
their settlement, where they are to be disbanded on their arrival,
provided it does not exceed the 20th of October, on which day
Captain Prevost, deputy inspector of British American Forces, has
directions to disband them.... You will give directions to the
officer commanding each corps that, in case of separation, they
will proceed on their arrival at the River St. John's in
forwarding their respective corps to the places of their
respective destination.... The debarkation of the troops must not
on any account whatever be delayed, as the transports must return
to this Port with all possible dispatch. Directions have been
given to Mr. Colville, assistant agent of all small craft at the
River St. John, to afford every assistance in his power to the
corps in getting to the places of their destination, and the
commanding officers of corps will make application to him for that
purpose.
[143] The names of the corps found in the margin of the original
letter are, Queens Rangers, Kings American Regiment,
Detachment of Garrison Battalion, New York Volunteers, 1st
De Lanceys, 2nd De Lanceys, Loyal American Regiment. 2nd
Do., 3d Do., Prince of Wales American Regiment,
Pennsylvania Loyalists, Maryland Loyalists, American
Legion, Guides and Pioneers, Detachment Kings American
Dragoons, Detachment North Carolina Volunteers.
I am, etc., etc.,
GUY CARLETON.
The perils of navigation in the olden time are seen in the experience
of the Esther and the Martha, two of the vessels of the Fall fleet.
The ships left Sandy Hook, on or about the 15th of September, and all
went well until they arrived near the Seal Islands, off the South-West
coast of Nova Scotia. Here the Esther, having on board Colonel Van
Buskirk's battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers, got out of her
course and narrowly escaped destruction, reaching St. John several
days after her sister ships. The Martha, Capt. Willis, was even more
unfortunate. She was wrecked on a ledge of rocks off the Seal Islands,
afterwards known as "Soldier's Ledge." Her passengers numbered 174
persons and including a corps of Maryland Loyalists and part of Col.
Hewlett's battalion of De Lancey's Brigade. Of these 99 perished and
75 were saved by fishing boats.
According to the account of Captain Patrick Kennedy of the Maryland
Loyalists, the accident was due to gross neglect. The master reported
the previous evening that he had seen land, and everyone imagined he
would lay to during the night, the weather being tempestuous. He had
left New York with an old suit of sails and had not above twelve men
and boys to work his ship. While they were engaged in rigging and
setting up a new main topsail, to replace one that had gone to pieces
early in the night, the ship struck. Soon after the long boat was
smashed by the fall of the mainmast. The cutter had already been
launched. The captain now gave orders to launch the jolly boat and, to
the surprise of everybody, having repeatedly proclaimed that he would
be one of the last to leave the ship, he jumped into her as she went
over the side, rowed to the cutter, got into her, and inhumanly pushed
off for the shore. The empty Jolly boat was turned adrift in full view
of the unhappy people on board, the master turning a deaf ear to the
solicitations of Captain Kennedy, who begged him to pull in toward the
stern, in order to discuss some means of saving the lives of his
passengers.
Another account of this tragedy has been preserved in the letter of
Lieut. Michael Laffan, of Colonel Hewlett's battalion, to his
brother:--
St. Johns, Oct. 11, 1783.
Dear Brother.--Yesterday evening I had the good Fortune to arrive
at this Place. On the 25th of September, about 4 o'clock in the
morning, the "Martha" struck against a rock off the Tusket river
near the Bay of Fundy, and was in the course of a few Hours
wrecked in a Thousand Pieces. I had the good Fortune to get upon a
Piece of the Wreck with three more officers, viz., Lieut. Henley,
Lieut. Sterling, Dr. Stafford and two soldiers (all of the
Maryland Loyalists) and floated on it two Days and two nights up
to near our Waists in Water, during which time Lieut. Sterling and
one of the Soldiers died. On the third Day we drifted to an island
where we lived without Fire, Water, Victuals or Clothing, except
the Remnants of what we had on, about one Quart of Water per man
(which we sipped from the cavities in the Rocks) and a few
Rasberries and snails. On the seventh Day we were espied and taken
up by a Frenchman, that was out a fowling, who took us to his
House and treated us with every kindness. We staid with him six
Days and then proceeded to a Place called Cape Pursue, where we
met with Captain Kennedy and about fifty of both Regiments, who
were saved at Sea by some fishing Boats, about 36 Hours from the
time the Vessel was wrecked. Capt. Doughty, Lieut. McFarlane, Mrs.
McFarlane and Ensign Montgomery perished....
Lieut. Col. Hewlett's letter to Sir Guy Carleton, announcing the
arrival of the fleet at its destined port, is brief and to the point:
St. Johns, Bay of Fundy, 29th September, 1783.
Sir.--Agreeable to your Excellency's orders I have the honor to
inform you that the Troops under my command arrived at the River
St. Johns the 27th instant, except the ship "Martha" with the
Maryland Loyalists and part of the 2d Batt'n De Lancey's, and the
ship "Esther" with part of the Jersey Volunteers, of which ships
no certain accounts were received since their sailings.
This day a small party of the Guides and Pioneers are landed,
which proceed from the Falls up the River St. Johns tomorrow, if
the weather permits.
I have given the necessary orders for the Troops to disembark
tomorrow and encamp just above the Falls, from which place they
shall be forwarded with all possible expedition to the place of
their destination, but am much afraid the want of small craft will
greatly prevent their dispatch.
I have the honor to be sir,
Your most obedient, humble servant,
RICHARD HEWLETT, Lt. Col.
On the 13th October Col. Hewlett informed Sir Guy Carleton that the
troops had all been disbanded by Major Augustin Prevost, and were
getting up the river as speedily as the scarcity of small craft for
conveying them would admit.
A large number of the officers and men of the disbanded regiments drew
lots at Parrtown, and many remained at the mouth of the river during
the winter. George Leonard, who was one of the chief directors of the
settlement of the town, says that the lots at first laid out were
divided and subdivided, on the arrival of almost every fleet, to
accommodate the Loyalists as they came. These proved to be so greatly
in excess of what had been anticipated, that the lots of those who
came at the first were reduced by degrees to one sixteenth part of
their original dimensions. It was not until the 17th December that a
complete plan of Parrtown was prepared by Paul Bedell. Meanwhile there
had been much delay in laying out lands for settlement on the River
St. John.
Colonel Morse, of the Royal Engineers, gives a summary of the causes
of the delay in placing the disbanded troops upon their lands: "First
their arriving very late in the season; Secondly, timely provision not
having been made by escheating and laying out lands; Thirdly, a
sufficient number of surveyors not having been employed; but Lastly
and principally, the want of foresight and wisdom to make necessary
arrangements, and steadiness in carrying them out."
Lieut. Col. Edward Winslow, muster-master-general of the British
American regiments, had been sent to Nova Scotia in the month of April
to secure lands for the accommodation of the officers and men who
wished to settle there. In this task he had the assistance of Lieut.
Col. Isaac Allen, Lieut. Col. Stephen De Lancey and Major Thomas
Barclay. Their instructions were to procure the lands required "in the
most eligible and advantageous situation, paying strict regard to the
quality of the soil." They decided to make application for the vacant
lands on the River St. John, and the Nova Scotia government agreed
that the provincial troops might be accommodated "near the source of
that river, leaving the lower part to the Refugees." Lieut. Colonel De
Lancey was greatly chagrined at this decision, and on the 11th July he
wrote to Winslow: "If what I am informed is true, we might better be
all of us in New York. It is that Conway, Burton, etc., are to be
given to the Refugees, and that the lands to be given to the
Provincials are to commence at Sunbury (or St. Anne) and go northwest
to Canada or elsewhere.... This is so notorious a forfeiture of the
faith of Government that it appears to me almost incredible, and yet I
fear it is not to be doubted. Could we have known this a little
earlier it would have saved you the trouble of exploring the country
for the benefit of a people you are not connected with. In short it is
a subject too disagreeable to say more upon."
The decision to settle the Loyalist regiment some distance up the
river obliged the Kings American Dragoons to remove from Lancaster,
where they had at first pitched their tents. The intimation to move on
came in the shape of a letter from Gen'l Fox's secretary, to Major
Murray, their commanding officer. An extract follows:
"It having been represented to Brig'r. General Fox that the King's
American Dragoons under your command cannot be enhutted at the
place where they are at present encamped, without inconvenience to
the great number of Loyalists who are forming settlements at the
mouth of the River St. John's, and he being also informed that His
Excellency the Governor of this Province has assigned a certain
tract of land for the accommodation of the Provincial Regiments on
the River St. John's, beginning at the eastern boundaries of the
Townships of Sunbury and Newtown, and extending up the River, I am
directed to acquaint you that you have Brigadier General Fox's
permission to remove the King's American Dragoons to that part of
the district which has been allotted to the regiment.... Lieut.
