1. "Tham Koi, son of Katha, having beate_In the Andamans and Nicobars: The Narrative of a Cruise in the Schooner "Terrapin"

Chaura, made the following statement: 'Kanunla, a _menluana_

(medicine man) and sorcerer, is addicted to sodomy and theft. He

bewitched my father, who became very ill. I sent for Kanunla to

come and shampoo my father, who gradually got worse. I became

enraged with the _menluana_, and waited until he got on the ladder

of my hut, when I struck him on the left side of the neck, so that

he fell down. I went down and struck him again thrice, and he died.

I then went and told my neighbours Kamrang Piko, Okio, Cher, and

Tachoi what I had done, and asked them to help me remove the

corpse, which we took in a canoe and threw into the sea. Kanunla

did not make a noise. No one knew of this at the time because it

was in the evening, and very dark. The villagers knew of it on the

following morning.'"--_Diary of Mr Obed Elias._

2. Tekwa was the adopted son of Iskol's father, and was always living in

Iskol's house. Eventually he became a thief, and robbed the people of

their fowls and pigs, and he was supposed to be a "devil-man" or wizard.

It happened that a man named Sutro died after suffering a long time from

dysentery and consumption, and it was supposed by Iskol and his friends

that Tekwa was the cause of this death. Tekwa perceived this, and hid

himself in a place called _Hat-Own_; but three days later, Iskol and his

friends, Natla, Sundran, and Nawi, after consulting together, brought

him thence to a place called Ranai, where, after giving him toddy, they

killed him by strangling him with a rope, subsequent to breaking his

joints at the knees and elbows.

The same night they buried the corpse in _Kofente_ (the place of

pollution), near the graveyard, and a day or two later, killed a couple

of pigs as a ransom or sacrifice.

The reason for these murders--or popular sentences,--when not because of

witchcraft, seems to be somewhat obscure, but can possibly be found in a

general dislike for the victim, or for some act or event with which he

is associated.

A woman of Kenuaka had been shot to death with arrows by her

fellow-villagers. She was suffering badly from secondary syphilis, and

was very poorly off, but the reason given as the immediate cause of her

death was the untimely delivery of a still-born child. The body was

buried in the usual manner, and everybody contributed cloth to wrap the

corpse in, according to custom.

A double murder took place in the village of Perka, whose headman was

named Kan-nyana. The victims, who were detested by the village, were put

to death because of their misconduct. Six men participated in the

affair, but as there was no idea among the natives that they should be

punished, no one could be brought to point them out to the Agent. The

testimony of witnesses showed the light in which they were regarded.

Tamikal, wife of one of the deceased, stated:--"On a certain night,

while I was sitting at the entrance of my house, my husband was angry

with me, and attempted to thrash me. I cried aloud. Then, suddenly, a

lot of men, armed with sticks, came into the house and commenced to

beat the dead man. I was afraid and ran away, and cannot say what

happened further, nor could I recognise any of the assailants. I am

glad, however, that the two men were killed, for they were wicked men."

Kokali, son of one of the deceased, seconded the statements of his

mother, and said, "I am glad that they were killed; they were very bad

men; the village now enjoys peace."

The culprits were finally apprehended, and one of them, Ringangmareng,

grasping a stick, cried in great anger, "Why do you call me here? I am

the man who killed those wicked villains with the very stick I have now

in my hand. Do you wish to handcuff me and carry me to Port Blair? Do so

if you like, but you must not take _mah_"--pointing to the chief

Kan-nyana.

(The Nicobarese possess much affection for their chiefs, and also value

their _tamiluanas_ highly. When one of the latter was being taken to

Port Blair because of misconduct, the headman of his village entreated

that two other men might be substituted for the "doctor.")

* * * * *

Suicide is not recognised as an institution of Nicobarese life, but

cases of it do occur somewhat occasionally.

Pin-re-ta was a good man, very rich, and had no wife nor any enemies,

and therefore his fellow-villagers could show no cause for the

occurrence. One day, his servant-boy, who was sleeping in the cookhouse,

was aroused by a noise as of a pig being beaten. Going down the ladder

to see what was happening, he noticed that the pig-sty was in flames,

and that a pig had been killed, and then he saw Pin-re-ta, who, standing

below the cookhouse, axe in hand, threatened to murder him. The boy ran

off to the jungle, where people were making a garden; and they,

returning with him, found that Pin-re-ta, after setting fire to both his

houses, had thrown himself into the flames, and was burnt to death.

* * * * *

While the negotiations were going on for the plot of land on which the

Schoolhouse and Agent's bungalow stand, it was found that in buying

land in Kar Nicobar, the bargain must be made with the chief, as

overlord of all the land in the village, but that he, on his part, is

bound to share the proceeds with all who are interested in it.

The price fixed on for the piece in question (about 8-1/4 acres)

was:--twelve black suits, one piece of red cloth, six bags rice, twenty

packets Chinese tobacco, and twelve bottles rum.

These things were distributed amongst the people of the village by the

headman, Offandi, who retained nothing for himself; but for some time

subsequently he was in bad odour for having given up the land to the

Government, and for a long period the Agency was looked on with much

disfavour.

The Kar Nicobarese have a deeply rooted aversion to the settlement of

strangers in their midst, and more than once have expelled from their

island intruding missionaries. Nowadays, great discontent is caused by

the traders leaving agents to carry on business during the south-west

monsoon, when the weather is not suitable for vessels to remain amongst

these islands.

The habit the natives have of using their crossbows in the immediate

neighbourhood of the villages is sometimes productive of fatal

accidents. Two men were shooting at Sawi, and one of them having shot at

a bird and missed, the arrow in falling pierced the chest of his friend,

who had run forward to recover it. Several similar mischances have

occurred recently in M[=u]s; in the latest, a lad named Sinkin shot at a

bird, and his arrow, glancing from a tree, struck a man, Ka Noe, and

entered his side, causing a serious, but not fatal, wound.

The not infrequent mishaps that occur on the annual canoe voyages

undertaken by the Kar Nicobarese to Chaura have much to do with the

stationary condition of the population of the island. Canoes containing

thirty to forty men are regularly sent out by the villages of the

island, and when they meet with bad weather a total loss is not an

uncommon occurrence.

During the months of October, November, and December--the first half of

the north-east monsoon--or fine season, the people of Kar Nicobar live a

busy life.

At first they are engaged in husking the coconuts which are to be

exported to Calcutta and Moulmein. The wages they obtain for this work

are the value of 100 nuts for husking 1000 nuts. They are generally paid

in cloth, or two-anna bits, which are utilised by manufacture into

head--or neck--ornaments.

Next they are employed in landing the goods of the Burmese kopra-makers,

and in carrying the same to their villages, for as no ships can anchor

on the north-east coast during the season, everything has to be

transported by the natives. The people of M[=u]s carry the things of

those traders who own stores in their villages; in like manner the

villagers of Malacca go to Sawi Bay, and carry the goods of those

Burmans who dwell amongst them. They are remunerated according to the

following scale:--

For carrying a 3-maund bag of rice--

China tobacco. Rice.

(_a_) From Hog Point (N.-W. of Savi Bay)

to _Elpanam_ at M[=u]s 2 packets and 2 lbs.

(_b_) Kenmai 3 " " 2 "

(_c_) Lapati 4 " " 4 "

{ Tapoeming }

(_d_) { Chokchuacha } 5 " " 4 "

{ Kenyuaka }

(_e_) Tamalu 6 " " 4 "

(_f_) Perka 7 " " 4 "

(_g_) Malacca 8 " " 4 "

It costs a trader about 30 rupees to transport one cartload of goods

from M[=u]s to Malacca.

When this work is done, the Nicobarese are employed in erecting huts, to

serve the traders as bazaars. Each hut is built by contract by one man

with the help of friends, and on its completion the owner has to give

the contractor 14 to 20 yards of red cloth, a Burmese betel-box and a

_dao_, and besides this, has to supply the men with food until the work

is finished.

After the hut has been built, the natives proceed to make a fence round

a small compound, in order to prevent pigs from destroying the stores

of kopra. For this they are remunerated separately.

While some are thus engaged, others take passages in such of the trading

vessels as go to Kamorta and other islands, in order to assist in

husking coconuts and making kopra, work for which they receive one nut

in ten. These opportunities are much desired by the natives, since they

are at liberty to take home with them any number of Chaura pots,

rattans, bamboos, paddles, and canoes; and masters of trading boats are

glad to employ the Kar Nicobarese, for the people of the other islands

are too indolent to collect and prepare the nuts, but sell them on the

trees.

While the men are so occupied, the women and children are busy helping

the traders to make kopra, and for this service they are fed twice

daily, and receive presents at the termination of the work.

Careful accounts are kept by the Nicobarese of their transactions in

coconuts, by means of a tally-stick (_kenr[=a]ta kuk_, Kar Nicobar), on

which all the nuts that pass from them to the traders are registered by

various kinds of notches.

A regular account is kept of the months, so that festivals may be held

in proper season, and a daily account is kept of a child's age until the

time arrives for piercing its ears, an operation taking place soon after

the first year.

_Note._--Since this chapter was printed, I have learned that the

Anthropological Society has made use of V. Solomon's diaries in a

paper appearing in their Journal for July 1902. It is perhaps well

to say here that neither the Society nor myself was aware that the

same material was about to be a subject for publication

elsewhere.--C. B. K.

CHAPTER VII

FAUNA OF THE ANDAMANS AND NICOBARS

Previous to entering into any details of the fauna of the Andamans and

Nicobars, a glance at the depths of the surrounding ocean is

interesting, and to a great extent explanatory of the peculiarities

occurring in both groups: it is well known that the soundings of the

adjacent seas clearly indicate the extent of time during which masses of

land have been isolated, and the facts of this case seem to fully

explain the variation and numerous peculiarities of the local fauna.

Preparis Island is situated at the tail of a 100-fathom (to be more

particular, 50-fathom) bank projecting from the Arakan Yoma Peninsula.

It is continental in its fauna, and possesses monkeys and squirrels.

Between it and the Cocos Islands is a depth of 150 fathoms.

The Andaman group, from Cocos to Little Andaman (except the South

Sentinel, which is isolated), all stand on a 100-fathom bank (actually

50 fathoms).

All these are connected by a 200-fathom line with the Arakan Yoma

Peninsula.

Narkondam and Barren Island both rise from a sea approaching 1000

fathoms in depth.

The Andamans and Nicobars are separated by a channel with depths of 600

fathoms.

Soundings about the Nicobars are at present very incomplete, but the

Archipelago seems capable of division into two groups, each standing on

a 100-fathom bank.

The northern of these consists of the compactly-situated central

islands, and possibly Kar Nicobar, and is separated from the southern

(Great and Little Nicobar and the adjacent islets, all perhaps

surrounded by a 50-fathom line) by a channel with approximate depths of

200 fathoms.

The Nicobars stand at the termination of a 1000-fathom bank, projecting

from the Arakan Yoma Peninsula, and from thence also curving east and

south towards Sumatra, thus enclosing a long tongue of deep sea, over

1000 fathoms deep, that is connected with the Indian Ocean by the

channel separating them from Sumatra.

This deep sea that surrounds the islands everywhere but on the north,

shows that, so far as need be taken into account for present purposes,

they have never been connected with the Malay Peninsula or Sumatra--a

condition that is further shown by the almost total absence of any

members of the Malayan fauna--although they may at one time have been a

prolongation of the Arakan Hills.

"It cannot, however, be asserted that this latter theory of

connection derives, _prima facie_, much support from a

consideration of their fauna; and if they ever were in

uninterrupted communication with the Arakan Hills it must

apparently have been at an immensely distant period, for not only

are all the most characteristic species of the Arakan Hills, as we

now find them, absent from the islands, but the latter exhibit a

great number of distinct and peculiar forms, constituting, where

the ornis is concerned, considerably more than one-third the number

known."--Hume, _Stray Feathers_, vol. ii.

From the above details, it is to be inferred that not only have the

Nicobars--if ever in connection with the mainland--been longest

separated, but that they have also been disconnected among themselves

for a great extent of time. At a later period the Andamans were cut off

from the continent, and the process by which they have been broken up

into islands is--except in the cases of Narkondam and Barren

Island--comparatively recent. This theory is fully borne out by the

greatly localised nature of the fauna, nearly every island possessing

its own peculiar species of terrestrial mammals.

MAMMALS.

The mammalian fauna of the Andamans and Nicobars is now known to consist

of 35 positively identified species, 1 sub-species, and 4 others whose

status is still doubtful.

