Alexander the Great.—Frederick the Great.—Charles XII.—Peter the
Great.—Buonaparte.—Duke of Marlborough.—Hastings.—Bannockburn.—
Cressy.—Poictiers.—Agincourt.—Bosworth Field.—Blenheim.—Culloden.—
Prague.—Quebec.—Battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, and the siege of
Troy.—Preparation for a battle.—The battle array.—General De
Zeithen.—Monument of Peter the Great.—Duke of Marlborough.
“Can you tell us, uncle, the names of the greatest warriors who have
ever lived, and of the most famous battles which have ever been fought?”
“Some of them I can tell you, but my memory must be a great deal better
than it is to tell you a twentieth part of either the great warriors of
the world, or of the great battles they have fought. _Great men_ and
_great warriors_ are sometimes very different things. Were mankind
estimated according to the _lives they have taken_ all conquerors would
be _great_, but if ranked according to the _benefits they have
conferred_, many of them would be _very little_. Among the ancients,
Alexander the Great stands pre-eminent as conqueror; while, in more
modern times, must be reckoned Frederick the Great of Prussia, Charles
XII. of Sweden, Peter the Great of Russia, Buonaparte of France, and the
Duke of Marlborough and the Duke of Wellington of England.”
“And which are some of the most famous battles?”
“Those that have been most spoken of are, the siege of Troy; the battle
fought on the plains of Marathon, and the fight in the defile of
Thermopylæ; while, in more modern times, may be reckoned the following
among a hundred others; the battle of Hastings, wherein King Harold was
slain; Bannockburn, where the Scotch, under the renowned Robert Bruce,
beat the English under Edward II.; Cressy, where Edward III. obtained a
splendid victory over the French; Poictiers, where the King of France
and his son were taken prisoners; Agincourt, wherein Henry V. defeated
the French. This battle was fought on St. Crispin’s-day, and our great
poet, Shakspeare, thus alludes to it:—
[Illustration:
BATTLE OF AGINCOURT.
]
‘He that outlives this hour, and comes safe home,
Shall stand on tiptoe when this day is named,
And rouse him at the name of Crispian:
He that outlives this day, and sees old age,
Will yearly on the Vigil feast his neighbours,
And say, To-morrow is St. Crispin’s-day.’”
“Ay! those lines are in Enfield’s Speaker—almost every boy knows them.”
“The battle of Bosworth Field is much celebrated. King Richard III.
there lost his crown and his life. The battle of Blenheim was fought by
the great Marlborough and Prince Eugene, against the French and
Bavarians. Twelve thousand of the enemy were slain or drowned in the
river.
‘Deep groaned the water with the dying sound!
Repeated wounds the redd’ning river dyed,
And the warm purple circled on the tyde.’
“At Culloden in Scotland the Duke of Cumberland gained a complete
victory over the Scots. It is said, that the duke’s soldiers practised
great cruelty towards the defenceless inhabitants after the battle. If
so, it was a disgrace to them. ‘_Ready_ and _steady_,’ is a good maxim
for soldiers and sailors, _ready_ for _duty_ and _steady_ in _danger_,
but cold-hearted cruelty is a black blot on a soldier’s brow. The evils
of war are bad enough in themselves. He is no true-hearted soldier who
can injure the defenceless, whatever be the nation to which he belongs.
Mercy is a Godlike attribute; practice it, boys, whenever it is in your
power.”
“Those cruel soldiers were not worthy the name of Englishmen.”
“At the battle of Prague the King of Prussia defeated the Austrians, but
the brave Marshal Schwerin, a Prussian general, there lost his life. At
Minden Prince Ferdinand beat the French, with great slaughter.”
“Where is Minden?”
“In Germany. At Quebec the celebrated Wolfe was killed, dying in the
moment of victory. ‘They run! they run!’ said an officer who supported
the dying warrior. ‘Who run?’ inquired Wolfe eagerly. ‘The French!’
replied the lieutenant. ‘Then,’ said Wolfe, ‘I die happy!’”