Colonel Morse, chief Engineer, will, in consideration that your
Regiment may be exposed to peculiar inconveniences from being the
first who are ordered to but on the River St. John's, forward to
you such articles as he apprehends cannot be procured at that
place."
On the 16th September, Gen'l Fox wrote from Annapolis, informing
Governor Parr that the Loyalist regiments embarking at New York were,
by the Commander in Chief's express order, to be discharged as
contiguous as possible to the lands on which they were to settle, and
he accordingly asked the Governor to determine the district each
regiment was to settle, so that on their arrival they might proceed
immediately to their respective destinations. Up to this time no
attempt had been made to lay out lands for the troops, save in the
district of Prince William for the King's American Dragoons. There
was, it is true, an order to reserve for the Provincial Regiments, a
tract extending from the townships of Maugerville and Burton on both
sides of the river on the route to Canada as far as to accommodate the
whole, but no survey had been made.
About this time the Hon. Charles Morris prepared a plan of the river
in which the land not yet granted was laid out in blocks. These blocks
were numbered and drawn for by the various regiments shortly after
their arrival. But as the lines had not been run, nor any lots laid
out for settlement the disbanded troops were in great perplexity. They
knew not where to turn or what to do. Extracts from the letters of two
regimental commanders will show how they regarded the outlook. Lieut.
Col. Gabriel De Veber, of the Prince of Wales American Regiment,
writes at Parrtown on the 14th December. "I am still here, where I
have built a small house for the present. I have not been up the River
yet, indeed the block, No. 11, which our Regiment has drawn, is so far
up that I am totally discouraged. The numerous family I have demands
some attention to the education of children. At such a distance they
never can hope for any, and I should think myself highly culpable,
were I not to endeavor to settle nearer to the metropolis, or to some
place where I can attend to this necessary duty."
Major Thomas Menzies, of the Loyal American Legion, writes on March
2d, 1784: "I drew Block No 10 for the Corps under my command, which
commences 48 miles above St. Anns, so that whatever becomes of me, it
would be wildness to think of carrying my family there for the
present."
We get a glimpse of the distress and perplexity of the men of the
loyal regiments in one of Edward Winslow's letters to Ward Chipman. "I
saw all those Provincial Regiments, which we have so frequently
mustered, landing in this inhospitable climate, in the month of
October, without shelter and without knowing where to find a place to
reside. The chagrin of the officers was not to me so truly affecting
as the poignant distress of the men. Those respectable sergeants of
Robinson's, Ludlow's, Cruger's, Fanning's, etc.,--once hospitable
yeomen of the Country--were addressing me in language which almost
murdered me as I heard it. 'Sir, we have served all the war, your
honor is witness how faithfully. We were promised land; we expected
you had obtained it for us. We like the country--only let us have a
spot of our own, and give us such kind of regulations as will hinder
bad men from injuring us.'"
A great many of the disbanded soldiers drew lots at Parrtown in the
Lower Cove district. Some of them spent their first winter in canvas
tents on the Barrack square. They thatched their tents with spruce
boughs, brought in boats from Partridge Island, and banked them with
snow. Owing to the cold weather and the coarseness of the provisions,
salt meat, etc., the women and children suffered severely and numbers
died. They were buried in an old graveyard near the present deep water
terminus of the Intercolonial railway.
The last of the transports that sailed from New York to St. John, in
addition to her passengers--mostly women and children--carried an
assortment of clothing and provisions. The officer in charge was
Lieut. John Ward of the Loyal American Regiment, grandfather of
Clarence Ward, the well known secretary of the New Brunswick
Historical Society. There was not time to build even a hut, and
Mr. Ward was obliged to spend his first winter in the country under
canvas. His son, John Ward, jr., was born in a tent on the Barrack
square, Dec. 18, 1783. The Ward family were a sturdy stock and were
noted for their longevity. The child born on the Barrack square
attained the age of 92 years, and a younger son, Charles Ward,
died in 1882 at the age of 91 years. The father, Lieut. John Ward,
was 92 years of age when he died on the 5th August, 1846. He was
known in his later years as "the father of the city." At the
semi-centennial of the Landing of the Loyalists he was honored with
a seat on the left of the mayor, John M. Wilmot, on whose, right
sat Sir Archibald Campbell the Lieut. Governor. On the 18th May,
1843, the sixtieth anniversary of the landing of the Loyalists,
the corporation of the city waited on Mr. Ward, then aged 90 years,
at his residence, and presented him with an address. The officers of
the Artillery also presented an address in which they say: "We claim
you with pride as one of the first officers of the corps to which we
now have the honor to belong; and we hail you at the same time as
one of the few survivors of that gallant band, who--surrendering all
save the undying honor of their sacrifice--followed the standard of
their Sovereign to these shores, and whose landing we this day
commemorate. That health and prosperity may be yours, and that the
evening of your days may be as free from a cloud as your past life has
been unspotted, is the sincere desire of the corps in whose behalf we
have the honor to subscribe ourselves."
The experience of the disbanded soldiers, who wintered with their
families at St. Anns, was even more trying than that of those who
remained at Parrtown. The month of October was cold and rainy, and
those who went up the river in boats had a very miserable time of it.
A few were fortunate enough to be admitted into the houses of the old
settlers, but the vast majority were obliged to provide themselves a
shelter from the approaching winter by building log and bark huts. At
St. Anns, where Fredericton was afterwards built, there were only two
English speaking settlers, Benjamin Atherton, who lived on the site of
Government House, and Philip Wade whose house stood on the river bank
in front of the present Cathedral.
Speaking of the hardships endured by the founders of Fredericton,
Peter Fisher observes: "Scarcely had they begun to construct their
cabins, when they were surprised by the rigors of an untried climate;
their habitations being enveloped in snow before they were
tenantable.... The privations and sufferings of some of these people
almost exceed belief. Frequently, in the piercing cold of winter, a
part of the family had to remain up during the night to keep fire in
their huts to prevent the other part from freezing. Some very
destitute families made use of boards to supply the want of bedding;
the father or some of the elder children remaining up by turns, and
warming two suitable pieces of boards, which they applied alternately
to the smaller children to keep them warm; with many similar
expedients."
The awfulness of their situation may be readily imagined. Women,
delicately reared, cared for their infants beneath canvas tents,
rendered habitable only by the banks of snow which lay six feet deep
in the open spaces of the forest. Men, unaccustomed to toil, looked
with dismay at the prospect before them. The non-arrival of supplies
expected before the close of navigation, added to their dire
forebodings. At one time during the winter, starvation stared them in
the face, and one who passed through the sorrowful experience of that
time says: "Strong proud men wept like children, and, exhausted by
cold and famine, lay down in their snow bound tents to die." The poor
settlers had to make frequent trips of from fifty to one hundred miles
with hand-sleds or toboggans, through the wild woods and on the ice,
to procure a precarious supply of food for their famishing families.
Among those who settled at St. Anns at this time was Lodewick Fisher,
who had seen nearly seven years service in Col. Van Buskirk's
battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers. This brave old Loyalist came
to St. John in the Ship "Esther," accompanied by his wife Mary, and
three children, Eliza, Henry and Peter, all of whom were born on
Staten Island during the war. Peter, the youngest of the trio, was
only 16 months old at the time of his arrival and of course had no
personal recollection of the experience of the first winter, but in
his little history he has given some of the recollections of his
elders which are of great interest. (It may be noted, in passing, that
the eldest son of Peter Fisher, the Hon. Charles Fisher, was attorney
general of the province and later a judge of the supreme court; he was
one of the fathers of Responsible Government and left his impress in
the pages of our history.)
Much that is of great interest concerning the founders of Fredericton
has been gleaned from the reminiscences of Mrs. Lodewick Fisher,
which she used to relate in the hearing of her grand-children.[144]
From this source we learn that soon after the arrival of the
Loyalist regiments at St. John, her family joined a party bound up
the river in a schooner to St. Anns. In eight days they got to
Oromocto, where they were landed by the Captain, who refused to
proceed further on account of the lateness of the season. He charged
them each four dollars for their passage. The night was spent on
shore and the next day the women and children proceeded to St.