Of this total of 40 animals, 19 are found in the former (if we leave out

a dugong, which, though at present reported from the Andamans, will

certainly be found to occur in the Nicobars), 22 in the latter. Only two

species are common to both groups, and both these are bats--_Pteropus

nicobaricus_, a wide-flying species found also in the Malay Peninsula

and Java, and _P. vampyrus_--of which further knowledge will doubtless

show that each group possesses its own variety.

To the Andamans 12 species are peculiar, the others being _Mus

musculus_; _Felis chaus_, whose identification is doubtful; 4 bats; and

a monkey, _Macacus coininus_, in all probability introduced.

The Nicobars possess 14 peculiar species and 1 sub-species, and the

remaining members are _Mus alexandrinus_, and 6 bats.

Not only is the peculiarity marked among the terrestrial, but among the

winged animals, which form so large a part of the fauna; also, of the 7

bats occurring in the Andamans, 3 are endemic, while the same is the

case with 5 of the 11 in the Nicobars.

Thus it is to be noted that in the Andamans all the 11 terrestrial

mammals--except _M. musculus_, _M. coininus_ (introduced?) and the

doubtful _F. chaus_--are peculiar, and also 3 out of 7 bats; while in

the Nicobars, only 1 species--_M. alexandrinus_--of 10 terrestrial is

other than endemic, and of the 11 bats 5 (nearly half) are peculiar.

Remarkable as is the state of things with regard to the terrestrial, it

is equally notable where the flying mammals are concerned.

The most noteworthy features of the fauna are the preponderance of bats

(16 species) and rats (13 species)--which together constitute nearly

three-fourths of the total number of mammals known to occur in the

islands--and the absence of practically all representatives of the

ungulates, squirrels, carnivores, and flying lemurs, which are

characteristic of the surrounding regions and abound on other islands at

equal distance from the mainland. From the Malayan islands where these

occur they differ in that "they are surrounded by water of relatively

great depth, while the others lie within the 50-fathom line. This

paucity of mammalian life cannot be regarded as due to an unfavourable

environment, since all the natural conditions on both Andamans and

Nicobars are perfectly suited to the support of a rich and varied

fauna"; yet so great is it that it appears safe to assume that these,

"contrary to the case with the shallow-water islands, were isolated at a

time when the mammals now characteristic of the mainland did not exist

there." In fact, we are almost driven to conclude that they never were

at any time a portion of the continent, but were formerly only far

nearer to it, far larger and far more compactly situated--a hypothesis

that is further supported by an investigation of the birds appertaining

to them.

"As yet no species have been discovered whose origin may be

referred to the remote period of a land connection: such mammals as

are now known are evidently of very recent origin, as in scarcely

an instance has their differentiation progressed further than in

the case of members of the same genera found on islands lying in

shallow water. The question at once arises, therefore, as to the

means by which they have arrived where they now are. Flights from

the mainland would readily account for the distribution of the

bats; but the presence of the other mammals seems impossible to

explain otherwise than through the agency of man. With the single

exception of _Tupai nicobarica_,[219] all are types well known to

be closely associated with man throughout the Malayan region.

Moreover, the period of time necessary to the development of the

peculiarities of the native Andamanese would undoubtedly be ample

to allow the formation of any of the species known from either

group of islands, since in a biologic sense it has been vastly

longer to the smaller, more rapidly breeding, animals than to man.

The introduction, intentional or otherwise, of a pig, a monkey, a

palm-civet, two or three species of rats, a shrew, and perhaps also

a tree-shrew, at about the time when the various islands were

peopled by their present human inhabitants, would amply account for

the existence of the present mammal fauna with its striking

peculiarities."

The following tabular summary shows the distribution of the fauna among

the islands. (The letter A indicates material obtained by Dr Abbott, the

letter R a previous record; an asterisk denotes occurrence beyond the

Andamans and Nicobars; doubtful species have a note of interrogation

placed against them; and those in italics have been described as new

from the collections made during the cruise of the _Terrapin_):--

_Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar

Islands._[220]

Key for Column Headers

A: South Andaman.

B: Rutland Island.

C: Little Andaman.

D: Henry Lawrence Island.

E: Little Jolly Boy.

F: Barren Island.

G: No island specified.

H: Kar Nicobar.

I: Tilanchong Island.

J: Trinkat Island.

K: Kamorta Island.

L: Nankauri Island.

M: Kachal Island.

N: Little Nicobar.

O: Great Nicobar.

P: No island specified.

+-----------------------------+-----------------++-----------------------+

| | ANDAMAN ISLANDS.|| NICOBAR ISLANDS. |

| NAME. +---+-+---+-+-+-+-++---+-+-+-+-+-+-+---+-+

| | A |B| C |D|E|F|G|| H |I|J|K|L|M|N| O |P|

+-----------------------------+---+-+---+-+-+-+-++---+-+-+-+-+-+-+---+-+

|*Dugong dugon | | | | | | |R|| | | | | | | | | |

| Sus andamanensis | R | |RA | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| _Sus nicobaricus_ | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | A |R|

|*Mus musculus | R | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| Mus palmarum | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |R|

| Mus bowersi(?) | | | | | | |R|| | | | | | | | | |

| _Mus stoicus_ | | | |A| | | || | | | | | | | | |

| _Mus taciturnus_ | A | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| _Mus flebilis_ | | | |A| | | || | | | | | | | | |

| Mus andamanensis |RA | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| _Mus pulliventer_ | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | A | |

| _Mus atratus_ | | | | | |A| || | | | | | | | | |

| _Mus burrus_ | | | | | | | || | |A| | | | | | |

| _Mus burrulus_ | | | | | | | || A | | | | | | | | |

| _Mus burrescens_ | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | A | |

|*Mus alexandrinus | | | | | | | || | | | |A| | | | |

| Paradoxurus tytleri |RA | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

|*Felis chaus(?) | R | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| Tupaia nicobarica nicobarica| | | | | | | || | | | | | | |RA | |

| _Tupaia nicobarica surda_ | | | | | | | || | | | | | |A| | |

| _Crocidura nicobarica_ | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | A | |

| _Crocidura andamanensis_ | A | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

|*Scotophelus temminchii | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |R|

|*Tylonycteris pachypus | | | | | | |R|| | | | | | | | | |

|*Pipistrellus tichelli | | | | | | |R|| | | | | | | | | |

|*Pipistrellus tenuis(?) | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |R|

| _Pipistrellus camortae_ | | | | | | | || | | |A| | | | | |

|*Miniopterus pusillus | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |R|

| Rhinolophus andamanensis | R | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| Hipposideros nicobaricus | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |R|

| _Hipposideros nicobarulae_ | | | | | | | || | | | | | |A| |R|

|*Hipposideros murinus(?) | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |R|

|*Pteropus nicobarus | | | | |R| |R|| R |A| | | | | | A |R|

| _Pteropus faunulus_ | | | | | | | || A | | | | | | | | |

|*Pteropus rampyrus | | | | | | |R|| | | | | | | | |R|

| Cynopterus brachyotis | | | | | | |R|| | | | | | | | | |

| Cynopterus brachysoma | R | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| Cynopterus scherzeri | | | | | | | ||RA | | | | | | | | |

|*Macacus coininus | R | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | |

| _Macacus umbrosus_ | | | | | | | || | | | | |A|A| A |R|

+-----------------------------+---+-+---+-+-+-+-++---+-+-+-+-+-+-+---+-+

BIRDS.

The birds of the Andamans and Nicobars have always been better known

than the mammals, particularly since Mr A. O. Hume, with a number of

collectors, made a cruise round the islands in a steamer in 1873, which

resulted in the discovery of many new species, and a careful analysis of

the avifauna.

In spite of what is to be expected from their position, the islands

derive the bulk of their species from the distant Indian region, while

the Indo-Burmese and Indo-Malayan regions are represented to a far less

degree.

One of the most striking features is the extreme paucity of rasorial

birds--peafowl, junglefowl, pheasants, partridges, or any of the natural

genera into which these divide, and which are all well represented in

the Arakan Hills. The next point is the highly specialised character of

the ornis, for, excluding waders and swimmers, more than a third of the

species are peculiar to the islands; while still more remarkable is the

extent to which it is localised in the several groups between which is

nowhere a break of more than 80 miles. Even more noteworthy are the

details: for instance, the Andaman _Hypothymis_, which, as a rule, is a

very distinct form, is replaced in the Nicobars by one which, although

not precisely identical with the Indian form, is far more closely allied

to this than the Andaman _Tytleri_. Each group has its distinct harrier

eagle, red-cheeked paroquet, oriole, sunbird, and bulbul. Two

woodpeckers are peculiar to the Andamans, but neither extends to the

Cocos or Nicobars. The latter group possesses three distinct but closely

allied species of _Astur_, each confined to separate islands.

So far as the species not peculiar to the islands are concerned, the

influence of the Indian sub-region has vastly predominated; and if we

look to the genera the preponderance is still more marked, and thus it

seems difficult to avoid the conclusion that the ornis has altogether a

very far stronger affinity with that of the Indian region than with

those of either the Indo-Burmese or the Indo-Malayan. Yet this involves

great difficulties, for if we take Port Blair as a centre we shall find

that its average distance in all directions north and east from

Tenasserim (where the Indo-Malayan fauna predominates), and north of

this from the Indo-Burmese sub-region, is less than half its distance

from the nearest point of the Indian sub-region.

That so many of the characteristic birds of the Arakan Hills, especially

the Rasores, should be entirely wanting, we may partly account for by

the supposition that the mountains and the chain of islands never were

continuous, and that the same agency that raised the Arakan Hills only

raised portions of their continuation above the sea-level, so that,

therefore, the islands have never been connected with Pegu. If, however,

the groups first appeared and have ever since remained as detached

islands, it is inconceivable how the great bulk of the work of

colonisation should have gone on from a region so distant while so

little should have been done from others less than half as far away.

Colonisation in no ordinary sense, however, can explain these facts. But

the case of Sumatra, which, although only 80 miles distant from Great

Nicobar, and itself the first link of a great chain, teems right up to

Acheen Head with species unknown to the Nicobars, is perfectly

comprehensible in the light of our knowledge of the deep sea existing

between it and these latter islands.[221]

If we conclude that the avifauna of the islands of the Bengal Sea is

essentially Indian and not Indo-Burmese and Indo-Malayan, we must accept

the fact with the qualification that we find it here in a most imperfect

and mutilated form, lacking more or less entirely a large proportion of

its characteristic genera, many of which are the strongest and most

widely distributed, and to which the climate would appear in every way

congenial.[222]

_List of Birds occurring in the Andamans and Nicobars._[223]

(A. denotes occurrence in the Andamans, N. in the Nicobars.)

Corvus macrorhyncus, Wagl. A.

Dendrocitta bayleyi, Tytler A.

Zosterops palpebrosa, Temm. A. N.

Irena puella, Lath. A.

Otocompsa emeria, Linn. A. N.

Iole nicobarica, Moore N.

Micropus fusciflavescens, Hume A.

Dicrurus annectens, Hodgs. N.

D. leucogenys, Wald. N.

Dissemuroides andamanensis, Tytler A.

D. dicruriformis, Hume A.

D. paradiseus, Linn. A. N.

Locustella certhiola, Pall. A. N.

L. lanceolata, Temm. A.

Cisticola cursitans, Frankl. N.

Arundinax aedon, Blyth A. N.

Phylloscopus fuscatus, Blyth A.

Acanthopneuste magnirostris, Blyth A.

A. borealis, Blas. A.

A. lugubris, Blyth A.

A. tennilipes, Swinhoe N.

Horornis pallidipes, Blanf. A.

Lanius cristatus, Linn. A.

L. lucionensis, Linn. A. N.

Pericrocrotus andamanensis, Tytler A.

P. peregrinus, Linn. A.

P. cinereus, Lafr. A.

Campophaga terat, Bodd. N.

Grauculus macii, Less. A.

G. dobsoni, Ball A.

Artamus leucogaster, Val. A.

Oriolus macrurus, Blyth A.

O. andamanensis, Tytler A.

O. melanocephalus, Linn. A.

Eulabes intermedia, Hay A. N.

Calornis chalybeus, Horsf. A. N.

Pastor roseus, Linn. A.

Sturnia andamanensis, Tytler A.

S. erythropygia, Blyth N.

Agropsar sturninus, Pall. N.

Acridotheres tristis, Linn. A. N.

Muscitrea griseola, Blyth A.

Anthipes olivaceus(?), Hume A.

Alseonax latirostris, Raffl. A.

Terpsiphone nicobarica, Oates A. N.

Hypothymis azurea, Bodd. N.

H. tytleri, Beaven A.

Pratincola maura, Pall. A.

Cyanecula suecica, Linn. A.

Copsycus saularis, Linn. A.

Cittincola albiventris, Blyth A.

Merula obscura, Gemel. A.