“How sad to die just as he had got the victory!”
“The storming of Seringapatam, and the battle of Marengo, were two
famous engagements; and the battles in Spain were very numerous. Among
them were those of Corunna, Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajos, Salamanca,
Vittoria, and St. Sebastian. After all these came the battle of battles,
Waterloo, won by the conqueror of conquerors, Wellington.”
“What a number of battles you have mentioned!”
“Remember, boys, I am an old soldier, and am therefore at home in
speaking of them. From time immemorial there have been battles, and, so
long as men are what they are, there will be; but for all that it
becomes us to encourage a spirit of peace and good-will to all men. It
is only when the oppressed are to be protected, when injuries are to be
redressed and rights defended, that the sword ought ever to be drawn
from its scabbard, nor even then if those ends can be obtained by more
peaceable means. In an unworthy cause battle becomes murder, and victory
a polluted and unholy thing.
“As the battle of Marathon is so often alluded to in the pages of
history, I will just tell you, in a few words, the particulars of the
fight. Marathon was a village of Attica, about ten miles from Athens, in
Greece; and Miltiades, an Athenian general, with ten thousand men,
though some say twenty-thousand, defeated, in the adjacent plain, the
Persian army, under Datis, of one hundred thousand infantry, and ten
thousand horse. By this victory the terror of the Persian power was
dispelled, and the enthusiastic valour of the Greeks called forth.”
“How long is it since the battle of Marathon?”
“More than two thousand years. The Grecian orators, whenever they wanted
to excite their countrymen to warlike deeds, always reminded them of
what ten thousand Athenians achieved on the plains of Marathon. The
famous siege of Troy took place almost a thousand years before then.”
“Why, then it is three thousand years since the siege of Troy?”
“It is, boys. You know, I dare say, that Homer composed two poems, the
Iliad and the Odyssey, on the subject; but poets are not often the most
correct historians. After a siege of ten years, the Greeks took Troy
from the Trojans, it is supposed by stratagem, and then burnt it to the
ground.”
“Ay! Did they not send a wooden horse into the place?”
“So the tale goes. It is said, that the Greeks caused a large wooden
horse to be made, and hid in it a number of their bravest warriors. They
then pretended to give up the siege. At night, after the wooden horse
had been taken into the city, the inclosed warriors rushed out, and
opened the gates to their companions.”
“But do you not think the tale is true?”
“Indeed I do not. Now we are speaking of ancient battles, I will mention
that of Thermopylæ. Thermopylæ was a narrow defile, leading from
Thessaly into some Grecian districts; it was, indeed, looked on as the
gate of Greece. Here Leonidas, the Spartan general, with a small band of
devoted warriors, repulsed the army of Xerxes, King of Persia,
consisting, say some, of three million men. Xerxes was amazed and
confounded; but, having been informed of another pass over the
mountains, he availed himself of it. Leonidas being attacked in the rear
by twenty-four thousand men, and in front by the main body of Persians,
could no longer resist his overwhelming adversary, but he and every man
with him, scorning to surrender, fought till they died.”
“Battles must be very different now, to what they used to be.”
“They are indeed. Gunpowder has altogether changed military tactics.
Strength and courage formerly obtained victories, but now, a knowledge
of tactics will often enable a small body of men to overcome a larger
one. A battle should never be fought when it can be avoided. It is said
to be the last resource of a good general. If skill and stratagem can
attain an object, fighting is altogether out of the question. When,
however, a battle becomes inevitable, the first thing is to take
advantage of the ground, for oftentimes the possession of a hill, a
thicket, a village, or of a single building, is of great consequence. If
you had been at Waterloo, and seen what efforts were made to possess the
house called Hougomont, I should have no occasion to say a word on this
point.”
“But why is a hill, or a thicket, or a house, of so much consequence?”