Anns in Indian canoes, the others coming on foot. It was the 8th
of October when they reached their destination, and pitched their
tents at Salamanca, near the shore. Before any effectual steps had
been taken to provide a shelter, winter was at hand. Snow fell on
the 2nd November to the depth of six inches. The best that some of
the unfortunate people could do was to pitch their tents in the
depths of the forest. Stones were used for a rude fire place. The tent
had no floor but the ground. The winter was very cold, with deep
snow, which afforded some protection. Still it was an awful winter.
There were mothers who had been reared in a pleasant country,
enjoying the luxuries of life, who now clasped their helpless
little ones to their bosoms and tried by the warmth of their own
bodies to protect them from the bitter cold. Many of the weaker ones
died from cold and exposure. Graves were dug with axes and shovels
near by, and there in stormy wintry weather, the survivors laid their
loved ones. They had no minister, and they were buried without any
religious service. The burial ground at Salamanca, continued to be
used for some years until it was nearly filled. They used to call
it "the Loyalist Provincials burial ground."
[144] See "Founders of Fredericton," p. 165, Dr. G. U. Hay's Canadian
History Readings.
This old burial ground is on the Ketchum place, just below the town.
Some of the older citizens of Fredericton remember old head boards
placed at the graves, since fallen into decay. Many names that were
painted or carved on them served to show the Dutch ancestry of the men
of Van Buskirk's battalion. The names were such as Van Horn,
Vanderbeck, Ackermann, Burkstaff, Ridner, Handorff, Van Norden,
Blaicker, Blann, Ryerson, etc.
As soon as the snow was off the ground the people began to build log
houses, but they were soon obliged to desist for want of provisions.
There was again delay in sending supplies, and the settlers were
forced to live after the Indian fashion. They made maple sugar, dug
edible roots, caught fish, shot partridges and pigeons and hunted
moose. Some who had planted a few potatoes had to dig them up again
and eat them. In their distress these poor souls were gladdened by the
discovery of large patches of beans that were found growing wild. The
beans were white, marked with a black cross, and had probably been
planted by the French. "In our joy at this discovery," said Mrs.
Fisher, "we at first called them the Royal Provincial's bread; but
afterwards the staff of life and hope of the starving." There was
great rejoicing when at length a schooner arrived with corn-meal and
rye. It was not during the first season only that the settlers at St.
Anns suffered for food, other seasons were nearly as bad.
During the summer all hands united in the task of building log houses.
They had few tools beside the axe and saw. They had neither bricks nor
lime. Chimneys and fire-places were built of stone, laid in yellow
clay. The walls of the houses were of logs; the roofs of bark bound
over with small poles. The windows had only four small panes of glass.
The first house finished was that of Dr. Earle, whose services in a
variety of ways were of the utmost value to the little community.
Lieut. Col. Hewlett's house was built on Queen Street, where the
Barker House now stands. It would seem that the old veteran
accompanied his comrades to St. Anns, for he makes an affidavit before
Major Studholme at that place on the 13th of October, stating that by
the wreck of the Martha he had lost in tools, stores and baggage,
property of the value of L200 stg. His loss included the greater part
of his effects and left him well nigh penniless.
Col. Hewlett was born at Hampstead, Queens County, Long Island in New
York, and died at Hampstead, Queens County, New Brunswick. His grant
of land at the latter place included part of Long Island in the St.
John river. He died in 1789 in the 60th year of his age. Two monuments
have been erected in his memory, one at Hampstead on the St. John
river, the other at his native town of Hampstead Long Island, N. Y.
The inscriptions on the monuments are nearly identical.
SACRED
To the Memory of
LIEUT. COL. RICHARD HEWLETT,
Who served as Captain at the Conquest of Canada, and contributed
to the Capture of Fort Frontenac, August, 1758, and at the
breaking out of the American Revolution, 1775, received a
Lieut.-Colonel's commission, and served during the war under
General Oliver Delancey.
Born at Hampstead on Long Island in the then Province of New York,
and died at this place, July 26th, 1789, aged 59 years.
Some interesting particulars of the services of Lt. Col. Hewlett
during the Revolution are to be found in Jones' Loyalist History of
New York. He was a brave and capable officer.
We cannot at this time follow further the fortunes of the Loyalists of
1733. Their privations and their toils were not in vain. History has
justified their attitude during the Revolutionary epoch, and their
merits are acknowledged by broad minded and impartial students of
history in the United States. The late Professor Moses Coit Tyler, of
the University of Cornell, gave it as his opinion, "That the side of
the Loyalists, as they called themselves, of the Tories, as they were
scornfully nick-named by their opponents, was even in argument not a
weak one, and in motive and sentiment not a base one, and in devotion
and self-sacrifice not an unheroic one." The same sentiments were even
more emphatically expressed by Dr. Tyler on the occasion of the
celebration of the centenary of the founding of the University at
Fredericton, a few years since, on which occasion he said:
"We Americans here to-day wish to express our friendship toward
you, not only on account of yourselves and the good work you are
doing, but also on account, of those noble men and women, your
ancestors, who founded this Province of New Brunswick, this
town of Fredericton, and this University which is the crown and
glory of both. We remember what sort of men and women they
were--their sincerity, their devotion to principle in defiance
of loss and pain, their courage, their perseverance, their clear
prevision of the immense importance of race unity. So, very
honestly, with all our hearts we greet you as a kindred people,
many of you of the same colonial lineage with ourselves, having
many things in your public and private experience identical
with our own, still bound to us by antique and indestructible
bonds of fellowship in faith, in sympathy, in aspiration, in
humane effort, all coincident with the beginnings of English
civilization in North America, nay with the beginnings of
civilization itself in that fast-anchored isle beyond the sea,
which is the beloved mother of us all. If between your ancestors
and ours, on opposite sides of the old Revolutionary dispute a
century and a quarter ago, there were many and bitter years of
unfriendly tradition, we, on our part, are glad to think that
such tradition lives no longer; that in the broad-minded view
which time and the better understanding of our own history have
brought us, the coming years are to witness a renewal and a
permanent relation of good-will and mutual help, which bound
together the earlier generations of our common race on this
continent."
To these kindly words every generous souled descendant of the
Loyalists will utter a fervent Amen. And still we say--all honor to
the brave hearts that sacrificed so much and suffered so severely for
the preservation of a united British empire, and whose hands in later
years laid strong and deep the foundation of our Canadian Dominion.
INDEX.
Aboideau, 235.
Acadia, bounds of, 17, 93.
Acadians, encouraged to leave N. S. Peninsula, 96, 101;
settled on River St. John, 107, 114, 117, 120, 122, 133, 145, 234,
248, 249, 255, 309;
expulsion of, 116, 120, 133, 139.
Account books of Simonds & White, 181, 183, 201, 234.
Alden, John, 44, 46, 48.
Alexander, James, 13, 52.
Alexander, Sir William, 23.
Allan, John, 183, 262, 264, 265, 270-277, 293, 316, 337.
Allen, Lieut.-Colonel Isaac, 364.
Alline, Rev. Henry, 327, 330, 338-342.
Amesbury, 330.
Anderson, John, 161, 196, 247.
Andros, Governor, 38.
Annapolis, 76, 77, 79, 87, 347.
Aplin, Joseph, 352.
Arbuthnot, Colonel, 136, 138, 139, 143, 271, 278.
Argall, Samuel, 22.
Armstrong, Governor, 77.
Arrival of Simonds & White, 179, 239.
Atherton, Benjamin, 166, 180, 198, 233, 325, 343, 366.
Audren, Father, 107, 113.
Aukpaque, 36, 78, 82, 140, 142, 145, 175, 196, 253, 273, 285, 299;
missionaries at, 106, 127, 146, 247, 253, 256.
"Bachelor," Sloop, 161.
Bailey, Rev. Jacob, 135, 317, 338, 347.
Bailly, Charles Francois, 75, 247, 248, 249, 299.
Baptiste, Captain, 47.
Barker, Jacob, 154, 171, 173, 174, 228, 259, 311, 324.
Barker, Jacob Jr., 161, 174, 324.
Barlow, Richard, 210, 219, 320.
Bates, Walter, 339, 348, 349, 353.