Geocichla sibirica, Pall. A.

G. albigularis, Blyth N.

G. andamanensis, Wald. A.

Petrophila solitaria, Mull. A. N.

Urolonga semistriata, Hume N.

U. fumigata, Wald. A.

Passer domesticus, Linn. A.

Emberiza pusilla, Pall. A.

E. aureola, Pall. N.

Hirundo rustica, Linn. A. N.

H. javanica, Sparmm. A.

Motacilla leucopsis, Gould A.

M. melanope, Pall. A. N.

M. borealis, Sundev. A. N.

M. flava, Linn. A. N.

Liminodromus indicus A. N.

Anthus richardi, Vieill A.

A. cervinus, Pall. A. N.

AEthopyga nicobarica, Hume N.

Arachnechthra andamanica, Hume A.

Dicaeum virescens, Hume. A.

Dendrocopus andamanensis, Blyth A.

Thriponax hodgii, Blyth A.

Eurystomus orientalis, Linn. A.

Merops philippinus, Linn. N.

Melittophagus swinhoii, Hume A.

Alcedo ispida, Linn. A. N.

A. beaveni, Wald. A.

Ceyx tridactyla, Pall. A. N.

Pelargopsis leucocephala, Gm. N.

P. guarial, Pearson A.

Halcyon saturatior, Hume A.

H. pileata, Bodd. A. N.

H. davisoni, Sharpe A.

H. occipitalis, Blyth N.

Calliacyon liliacina, Swains. A. N.

Rhytidoceros narkondami, Hume A.

Cypselus apus, Linn. A.

C. subfurcatus, Blyth A.

Chaetura indica, Hume A.

Collocalia innominata, Hume A.

C. francica, Gmel. A. N.

C. inexpectata, Hume. N.

C. linchii, Horsf. and M. A. N.

Caprimulgus andamanensis, Hume A.

Lyncornis cerviniceps(?), Gould A.

Cuculus canorus, Linn. A.

C. saturatus, Hodgs. A. N.

C. micropterus, Gould A.

Chrysococcyx xanthorynchus, Horsf. A. N.

C. maculatus, Gmel. A. N.

Eudynamus honorata, Linn. A. N.

Centropus euryceros, Hay N.(?)

C. andamanensis, Tytler A.

Palaeornis magnirostris, Ball A.

P. fasciatus, Muell. A.

P. caniceps, Blyth N.

P. erythrogenys, Blyth N.

P. tytleri, Hume A.

Loriculus vernalis, Sparmm. A. (N.?)

Strix flammea, Linn. A.

Syrnium sp.(?) seloputo, Horsf. A. (N.?)

Ketupa sp.(?) javanensis(?), Less. A.

Scops nicobarica, Hume N.

S. balli, Hume N.

Ninox affinis, Tytler A. N.

N. obscura, Hume A. N.

N. scrutulata, Raffl. N.

Spizaetus andamanensis, Hume A.

Spilornis davisoni, Hume A. N.

S. minimus, Hume N.

S. elgini, Tytler A.

Haliaetus leucogaster, Gmel. A. N.

Milvus govinda, Sykes A.

Circus cineraceus, Montagu A.

C. aeruginosus, Linn. A.

Astur soloensis, Horsf. N.

A. butleri, Gurney N.

Accipiter nisus, Blanf. A.

A. virgatus, Reinw. A. N.

Falco peregrinus, Linn. A. N.

Tinnunculus alandarius, Gmel. A.

Microhierax latifrons, Sharpe N.(?)

Osmotreron chloroptera, Blyth A. N.

Carpophaga aenea, Linn. A.

C. insularis, Blyth N.

Myristicivora bicolor, Scop. A. N.

Caloenas nicobarica, Linn. A. N.

Chalcophaps indica, Linn. A. N.

Alsocomus palumboides, Hume A. N.

Turtur tigrinus, Temm. N.(?)

T. cambayensis, Gm. A.

AEnopopelia tranquebarica, Herm. A.

Macropygia rufipennis, Blyth A. N.

Excalfactoria chinensis, Linn. N.

Francolinus pondicerianus, Gm. A.

Megapodius nicobaricus, Blyth N. (A.?)

Turnix albiventris, Hume N.

Hypotoenidia obscuria, Hume A. N.

Porzana pusilla, Pall. A.

Rallina canningi, Tytler A.

Amaurornis phoenicurus, Penn. A. N.

Gallicrex cinerea, Gm. A.

Esacus magnirostris, Geoffr. A.

Dromas ardeola, Paykull A. N.

Glareola orientalis, Leach A. N.

Strepsilas interpres, Linn. A. N.

Microsarcops cinereus, Blyth A.

Charadrius fulvus, Gm. A. N.

Squatarola helvetica, Linn. A.

AEgialitis geoffroyi, Wagl. A. N.

AE. mongolica, A. N.

AE. vereda, Gould A.

AE. dubia, Scop. A.

Numenius arquata, Linn. A. N.

N. phaeopus, Linn. A. N.

Terekia cinerea, Gueldenst. A.

Totanus hypoleucus, Linn. A. N.

T. glareola, Gm. A.

T. ochropus, Linn. A.

T. calidris, Linn. A.

T. glottis, Linn. N.

Tringa ruficollis, Pall. A. N.

T. suminuta, Middend. A.(?)

T. crassirostris, Temm. and Schl. A.

T. subarquata, Gueldenst. A. N.

T. platyrhyncha, Temm. A.

Gallinago coelestis, Frenzel A.

G. stenura, Kuhl. A. N.

G. gallinula, Linn. A.

Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Meisner and Schinz. A.

Sterna anglica, Mont. A.

S. dougalli, Mont. A.

S. media, Horsf. A. N.

S. melanauchen, Temm. A. N.

S. anaestheta, Scop. A.

Anous stolidus, Linn. A.

A. leucocapillus, Gould A.

Pelecanus philippinus, Gm. A. N.

Phaethon indicus, Hume A.

P. flavirostris A.

P. rubicauda, Bodd. N.

Oceanites oceanus, Kuht(?) A.

Ardea manillensis, Sharpe A. N.

Herodias intermedia, Wagl. A. N.

H. gazetta, Linn. A. (N.?)

Bubulcus coromandus, Bodd. A.

Lepterodius sacer, Gm. A. N.

Ardeola grayi, Sykes A.

A. bacchus, Bonap. A.

Buteroides javanica, Horsf. A. N.

Nycticorax griseus, Linn. N.

Goisakius melanolophus, Raffl. N.

Ardetta sinensis, Gm. A. N.

A. cinnamomea, Gm. A. N.

Dendrocygna javanica, Horsf. A. N.

Nettopus coromandelianus, Gm A.

Nettium crecca, Linn. A. N.

N. albigulare, Hume A.

The following new additions should now be made to the above to complete

the known list of Andaman and Nicobar avifauna:--

Zosterops sp. Kar Nicobar.

Sturnia sp. Kachal, Nicobars.

Rhinomyias sp. Great and Little Nicobar.

Arachnechthra sp. Nicobars.

Pitta sp. Great and Little Nicobar.

Ninox sp. Little Nicobar.

Spilornis sp. Great Nicobar.

Astur sp. Kachal, Nicobars.

Osmotreron sp. South Andaman.

Excalfactoria sp. Trinkat, Nicobars.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

AVERAGE WIND AND WEATHER IN THE ANDAMANS

October Variable wind and weather; water-spouts.

November The first half of the month the same as October, afterwards

N.E. monsoon and little rain. A cyclone is almost certain

to occur in November.

December Fresh N.E. monsoon; fairly cool.

January Cool and pleasant; N.E. winds; nights sometimes foggy.

February Cool and pleasant; very clear; light airs.

March Hot by day, cool nights, light airs; occasional haze.

April Very hot; calm and hazy.

May S.W. monsoon sets in about the 15th.

June S.W. monsoon; cool, squally.

July }

} Do. do. do.

August }

September Rain every day, S.W. winds.

--_Bay of Bengal Pilot_, 1892.

