Captain-general of the army.—Commander-in-chief.—Lord-high-admiral of
the navy.—Field-marshal.—General.—Lieutenant-general.—Major-
general.—Brigadier-general.—Colonel.—Lieutenant-colonel.—Major.—
Adjutant.—Sergeant-major.—Captain.—Ensign and cornet.—Sergeant and
corporal.—A round-robin.—Quarter-master.—Military saying.—Officer’s
daughter.—Officers of the navy.—Marines.—Catamaran.—Crew of a first-
rate.—Royal George.
“We want to know who are the highest officers in the army and navy. They
are generals and admirals, are they not, uncle?”
“The highest officer is the King himself—when there is a king on the
throne of England. And the virtues in his heart ought ever to exceed in
value the jewels of his crown. He is captain-general of all the forces
of Great Britain, the head of all rank, power, and authority. Under him
come the commander-in-chief, at the head of the army, and the lord-high-
admiral at the head of the navy; but generally the office of lord-high-
admiral is filled by commissioners, under the name of the lords of the
admiralty.”
“What is a field-marshal? Wellington is called a field-marshal.”
“Yes, he is a field-marshal, and when an army is in the field, a field-
marshal is the highest officer among them, he takes the command of them
all.”
“Is there any other field-marshal in the army besides the Duke of
Wellington?”
“Oh yes! several. The King of Hanover, the Duke of Cambridge, and the
King of the Belgians, are all field-marshals in the British army; and
there is another too, Prince Albert.”
“And what is the next rank to a field-marshal?”
“A general. There are many of these in the army, for though every field-
marshal is a general, every general is not a field-marshal. A general is
a chief officer in the army, to whom the command of soldiers has been
entrusted by the sovereign or the senate of a country. The commander-in-
chief, of course, ranks first. If a general have not a martial genius, a
sound judgment, and a healthy constitution, united with intrepidity,
self-possession, business-like habits, and goodness of heart, he is not
equal to the duties of his station. A young general will lack experience
and prudence, and an old general will hardly be sufficiently energetic
and active. The next in rank to a general is a lieutenant-general, and
then come the major-general and the brigadier-general.”
“What a sight it would be to see all the Field-marshals and generals and
colonels together!”
“It would indeed, especially to a soldier. A colonel is the commander of
a regiment, whether of horse, foot, dragoons, or artillery, and a
lieutenant-colonel is next in rank. They should be men of talent and
resolution, for their duties are very important, and good officers often
make good soldiers. Next to the lieutenant-colonel come the major,
adjutant, and sergeant-major. The drum and fife-majors are at the head
of the drummers and fifers, and instruct others in their duty.”
“You have not told us what a captain is, and surely he comes before the
drummers and fifers, though he does not make half the noise that they
do?”
“A captain is a commander either of a troop of horse, or of a company of
foot or artillery. In marching or fighting, at the head of his company,
he is much looked up to by his men. If he be not every inch a soldier,
it is soon found out by the men under his command. It is his business
both to march and fight at the head of his company.”
“The lieutenant comes next to the captain?”
“He does. The name lieutenant is French, _lieu-tenant_—holding the place
of another. After the lieutenant come the ensign and cornet: the former
carries the standard in a company of foot, and the latter in a troop of
horse. An ensign is the lowest commissioned officer in a company of
foot; after him come the sergeant and corporal. Buonaparte was called by
his soldiers, ‘The Little Corporal.’ There are other posts of authority
beside what I have mentioned, for the discharge of particular duties.
Every officer is as liable to punishment if he break the articles of
war, as a common soldier is; and then, if a superior officer act
improperly to the officers beneath him, they sometimes send him a round-
robbin.”
“Oh, what is a round-robbin? Do tell us.”