Batt, Major, 276, 281.
Baxter, Simon, 345, 348.
Bayard, Samuel, 332.
Bay of Fundy, 17;
battles in, 46, 101.
Beardsley, Rev. John, 173, 351.
Beausejour, 96, 115.
Beckwith, Nehemiah, 314, 352.
Bellefontaine, 57, 100, 135, 143, 252.
Bellisle, 79, 86, 89, 90, 350.
Belliveau, Charles, 118, 119.
Bell of Medoctec Chapel, 75, 247.
Benardin, 22.
Bessabez, 7, 8.
Biard, Pierre, 8, 20, 21.
Biencourt, 20, 22.
Bill of Lading, 307.
Black, Edmund, 178, 239, 245.
Black, Rev. William, 342.
Blodget, Samuel, 176, 177, 178, 182, 188, 189, 192, 201.
Blowers, Sampson Salter, 346.
Boishebert, Pierre, at mouth of the St. John, 96, 97, 100, 102;
retires to a "detroit," 117, 118, 120;
at Nerepis, 123, 333;
at Petitcodiac, 116;
at Miramichi, 124.
Books in olden days, 201, 255.
Boston, 26, 178, 236, 239.
Botsford, Amos, 346, 347.
Bourg, Rev. Joseph M., 252, 253, 271, 285, 286, 289, 294, 295.
"Bridgewater," Ship, 356, 357, 358.
Briggs, Zephaniah, 171.
Brookings, Henry, 202.
Bruce, Lieutenant. R. G., 150.
Bungwarrawit, 298.
Burbank, David, 161, 174, 321, 324.
Burpee, David, 172, 259, 260, 318.
Burpee, Jonathan, 169, 170, 317.
Burton, Township, 203, 213, 364.
Butler, Captain Pierce, 174, 233.
Butternut, Trees, 8, 17, 131, 174.
Cadillac, 9, 109, 111.
Campbell, Tamberlane, 311, 324.
Campobello, 280.
Canada Company (see St. John's River Society).
Carleton, Sir Guy, 277, 293, 296, 345, 354, 358, 361, 362.
Carr, Peter, 227, 233.
Cartier, Jacques, 7.
Caton, Isaac, 196, 198, 208.
Caton's Island, 20, 130, 198.
Census, 56, 57, 78, 159, 168, 214, 250, 251.
Chamberlain, Montagu, 41.
Chambly, 30, 32.
Champlain, 9, 17, 19.
Charlevoix, 39, 112.
Charnisay, d'Aulnay, 23, 24-29.
Chauffours, Sieur de (see Louis d Amours).
Chipman, Ward, 191, 230, 360, 365.
Chkoudun, 17, 19.
Christie, Thomas, 174.
Chubb, Captain, 46, 53.
Church, Colonel Benjamin, 40, 47, 48.
Church, Covenant, 169, 340.
Clarke, John, 353.
Cleoncore Island, 55.
Cleveland, Lemuel, 177, 244, 280.
Clignancourt, Sieur de (see Rene d'Amours).
Climate, 238.
Clinch, Peter, 337.
Cobb, Captain, 99, 126, 128.
Coburn, Moses, 167, 174, 327.
Coffin's Manor, 333.
Congregational Church, 172, 256, 257.
Connor, Lieutenant, 296, 310, 337.
Contract, 1st Business, 177, 188, 191, 229, 239.
Contract, 2nd Business, 229, 239.
Converse, Captain, 42.
Conway, Township, 208, 212, 227, 244, 261, 280, 364.
Copper Mine, 19.
Cornwallis, Governor, 90, 100, 102.
County of Sunbury formed, 207.
Coy, Edward, 167, 168, 169, 326.
Crabtree, A Green, 183, 277, 279.
Crandall, Rev. Joseph, 329, 330, 339.
Cummings, Samuel, 346, 347.
Currency of Massachusetts, 182.
Curry, John, 280, 298.
Customs Collector, 259, 344.
D'Amours, Bernard, 55.
D'Amours, Louis, 46, 55, 57, 59-65, 250, 251.
D'Amours, Mathieu, 52, 55, 57, 59, 250.
D'Amours, Rene, 49, 55, 57, 69, 63, 67, 250, 251.
Danielou, Jean Pierre, 75, 78, 80, 141, 143, 250.
Danks, Benoni, 128, 131.
Darling, Benjamin, 330.
Davidson, Lieutenant John, 361.
Davidson, William, 259, 301, 304, 305, 308, 310.
DeLancy, Lieut.-Colonel, Stephen, 364.
Delesderniers, Frederick, 274, 275.
DeMeulles, 34.
DeMonts, 16, 20.
Denys, Nicolas, 10, 24, 27.
DePeyster, Abraham, 225.
DeRazilly, 23.
DesBarres, Joseph F. W., 164, 332.
Deserters, 137, 295.
"Detroit," or Narrows, 93, 117, 118.
DeVeber, Lieut-Colonel Gabriel, 361, 365.
Dibblee, Fyler, 349.
Dibblee, Rev. F., 299.
D'Iberville, 38, 41, 45, 46.
Diereville, 40, 54.
Disbanded Troops, 149, 164, 160, 206, 227.
Dole, W. P., 25.
Doucet, Joseph, 248.
Dover, N. H., 38.
Dummer, Rev., 41.
Du Pont, 21, 22.
Dutch, Mauraders, 32.
Eagleson, Rev. John, 269.
Early Mechanics, 335.
Earthquake, 194.
Eaton, Captain, 176, 177.
Eddy, Jonathan, 167, 262, 268, 327.
Ekouipahag, (see Aukpaque).
Elizee, Father, 43.
Emerson, Samuel, 181.
Emerson, Webster, 179.
Emenenic, 20, 130, 198.
English Settlers, 156.
"Envieux," Ship, 46, 47, 64.
Estabrooks, Elijah, 244, 280, 329.
Estey, Richard, 164, 169, 174, 328.
Estey, Zebulon, 161, 167, 174, 321, 329.
Falconer, Captain Thomas, 207, 210, 214, 222.
Falls, mouth of St. John, 20, 109, 215.
Fenton, Captain John, 212, 214, 217.
Fisher, Hon. Charles, 367.
Fisher, Peter, 155, 265, 312, 366.
Fishery, 176, 195, 198, 204, 222, 239.
Fleets of 1783, 348, 350, 353, 357, 361.
Fort Boishebert, 97, 103, 105, 114, 333.
Fort Cumberland, 268, 276.
Fort Frederick, erection of, 122, 127, 128, 133;
garrison at, 134, 137, 150, 196, 233, 315;
Glasier at Fort, 208, 215, 222;
dismantled, 261;
burned, 265.
Fort Howe, 218, 282, 284, 295, 335, 348, 350.
Fort Hughes, 295.
Fort LaTour, 24.
Fort Menagoueche, 103, 106, 116, 122, 133.
Fort Nachouac, 51, 196.
Fort at St. John, 24, 48, 53, 54, 100, 102, 105, 116, 122.
Fox, General, 364, 365.
Franklin, Michael, 159, 218;
Superintendent of Indian affairs, 269, 276, 277, 282, 285, 287, 289,
293, 297, 301.
Francklin, Hazen & White, 305, 306-310.
Fredericton, 78, 366.
French Village, 231, 250, 253, 311.
Freneuse, 52, 58, 251.
Freshets, 63, 110, 216.
Frontenac, Count, 30, 40, 41.
Frost, Sarah, 354, 357.
Fur Trade, 20, 22, 26, 28, 59, 144, 174, 182, 193, 298.
Gage, 208, 212, 331.
Gagetown, 123, 132, 255.
Gale, 137, 155, 204.
Galissonniere, Count de la, 94, 106, 113.
Game, 10, 19, 26, 216, 368.
Ganong, Dr. W. F., 24, 31, 49, 123.
Garrison, Joseph, 159, 162, 174, 234, 326.
Gaspe, Sieur de, 103, 105, 106.
Gaudet, Placide P., 64, 87, 103, 116, 119, 130, 139, 249, 250, 252.
Gemesech, 30, 34.
Gemisick (see Jemseg), 30, 31, 34, 109.
Germain, Charles, 80, 81, 94, 98, 106, 113, 114, 137, 139.
Gilbert, Colonel Thomas, 166.
Glasier, Beamsley P., 196, 207, 208, 214, 312, 333;
agent of St. John's River Society, 208, 209, 214-225.