APPENDIX B

PRINCIPAL FOREST TREES OF THE ANDAMANS

DILLENIACEAE--

Dillenia aurea, _Sm._

D. parviflora, _Griff._

D. pentagyna, _R._

ANONACEAE--

Polyalthia Jenkinsii, _Bth._

P. macrophylla, _H.f._

Alfonsea ventricosa, _H.f._

POLYGALEAE--

Xanthophyllum glaucum, _Wall._

HYPERICINEAE--

Cratoxylum formosum, _Bth. & H.f._

GUTTIFERAE--

Garcinia speciosa, _Wall._

G. Cowa, _R._

G. xanthochymus, _Hk. f._

Calophyllum spectabile, _Willd._

C. inophyllum, _L._

Mesua ferrea, _L._

DIPTEROCARPEAE--

Dipterocarpus turbinatus, _Gaertn._

D. pilosus, _R._

D. alatus, _R._

D. Griffithii, _Miq._

MALVACEAE--

Bombax malabaricum, _D. C._

B. insigne, _Wall._

Eriodendron anfractuosum, _D. C._

STERCULIACEAE--

Sterculia foetida, _L._

S. villosa, _R._

S. parviflora, _R._

S. colorata, _R._

S. alata, _R._

S. campanulata, _Wall._

Heritiera littoralis, _Dry._

H. Fomes, _Buch._

Buettneria aspera, _Col._

TILIACEAE--

Elaeocarpus Helferi, _Kz._

RUTACEAE--

Murraya exotica, _L._

Aegle Marmelos, _Cor._

OCHNACEAE--

Ochna Wallichii, _Pl._

BURSERACEAE--

Garuga pinnata, _R._

Canarium euphyllum, _Kz._

C. coccineo-bracteatum, _Kz._

MELIACEAE--

Chisocheton grandiflorus, _Kz._

Amoora Rohituka, _W. & A._

A. cucullata, _R._

Walsura hypoleuca, _Kz._

W. villosa, _Wall._

W. robusta, _R._

Carapa moluccensis, _Lamk._

Cedrela Toona, _R._

CELASTRINEAE--

Salacia prinoides, _D. C._

RHAMNEAE--

Zizyphus Jujuba, _Lamk._

Z. [OE]noplia, _Mill._

Z. rugosa, _Lamk._

SAPINDACEAE--

Erioglossum edule, _Bl._

Cupania Lessertiana, _Camb._

Pometia tomentosa, _Kz._

Harpullia cupanoides, _R._

ANACARDIACEAE--

Mangifera sylvatica, _R._

Bouea burmanica, _Griff._

Odina Wodier, _R._

Parishia insignis, _Hk. f._

Semecarpus heterophylla, _Bl._

Spondias mangifera, _Willd._

Dracontomelum mangiferum, _Bl._

LEGUMINOSAE--

Erythrina indica, _Lamk._

Dalbergia latifolia, _R._

Pterocarpus indicus, _Willd._

Pongamia glabra, _Vent._

Peltophorum ferrugineum, _Bth._

Cassia Fistula, _L._

C. renigera, _Wall._

Cynometra ramiflora, _L._

Afzelia retusa, _Kz._

A. bijuga, _A. Gray._

A. palembanica, _Baker._

Adenanthera pavonina, _L._

Albizzia Lebbek, _Bth._

A. stipulata, _Boiv._

ROSACEAE--

Prunus martabanica, _Wall._

SAXIFRAGAGEAE--

Polyosma integrifolia, _Bl._

RHIZOPHOREAE--

Rhizophora mucronata, _Lamk._

R. conjugata, _L._

Ceriops Candolleana, _Arn._

Bruguiera gymnorhiza, _Lamk._

B. parviflora, _W. & A._

COMBRETACEAE--

Terminalia procera, _R._

T. Catappa, _L._

T. bialata, _Kz._

Lumnitzera racemosa, _Willd._

Gyrocarpus Jacquini, _R._

MYRTACEAE--

Eugenia javanica, _Lamk._

E. claviflora, _R._

E. leptantha, _Wgt._

E. jambolana, _Lamk._

Barringtonia speciosa, _Forst_

B. racemosa, _Bl._

Careya arborea, _R._

Planchonia littoralis, _Vau._

MELASTOMACEAE--

Memecylon pauciflorum, _Bl._

LYTHRACEAE--

Pemphis acidula, _Forst._

Lagerstroemia calyculata, _Kz._

L. hypoleuca, _Kz._

Duabanga sonneratioides, _Ham._

Sonneratia acida, _L. f._

S. alba, _Sm._

DATISCACEAE--

Tetrameles nudiflora, _R. Br._

RUBIACEAE--

Mussaenda macrophylla, _Wall._

M. frondosa, _L._

Randia densiflora, _Bth._

R. exaltata, _Griff._

Gardenia turgida, _R._

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, _Goertn._

Guettarda speciosa, _L._

Timonius Jambosella, _Thw._

Morinda citrifolia, _L._

GOODENOVIREAE--

Scaevola Koenigii, _Vhl._

PLUMBAGINEAE--

AEgialitis rotundifolia, _R._

MYRSINEAE--

Maesa andamanica, _Kz._

M. ramentacea, _D. C._

AEgiceras majus, _Goertn._

SAPOTACEAE--

Bassia caloneura, _Kz._

Mimusops Elengi, _L._

M. littoralis, _Kz._

M. hexandra, _R._

EBENACEAE--

Diospyros pilulosa, _Wall._

D. Kurzii, _Hiern._

D. oleifolia, _Wall._

APOCYNACEAE--

Ochrosia borbonica, _Gmel._

Cerbera Odollam, _Goertn._

Alstonia Kurzii, _H. kf._

LOGANIACEAE--

Fagraea racemosa, _Jack._

F. fragrans, _R._

BORAGINEAE--

Ehretia laevis, _R._

BIGNONIACEAE--

Oroxylum indicum, _Vent._

Dolichandrone Rheedii, _Seem._

Heterophragma adenophyllum, _Seem._

Pajanelia Rheedii, _D. C._

VERBENACEAE--

Premna integrifolia, _L._

Gmelina arborea, _L._

Avicennia officinalis, _L._

NYCTAGINEAE--

Pisonia alba, _Span._

P. excelsa, _Bl._

MYRISTICEAE--

Myristica andamanica, _Hk. f._

M. Irya, _Goertn._

M. glaucescens, _Hk. f._

M. laurina, _Bl._

LAURINEAE--

Cryptocarya andamanica, _Hk. f._

Dehaasia Kurzii, _King._

D. elongata, _Bl._

Cinnamomum obtusifolium, _Nees._

Litsaea sebifera, _Pers._

Hernandia peltata, _Meis._

EUPHORBIACEAE--

Briedelia tomentosa, _Bl._

Cleistanthus myrianthus, _Kz._

Glochidion calocarpum, _Kz._

G. andamanicum, _Kz._

Hemicyclia andamanica, _Kz._

Cyclostemon macrophyllum, _Bl._

Aporosa villosula, _Kz._

A. Roxburghii, _Biall._

A. martabanicum, _Presh._

Baccaurea sapida, _M. Arg._

Mallotus Kurzii, _Hk. f._

M. acuminatus, _M. Arg._

M. andamanicus, _Hk. f._

M. philippinensis, _M. Arg._

Cleidion javanicum, _Bl._

C. nitidum, _Thw._

Macaranga indica, _Wgt._

M. Tanarius, _M. Arg._

Homonoia riparia,_ Lour._

Excoecaria Agallocha, _L._

URTICACEAE--

Celtis Wightii, _Pl._

Trema amboinensis, _Bl._

Gironniera subaequalis, _Pl._

G. lucida, _Kz._

Ficus gibbosa, _Bl._

F. altissima, _Bl._

F. glaberrima, _Bl._

F. indica, _L._

F. Benjamina, _L._

F. retusa, _L._

F. Tjakela, _Borm._

F. callosa, _Willd._

Artocarpus Chaplasha, _R._

A. Lakoocha, _R._

SALICINEAE--

Salix tetrasperma, _R._

CONIFERAE--

Podocarpus neriifolia, _Don._

CYCADACEAE--

Cycas Rumphii, _Miq._

PALMEAE--

Arec triandra, _R._

Pinanga Manii, _Becc._

P. Kuhlii, _Bl._

Caryota mitis, _Lour._

Nipa fruticans, _Wurmb._

Phoenix paludosa, _R._

Corypha macropoda, _Kz._

Licuala peltata, _R._

L. spinosa, _Wurmb._

Calamus longisetus, _Griff._

C. andamanicus, _Kz._

C. palustris, _Griff._

PANDANEAE--

Pandanus andamanensium, _Kz._

P. fascicularis, _Lam._

P. Leram, _Jones._

GRAMINEAE--

Bambusa schizostachyoides, _Kz._

Oxytenanthera nigrociliata, _Munro._

Dinachloa Tjankorreh, _Buese._

--Supp., _And. and Nic. Gazette_, April 1900.

APPENDIX C

NOTES ON THE PRODUCE OF THE ANDAMANESE FORESTS

The following is a list of some of the more useful and valuable woods:--

Padouk } Pterocarpus Indicus }

Koko } Albizzia Lebbek } For furniture.

Chuglam, Black } Myristica Irya }

Marble wood } Diospyros Kurzii }

Padouk } Pterocarpus Indicus }

Gangaw } Mesua ferrea }

Toung-peingne } Artocarpus Chaplasha }

Pyimma } Lagerstroemia hypoleuca }

Thingan } Hopea odorata } For building.

Lakuch } Artocarpus Lakucha }

Thitmin } Podocarpus bracteata }

Gurjan } Dipterocarpus sp. }

Mohwa } Mimusops littoralis }

Bombway } Careya arborea }

Gangaw } Mesua ferrea }

Mohwa } Mimusops littoralis } Probably useful for

Pyimma } Lagerstroemia hypoleuca } paving-blocks.

Lakuch } Artocarpus Lakucha }

Gurjan } Dipterocarpus sp. }

Thingan } Hopea odorata }

Gurjan } Dipterocarpus sp. }

Didu } Bombax insigne } For tea-boxes,

Toung-peingne } Artocarpus Chaplasha } indigo boxes, and

Thitmin } Podocarpus bracteata } packing-cases.

And numerous } Barringtonia sp. }

other woods

Padouk } Pterocarpus Indicus } For gun-carriages and

Pyimma } Lagerstroemia hypoleuca } carriage work.

Thingan } Hopea odorata }

Padouk } Pterocarpus Indicus } For shafts.

Gangaw } Mesua ferrea }

Lakuch } Artocarpus Lakucha } Probably useful

Thitmin } Podocarpus bracteata } for oars.

Satin wood } Murraya exotica } In place of boxwood.

Mangrove } sp. } For firewood.

The Madras and Bombay Government gun-carriage factories are supplied

with Andamanese timber, which, so far, is understood to have given them

satisfaction. Such timber has been sent to Roorkee for the Military

Gymnasium, as being the best suited in India for its purposes. The

Indian Marine Department also takes it regularly. Andamanese timber has

also been supplied to Woolwich Arsenal. These facts show that Andamanese

timber is of value to such establishments as gun-carriage factories,

arsenals, gymnasia, and ship-building yards.

For various reasons, most of the Andamanese timbers will probably be

found to be best marketable in a converted form. It is believed that

such converted timbers will be found useful for six large trades at

least, viz., paving wood-blocks, gun-stocks, pianoforte manufacture,

furniture, organ building--for which _Padouk_ is pre-eminently

suitable--and electric light and telephone fittings. If _Gurjan_ should

turn out, as is believed to be probable, to be of use for paving

wood-blocks, then the supply would be very large.

Two forms of converted timbers may be specially noticed as probably

marketable in large quantities, viz., railway sleepers, and tea shooks.

It is believed that there are several timbers which would stand the

strain of railway traffic; and as regards tea shooks, _Gurjan_ is used

for this purpose in some mills in Assam, and of this particular wood

there is an unlimited supply all over the Andamans, which could probably

be delivered locally at a price which would enable it to compete well in

Indian markets with other timbers used for tea-boxes.

The supply of mangrove billets for firewood, at points where it can be

easily and cheaply shipped, is very large in the Andamans, and it is

thought possible that a very profitable and lasting Indian trade might

be established in firewood.

At present, no trade exists at all in gurjan oil, and, as above stated,

the supply of _Gurjan_ trees is unlimited. It is believed that the

supply of _Gurjan_ in India has largely been worked out, therefore that

in the Andamans should become valuable. A small quantity of gurjan oil

is extracted in the Settlement and used chiefly for mixing with earth

oil for application to shingle roofs. The uses to which this oil is put

are so many that the possibility of a profitable trade in the Andamanese

supply seems to be beyond question.

For the construction of houses, bridges, and jetties, the following

species are chiefly used in the Settlement:--

_Padouk._--Posts, trusses, purlins, common rafters, battens, floor and

wall planking, shingles, doors, and windows.

_Koko._--Joists, common rafters, battens, fillets, floor-planking,

doors, and windows.

_White Chuglam._--Floor and ceiling planking.

_Pyimma._--Posts, joists, common rafters, purlins, frames, floor and

wall planking, shingles.

_Lakuch and Mowha._--Posts, girders, beams, and purlins.

_Gangaw._--Posts, girders of bridges, 3-inch planking over sluices, and

sluice-gates.

_Thitmin._--Inside walling and jambs, shelves, and any light work.

* * * * *

In boat-building the following species are used by the Marine

Department:--

_Padouk._--Hull planks, keel, stem and stern posts, ribs of large boats,

and thwarts.

_White Chuglam._--Oars.

_Pyimma._--Thwarts.

_Thitmin._--Masts and spars.

_Chooi._--Ribs of small boats.

For furniture, _Padouk_ and _Koko_ are chiefly used. _Didu_ is the only

species utilised for the manufacture of tea-boxes at Port Blair. Bark

for tanning purposes is obtained from various species of _Mangrove_ and

from _Terminalia procera_. _Mangrove_ also gives the most suitable wood

for use in the furnaces of the Settlement steam-launches.

Firewood for ordinary purposes is obtained from all hard-wood species

other than those in demand for timber.

Gurjan _oil_ is obtained from three species of _Dipterocarpus_. The

tapping operations extend from 1st January to 30th April. The daily

outturn averages 7 lbs. per man, the greatest flow of oil taking place

in the month of March. The mixture used for steeping house-shingles

consists of 3 lbs. of gurjan oil to 1 lb. of earth oil and 1 lb. of

Alford's metallic paint.

The minor produce of the Andamans comprises several useful species of

bamboo and cane, used in house-building and in the construction of

furniture, rattan roots for walking-sticks, and two species of palm

(_Nipa fruticans_ and _Licuala peltata_), the leaves of which are used

for thatching.

The inner bark of _Sterculia villosa_ is used for making ropes for

timber-dragging purposes.

With regard to the capabilities of the forests for export purposes,

there is an abundance of mature and over-mature _Padouk_ throughout the

Andamans. Gurjan oil trees, _Gangaw_ (the Assam "Ironwood"), suitable

for sleepers, and _Didu_, suitable for tea-box planking, are extremely

abundant. For the extraction of these species labour alone is required.

The forests are situated, in most cases, on the coast, or on or near

to navigable creeks leading to the sea, and are capable of easy and

economical working.--_Andaman and Nicobar Gazette._

APPENDIX D

CENSUS, ANDAMAN ISLANDS, 1901

ANDAMANESE

+-----------+-----------------+-----------------+--------+--------------+

| Tribe. +-------+---------+-------+---------+ Total. | Remarks. |

+-----------+-------+---------+-------+---------+--------+--------------+

| | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | |

| Chariar | 16 | 15 | 6 | 2 | 39 | |

| Kora | 31 | 32 | 14 | 19 | 96 | Lately |

| Tabo | 15 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 48 | Hitherto |

| Yere | 98 | 80 | 26 | 14 | 218 | |

| Kede | 24 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 59 | |

| J[=u]wai | 21 | 19 | 7 | 1 | 48 | |

| Kol | 6 | 2 | 3 | ... | 11 | |

| Bojig-yab | 31 | 14 | 2 | 3 | 50 | |

| Balawa | 5 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 19 | |

| B[=e]a | 14 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 37 | |

| Jarawa | 280 | 210 | 55 | 40 | 585 | Estimated. |

| Oenge | 303 | 273 | 63 | 33 | 672 | Do. |

+-----------+-------+---------+-------+---------+--------+--------------+

| TOTAL | 844 | 717 | 192 | 129 | 1882 | |

+-----------+-------+---------+-------+---------+--------+--------------+

The number of children among the Andamanese is probably understated. The

census operations have brought to light a new tribe, the Tabo of North

Andaman, and have proved the recently discovered Kora tribe to be

comparatively numerous. In explanation of the small numbers of the newly

discovered Tabo tribe, the census party were informed that when a

contagious disease was recently introduced among the Tabos by the

Chariar or Kora tribes of the coast, they proceeded to kill off all

those attacked until very few of the tribe were left.--Supp., _And. and

Nic. Gazette_, March 2, 1901.

The foreign residents number 16,106 (viz., 4102 free and 12,004

convict), who are all located at or near Port Blair; but as the amount

is arrived at by deducting the Andamanese and the natives of the

Nicobars from the total population of the two groups, allowance must be

made for inaccuracy due to estimation only of the Jarawas, Oenges, and

Shom Pe[.n].