“Because these things not only protect troops, but enable them to annoy
their enemies by preventing them from forming, and picking off their
officers. It is a great advantage, also, in a battle, to have the wind
and sun in your favour; to meet an enemy with the wind and dust against
you, and the sun in your eyes, is very trying. The artillery should be
distributed with great care, for it forms, in most cases, the principal
strength of an army; and the horse and foot should be posted on ground
the fittest for their operations.”
“But, how can an army fire cannon without killing their own soldiers,
for they must at times be mingled together with the enemy?”
“In such a case the artillery moves its position, and only plays when it
can do so on the enemy alone. The battle array generally consists of
three lines, the front, the rear, and the reserve. An attacking army is
generally divided into three parts, the main body, and the two wings.
And the battle array is formed by dividing each of these into three
lines, the front, the rear, and the reserve; the artillery is divided
along the front of the first line, and the treasure, provision, and
baggage, are removed to a safe place before the engagement.”
“Ay! It must be very necessary to take care of them.”
“Prussia has long been a warlike country; for Frederick the Great called
forth the military energies of his people. In Prussia, every able-bodied
man of the kingdom is required to perform a limited service in the army.
At twenty, he enters the regular army for three years, unless favoured
by some regulation, which limits the term to one year. From twenty-three
to twenty-five he belongs to the war reserve, when he enters the first
ban of the landwehr, and continues to his thirty-second year, after
which he serves another seven years in the second ban of the landwehr.
After the fortieth year, he ranks till the fiftieth in the landsturm, or
levée en masse of the whole population.”
“If every one in Prussia is compelled to be a soldier, why, then, Old
England for ever!”
“Frederick the Great was distinguished for great talents as a warrior, a
statesman, and a man of science and literature. His enemies were
numerous, his exploits brilliant, and his tactics and policy eminently
successful. Surrounded on all sides by his foes, he hurried from one
part of his dominions to another with equal celerity, courage, prudence,
and perseverance, and though sorely tried, overcame all his
difficulties, and gained the name of Frederick the Great.”
“Why, he was another Buonaparte!”
“Before the battle of Rosbach, which led to the most celebrated of all
the King of Prussia’s victories, Frederick addressed his little army,
not amounting to more than twenty-five thousand men, in nearly the
following words:—‘My brave soldiers, the hour is come in which all that
is, and all that ought to be dear to us, depends upon the swords that
are now drawn for the battle. Time permits me to say but little, nor is
there occasion to say much. You know that there is no labour, no hunger,
no cold, no watching, no danger, that I have not shared with you
hitherto; and you now see me ready to lay down my life with you, and for
you. All I ask, is the same pledge of fidelity and affection that I
give. Acquit yourselves like men, and put your confidence in God.’
“The effect of this speech was indescribable. The soldiers answered it
by an universal shout, and their looks and demeanour became animated to
a sort of heroic frenzy.
“Frederick led on his troops in person, exposed to the hottest of the
fire. The enemy, for a few moments, made a gallant resistance, but
overwhelmed by the headlong intrepidity of the Prussians, they, at
length, gave way in every part, and fled in the utmost disorder. Night
alone saved from total destruction the scattered remains of an army
which, in the morning, was double the number of the conquerors.”
“A speech from a general to his army seems to do a great deal towards
getting a victory.”
“Frederick was an excellent general, and the soul of perseverance. So
severe was the duty in some of his regiments of cavalry, that war was
said to be a mitigation rather than an addition to their hardships.
Frederick had a very skilful general, of the name of De Zeithen, whom he
had somewhat neglected in a time of peace. When war broke out, he was
anxious to avail himself of his military talents and unequalled courage;
but De Zeithen had too keen a remembrance of the past neglect to proffer
his services. After trying all other methods in vain, to persuade him to
his wishes, Frederick at last said, he knew that his old and faithful
general, De Zeithen, would never see his King in difficulty, and deny
him his assistance. De Zeithen’s proud heart was melted by this appeal
of his sovereign, and, falling on his knees, with tears rolling down his
cheeks, he devoted his sword while he had life to the service of his
King.”