Glasier, Benjamin, 312.
Glasier, "The Main John," 313.
Glode, Ballomy, 143.
Goold, Colonel, 270, 271.
Gorham, Captain John, 83, 94.
Grand Falls, 36, 70.
Grand Fontaine, 30.
Grand Lake, 290, 311.
Grand Lake Coal, 26, 234, 326.
Grand Manan, 221.
Grantees at Maugerville, 159, 162.
Grantees of Townships, 212, 213.
Grants of Lands, 149, 158, 206, 209, 230, 232.
Grapes, 8, 17.
Greenough, Moses, 176, 244.
Grimross, 132, 146, 220, 223.
Gyles, John, 11, 13, 29, 43, 52, 57, 69-63, 68-72.
Haldimand, Colonel, Frederick, 208, 296, 303.
Halifax, 89, 299.
Hamond, Sir A. S., 305, 306, 310, 311, 324.
Hannay, James, 11, 25, 39, 116, 169, 259, 318, 341.
Hardy, Elias, 230, 305, 333.
Hart, John, 289.
Hart, Jonathan, 174.
Hart, Thomas, 167, 330.
Hauser, Frederick, 346, 347, 352.
Haverhill, 190, 229.
Hawawes, Nicholas, 285, 295.
Hawthorn, Colonel, 49, 61.
Hayes, John, 309, 310, 311.
Hayward, Nehemiah, 168, 174.
Hazen Family, 190, 191, 203, 245.
Hazen House, 241.
Hazen & White, 309, 311, 335.
Hazen, Jarvis, Simonds, White & Co., 177, 178, 188, 200, 224, 229, etc.
Hazen, John, 241, 243, 313.
Hazen, Moses, 135, 150, 208, 227.
Hazen, William, 149, 176, 177, 190, 311;
at St. John, 240, 272, 277, 311, 335, 344.
Hewlett, Lieut.-Colonel Richard, 361, 362, 363, 368.
Hovey, Stephen, 167.
How, Captain Edward, 89, 98.
Howlett, Ammi, 169, 174.
Hubbard, William, 314.
Huron Indians, 81, 86, 277, 294.
Hutchinson, Hon. Thomas, 137, 208, 227, 313.
Ice-jam, 197, 198.
Indian Church at Medoctec, 73, 74, 112.
Indian Corn, 9, 110, 166, 260.
Indian Cruelty, 6, 14, 39, 52, 53, 61, 69, 82, 83, 84.
Indians (see Maliseets and Micmacs).
Indian Pow-wows, 42, 144, 174, 284-289, 293, 294, 298.
Indian Treaties, 77, 89, 90, 94, 143, 174, 263, 287.
Indiantown, 290, 341.
Inventory of effects, Simonds & White, 200, 201.
Island of St. John, 108.
Jack, D. R., 58.
Jadis, Captain, 259.
Jarvis, Leonard, 176, 181, 192, 225, 240.
Jarvis, Samuel Gardiner, 241.
Jemseg, Post at, 30, 31, 32, 40, 61, 140, 316.
Jenkins, Thomas, 178, 244, 280.
Jesuits, 73.
Jewett, Daniel, 173, 174.
Johnson, The Chevalier, 113, 124.
Joibert, 30, 33 (see Soulanges).
Jones, John, 205, 280, 316, 352.
Jones, Lieutenant Simeon, 361.
Kemble, Manor, 316, 332.
Kennebec, 67, 72, 93, 94.
Kennebeccasis, 55, 61, 234, 311.
Kennedy, Captain Patrick, 362.
Kimball, Richard, 174.
King George's War, 72, 79, 86.
King Philips's War, 38.
King William's War, 38, 53, 72.
Kingsclear, 75.
Kingston, 61, 350, 352.
King's Woods, 302.
Kinney, Israel, 167, 180.
LaHontan, Baron, 57.
LaJonquiere, 98, 102, 103.
Langan, Thomas, 309.
Larlee, John, 167, 174.
LaTour, Charles, 22, 24-29, 86.
LaTour, Lady, 24, 26, 27.
LaValliere, 33.
Lawrence, J. W., 25, 353.
Lawrence, Governor, 96, 115, 122.
Lawrence's Proclamations, 148, 206.
Leaming, Rev. J., 349.
Leavitt, Daniel, 181, 202, 244, 280, 350.
Leavitt, Jonathan, 150, 178, 179, 202, 204, 244.
LeBorgne, Alexander, 55, 79, 86, 91.
LeBorgne, Francois, 87.
LeLoutre, Abbe, 79, 94, 99, 113, 122.
LeMoyne, 38, 41.
Lescarbot, 9, 17.
Lime at St. John, 176, 195, 196, 199, 236-238, 348.
Lime-Kilns, Modern, 236, 237.
L'Isle, Dieu, Abbe, 106, 107, 113.
Livingston, Philip J., 208, 224, 225, 226.
Loder's Creek, 280.
Lloyd's Neck, 349, 355.
Loler. Peter, 297.
Long Island, 131.
Louisburg, Capture of, 80, 115, 124, 125.
Loverga, Father, 107, 113, 114.
Loyalists, 261, 266, 328, 344, 348, 353, 358.
Loyalist Agents, 346.
Loyalist Regiments, 360, 361-366.
Loyard, Jean B., 73-75, 77, 141.
Lumbering, 308, 312.
Machias, 183, 262, 265, 277, 292, 335.
Madawaska, 70, 102, 110, 111, 147, 249, 273.
Madocawando, 38, 86, 87.
Magistrates, Early, 196, 259, 322, 343.
Mahogany (see Manawagonish).
Maillard, Abbe, 254.
Maliseets, Their origin and Customs, 5-14;
at war with the English, 40, 42, 43, 49, 51, 72, 79, 94, 161,
263, 283, 333;
at Medoctec, 66-72, 141, 275;
at Aukpaque, 127, 141, 145, 216, 247, 250, 256, 273;
peace parleys, 77, 143, 284-289, 294;
claim the lands, 6, 112, 142, 156;
trade with the English, 145, 152, 161, 182, 196, 198, 300, 331.
Magistrates, Early, 161, 196, 259, 280, 322, 343.
Malouins, 20.
Manawagonish, 48, 270, 272, 274, 279, 316, 341, 360.
Marble, Isaac, 202, 204.
Marichites, (Maliseets), 95.
Marin, Sieur, 80, 82, 112.
Marriages, 12, 28, 33, 64, 65, 86, 87, 170, 180, 205, 245, 326.
Marsden, Joshua, 257.
Marsh at St. John (see Sebaskastaggan).
Marsh Bridge, 235.
Marston, Benjamin, 279, 335, 350.
"Martha," Ship, 362, 363.
Martignon, Sieur de, 31.
Martin, Joseph, 248, 267.
Mascarene, Paul, 79, 83, 86, 88, 95, 141.
Massacre at St. Anns, 135, 136, 252.
Masse, Enemond, 20, 22.
Massey, Brig. General, 269, 271, 276, 278, 279, 281.
Masting Contract, 305.
Mast-Pond, 304.
Masts, 47, 54, 109, 258, 293, 297, 301, 303, 305, 309, 311.
Mather, Rev. Dr., 355.
Mauger, Joshua, 154, 165, 220, 227.
Maugerville, 59, 146, 153, 206, 217, 227, 348;
progress of, 158-175, 233, 256, 260;
rebels of, 266, 267, 271, 315, 321.
Mazerolle Settlement, 250.
Medoctec Village, 6, 9, 13, 34, 36, 107, 110, 113, 273, 275, 298, 299;
plague at, 45;
Gyles at, 52, 59, 60, 68;
Pote at, 84, 85.
Megabagaduce, 291.
Members for Sunbury, 207, 225, 259, 305, 314, 319.
Membertou, 7, 22.
Menagoueche, 18, 19, 43, 46, 47, 49, 53, 59, 105, 133, 141, 179.
Menaguashe, 183, 205, 286, 288, 294.
Men-ah-quesk, 18, 150, 179, 185.
Menneval, 38, 40.
Menzies, John, 358.
Menzies, Major Thomas, 365.
Mercure, Michael, 249, 267, 296.
Merveille, Captain, 21.
Micmacs, 7, 10, 38, 42, 60, 77, 94, 262, 294.
Middleton, Samuel, 176, 178.