Average height of men 4 ft. 10-3/4 ins.

Average weight " 98-1/8 lbs.

_Men._

Maximum 5 ft. 4-1/4 ins.

Minimum 4 " 5-3/4 "

Average height of women 4 ft. 7-1/4 ins.

Average weight " 93-1/4 lbs.

_Women._

Maximum 4 ft. 11-1/2 ins.

Minimum 4 " 4 "

--E. H. Man, _Andaman Islanders_.

APPENDIX E

GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS, PORT BLAIR

The daily average number of pupils on the rolls of the Settlement

schools for 1900 was 229--190 boys and 39 girls. The daily percentage of

attendance was about 92 of both sexes.

Of the former attending the schools, 133 were the children of free

persons and ex-convicts, and the remainder were of convict parentage.

With the exception of 6, all the girls were of the latter class.

Inquiry shows that the percentage of boys attending the schools, born of

free parents, is about 36 to the 20 born of convict parents, who remove

their sons from school immediately the compulsory limit of age (12

years) is passed.

The number of schools in the Settlement is seven, and the teaching staff

consists of--six vernacular masters, including a gymnastic instructor,

one assistant English master, fifteen vernacular assistant teachers and

monitors, five sewing masters and mistresses, one carpenter, and a

blacksmith.

The highest class in the English is the fifth, and in the vernacular

school the sixth, in which mensuration and transliteration from Urdu

into Roman characters are taught. The curriculum adopted is that in

vogue in the Punjab. All vernacular education, as well as instruction,

in the Industrial School is granted free of charge, but a fee of 1 rupee

per month is imposed on those who are taught English.

There were 82 boys in the Industrial School learning both carpenter's

and blacksmith's work, and the earnings during nine months amounted to

Rs. 56. It is proposed to teach boys who are not strong enough for the

above trades the use of the sewing-machine, with a view to turning them

into tailors.

The girls do not make much progress in their literary studies, but their

work in the sewing classes is more satisfactory. The reason for this is

that free persons and ex-convicts do not send their girls to school, and

convict parents withdraw their daughters as soon as they reach their

tenth year. Efforts are made to overcome the prejudices of the parents,

but without success. There are many difficulties in this matter with

regard to native children, and at present it can only be hoped that by

degrees prejudices will gradually break down, and the girls be allowed

to make a better start in life than they are at present given.

In Port Blair the locally born of both sexes may be fairly described, as

a whole, as astonishingly wicked. Their delight is to do mischief, and

to worry each other and their elders in an ingenious variety of

underhand and crooked ways, including the perverse and fruitless

lawsuit. It is very much better that their minds should be turned on

athletic sports and games, while they can still join in them, than on

such matters as these; and hence grounds for cricket and football with

all requisites have been granted, and a gymnastic instructor has been

obtained for teaching the boys. It is believed that satisfactory

progress is made, and that much benefit will be derived from the lately

established gymnasium, in which 100 boys are (1901) being trained.

APPENDIX F

MEASUREMENTS OF SOME NATIVES OF LITTLE ANDAMAN MET AT RUTLAND ISLAND

A B C

Height 64-3/4 inches. 63-1/4 inches. 62 inches.

Fathom 66-5/8 " 64-3/8 " 63 "

Chest 33-1/2 " 31-5/8 " 31-3/8 "

Length of Hand 7-5/8 " 7-1/4 " 6-1/2 "

" Arm 29-3/16 " 28-1/2 " 28 "

" Foot 9-7/8 " 9-1/2 " 9-1/8 "

" Leg 38-1/4 " 36-3/4 " 35-3/4 "

Girth of Thigh 18-7/8 " 17-1/8 " 18-1/2 "

" Shin 12-1/4 " 11-3/8 " 11-9/16 "

" Forearm 10-1/8 " 9-1/2 " 9-7/8 "

" Biceps, arm }

straight } 10-3/8 " 9-5/8 " 9-1/2 "

APPENDIX G

PRINCIPAL FLORA OF THE NICOBARS

DILLENIACEAE.

Dillenia pilosa, _Kz._ Little Nicobar Interior.

ANONACEAE.

Anona muricata, _L._ Around villages Cultivated.

A. squamosa, _L._ Do. Do.

BIXINEAE.

Bixa Orellana, _L._ Malacca village Do.

Flacourtia sepiaria, _Roxb._ Nancowry Interior.

GUTTIFERAE.

Garcinia speciosa, _Wall._ Northern islands Do.

Calophyllum spectabile, Little Nicobar Do.

_Willd._

C. inophyllum, _L._ Northern islands Beach forest.

DIPTEROCARPEAE.

Hopea odorata, _Roxb._ Menchal Interior.

MALVACEAE.

Hibiscus tiliaceus, _L._ All islands Beach forest.

Thespesia populnea, _Corr._ Do. Do.

Gossipium sp. Malacca Cultivated.

Kydia calycina, _Roxb._ Northern islands Interior.

STERCULIACEAE.

Sterculia campanulata, Teressa Do.

_Wall._

S. villosa, _Roxb._ Little Nicobar Do.

S. rubiginosa, _Vent._ Car Nicobar Do.

Heritiera littoralis, All islands Beach forest.

_Dryand._

Pterospermun acerifolium, Little Nicobar Interior.

_Willd._

RUTACEAE.

Paramignya citrifolia, _Hf._ Car Nicobar, Do.

Little Nicobar

Citrus medica, _L._ Villages Cultivated.

C. decumana, _Willd._ Do. Do.

AEgle Marmelos, _Correa._ Do. Do.

BURSERACEAE.

Canarium euphyllum, _Kz._ Teressa Interior.

MELIACEAE.

Carapa moluccensis, _Lamk._ Little Nicobar Maritime swamp.

C. obovota, _Bl._ Do. Do.

Amoora Ganggo, _Miq._ Do. Interior.

CELASTRINEAE.

Salacia prinoides, _D. C._ Little Nicobar Interior.

RHAMNEAE.

Zizyphus subquinquenerva, Little Nicobar Do.

_Miq._

AMPELIDEAE.

Vitis pedata, _Vhl._ Little Nicobar Do.

Leea grandifolia, _Kz._ Do. and Nancowry Interior & beach forest.

L. sambucina, _L._ Do. Do.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Mangifera sylvatica, _Roxb._ Teressa Interior.

Odina Wodier, _Roxb._ Nancowry Beach forest.

Semecarpus heterophyllus, All islands Beach forest and

_Bl._ interior.

Parishia insignis, _Hk. f._ Teressa Interior.

LEGUMINOSAE.

Abrus precatorius, _L._ Malacca village Cultivated.

Erythrina indica, _L._ Little Nicobar Interior.

Flemingia strobilifera, Car Nicobar, Do.

_Ait._ Nancowry

Derris scandens, _Bth._ Little Nicobar Do.

Pongamia glabra, _Vent._ All islands Beach forest.

Peltoforum ferrugineum, Nancowry Do.

_Vog._

Caesalpinia nuga, _Ait._ All islands Beach forest and mangrove

swamp.

Afzelia lijuga, _A. Gray_

C. Bonducella, _Roxb._ Do. Do.

Tamarindus indica, _L._ Car Nicobar Cultivated.

Entada scandens, _Bth._ Little Nicobar Interior.

Albizzia stipulata, _Boiv._ Nancowry Do. on border of grass

land.

Adenanthera pavonina, _L._ Little Nicobar Interior.

Pithecolobium sp. Do. Do.

Desmodium sp. Do. Beach forest.

RHIZOPHOREAE.

Rhizophora mucronata, _Lmk._ Little Nicobar Mangrove swamp.

R. conjugata, _L._ Do. Do.

Bruguiera gymnorhiza, _Lam._ Do. Do.

Carallia sp.(?) Car Nicobar Interior.

COMBRETACEAE.

Terminalia Catappa, _L._ All islands Interior.

T. sp. (procera?) Do. Do.

T. sp. (bialata?) Pulo Milo Do.

Combretum sp. Car Nicobar Do.

Lumnitzera racemosa, _Willd._

MYRTACEAE.

Eugenia Javanica, _Lamk._ All islands Beach forest.

Barringtonia speciosa, Do. Do.

_Forst._

Do. racemosa, _D. C._ Car Nicobar Interior.

Do. acutangula, _Gaertn._

Psidium guava, _Raddi._ Do. Cultivated.

MELASTOMACEAE.

Melastoma malabathricum, _L._ Car Nicobar Interior.

PASSIFLOREAE.

Carica papaya, _L._ Villages Cultivated.

RUBIACEAE.

Pavetta indica, _L._ Little Nicobar Beach forest.

Guettarda speciosa, _L._ All islands Do.

Morinda citrifolia, _L._ Do. Do.

SAPOTACEAE.

Mimusops littoralis, _Kz._ All islands Do. on rocky coasts.

APOCYNACEAE.

Fagraea racemosa, _Jack._ Nancowry, Little Interior.

Nicobar

Cerbera Odollam, _Ham._ Car Nicobar, Beach forest.

Little Nicobar

Ochrosia salubris, _Mig._ Car Nicobar, Do.

Little Nicobar

Alstonia scholaris, _R. Br._ Car Nicobar Interior.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Ipomaea biloba, _Forsk._ All islands Sea beach.

SOLANEAE.

Solanum torvum, _Sw._ Car Nicobar Village lands.

BIGNONIACEAE.

Spathodea Rheedii, _Wall._ Little Nicobar, Beach forest.

Nancowry

VERBENACEAE.

Clerodendron inerme, _L._ Nancowry Interior, near grass

land.

Callicarpa longifolia, Car Nicobar Interior.

_Lamk._

BORAGINEAE.

Cordia subcordata, _Lamk._ All islands Beach forest.

C. Myxa, _L._ Car Nicobar Inland.

Tournefortia argentea, _L._ Little Nicobar Beach forest.

LAURACEAE.

Cinnamomum obtusifolium, Little Nicobar, Interior.

_N. E._ Nancowry

Cassytha filiformis, _L._ Little Nicobar Do.

Hernandia peltata, _Meissn._ Car Nicobar and Beach forest.

other islands

ELAEAGNACEAE.

Elaeagnus latifolia, _L._ Car Nicobar and Interior.

other islands

MYRISTICACEAE.

Myristica Irya, _Gaertn._ Little Nicobar, Interior.

Nancowry

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Croton argyratus, _Bl._ Nancowry Do.

Macaranga Tanarius, _Muell. Teressa Beach forest.

Arg._

Mallotus philippinensis, Do. Interior.

_D. C._

Ricinus communis, _L._ Villages Cultivated.

URTICACEAE.

Artocarpus integrifolia, _L._ Villages Cultivated.

A. Chaplasha, _Roxb._ Nancowry Interior.

A. Lakoocha, _D. C._ Do. Do.

Ficus bengalensis, _L._ All islands Beach forest.

PIPERACEAE.

Chavica Betle, _Miq._ All islands Beach forest, and

cultivated.

CASUARINEAE.

Casuarina equisetifolia, All islands Beach forest (clay

_Forst._ bluffs).

CONIFERAE.

Podocarpus cracteata, _Bl._ Camorta Interior.

CYCADACEAE.

Cycas Rumphii, _Miq._ Car Nicobar, Beach and interior

Nancowry, forests.

Little Nicobar

PALMAE.

Nipa fruticans, _Wurmb._ Little Nicobar Maritime swamp.

Cocos nucifera, _L._ All islands Beach Forest.

Areca Catechu, _L._ Do. Interior and cultivated.

Ptychoraphis augusta, _L._ Do. Interior.

Calamus gracilis, _Roxb._ Little Nicobar Do.

Bentinckia Nicobarica, _Becc._

PANDANEAE.

Pandanus Larum, _Jones_ All islands Beach forest.

P. odoratissimus, _L. F._ Do. Do.

P. furcatus, _Roxb._ Teressa Interior.

AROIDEAE.

Colocasia indica, _L._ Villages Cultivated.

Pothos scandens, _L._ Little Nicobar Interior.

SCITAMINEAE.

Amomun Fenzlii, _Kz._ Little Nicobar Do.

ORCHIDEAE.

Dendrobium anceps, _Sw._ Little Nicobar Interior.

Vanda Teres, _Ldl._ Do. Do.

Saccolabium obliquum, _Ldl._ Do. Do.

Phalenopsis cornu-cervi, _Bl._ Do. Do.

AMARYLLIDEAE.

Crinum asiaticum, _L._ Villages Cultivated and in beach

forest.

LILIACEAE.

Smilax polyacantha, _Wall._ Nancowry, Little Interior.

Nicobar

Flagellaria indica, _L._ Nancowry Do.