“A Frenchman told me that the name came from ‘_ruban rond_,’ which means
a round riband. When officers wish to send a remonstrance in writing to
one above them, instead of writing their names one under the other, they
write them in a round form, so that no one can tell who signed the paper
first. It is a kind of honourable agreement into which they enter among
themselves, every one taking an equal share in the transaction. But
round-robins are not often to be seen. I should have told you, that a
quarter-master is an officer whose duty it is to see after the quarters
of the soldiers, together with their food, clothing, fuel, and
ammunition. A quarter-master-general is a considerable officer; and is
required to know well the country where he is, having to mark the
marches and encampments of the army.”
“You have made us understand the different ranks very well.”
“That being the case, I must give you another of my military sayings. A
_private_ should be proud of his _general_ good character. A _staff_-
officer should _lean_ on nothing but his merit. The _major_ part of a
_captain’s_ duty is the care of his company. A _quarter_-master should
do _the whole_ of his duty, and the highest _officer_ in the army should
remember that he is but a _man_.”
“Capital! capital! We shall not forget that, you may depend upon it.”
“It sometimes happens that good soldiers are obliged to take up with
very bad quarters. Officers themselves are, at times, very slenderly
provided for—in such cases, and indeed in all others, a good temper, and
a good stock of patience, are excellent things. I will give you an
instance of the good temper, steadiness, and fortitude of an officer’s
daughter, Miss Elizabeth Smith, when deprived of common comforts. This
young lady had taught herself, with little assistance, the French,
Italian, Spanish, German, Latin, Greek and Hebrew languages, and
somewhat of the Arabic and Persic:—she was the daughter of Captain
Smith; and her mother gives the following account:—We had spent three
happy weeks at the hospitable mansion of Lord Kingston, from whence we
set off on horseback for our quarters, which were about twenty miles
distant. During the last ten miles of the journey it rained most
heavily, and without ceasing. We arrived at the barracks dripping wet;
our luggage was not come, and, owing to the negligence of the quarter-
master, there was not even a bed to rest on. The whole furniture of our
apartments consisted of a piece of a cart-wheel for a fender; a bit of
iron, probably from the same vehicle, for a poker; a dirty deal table,
and three wooden-bottom chairs. It was the first time we had joined the
regiment; and I was standing at the fire, meditating on our forlorn
state, and perhaps dwelling too much on the comforts we had lost, when I
was roused from my reverie by my daughter Elizabeth, exclaiming, ‘Oh!
what a blessing!’ ‘Blessing!’ I replied, ‘there seems none left.’
‘Indeed there is, my dear mother, for see, here is a little cupboard.’ I
dried my tears, and endeavoured to learn fortitude from my daughter.”
“Very good! That young lady had a very happy temper, or she would not
have been so pleased with only a cupboard.”
“I have told you of the ranks of the officers of the army only. The
officers of the navy are divided into flag-officers; captains who
command post-ships; commanders who command sloops; lieutenants, and sub-
lieutenants. But I had better tell you how officers rank with one
another in the army and navy.”
_Navy._ _Army._
The Admiral-in-chief ranks the same as Field-marshal.
Admirals of the red, white or blue ranks
the same as Generals.
Vice-admirals ranks the same as Lieutenant-generals.
Rear-admirals ranks the same as Major-generals.
Commodores ranks the same as Brigadier-generals.
Captains of post ships, three years
after commission ranks the same as Colonels.
All captains of post ships ranks the
same as Lieutenant-colonels.
Captains not taking post ranks the same
as Majors.
Lieutenants ranks the same as Captains.
“But there are lower ranks than these: midshipmen on board ship, and
sergeants and corporals among soldiers?”
“Yes, there are. The officers in a ship under a lieutenant are, the sub-
lieutenant, master, second master, gunner, boatswain, carpenter,
master’s-mate, and midshipman. And the officers in the army under the
captain, as I have already told you, are, the lieutenant, ensign,
sergeant and corporal. If you can remember all I have said, it will be a
proof that you are not deficient in memory.”
“What do you mean by the admiral of the red?”
