Conclusion.
The need of this chapter is hardly apparent, for the author's conclusion
is as clearly set forth in the beginning as at the close of the
treatise. As to his leading conclusion, the author is not only out of
harmony with the general opinion prevalent among students of the Negro
problem, but is also strangely inconsistent with his former self. The
same author who in 1896, wrote: "It is not in the condition of life, but
in the race traits and tendencies, that we find the cause of excessive
mortality,"[57] in 1892 affirmed: "The colored population is placed at
many disadvantages which it cannot very well remove. The unsanitary
condition of their dwellings, their ignorance of the laws of health, and
general poverty are the principal causes of their high mortality."[58]
The Frederick L. Hoffman of 1892, according to the general judgment, is
much nearer the true analysis than the Frederick L. Hoffman of 1896.
The author's conclusion will not stand the philosophical tests of a
sound theory.
1. It is based upon disputed data. The accuracy of the eleventh census
is not acceptable either to the popular or the scientific mind.
2. It is not based upon a sufficient induction of data. The arguments at
most apply to the Negroes in the large cities, who constitute less than
12 per cent of the total population.
3. It does not account for the facts arranged under it as satisfactorily
as can be done under a different hypothesis. The author fails to
consider that the discouraging facts of observation may be due to the
violent upheaval of emancipation and reconstruction, and are, therefore,
only temporary in their duration.
I do not know whether the author believes in Providence as a determining
factor in society or not. It may not be accounted scientific to take
cognizance of any element which cannot be quantified, counted, weighed,
or measured. But I do know that the wisest of our species have always
believed that God is the controlling factor in human affairs. The
Negro's hopes and aspirations are built upon the foundation of this
belief. We are told in His word that he visits the sins of the fathers
upon the children unto the third and fourth generation. If the Negro,
then, will conform his life to the moral and sanitary laws, may not the
evil tendencies now observable be eradicated or overcome? The first
effects of emancipation are always harmful to the moral and physical
well-being of the liberated class. The removal of physical restraints,
before moral restraints have grown strong enough to take their place,
must always result in misconduct. The Jews in Egypt labored under
circumstances remarkably similar to those of the American Negro. After
their emancipation, it required them forty years to make the progress
which the scientific process would have required them to make in forty
days. Such was their moral and physical degeneracy, that only two
persons of all the hosts who left the land of Egyptian bondage survived
to reach the Promised Land forty years afterward. Luckily for the
Hebrews, there were no statisticians in those days. Think of the future
which an Egyptian philosopher would have predicted for this people! And
yet out of the loins of this race have sprung the moral and spiritual
law-givers of mankind. We should not be discouraged because the Negro
does not make a bee-line from Egyptian bondage to the Promised Land
beyond the Jordan. He, too, must tarry awhile in the wilderness before
he enters upon the full enjoyment of the heritage of freedom.
To the Negro I would say, let him not be discouraged at the ugly facts
which confront him. The sociologists are flashing the searchlight of
scientific inquiry upon him. His faults lie nearer the surface and are
more easily detected than those of the white race. Let him not be
overwhelmed when all his faults are observed, set in a note book,
learned and conned by rote, to be cast into his teeth. If all the ugly
facts about any people were brought to light they would furnish an
unpleasant record. When the Savior told the woman of Samaria all that
she ever did, a very unsavory career was disclosed. If all the misdeeds
of any people or individual were brought to light, the best of the race
would be injured and the rest would be ruined. The Negro should accept
the facts with becoming humility, and strive to live in closer
conformity with the requirements of human and divine law. He does not
labor under a destiny of death from which there is no escape. It is a
condition and not a theory that confronts him.
KELLY MILLER.
Footnotes:
[1] Author's preface.
[2] Page 51.
[3] Page 95.
[4] Page 95.
[5] Page 176.
[6] Page 312.
[7] Page 311.
[8] Frederick L. Hoffman, in the Arena, April, 1892.
[9] Giddings' "Principles of Sociology," page 79.
[10] Senator Roger Q. Mills, in the Forum, April, 1891.
[11] Estimated by General Francis A. Walker, Forum, July, 1891.
[12] W. E. B. Du Bois, Ph. D., in the American Academy of Political
Science, January, 1897.
[13] Miles Menander Dawson, in the Quarterly Publications of the
American Statistical Association, September-December, 1896, page 142.
[14] Page 14.
[15] General Francis A. Walker, Forum, July, 1891.
[16] Page 20.
[17] See New York Evangelist, June, 1897.
[18] Page 37.
[19] The Health Officer of Savannah, quoted by Mr. Hoffman, page 62.
[20] Page 63.
[21] Page 33.
[22] M. G. Mulhall, F. S. S., in North American Review, July, 1897.
[23] Tenth Census, Vol. XI, p. xxxviii.
[24] Dr. John S. Billings' comments upon Vital Statistics of the Tenth
Census, Vol. XI, p. xxxviii.
[25] Pages 53 and 54.
[26] Report of the Health Officer of the District of Columbia, 1896,
page 7.
[27] Pages 53 and 55.
[28] Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No. 10, May, 1897, page 286.
[29] Surgeon General's Report, 1896, Table XII.
[30] Dr. Francis A. Walker, in the Forum, July, 1891.
[31] Page 148.
[32] "The Effects of Emancipation upon the Mental and Physical Health of
the Negro," by Dr. J. F. Miller, Superintendent Eastern Hospital,
Goldsboro, N. C., page 2.
[33] Ibid., page 6.
[34] Report of Surgeon General of the Army, August, 1896, page 89.
[35] L. M. Hershaw, Esq., in Atlanta University Bulletin, No. 2. page
16.
[36] Page 176.
[37] Page 149.
[38] Page 158.
[39] Page 176.
[40] Page 188.
[41] "Plantation Negro as a Freeman," by Phillip A. Bruce, pages 53 and
54.
[42] Page 185.
[43] Appleton's Popular Science Monthly, March, 1897.
[44] A. De Quatrefages' "Human Species," chapter XXX.
[45] Prof. N. S. Shaler, Arena, December, 1890.
[46] Wm. Matthews, LL. D., on Negro Intellect, North American Review,
July, 1889.
[47] Benjamin Kidd's "Social Evolution," page 295.
[48] Page 95.
[49] Page 216.
[50] Page 218.
[51] "The Prosperity of the South Dependent upon the Elevation of the
Negro," L. H. Blair, pages 55-58.
[52] Report of Metropolitan Police Department for the year 1896, page
11.
[53] Frederick Douglass' "Lessons of the Hour," page 8.
[54] "Sexual Crimes among the Southern Negroes," by Drs. Hunter McGuire
and G. Frank Lydstron, page 8.
[55] Page 307.
[56] The Literary Digest, July 24, 1897, page 361.
[57] "Race Traits and Tendencies," by Frederick L. Hoffman, page 95.
[58] "Vital Statistics of the Negro," by Frederick L. Hoffman, Arena,
April, 1892.
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
The following misprints have been corrected:
"embraciug" corrected to "embracing" (page 10)
"communinities" corrected to "communities" (page 14)
"natarally" corrected to "naturally" (page 29)
"henious" corrected to "heinous" (page 31)