GRAMINEAE.

Saccharum spontaneum, _L._ Northern islands Grass heaths.

Eragrostis plumosa, _Lamk._ Do. Do.

Imperata arundinacea, _Cyr._ Do. Do.

Dinachloa andamanica, _Kz._ All islands Interior.

Dendrocalamus Brandisii, _Kz._

FILICES.

Gleichenia dichotoma, Teressa Grass heaths.

_Willd._

Gl. sp. Little Nicobar Interior.

Acrostichum scandens, Car Nicobar, etc. Do.

_J. Sm._

A. aureum, _L._ All islands Beach forest.

Polypodium adnascens, _Sw._ Northern Everywhere.

Islands, etc.

P. quercifolium, _L._ Do. Do.

--Supp., _And. and Nic. Gazette_, May 1897.

APPENDIX H

CENSUS, NICOBAR ISLANDS

Table Key:

A: Villages.

B: Huts.

C: Men.

D: Women.

E: Boys.

F: Girls.

G: Total.

H: Foreigner.

I: Villages.

J: Huts.

K: Population.

+----------------+---------------------------------------++--------------+

| | 1901. || 1886. |

| Islands. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+

| | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H || I | J | K |

+----------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+

|Car Nicobar | 13| 748|1126| 999| 704| 622|3451| 181|| 13| .. |3500|

|Chowra | 6| 130| 172| 178| 100| 72| 522| .. || 5| 94| 690|

|Teressa | 11| 112| 179| 165| 158| 122| 624| .. || 8| 109| 571|

|Bompoka | 2| 18| 29| 25| 16| 8| 78| .. || 2| 15| 86|

|Camorta | 30| 98| 170| 164| 85| 69| 488| 7|| 26| 106| 359|

|Nancowry | 13| 48| 93| 86| 24| 21| 224| 7|| 14| 78| 222|

|Trinkat | 4| 25| 42| 39| 12| 9| 102| 1|| 8| 34| 85|

|Kachal | 34| 64| 104| 109| 31| 37| 281| 1|| 37| 66| 183|

|Great Nicobar | 15| 25| 42| 35| 6| 4| 87| 1|| 23| 45| 138|

|Little Nicobar | | | | | | | | || | | |

| and Pulo Milo | 15| 21| 25| 24| 7| 11| 67| 1|| 19| 27| 74|

|Condul | 3| 8| 14| 14| 5| 5| 38| 1|| 3| 8| 27|

| +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+

| Total | 146|1297|1996|1838|1148|980 |5962| 201|| 158| .. |5935|

+----------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++----+----+----+

From these figures it appears that, on the whole, the population has

remained fairly stationary since the last census. With regard to Chowra,

I am inclined to believe that the decrease is due not only to the fact

that many of the natives have migrated to Camorta and other islands of

the group, but to the number of the children now on the island having

been understated to the enumerators. Much of the increase shown in the

central group and Teressa is attributable to immigration, and very

probably also to incorrect information having been furnished to the

enumerators, either at this census or the last one. As to the Shom

Pe[.n], it is still impossible to ascertain their numbers.--E. H.

Man--Supp., _And. and Nic. Gazette_, March 2, 1901.

APPENDIX I

TRADE ARTICLES AND THEIR VALUE IN THE NICOBARS

List of the principal articles imported by the traders for sale to the

Kar Nicobarese:--

Price in Coconuts.

Nickel-silver soup-ladle 500 pairs.

" long spoon 500 "

" table spoon and fork 500 "

" dessert spoon and fork 300 "

" tea spoon and small fork 120 "

" mustard spoon 200 "

Tumblers 20-40 pairs, according to size.

Decanters 60-80 " " "

China plates 40-80 " " "

" bowls 40-80 " " "

Enamelled plates 40-80 " " "

" cups 40-80 " " "

Matches, packet of 12 boxes 24 pairs.

Needles, 1 dozen 12 "

Thread, 1 dozen balls 12 "

Chinese tobacco, 1 packet 40 "

Tobacco, 1 bundle 100 "

Red cloth, 1 piece 1200 "

" 1 piece (Turkey) 1600 "

White calico, 1 piece 800 "

Chinese black cloth, 1 piece 600 "

Madras handkerchiefs, 1 piece 800-2000 pairs.

Fancy coloured chintz and _saris_ --

" Bombay handkerchiefs --

Rice (1 bag of 2 maunds, Calcutta) 300-500 pairs.

" (1 bag of 3 maunds, Burma) 500-600 "

_Chattis_ and pots 10-40 "

American knives 80-120 "

" " clasp 20-60 "

Burmese _daos_ 40-200 "

Table knives 40-160 "

Two-anna pieces 8 "

Rupee 30-50 "

Wooden and tin clothes-boxes, looking-glasses, sugar, camphor, Epsom

salts, Eno's fruit salt, turpentine, castor oil, cabin biscuits, etc.

APPENDIX J

PRESENTS AND BARTER

Articles found to be in demand during the cruise of the _Terrapin_:--

ANDAMANS--

Red cotton (_salu_), clay pipes, leaf tobacco, matches, rice, sugar,

axe-heads, _parangs_, iron wire and scraps, files, long nails.

NICOBARS--

_Northern._ _Central._ _Southern Islands._

Cigars, cigarettes. Cigarettes. Cigarettes.

Chinese and Javanese Chinese and Javanese Chinese and Javanese

tobacco. tobacco. tobacco.

Matches. Matches. Matches.

Dried Fish. Dried fish. ...

Turpentine, quinine, Turpentine, quinine, Turpentine, quinine,

camphor, castor oil, camphor, castor oil, camphor, castor oil,

scent, essential scent, essential scent, essential oils,

oils, plaster. oils, plaster. plaster.

Silver(?) wire. Silver(?) wire, Silver(?) wire.

soup-ladles

Red cotton. Red cotton. Red cotton.

Cotton handkerchiefs. Cotton handkerchiefs. Cotton handkerchiefs.

Old silk hats. Silk hats, Malay caps. Malay caps.

Old clothes. Old clothes. Chinese cotton coats and

trousers, _sarongs_.

Biscuits and crusts. Rice. Rice.

_Parangs_, knives, axes,

beads, needles,

thread, soap, old

shoes.

APPENDIX K

MEASUREMENTS

+----+----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| | | | | |of Arm.|of |of Leg.|of |

| | | | | | | | | |

+----+----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| 1 | Ga-it, aet. 40 |62-1/8 |62-7/8 |33-5/8 |24-1/4 |7-3/16 |34-1/8 |10-1/8 |

| 2 | Nahau, " 40 |63-1/8 |66 |35-5/8 |28-3/4 |7-11/16|37-1/8 |10-3/8 |

| 3 | Hatau, " 20 |64-3/4 |63-3/8 |35-5/8 |27-3/4 |7-7/16 |37-5/8 |10-5/8 |

| 4 | Ru, " 25 |63-1/2 |65-3/4 |35-5/8 |27-3/4 |7 |34-5/8 |10-5/8 |

| 5 | Tam, " 45 |62-7/8 |63-3/8 |34-1/8 |27-3/4 |7-7/16 |36-5/8 |10-1/8 |

| 6 | " 40 |65-1/4 |67-3/4 |38-1/8 |29 |7-1/2 |38-1/2 |10-1/2 |

| 7 | " 18 |64-1/4 |65-3/4 |33-5/8 |28-1/4 |7-1/4 |37-1/8 |10 |

| 8 | " 22 |65-3/4 |65-1/4 |34-5/8 |28-1/4 |7-1/2 |38 |10-1/2 |

| 9 | " 25 |65-1/4 |67-3/8 |36-5/8 |27-3/4 |7-1/2 |37-5/8 |10-1/2 |

| 10 | " 18 |63-1/4 |64 |35-1/8 |27-3/4 |7-1/2 |37-1/8 |10-1/4 |

| 11 | " 25 |67-3/4 |67-3/4 |35-5/8 |29-1/4 |7-3/4 |40-1/2 |11 |

| 12 | " 40 |65-3/4 |62-1/2 |34-1/8 |27-1/2 |7-1/4 |38-5/8 |10-1/2 |

| 13 | " 35 |65-1/4 |66-3/4 |37-1/8 |28-1/2 |7-1/2 |39-1/8 |11 |

| 14 | " 20 |63-1/4 |63 |36-1/8 |26-3/4 |7 |39 |10 |

| | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| | male |64 |65.1 |35.2 |27.8 |7.3 |37.5 |10.4 |

| | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| 15 | K[=u]ng, aet.38 |62-5/8 |61-1/8 | ... |27 |7 | ... | 9-3/4 |

| 16 | Morkoi, " 25 |61-5/8 |62-5/8 | ... |26-3/4 |7-7/16 | ... |10 |

| 17 | Mnweuk, " 18 |58-3/8 |56-3/4 | ... |24-1/4 |6-1/2 | ... | 9 |

| 18 | " 35 |65-1/4 |64-3/8 |32-3/16|27-3/4 |7-1/4 |37-5/8 | 9-3/4 |

| 19 | " 35 |57-3/8 |57-3/8 | ... |24-3/4 |6-1/2 |33-5/8 | 9 |

| 20 | " 18 |60-1/4 |59-7/8 |28-3/4 |26-3/4 |7 |35-1/8 | 9-1/2 |

| 21 | " 35 |61-7/8 |62-3/4 |33-5/8 |27 |7-1/4 |35-3/4 |10 |

| 22 | " 38 |59-3/8 |59-1/8 |30 |25 |6-3/4 |34-1/2 | 9-1/2 |

| | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| | female |60.8 |60.5 |31.1 |26.1 |6.9 |35.3 | 9.6 |

| | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

| 23 | aet. 15 |59-7/8 |61-5/8 |30-1/4 |27 |7 |36-5/8 | 9-3/4 |

| 24 | " 13 |58-3/8 |60-3/8 |30-1/4 |26-1/4 |7 |36-7/8 |10 |

| 25 | " 11 |57-7/8 |57 |27-3/4 |23-3/4 |6-7/8 |35 |10 |

| | | | | | | | | |

| 26 | Ah-kai, aet. 15 |57-1/2 |55-1/2 | ... |24-3/4 |6 | ... | 9-1/4 |

| 27 | Jeh, " 12 |56 |56 | ... |25 |6-1/2 | ... | 9-1/4 |

| 28 | Kahng, " 10 |48-1/2 |48-1/2 | ... |20-3/4 |5-3/4 | ... | 8-1/4 |

+----+----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

+----+------------+----------+----------+-------------------------------------+

| | Contracted.| Arm | | |

+----+------------+----------+----------+-------------------------------------+

| | | | | |

| 1 | 10 | 9-1/2 | 12 | |

| 2 | 10-3/4 | 10 | 13-1/4 | |

| 3 | 11 | 9-3/4 | 13 | |

| 4 | 12 | 11 | 13-3/4 | Elephantiasis in the leg. |

| 5 | 10-1/2 | 9-3/4 | 14 | |

| 6 | 10-1/2 | 10 | 12-3/8 | Elephantiasis in the leg. |

| 7 | 11-1/4 | 9-3/4 | 12-1/2 | |

| 8 | 10-1/2 | 10-1/4 | 12-5/8 | Elephantiasis in the leg. |

| 9 | 12-7/8 | 11 | 14-7/8 | |

| 10 | 11-5/8 | 10 | 13-3/8 | |

| 11 | 11-3/4 | 10-1/2 | 14 | |

| 12 | 10-1/2 | 10 | 13-1/4 | |

| 13 | 12 | 10 | 14 | |

| 14 | 11-3/4 | 10 | 14-1/4 | |

| +------------+----------+----------+ |

| | | | | |

| | 11.2 | 10.1 | 13.3 | inches. |

| +------------+----------+----------+ |

| | | | | |

| 15 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 16 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 17 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 18 | ... | ... | ... | Elephantiasis in the legs, goitrous.|

| 19 | ... | ... | ... | Elephantasis in the legs. |

| 20 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 21 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 22 | ... | ... | ... | |

| +------------+----------+----------+ |

| | | | | |

| | ... | ... | ... | inches. |

| +------------+----------+----------+ |

| | | | | |

| 23 | ... | ... | ... | Elephantiasis in the leg. |

| 24 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 25 | ... | ... | ... | |

| | | | | |

| 26 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 27 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 28 | ... | ... |... | |

+----+------------+----------+----------+-------------------------------------+

APPENDIX K--MEASUREMNETS--(_Continued_)