Mill Creek, 156.
Mills at Nashwaak, 53, 209, 220-223, 226, 251;
at Maugerville, 159, 164, 324;
at St. John, 199, 231, 235;
at Oromocto, 312.
Miramichi, 42, 121, 124, 305.
"Mistake," The, 167, 316, 327.
Mitchel, Lewis, 272.
Mohawks, 12, 13.
Moireau, Claude, 141.
Monckton, Colonel R., 91, 96, 115, 125-134.
Moncton, 161, 196.
Montcalm, 124.
Montesson, 107, 112.
Mooers, Peter, 159, 162, 174.
Moose, 10, 11, 216, 368.
Morpain, Pierre de, 64.
Morrisania, 256, 305, 312, 320.
Morris, Charles, 147, 158, 160, 218, 227, 258, 365.
Morris, Charles, Jr., 218, 222, 259.
Morris, Major, 134.
Morse, Colonel Robert, 279, 364.
Murray, Captain, 116.
Murray, Major Daniel, 360, 364.
McCurdy, Captain, 126, 132, 134.
McGregor, Rev. James, 342, 343.
McKeen, William, 167, 244.
McLean, General, 337.
McNeal, Sergeant, 77.
Narantsouak, 67.
Nashwaak, (Nachouac), 32, 40, 43, 47, 51, 53, 110, 196, 209,
220, 223, 343.
Navy Island, 17, 18, 53, 103.
Negro Men, 52, 199.
Neguedchecouniedoche, 33.
Neptune, John, 298.
Neptune, Lewis, 293.
Nerepis, 37, 97, 103, 104, 105, 123, 333.
Neuvillette, 49, 52.
Nevers, Elisha, 169, 171, 174, 319.
Nevers, Phinehas, 174, 180, 225, 259, 319.
Newburyport, 167, 178, 236, 239, 240, 321.
New Ireland, 291.
"Newport," Ship captured, 46.
Newton, Hon. Henry, 227, 343, 344.
Newton, Philip, 343.
New-town Township, 208, 212, 364.
Nid d'Aigle, 91, 118.
Noble, Rev. Seth, 171, 173, 266, 271, 321.
O'Bear, Port, 218.
Odell, Jonathan, 361.
Ogilvie, Rev. John, 208, 210, 214, 219.
Oromocto, 123, 296, 297, 309, 310, 324, 347, 367.
Ouigoudy, 17, 18.
Paddock, Adino, 361.
Palmer, Daniel, 169, 171, 174, 319.
Parr, Governor, 334, 348, 365.
Parr-town, 179, 348, 352, 363, 365.
Passamaquoddy, 176, 179, 195, 196, 204, 221, 268, 272.
Passamaquoddy Indians, 46, 90, 120, 143, 276, 280, 293, 294.
Peabody, Captain Francis, 149, 152, 153, 161, 174, 176, 178, 217,
220, 228, 247, 322;
will of, 180, 323.
Peabody, Samuel, 167, 174, 205, 244, 280, 307, 309, 311, 323.
Peaslie, Robert, 176, 177, 181, 192.
Pemaquid, 39, 42, 45, 49, 53.
Pennoniac, 7.
Penobscot, 42, 44, 52, 67, 85, 263, 276, 290, 337.
Pepperrell, William, 80.
Perkins' Island, 195, 211, 221.
Perley, Israel, 149, 153, 174, 228, 259, 270, 271, 309, 320.
Perley, Moses H., 300, 322, 353.
Perley, Oliver, 161, 167, 174, 321.
Perrot, 33.
Peters, James, 346.
Phillipps, Governor, 76.
Pickard, Humphrey, 161, 169, 174, 321, 324.
Pickett, David, 350.
Pine-trees (see also Masts), 302, 309, 311.
Plague on St. John River, 45.
Plummer, Sylvanus, 172, 173.
Pontgrave, 20.
Porier, Senator, 116.
Portland Point, 25, 157, 176-187, 194, 243, 244, 277;
arrival at, 178, 193, 261.
Portneuf, 38, 40, 44.
Port Royal, 7, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 41, 54, 64, 76.
Post Houses on the St. John, 296, 317.
Pote, Captain William, 81-85.
Poutrincourt, 19, 20.
Pow-wows, Indian, 42, 144, 174, 284-289, 293, 294, 298.
Preble, John, 270, 273.
Prescott & Co., 269.
Price, Edmund, 234, 316.
Prices of Goods, etc., 144, 161, 168, 174, 182, 184, 260, 306, 307.
Prince William, 361, 365.
Privateers, 183, 204, 265, 268, 277, 279, 281, 316, 330.
Quinton, Hugh, 156, 167, 171, 174, 244, 269, 289, 315.
Ralleau, 17.
Ralle, Missionary, 43.
Regan, Jeremiah, 352.
Religious Teachers, 247.
Relics, Indian, 5, 9.
Rideout, Nicholas, 174.
Ring, Zebedee, 205, 244, 280.
Robichaux, 86, 87, 90, 92, 133.
Rogers, Captain Jeremiah, 126, 132.
Rogers, Nathaniel, 209, 219, 223.
Rous, Captain John, 97, 100, 101, 115.
Route to Canada, 102, 108, 111, 112, 296.
Rowley, 317.
Royal Fencible American Regiment, 276, 281, 336.
Rum, 183, 193.
Rushagonis, 311.
Salamanca, 367, 368.
Saturday Night in 1764, 185.
Savary, Judge, 116.
Saw-mills, 53, 159, 164, 199, 209, 213, 220, 221, 223, 251, 312, 324.
Say, Gervas, 167, 169, 170, 174, 205, 244, 272, 289, 316, 326.
Sayre, Rev. John, 346.
Scalps, Rewards offered for, 80, 122.
Scott, Major, 127, 134.
Seabury, Rev. Samuel, 345.
Secondon (see Chkoudun).
Sedgewick, Major Robert, 29.
Seebaskastaggan Marsh, 176, 231, 234.
Seigniories, 30, 31, 32, 55, 58, 251.
Sharman, Dr., 288, 337, 338.
Sheffield (see Maugerville).
Sheep for settlers, 224.
Ship-building, 203, 205, 312, 316.
Ships, Transport, 348, 351, 353.
Ship-wrecks, 203, 241.
Shirley, Governor, 79, 95, 115, 121.
Shorne, Richard, 208, 215, 225, 226, 259.
Siege of Fort Nachouac, 49.
Simonds Family, 190.
Simonds, James, 149-152, 161, 167, 174, 176, 177, 184, 190, 194,
195, 198, 207, 210, 213, 221, 229-235, 238, 261, 262, 265,
314, 332.
Simonds, Richard, 150, 152, 177, 181, 188, 192.
Simon, Recollet Missionary, 36, 43, 44, 46, 52, 56, 59, 67, 72, 141.
Small, Colonel, 277.
Small-pox, 327.
Smith, Jonathan, 169, 171, 174.
Smith, Rev. Curryl, 225.
Smith, Stephen, 265.
Soulanges, Sieur de, 30, 32.
Spry, Captain William, 208, 210, 255, 327.
Stamp Act, 222.
St. Anns, Acadians at, 78, 120, 122, 123, 133, 248;
massacre at St. Annes, 135, 136, 252;
Indian Claims at, 146, 156, 175;
trading post at, 198, 220, 308, 325;
the Loyalists at, 366, 367.
St. Aubin, Ambroise, 175, 183, 263, 269, 299.
St. Castin, Baron, 38, 46, 64, 85, 86.
St. Croix Island, 10, 19.
St. John, name of City, 179.
St. John Harbor, 17, 48, 150, 176, 239, 347.
St. John River, 18, 34, 93, 120, 215, 347, 362;
Cadillac's description, 109;
inundations of, 63, 110, 216.
St. John's River Society, 210, 214-227, 309.
St. Vallier, Bishop, 34, 140.
Sterling, Captain Walter, 333.
Stickney, Isaac, 167, 174.
Stone age, 5, 9.
Storey, William, 179, 202.
Straton Brothers, 297.
Street, Samuel Denny, 321, 337, 352.
Studholme, Gilfred, at Fort Frederick, 233;
at Fort Howe, 248, 262, 270, 274, 278, 279, 281, 283, 295, 316,
321, 336, 345, 350.
Sunbury County, 206, etc., 258, 259, 348.
Sunbury Township, 175, 208, 212, 364.