“An admiral who carries a red flag. I have said something of admirals’
flags before, but will be a little more particular now. Flag-officers
are of three ranks: admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals; and each
rank is divided into three squadrons, distinguished by different
coloured flags; so that there are, besides the admiral of the fleet, the
commander-in-chief, admirals of the red, of the white, and of the blue;
vice-admirals of the red, of the white, and of the blue, and rear-
admirals of the red, of the white, and of the blue.”
“But if three sorts of admirals carry a red flag, how do you know one
from another?”
“By the situation of the flag. The admiral of the fleet carries an Union
Flag at the main-top-gallant-mast head, so that you may always know his
ship. Then, other admirals carry their flags, let the colour be what it
may, also at the main-top-gallant-mast head. The vice-admirals carry
theirs at the fore-top-gallant-mast head, and the rear-admiral carries
his at the mizen-top-gallant-mast head.”
“Oh, oh, that is it! Then we know at last what is the meaning of ‘the
red flag at the fore.’”
“Yes, that must be now pretty plain to you. The marines are a very
efficient part of the British force; they are not to be out-done either
in courage or patriotism. For some time in my younger days I belonged to
them, and it was then that I picked up what knowledge of nautical
tactics I possess. Had not a handful of British marines stood in the
breaches made by the soldiers of Buonaparte in the garrison of St. Jean
D’Acre in the year 1799, and thereby called up a spirit of determination
in the Turkish troops, the place must have surrendered. As it was, it
held out, baffled Buonaparte with his bravest and his best, and rendered
the repulse of the French, and the bravery of Sir Sidney Smith famous in
history.”
“What have the marines to do?”
“They are trained to fight either on shore or on board ships; and
oftentimes they make sad havoc among the enemy from the poop and the
round-top. When a ship is boarded by an enemy, they sweep the decks with
their muskets, or keep back the boarders with their bayonets. I knew
some famous fellows among them, who were well acquainted with all the
duties of a soldier and a seaman, and would run a boat through the water
as if it were a catamaran.”
“What is a catamaran, uncle?”
“A catamaran is a species of boat used by the native Indians on the
coast of Coromandel. It consists of only one plank, five feet long and
two wide, on which the intrepid Indian kneels, and by means of a paddle
propels himself along through the most terrific surf, bidding defiance
to the warring of the elements and the overwhelming seas, which often
hurl him from his perilous position, but which he as quickly and
dexterously regains; and thus these amphibious beings afford
communication with ships in distress, when no other boat could possibly
live.”
“How many marines are there on board a large ship? one of the biggest
ships that sails on the sea?”
“I will just run over a list of the crew of a first-rate, and then you
will hear all about it. This is the list.
Captain 1
Lieutenants 8
Master 1
Chaplain 1
Surgeon 1
Purser 1
Second Master 1
Assistant Surgeons 3
Gunner 1
Boatswain 1
Carpenter 1
Mate 1
Midshipmen 23
Master’s Assistants 6
Schoolmaster 1
Clerk 1
Master-at-arms 1
Ship’s Corporals 2
Captain’s Coxswain 1
Launch ditto 1
Quarter-Masters 12
Gunner’s Mates 5
Boatswain’s Mates 8
Captains of Forecastle 3
Captain of Hold 1
Ship’s Cook 1
Sailmaker 1
Ropemaker 1
Carpenter’s Mates 2
Caulker 1
Armourer 1
Captains of Maintop 3
Captains of Foretop 3
Captains of Mast 3
Captains of After-guard 3
Yeoman of Signals 1
Coxswain of Pinnace 1
Sailmaker’s Mate 1
Caulker’s Mate 1
Armourer’s Mates 2
Cooper 1
Volunteers 12
Gunner’s Crew 25
Carpenter’s ditto 18
Sailmaker’s ditto 2
Cooper’s ditto 2
Yeoman of Store-room 1
Able Seamen 478
Ordinary ditto
Cook’s Mate 1
Barber 1
Purser’s Steward 1
Captain’s ditto 1
Captain’s Cook 1
Ward-room ditto 1
Ward-room Steward 1
Steward’s Mate 1
Landsman 1
Boys 31
Captain of Marines 1
Lieutenants 3
Sergeants 4
Corporals 4
Drummers 2
Privates 146
———
Total 850
“Eight hundred and fifty in one ship!”