+----+--------------------------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+

| | | | | | of Arm. | of |

| | | | | | | |

+----+--------------------------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+

| 1 | Kar Nicobarese, | 65 | 66 | 34-1/4 | 28-3/16 | 7-1/8 |

| 2 | " | 66 | 69 | 39-1/8 | 29-7/8 | 7-3/8 |

| 3 | " | 63 | 67 | 35 | 28-7/16 | 6-7/8 |

| 4 | " | 65-1/4 | 66 | 35-3/4 | 28-7/16 | 7-3/8 |

| 5 | " | 64-1/4 | 68-3/4 | 34-1/4 | ... | 7-3/4 |

| 6 | " | 63-3/8 | 66-1/4 | 33 | ... | 6-7/8 |

| 7 | " | 65-1/8 | 66-1/8 | 33-1/2 | ... | 7-3/4 |

| 8 | " | 66-3/4 | 66-1/2 | 36-1/4 | 28-3/16 | 7-3/8 |

| 9 | " | 64 | 65-1/2 | 36 | 27-7/16 | 6-7/8 |

| 10 | " | 70-3/4 | 72 | 38-1/4 | 30-3/8 | 8-1/8 |

| 11 | " | 63 | 65-1/2 | 36-1/2 | 28-3/8 | 7-1/8 |

| 12 | " | 65-7/8 | 66-1/4 | 37-1/4 | 27 | 6-7/8 |

| 13 | " | 66-3/4 | 69 | 33-3/8 | 29-1/8 | 7-3/8 |

| 14 | " | 63-1/2 | 64-3/4 | 34-3/4 | 27-3/16 | 7-1/8 |

| 15 | " | 61-1/4 | 64-1/2 | 34-3/4 | 27-1/2 | 6-7/8 |

| 16 | Great Nicobarese, aet. 40 | 65-7/8 | 70-1/2 | 28-3/4 | 30-3/8 | 8-3/8 |

| 17 | " " 45 | 63-7/8 | 67-3/8 | 34-1/8 | 29-7/16 | 7-5/8 |

| 18 | " " 40 | 61-3/4 | 61-3/4 | 33-7/8 | 27-1/2 | 7 |

| 19 | " " 19 | 60-3/4 | 64-3/4 | 29-3/8 | 27-1/2 | 7-3/8 |

| 20 | " " 25 | 64-1/8 | 67-1/8 | 35-3/4 | 29-11/16| 8-1/8 |

| 21 | " " 18 | 59-3/4 | 60-3/4 | 32-3/8 | 26-1/2 | 7-5/8 |

| 22 | " " 50 | 67-1/2 | 69-1/4 | 37-1/8 | 30-1/4 | 8 |

| 23 | " " 35 | 64-3/4 | 66-1/4 | 38-1/8 | 28-3/4 | 7-1/2 |

| 24 | " " 55 | 60-3/8 | 64-1/4 | ... | 27-1/4 | 7 |

| 25 | " " 28 | 62-3/4 | 65-1/4 | 38-1/4 | 28-1/4 | 7 |

| 26 | " " 35 | 62-1/4 | 65-1/4 | 35-1/8 | 27-1/4 | 7-1/4 |

| 27 | " " 22 | 64-1/4 | 64-1/4 | 35-1/8 | 27-3/4 | 7-1/2 |

| 28 | " " 19 | 60-1/4 | 59-7/8 | 35-5/8 | 25-1/4 | 7 |

| 29 | " " 55 | 64-3/4 | 66-1/4 | 34-5/8 | 28-3/4 | 7-3/4 |

| 30 | " " 40 | 59-1/4 | 64-1/4 | 34-5/8 | 28-1/4 | 7 |

| 31 | " " 30 | 62-3/4 | 63-1/4 | 36-1/8 | 26-3/4 | 7-1/4 |

| 32 | " " 40 | 64-1/4 | 66-1/8 | 34-1/8 | 28-3/4 | 7-1/4 |

| 33 | " " 40 | 64-1/4 | 65-3/4 | 37-7/8 | 27-3/4 | 7-3/8 |

| 34 | " " 35 | 64-1/2 | 66-3/4 | 39-7/8 | 28-3/4 | 7-3/4 |

| 35 | " " 20 | 63-1/4 | 66-1/4 | 35-1/8 | 27-1/4 | 7-1/2 |

| 36 | " " 30 | 62-7/8 | 66-3/4 | 37-5/8 | 28-1/4 | 7-1/2 |

| 37 | " " 25 | 61-3/8 | 65-1/4 | 35-7/8 | 26-3/4 | 7-1/4 |

| 38 | " " 40 | 66 | 69 | 37-7/8 | 29-1/4 | 7-3/4 |

| 39 | " " 40 | 62 | 62-7/8 | 36-1/8 | 26-3/4 | 7-1/4 |

+----+--------------------------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+

| | Average adult male, | 63.9 | 66.1 | 35.3 | 28.1 | 7.3 |

+----+--------------------------+--------+--------+--------+---------+--------+

+----+---------+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------------+

| | | | Contracted.| Arm | | |

+----+---------+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------------+

| | | | | | | |

| 1 | 39-1/8 | 9-5/16 | 11-3/4 | 10-1/8 | 13-7/16 | |

| 2 | 38-5/8 | 10 | 13-1/4 | 11 | 14-11/16 | |

| 3 | 36-1/4 | 9-9/16 | 10-1/2 | 10-1/8 | 13 | |

| 4 | 38-3/8 | 9-13/16 | 12-3/4 | 10-7/8 | 14-3/16 | |

| 5 | 38 | 10-5/16 | 12 | 10-1/4 | 13-15/16 | |

| 6 | 38 | 9-1/8 | 11-1/4 | 10-1/2 | 13-13/16 | |

| 7 | 39-1/4 | 9-9/16 | 11-3/4 | 10-7/8 | 14-1/16 | |

| 8 | 37-1/4 | 9-13/16 | 12-1/4 | 10-3/4 | 13-3/4 | |

| 9 | 38-1/4 | 9-13/16 | 11-3/4 | 10-1/8 | 13-1/4 | |

| 10 | 41-1/8 | 11 | 12 | 11-1/4 | 14-5/8 | |

| 11 | 36-1/2 | 10-1/16 | 11-3/4 | 10-5/16 | 13-1/4 | |

| 12 | 36-3/4 | 10-1/16 | 12-1/2 | 10-3/4 | 14-3/16 | |

| 13 | 38-1/4 | 10-1/16 | 10-1/8 | 9-5/8 | 12-1/4 | |

| 14 | 35-7/8 | 9-13/16 | 10-9/16 | 9-3/8 | 13 | |

| 15 | 35-7/8 | 9-13/16 | 10-13/16 | 10-1/8 | 13-15/16 | |

| | | | | | | |

| 16 | 39-11/16| 10-9/16 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 17 | 38 | 9-13/16 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 18 | 36 | 9-3/8 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 19 | 34-1/8 | 9-7/16 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 20 | 38-1/2 | 10-5/16 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 21 | 34-3/8 | 9-1/8 | 11-1/2 | 10-1/2 | 13-1/2 | |

| 22 | 39-1/2 | 10 | 13 | 11-1/4 | 15 | |

| 23 | 36-1/8 | 9-7/8 | 12 | 10-1/2 | 14-1/2 | |

| 24 | 34-1/8 | 9 | 10-1/2 | 9-1/2 | 12-1/2 | Hernia. |

| 25 | 36-7/8 | 9-1/4 | 12 | 10-1/2 | 13-1/4 | |

| 26 | 37-5/8 | 9-3/4 | 11-1/2 | 10-1/4 | 13-3/4 | |

| 27 | 35-5/8 | 10-1/4 | 11-1/4 | 10 | 14-1/2 | |

| 28 | 34-5/8 | 9-1/2 | 12 | 10 | 13-1/2 | |

| 29 | 36-5/8 | 10-1/4 | 11 | 9-1/4 | 13-1/4 | |

| 30 | 35-5/8 | 9-1/2 | ... | ... | ... | |

| 31 | 35-3/8 | 9-1/4 | 13-1/2 | 11-1/2 | 15-1/4 | |

| 32 | 34-5/8 | 9-1/2 | 11-1/2 | 10 | 13. | |

| 33 | 35-7/8 | 9-3/4 | 13-3/4 | 11-3/4 | 14-3/4 | |

| 34 | 34-7/8 | 10 | 14-1/4 | 12-1/2 | 16. | |

| 35 | 37-3/8 | 9-1/2 | 12 | 10 | 13. | |

| 36 | 35-7/8 | 9-1/2 | 13 | 11 | 13-3/4 | |

| 37 | 33-1/8 | 9-1/2 | 12-1/2 | 10-1/2 | 13-1/2 | |

| 38 | 38-1/8 | 10 | 13-1/2 | 11 | 13-3/4 | |

| 39 | 34-5/8 | 9-1/2 | 12-3/4 | 11-1/2 | 13-3/4 | |

+----+---------+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------------+

| | 36.9 | 10.2 | 11.9 | 10.5 | 13.8 | inches. |

| | | | | | | |

+----+---------+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------------+

INDEX

A. = "Andamanese" or "Andaman Islands"

N. = "Nicobarese" or "Nicobar Islands"

K.N. = "Kar Nicobarese" or "Kar Nicobar"

S.P. = "Shom Pe[.n]"

Aborigines of the Andaman Islands, the

Seclusion, 173, 184

Remote migration, 184

Predatory voyages, 215

Kitchen-middens, 184

Aborigines of the Nicobar Islands, the

Inhabitants of Nicobars two distinct ethnical groups, 215

The Shom Pe[.n], 215-220

Derivation, 215-217

Population, 215

Hostility to Nicobarese, 76, 215, 220

Appearance, 217, 218

Measurements of some Shom Pe[.n], 353, 354

Disposition, 220

Language, 220

Comparison of some Shom Pe[.n] and Nicobarese words, 155

Diseases, 220

Headmen, 219

Position of women, 220

Respective occupations of the sexes, 220

Rattan collecting, 219, 220

Dress and ornaments, 219

Huts, 218

Gardens, 218

Domestic animals, 219

Water-supply, 220

Trade, 219

Cultivations, 218

Manufactures, 219

Cloth, 219

Spears, 219, 243, 244

Baskets, 219

Cooking-vessel, 219

A possible origin of pottery, 219.

_see_ "Great Nicobar"

Adoption, custom of, N., 84

_Ai-yu-a-kare_, K.N., 302

Aka-Balawa, tribe of, A., 17, 342

Ambergris, N., 252, 279

_Amhai_, K.N., 299

Amok, causes of, 312

Instances of, N., 312

Amusements, Port Blair, A., 20

Amusements, N., 251

_Amutna Kuv_, K.N., 302, 303

Anchorages. _See_ under names of islands

Andaman, Great. _See_ "Great Andaman"

Andaman Islands, the, 168

Position, 167

Relationship, 167, 168, 171, 321, 327

Soundings, 168, 320

Coral banks, 170

Area, 168

Geology, 174, 175, 176

Minerals, 176

Subsidence, 176

Volcanic action, 174

Earthquakes, 176

Climate, 173

Rainfall, 173

Temperature, 173

Cyclones, 174

Average wind and weather, 335

Scenery, 170

Mountains, 169

Harbours, 171

Flora, 171, 172

Principal forest trees, 336-338

Fauna

Birds, 326-328

List of, occurring in the Andamans, 328-331

Mammals, 322-324

Synopsis of mammalian fauna, 325

History, 176-184

Origin of the name Andaman, 176

First known reference, 177

Chinese records, 177

Accounts of Arab travellers (A.D. 871), 177

Accounts of Marco Polo (thirteenth century), 177

Master Caesar Frederike (sixteenth century), 178

Dr Gemelli (seventeenth century), 178

Captain Alexander Hamilton (eighteenth century), 179, 180

Hon. East India Company's expeditions, 180

Establishment of a Penal Settlement (1789), 180

Transfer of the Penal Settlement (1792), 180

Colonel Syme's report (1795), 181

Abandonment of Settlement (1796), 181

Nineteenth century details, 181

Attempt at colonisation (1849), 181, 182

Dr Mouat's Commission (1857), 183

Re-establishment of Penal Settlement, 183

Andamans formed in a Commissionership with Nicobars (1871), 184

Natural products, 172, 199, 341

List of the more useful and valuable woods, 339

Cultivations, 172, 198, 200

Industries, 171, 172, 198, 199, 200, 339, 340, 341

Exports, 199, 339, 340

The Penal System, 193-199

Population, 192

Foreign residents, 342

Census (1901), 342

(For inhabitants, _see_ "The Andamanese."

_See_ also "The Archipelago," "Barren Island," "The Cinques,"

"Great Andaman," "Little Andaman," "Narkondam," "Port Blair,"

"Rutland Island," "South Andaman.")