Tablet, Medoctec, 73, 74, 300.
Tapley, Alexander, 167, 168, 174.
Tapley, Samuel, 174.
Taxous, 42.
Temiscouata, 111, 121.
Temple, Sir Thomas, 30.
Thoma, Chief, 143.
Thoma, Pierre, 183, 263, 275, 285, 288, 290, 293, 298, 299, 300, 301.
Thompson, Lieut.-Colonel, Benjamin, 345, 361.
Thury, Missionary, 43, 44, 46, 52.
Tidmarsh, Giles, 168, 174, 180, 325.
Tilley, Sir S. L., 351.
Tinker, Captain William, 351.
Tory's Soliloquy, 359.
Townships, 208, 211, 212, 309, 364.
Transport Ships, 348, 351, 353.
Treaties, 77, 89, 90, 94, 143.
Truck-houses, 141, 143, 144, 161, 196.
"Two Sisters," Transport Ship, 355.
"Ulysees," Sloop, 126.
"Union," Transport Ship, 348, 349, 350.
Upper Cove, 180.
Upham, Joshua, 346, 360.
Upton, Samuel, 168.
Van Buskirk, Colonel Abraham, 362, 368.
Vaudreuil, 33, 64, 73, 75, 93, 112, 117, 121, 135.
Vergor, Sieur de, 101.
Vessels of Simonds, Hazen & White, 202-204, 222.
Vienneau Family, 250.
Villebon, Sieur de, 38, 40-54, 61, 63, 251, 300.
Villieu, 44, 47, 53, 57, 133.
Wade, Philip, 308, 366.
Wages, 174, 193, 205, 239, 260.
Waldron, Major, 38.
Walnut (see Butternut).
Ward, Clarence, 366.
Ward, Major John, 366.
Washademoak, 82, 94, 111.
Washington, George, 263.
Wasson, John, 174.
Watson, Brook, 354.
Webster, Mr., 171.
Webster, Samuel, 181.
Wellman, Mr., 171.
Wentworth, Governor, 302.
West, Captain, 272, 275.
White, James, 149, 152, 193, 201, 245, 261, 311, 321, 343;
arrival at St. John, 178, 179, 239;
at Crown Point, 192;
second contract, 229, 230;
dealings with Indians, 182, 272, 273, 283, 289, 295.
Whitney, Samuel, 170, 174.
Willard, Captain, 325, 358, 359.
Wilmot, Governor Montagu, 175, 177, 218, 219.
Winslow, Edward, 346, 360, 364, 365.
Winslow, Lieut.-Colonel John, 116.
Winthrop, Governor, 26.
Wood, Rev. Thomas, 171, 254, 255, 299.
Woodboats, First, 313.
Woodman, James, 164, 205, 244, 272, 280, 290, 324, 352.
Woolastook, 18.
Woodstock, 69, 73.
Wordens, Fort at, 91, 118.
Xavier, Francois, 77, 183, 286, 287.
Young Royal Highland Emigrants, 336.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Samuel de Champlain Frontispiece
Indian Encampment and Chief 15
Champlain's Plan of St. John Harbor 18
Title Page Bp. St. Vallier's Book 35
Fort Nachouac 50
Signature of Sieur de Freneuse 58
Signature of John Gyles 63
Plan of Old Medoctec Village 66
Medoctec Tablet 74
Bell of Old Medoctec Chapel 76
Signature of Jean Loyard 78
Paul Mascarene 88
Old Fort at Worden's 91
Woodman's Point--site of Fort Boishebert 104
Colonel Robert Monckton 125
Sketch Map of River St. John in 1758 129
Isle au Garce, or Emenenic 130
Inscription on Medoctec Stone 141
Plan--Aukpaque and Surroundings 146
Bruce's Plan of St. John Harbor 151
Signature of Peter Fisher 155
Plan of Maugerville 163
The Congregational Church at Maugerville 172
A Cottage of Today 185
Signatures 188
Ice-jam, 1902 197
Plan of Townships 212
Plan of Grants to Simonds & White 231
Old Hazen House and Grounds 242
Signature Joseph Mathurin Bourg 253
Fort Howe in 1781 278
Signature of Major G. Studholme 281
Fort Howe in 1818 282
St. John Harbor, showing Mast Dock 304
* * * * *
Transcriber's Note:
Author's archaic and variable spelling, hyphenation, and quoting
practices are preserved.
Author's punctuation style is preserved.
Illustrations have been moved closer to their relevant paragraphs,
but page numbers in the list of illustrations have not been
changed.
Footnotes moved to below relevant paragraphs.
Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_.
Passages in bold indicated by =equal signs=.
Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.
Transcriber's Changes:
Page 7: Was 'a lowed' (Bessabez, the sagamore of the Penobscot
Indians, =allowed= the body of the dead chief to be taken
home)
Page 8: Was 'o' (One =of= the islands in that vicinity the early
English settlers afterwards called "Isle of Vines,")
Page 12: Was 'Baird' (=Biard= relates that a certain sagamore on
hearing that the young King of France was unmarried,)
Page 14: Was 'therr' (This fact should be remembered to their credit
by those who most abhor =their= bloodthirstiness and
cruelty.)
Page 19: Was 'villiage' (Chkoudun lived at "Menagoueche" in his
fortified =village= on Navy Island when Champlain invited
him to go with the Sieur de Poutrincourt)
Page 19: Was 'Cahmplain' (Chkoudun lived at "Menagoueche" in his
fortified village on Navy Island when =Champlain= invited
him to go with the Sieur de Poutrincourt)
Page 20: Was 'Baird' (was the scene of an exciting incident of which
=Biard= has left us a picturesque description.)
Page 27: Was 'beseigers' (For three days Madame la Tour bravely
repelled the =besiegers= and obliged them to retire beyond
the reach of her guns.)
Page 36: as per errata note: Was 'bllier afterwards became the
mission of' (The islands which the bishop mentions are the
well known and =beautiful islands below the mouth of= the
Keswick stream.)
Page 40: Was 'commissioned' (Villebon was favorably received and
returned with a =commission= from the king to command in
Acadia.)
Page 43: Was 'ingrediants' (At this time they presented the
Indians with a bag or two of flour with some prunes as
=ingredients= for a feast.)
Page 43: Added closing double quote ("July 10, 1696. M. Thury,
missionary, having arrived with Taxous, chief of the
Canibas and other savages from Pentagouet; brandy, 1
gallon; tobacco, 2 =lbs."=)
Page 48: Added closing double-quote (whereby they will be greatly
strengthened and the reducing of them rendered more
=difficult."=)
Page 49: Was 'the the' (Villebon assigned to Baptiste and Rene
d'Amours the duty of heading =the= Indians and opposing the
landing of the English.)
Page 51: Was 'opertion' (the English again got their guns into
=operation=, but la Cote,)
Page 52: Was 'rendevous' (with ammunition and supplies and sent on
to the =rendezvous= at Penobscot.)
Page 55: Was 'the the' (Mathieu's seigniory included all =the= land
"between Gemisik and Nachouac,")
Page 63: Was 'Mademe (Some days after he took an affecting leave of
=Madame= d'Amours and his master went down to)
Page 63: Was 'fourtunes' (The next year France and England were
again at war and in the course of the conflict the
=fortunes= of the d'Amours)
Page 71: Was 'in in' (However, early =in= the morning we took our
loads of moose flesh)
Page 77: Was 'sterness' (His disposition had nothing of =sternness=,
yet he was equally beloved)
Page 79: Added closing double quote (to induce Mr. Shirley to allow
them to settle again in their villages, and to leave their
missionaries undisturbed as they were before the =war."=)
Page 83: Removed closing double quote (we Incamped this Night at
this afforsaid Indian Village =Apog.= (Aukpaque.)")
Page 83: Added closing double quote (or Bread, we Incamped
this Night at this afforsaid Indian Village Apog.
=(Aukpaque.)"=)
Page 89: Was 'Mascaerne' (Annapolis early in 1744, which
attack failed on account of the energy and bravery of
=Mascarene=.)
Page 98: Added closing double quote ("It is =desirable,"= he writes,
"that the savages should unite in opposing the English)
Page 101: Was 'main-maist' (Vergor had a new =main-mast= cut and
drawn from the woods by the crew of the St. Francis)
Page 101: Was 'illict' (St. Francis was confiscated for engaging in
=illicit= commerce in the province of his Britannic
Majesty.)