“Old General Zeithen was won over then. Frederick knew the way to the
old man’s heart.”
“When Frederick took the field against his enemies, in his last war, he
was in his sixty-seventh year. ‘We have all grown old,’ said he to his
assembled officers, ‘in the career of arms, and have shared together the
glories and the fatigues of our former wars. You are, doubtless, as
unwilling as myself to shed blood, but new dangers, with which the
empire and my territories are alike menaced, oblige me to take the most
efficacious measures to dissipate the threatening storm. I cannot,
therefore, avoid calling you once more to defend your country. It will
give me the most lively satisfaction when I shall have to recompense you
for your fresh services. I shall not appear during the campaign with a
luxurious camp equipage; you know I have never cared for such a thing;
my actual infirmities will, however, prevent my making the campaign as I
should have done during the vigour of my life. I shall, in marches, make
use of a carriage, but on a day of battle you may be sure of seeing me
on horseback among you as formerly.’”
“The old King was ready to the last to play the general.”
“Charles XII. of Sweden delighted in war, and never did warrior surpass
him in daring; but he was reckless almost to insanity. At the battle of
Narva, with only twenty thousand men, he defeated the Czar, Peter the
Great, who had, it is said, one hundred thousand; but at the battle of
Pultowa in Russia, Peter the Great overcame him, when he fled for safety
to the dominions of the Turk. He died in the trenches of Frederickshall
in Norway, some say by a cannon shot, but others say by the pistol of
one of his own soldiers.
‘His fall was destined to a distant strand,
A petty fortress, and a dubious hand:
He left the name at which the world grew pale
To point a moral, or adorn a tale.’”
“Great as Charles thought himself in the field, Peter the Great was too
much for him at last.”
“Peter the Great of Russia was a most extraordinary man, and a warrior
of no common order. He came over to England and worked in the dockyard
at Deptford as a shipwright, to improve himself in the building of ships
for his navy; he learned the trade of a smith, and forged a bar of iron
at Olaneta in Russia, which weighed a hundred and twenty pounds. What
think you, boys, of a mighty monarch working as a blacksmith, and making
his nobles blow the bellows for him?”
“There are very few monarchs that would do that.”
“Peter the Great won many battles, but the victory of Pultowa over his
rival in arms, Charles XII. of Sweden, ruined the latter. Peter died in
the fifty-third year of his age, and the great monument at Petersburgh,
erected to his memory, is a prodigious work of art. The pedestal is a
single stone of red granite, weighing more than fourteen hundred tons.
Peter is represented on horseback, crowned with laurel, and sitting on a
housing of bear-skin. The horse, a fiery courser, stands on his hind
feet, as if resolved to arrive at the pinnacle of the rock.”
“It must be a grand monument, but how the Russians could contrive to
take that big stone to the place where it was to be set up, is a
puzzle.”
“The great Duke of Marlborough was a mighty and successful warrior. In
his grand battle at Blenheim, on the Danube, besides destroying twelve
thousand French and Bavarians he took thirteen thousand prisoners, and
Marshall Tallard among them. It was for this exploit that Blenheim
House, a princely mansion near Oxford, was given to him, and his heirs.
Great as the duke was in military fame, he at last became childish, and
wept when beaten at chess, saying, ‘Every one can beat me now?’ You see,
boys, how little it becomes us to be proud, for he who is great to-day
may be little, indeed, to-morrow. While I tell you about soldiers and
sailors, and of the reputation that many of them have attained,
remember, that to be a great warrior unennobled by proper motives, is
only to be a great destroyer. Aim at uprightness, usefulness,
patriotism, loyalty, honour, and humanity, and you will then be true
friends to your country.”
[Illustration]