“Yes, boys; and there were, perhaps, a thousand people on board the
Royal George when she went down at Spithead.”
“Dreadful! dreadful! How did it happen?”
“I will tell you, as well as I can. The ships in the royal navy are
sheathed with copper. The Royal George, the flag-ship of Admiral
Kempenfeldt, a first-rate, of a hundred and eight guns, had just
returned from a cruise, and required some repairs in her sheathing and
water-pipe. To do these repairs it was necessary to run her heavy
furniture to one side, and tilt her up, or to give her what shipwrights
call the parliament-heel. When the ship was in this position, with her
crew, and at least three hundred women on board,—for the vessel was
crowded with friends to welcome home the crew,—when the ship was in this
position a sudden squall, it is thought, came on,—though I fear one of
the lieutenants was sadly in fault,—and over she tipped; down went the
Royal George, with the admiral, officers, crew, and all that were
aboard!”
“What a terrible accident!”
“It was indeed a very terrible one! Seamen are usually very steady in
storms and dangers, but the crew of the Royal George foundered without
warning. You shall have an instance of the resolution of seamen in a
storm. The following relation is given by a young officer.
“‘The dead-lights were shipped, our hatches were battened down, and
eight men stationed to the relieving tackles in the gun-room. At this
period the sea was tremendously heavy, the ship rolling her quarter-deck
bulwarks under, although going at the rate of twelve and a half knots
per hour; the wind howled most dreadfully, and, altogether, it was a
most dismal sight to behold our ship’s company shivering with cold and
rain, not able to procure any refreshment, the sea having soon washed
out the galley fire; and it was impossible to get at the spirit-room to
splice the mainbrace; altogether it was truly miserable.
“‘About three P. M. the fore-sail, although furled, was blown away from
the yard, and shortly afterwards the larboard main-top-sail sheet went,
and the sail flapped furiously against the top-mast and main-mast head.
At this critical juncture the spirit of the British seaman was evinced;
for, unless the sail was cut away, the main-mast must be lost, and, as a
necessary consequence, the vessel herself would have a bad chance, if
broached to the wind. It was a moment of terrible suspense and anxiety
to all hands, not one of whom could stand or move on deck without
holding on by the lifelines, passed fore and aft; and even thus, two men
had been washed overboard, who were standing near the main-mast, and,
strange to relate, the next sea washed them in again, the bight of the
fore-sheet having caught them; but one had his neck terribly cut.
“‘In this extremity the captain had too much feeling and humanity to
order any men aloft, as it was deemed impossible for them to succeed,
and that their lives must be inevitably sacrificed in making the
attempt; however, the gunner, Mr. Collier, who had served as chief
gunner’s mate of the Shannon, in her splendid action with the
Chesapeake, and two seamen, whose names deserve to be handed down to
posterity, immediately volunteered their services. It was a moment of
extreme dread and anxiety, to behold these gallant fellows mounting the
shrouds at a period when the sea broke over our lower yard-arms, and
every roll of the ship threatened to consign them to eternity. Each man
on deck felt as if his own life were at stake: when one of them, William
Murray, the captain of the main-top, laid out and cut away the larboard
earing, while the gunner, assisted by the other, whose name I regret at
this distant period I cannot bring to memory, severed the remaining top-
sail sheet from the main-yard: the sail rent asunder with a terrible
crash, which was heard far above the howling of the wind. The safety of
the vessel thus assured, what a joyous moment for these brave and daring
fellows, as they descended to receive the heartfelt cheers and
gratulations of their officers and shipmates, as fine a crew as ever
trod a vessel’s deck: it was a scene not to be soon forgotten, and
calculated to inspire confidence in the resources of British seamanship,
and courage under the most trying circumstances.’”
[Illustration]