Andaman, Little. _See_ "Little Andaman"

Andaman, South. _See_ "South Andaman"

Andaman Strait, 168, 169

Andamanese, the

Aborigines, seclusion of, 173, 184

Remote migration, 184

Kitchen-middens, 184

Predatory voyages, 215

Tribal division, 190, 192, 342

Hostility, 190-192

The Andamanese as enemies, 34

Effects of contact with civilisation, 192

Education, 187

Average duration of life, 187

Infant mortality, 192

Diseases, 40, 187

Appearance, 185, 186

Average height, 342

Weight, 342

Measurements of some Andamanese, 344

Disposition, 187

Dress, 188

Dialects, 186

Grammar, 186

Weapons and implements, 184, 189

Huts, 46

Food, 190

Position of women, 187

Customs, 187, 188

Belief in spirits, 188

Credence in wizardry, 188

Christian traditions, 189

Musical instrument, 189

Specimens of songs, 189

Manufactures, 189

Articles found to be in demand for presents and barter, 352

(_See_ "Aka-Balawa," "Jarawas" "Oenges," and under "Port Blair")

_Anoi-ila_, K.N., 295

_Anula Kopah_, K.N., 292

Account of this ceremony as carried out at Lapati, K.N., 293

Archipelago, the (Andaman Islands)

General topography, 15

Aka-Balawa, tribe of, 17

Birds, 16, 17

Rats, 17

Area. _See_ under names of islands

Arrows, A., 24, 25, 33, 34, 42; N., 245

Arts, N., 251

Austin Strait, A., 168

Babies, mode of carrying, A., 24

Banian trees, N., 122

Barren Island

Relationship, 174

Elevation, 169

General topography, 10-13

Anchorage, 11

Landing-place, 11

Hot spring, 11

Interior of the crater, 12, 13

Eruptive cone, 12

Volcanic activity, 13, 14

Lava, 12

Goats, 12

Rats, 14

Crabs, 14

Fish, 14

Birds, 14

Barter, articles found to be in demand for presents, etc., A.N., 352

Baskets, A., 33; K.N., 48; S.P., 219

Bat camp, a (_Pteropus nicobaricus_), N., 133

Bats (_Hipposideros nicobarulae_), 126, 127

Fruit (_Pteropus nicobaricus_), 70, 133, 134

Attempt to rear young, 134.

_See_ "Mammals," and under names of islands

Batti Malv, N., 66

Beach formation, A., 37

Belief concerning Chaura pots, N., 107;

eclipses, N., 307

In evil spirits, N., 123

In spirits, A., 188

Beliefs, superstitious, N., 231-234

Bench seats, N., 52

Beresford Channel, N., 72, 73

Betel chewing, N., 49, 248

Effect of, 147

Quids, 219, 248

Beverages, N., 247

Birds, A., N., 326-331. _See_ also under names of islands

Bird's Nest Cape, A., 29

Bird's nests, edible, A., 29

Blyth's dove (_Macropygia rufipennis_), N., 111

Body decoration, A., 24, 32, 34, 39; N., 249

Bompoka

General topography, 103, 105

Area, 105

Population, 105

Water, 105

Plantations, 105

Native legend concerning formation of, 105

Natives of, compared with Kar Nicobarese, 104

Hamilton's account of the Somerera Islands, 105

Botanic appearance, general, N., 109, 207

Bows, A., 24, 25, 33, 34, 42; N., 245

British possession, marks of, N., 97

British punitive expedition, N., 93

Buffalo, N., 99

Building materials, Nicobars rich in, 205

Bulbul, crested, A., 35

Bumila creek, A., 38

Burial ceremonies. _See_ "Kar Nicobarese ceremonies and observances"

Burial customs, N., 113, 124

Butterflies, N., 126

Camping out in Great Nicobar, 163

Canoe building, N., 160

Decoration, N., 79

Masts, N., 79

Outrigger, N., 54

Paddles, N., 54

Sails, N., 79

Buying, ceremonies accompanying, N., 309

Mishaps, N., 308, 317

Sequel to the loss of a M[=u]s, 296

Reception of the M[=u]s racing, after a death in the village, 299

Processions, N., 251

Offerings, N., 295, 296

Canoes, A., 41; N., 53, 54, 60, 79

Custom of feeding, N., 85

Chaura natives middlemen in buying and selling, 308

"Captains," N., 58

Casuarina Bay, N., 144, 149, 151

Cattle, semi-wild, N., 47, 74, 75

Caves, Little Nicobar, 126, 127

Cellular jail, A., 21.

_See_ "Viper Jail," "The Andamanese Penal System"

Cemetery, Kamorta, N., 95

Census, A., 342; N., 350

Ceremonial, decay of, N., 124

Ceremonies and observances.

_See_ "Kar Nicobarese ceremonies and observances," "The Andamanese,"

and "The Nicobarese"

Chang-ngeh, N., 161

Character of the locally-born young generation at Port Blair, A., 344

Charms, N., 83, 85, 116, 124, 132, 143

Chaura, 106

Termed Sombrero, 106

Hamilton's Account of the Somerera Islands, 105

Area, 106

Population, 106

Decrease of, 350

Anchorage, 106

Trade, 106

Monopolies, 107, 308

Pots, 108

Process of making, 107, 108

Nicobarese belief concerning, 107

Pottery kiln, 108

Natives, 106, 308

Believed to be exponents of wizardry, 296

Feeling of Kar Nicobarese towards, 308

Middlemen in canoe buying and selling, 308

Door mats, 106

Fruit, 106

Extortion of Chaura middlemen, 308

Children, position of, N., 242

Chital, N., 100

_Chitt_, N., 56

Christian traditions, A., 189

Cinques, the

General topography, 36, 37

Geology, 175

Anchorage, 36

Beach formation, 37

Effect of S.W. monsoon, 37

Native camp, 37

Hut, 37

Civilisation, effects of contact with, A., 192

Cleanliness, N., 248

Climate, A., 173; N., 205, 206

Cloth, Shom Pe[.n], 145, 146, 219

Coal, N., 204

Cocktail, a new, 89

Coconut oil, mode of extracting, 52

Toddy, 247

Coconuts, mode of obtaining, 139

Carrying, 139

Opening, 63

Coco palms, legendary origin of, N., 230

Peculiarity of, N., 128

Absence of, in Andamans, 172

Cocos Islands, 172

History of an attempt at colonisation, 181, 182

_Coiffure._ _See_ under names of islands

Colonel Temple, C.C., at Port Blair, A., 21

Commercial occupations, K.N., 318, 319

Communication with Andamans, 200

Communication and transport, local, N., 253

Convict Settlement on Kamorta, traces of the old, N., 95

Convicts. _See_ "Port Blair" and "The Andamanese Penal System"

Cooking-vessel, Shom Pe[.n], 148, 219

A possible origin of pottery, 219

Coral, N., 80

Banks, A., 170; N., 201

Reefs, 16

Courtship, N., 238-240

Crabs, A., 14; N., 55, 62, 70, 129

Crater, interior of the, Barren Island, 12, 13

Creeks, mangrove, N., 80

Crocodile, N., 69

Crossbow accidents, K.N., 317

Crows, A., 17

Cuckoo (_Centropus andamanensis_), A., 16

Cultivations. _See_ under names of islands

Customs. _See_ under names of islands

Cyclones, A., 174; N., 206

Dagmar River, N., 149, 153

Dalrymple Bank, 170

Dampier's sojourn on Great Nicobar, 212

Dampier's voyage from Great Nicobar to Acheen in a canoe, 254

Dampier's "Voyages," extract concerning his escape from the privateer

_Cygnet of London_, 255, 256, 260-262

Concerning his sojourn in Great Nicobar, 263-267

Concerning his voyage from Great Nicobar to Acheen, 267-275

Concerning the Nicobars and inhabitants generally, 256, 257

Concerning Great Nicobar and inhabitants, 257-267

Dance music, N., 87

Dances, Nankauri, 87

Kar Nicobar, 289, 309

Dead, converse with the, K.N., 296

Death Ceremony, Kachal, 116

Similar Malay custom, 116

Among the Arafuras, 304

De Roeepstorff, F. H., murder of, 96

_De[=u]shi_, cf. _Henta_, N., 116

"Devil expelling," N., 64

"Devil-expelling" leaves, 303

"Devils, scare-," N., 83, 85, 124

Dialects. _See_ "Language"

Diseases, A., 40, 187; N., 159, 235; S.P., 145, 152, 220

Disinterment customs, N., 51. _See_ "Exhumation"

Dislike to strangers, K.N., 317

Divorce, N., 237

Dog-hobble, S.P., 144

Domeat, 154

Domestic animals, N., 219, 243; S.P., 219

Feeding, 79

Domestic pigeons, K.N., 47

Door mats, Chaura, 106

Drainage, Great Andaman, 169

Dress. _See_ under names of islands

Dring Harbour, N., 98

Drongo, black racquet-tailed (_Dissemuroides andamanensis_), A., 30

Duncan Passage, the, A., 36

Earthquakes, A., 176; N., 205

Felt at Kar Nicobar, 205

Eclipses, belief concerning, N., 307

Custom during, 307

Education, effects of, on Andamanese, 187;

on Nicobarese, 57, 59, 89

Eggs, megapodes', N., 70

Electro-plate possessed by Nicobarese, 81

Prices given for, 81

Elevation, possible result of, N., 73

_Elpanam_, N., 50, 240

Elton, Captain, drowned at Trinkat, Sambelong, 154

Empress Peak, 120

_Enwan-ng'i_, K.N., 295

Eruptive cone on Barren Island, 12

Expedition Harbour, 98

Reputed headquarters of piratical savages, 98

Exhumation ceremonies, account of, N., 82, 83.

_See_ "Disinterment"

Exports, A., 199, 339, 340

Fauna, A.N., 322-331. _See_ also under names of islands

Feasts, K.N., 50

Festival, a, N., 86-88

Preparations for a, 80, 81, 86

Interior of a house prepared for, 81

Fever invariably contracted in Great Nicobar, 112, 254, 255

Fish, A., 14; N., 116, 136, 137

Fishing, N., 55, 116, 136, 137, 245, 246

Traps, 245, 246

Weirs, 246

Flags, native, N., 80

Flat rock, 170

Flattening the occiput, custom of, N., 226

Floods, ceremonies to subdue, N., 51

Flora, A., 171, 172; N., 207, 208, 345-349

Principal forest trees of the Andamans, 336-338.

And _see_ under names of islands

Flycatcher, Nicobar, N., 74, 135.

Food supply. _See_ under names of islands

Foot-brush, N., 247

Ford's Peak, A., 169

Foreign residents, A., 342

Forest hawk (_Astur butleri_), N., 62; (_Astur soloensis_), N., 128

_Fota elmot_, K.N., 306

Frank Thompson, N., 57

"Friend of England," N., 52, 55-57, 311, 312

Fruit, N., 49, 64, 91, 106

Fuel, K.N., 48

Galathea River, N., 161-164

Ganges Harbour, N., 136, 137, 205

Gardens, K.N., 307

Origin of, 307

Destruction of, 307

Shom Pe[.n], 218

Geology, A., 174-176; N., 202-204

_Gnunota_, K.N., 296

Goats, Barren Island, 12

Government agency clearing, K.N., 47, 54

Government settlement. _See_ Port Blair History of, 180, 181, 183

Government schools, Port Blair, 343, 344

Great Andaman

General topography, 168, 169, 170

Mountains, 169

Saddle Hill, 169

Drainage, 169

Harbours, 171

Straits dividing, 168, 169.

_See_ also "South Andaman," "Rutland Island," "Port Blair,"

"Port Cornwallis"

Great Nicobar, 141

Area, 141

Mountains, 141

Rivers, 142

Peculiarity of coco palms, 128

Water, 152

Malaria, 112, 254, 255

Population, coastal, 142

Shom Pe[.n], 142

Dialect, 121

Trade, 143

Prices, 143

Dampier's "Voyages," extract concerning Great Nicobar and

inhabitants, 257-267

Great Nicobar (North Coast)

General topography, 133-138, 205

Land subsidence, 136, 137

Ganges Harbour, 136, 137, 205

Anchorage, 132

Up a creek, 133

Mount Thuillier, 138, 141

Jubilee River, 138

Water, 135, 137, 139

Traces of Shom Pe[.n], 134, 136, 137

Fauna

Birds, 135-137

Water birds, 138

Sunbirds' nests, 133

Mammals, 135-138

A bat camp, 133

Fruit bats, 133, 134

Attempt to rear young bats, 134

Fish, 136-137

Fishing, 136-137

Turtle, 138

In the Andamans and Nicobars: The Narrative of a Cruise in the Schooner "Terrapin" · 第 16 / 17 章

1. "Tham Koi, son of Katha, having beaten a countryman to death in