Page 102: Was 'warike' (she was engaged in furnishing =warlike=
munitions to the Indian enemy)
Page 102: Was 'anticipatd' (The Marquis de la Jonquiere
=anticipated= great advantages from the overland route of
communication.)
Page 111: Was 'benfits' (It was claimed that many =benefits= would
follow, chiefly that the lumbermen)
Page 115: Was 'removel' (about the =removal= of the Acadians from
Chignecto and the River St. John.)
Page 124: Added closing double quote (and the Micmacs he would be
able to form a camp of 600 or 700 men, and Drucour could
frequently place the besiegers between two =fires."=)
Page 133: Was 'Menagoeche' (the English were engaged in rebuilding
the old Fort at =Menagoueche=; the Indians of the River
St. John had retired with the Rev. Father Germain,)
Page 141: original spelling: Guidry ... Guirdy ("At Menagoueck, the
year of grace 1681, the 2 June, have baptized according to
the forms of the Church, Jeanne =Guidry, child of Claude
Guirdy= dit la Verdure and of Keskoua)
Page 144: Was 'arrranged' (Gerrish agreed to buy goods and sell them
to on furs sold, and the prices to be so =arranged= that
the Indians)
Page 144: Was 'skin skin' (the same standard: Moose skin, 1-1/2
"beavers"; bear =skin=, 1-1/3 "beavers"; 3 sable skins, 1
"beaver"; 6 mink skins, 1 "beaver"; 10 ermine skins, 1
"beaver";)
Page 144: Was '1 1-3' (the same standard: Moose skin, 1-1/2
"beavers"; bear skin, =1-1/3= "beavers"; 3 sable skins, 1
"beaver"; 6 mink skins, 1 "beaver"; 10 ermine skins, 1
"beaver";)
Page 146: Was 'Goverment' (the vicinity of their village was early
recognized by the =Government= of Nova Scotia)
Page 147: Was 'rendevous' (The island opposite Aukpaque, called
Indian Island, was the place where the Indians of the
river made their annual =rendezvous=.)
Page 148: Was 'river' (However, very shortly after Monckton's
occupation of the St. John =River= Lawrence issued the
first of his celebrated proclamations)
Page 165: Was 'and and' (Grog was at that time freely dispensed in
the army =and= navy, and Mauger erected a distillery)
Page 165: Was 'inculding' (As the business was lucrative he soon
accumulated much property in and around Halifax,
=including= the well known Mauger's Beach)
Page 175: Added closing double quote (M. WILMOT. RICH'D BULKELEY,
=Secretary."= })
Page 190: Was 'Phippin (land was first described by Judith
=Phippen=, which proved to be the headland now called
"Point Judith.")
Page 190: Was 'Parley' (the ancestors of many well known families in
America, bearing the familiar names of Peabody, =Perley=,
Beardsley)
Page 190: Was 'Ticonderga' (with his cousin Captain John Hazen in
the campaign against Fort =Ticonderoga=.)
Page 198: Was 'ilustration' (See =illustration= on preceding page of
a recent ice-jam at this place.)
Page 203: Was 'rom' (She made occasional voyages =from= St. John to
St. Croix in the West Indies. )
Page 219: Was 'and and' ("consigned to Richard Barlow storekeeper at
St. John's =and= passenger on board for the use of the St.
John's society.")
Page 222: Was 'o' (The avidity manifested by the agent =of= the St.
John's River Society in seeking favors at the hands of
government would seems to countenance the idea)
Page 222: Added closing double-quote (to the express condition of
the Grant will absolutely be declared =forfeited."=)
Page 224: Added closing double-quote (Proprietors, agent with whom
you will please correspond on any occurrence regarding the
=settlement."=)
Page 247: Was 'Bailey' (In the summer of 1767, Father Charles
Francois =Bailly= came to the River St. John)
Page 255: Was 'here' (but up to this time =there= had been no
opportunity for church-going.)
Page 255: Was 'pslams' (with the exception of a copy of Watt's
=psalms= and hymns owned by James White.)
Page 261: Was 'rooom' (but alas for them the force of events left no
=room= for neutrality.)
Page 265: Was 'and, and' (The people of Machias were particularly
fond of plundering their neighbors, =and= that place was
termed)
Page 267: Was 'commissiary' (The =commissary= general there was
directed to deliver them one barrel of gunpowder)
Page 267: Was 'of of' (one barrel of gunpowder, 350 flints and 250
weight =of= lead from the colony's stores;)
Page 273: Was 'Aukaque' (John Allan and his party arrived at the
Indian village of =Aukpaque= where forty or fifty
Indians)
Page 279: Added closing double-quote (Capt. Benjamin Marston on
board his vessel the ="Brittania"=, which was then lying
at anchor)
Page 280: Was 'Passamoquoddy' (He came to =Passamaquoddy= about
1770, settled there and was appointed a justice of the
peace in 1774.)
Page 298: Was 'Perre' (We may therefore conclude that =Pierre= Thoma
did not long survive his old friend and Patron Michael
Francklin.)
Page 305: Was 'Franklin's' (=Francklin's= political influence at
Halifax and the personal friendship of Sir Andrew Snape
Hamond,)
Page 307: Was 'Franklin' (Col. =Francklin= procured at Halifax many
articles needed for the mast cutters, such as chains,
blocks and tackle, camp supplies, etc.)
Page 309: Was 'Frankcklin' (as we expected when Col. =Francklin=
left this place.)
Page 311: Changed single to double closing-quote (he has raised the
price of provision and men and Ox labour--oxen to 7s. 6d.
pr. pair pr. day and men in =proportion."=)
Page 311: Was 'renumerative' (The masting business seems to have
been =remunerative=, and was the means of putting in
circulation a considerable amount of specie, which was
greatly appreciated)
Page 315: Was 'jealously' (This election helped to intensify the
ill-will and =jealousy= already existing between the "old"
and "new" inhabitants.)
Page 320: Moved onto new line ("=County of Sunbury=:--Be it
Remembered that on the Seventh Day of July, 1774,
Nathaniel Barker of Maugerville in the County of)
Page 324: Was 'the the' (Item, to my daughter Heprabeth I give three
hundred dollars to be paid by my two eldest sons in
household goods on =the= day of her marriage.)
Page 326: Was 'Gearge' ((Witnesses.) Daniel Palmer, Fran's Peabody,
Sam'l Whitney, Richard Estey, =George= Hayward, David
Palmer, Edw'd Coy.")
Page 326: Was 'caol' (Joseph Garrison is said to have been the first
of the settlers to engage in mining =coal= at Grand
Lake.)
Page 327: Was 'vacciantion' (Inoculation, it may be observed, was
regarded as the best preventative of small-pox before
=vaccination= was introduced by Dr. Jenner.)
Page 333: Was 'Baubiers' ("At the entrance of a small river called
=Baubier's= River or narrow Piece [Nerepis] the land a
considerable distance back is good upland but no
Interval.)
Page 338: Added comma (One son, George Frederick Street, was a judge
of the supreme court, =another,= John Ambrose Street, was
attorney general of the province and leader of the
government)
Page 346: Was 'Bostford' (The agents chosen were Messrs. Amos
=Botsford=, Samuel Cummings and Frederick Hauser.)
Page 348: Was 'Bridgwater' ("Ann," Capt. Clark; "=Bridgewater=,"
Capt. Adnet; "Favorite," Capt. Ellis;)
Page 358: Was 'Bridgwater' (The =Bridgewater=, one of the Spring
fleet, came again in June, and made a third voyage in
October.)
Page 365: Was 'glimse' (We get a =glimpse= of the distress and
perplexity of the men of the loyal regiments in one of
Edward Winslow's letters to Ward Chipman.)
Page 369: Was 'perserverance' (their courage, their =perseverance=,
their clear prevision of the immense importance of race
unity.)
Page 370: Was 'severly' (And still we say--all honor to the brave
hearts that sacrificed so much and suffered so =severely=
for the preservation)
Index: Unclear in original (Acadians, encouraged to leave N. S.
Peninsula, 96, 101; settled on River St. John, 107, 114,
117, 120, 122, 133, 145, 234, =248=, 249, 255, 309;)
Index: Was 'Zephamiah' (Briggs, =Zephaniah=, 171.)
Index: Was 'Dierville' (=Diereville=, 40, 54.)