[1] The statistics for years prior to 1900 are taken from reports of
the U.S. Census, those for years after 1900 from the _Year Books_ of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It should be borne in mind that
in census years, when comparison can be made, the two sets of
statistics often vary considerably.
[2] According to the report of the State Geological Survey, the value
of the total mineral product in the state for 1907 was $152,122,648,
the values of the different minerals being as follows: coal,
$54,687,382; pig iron, about $52,228,000; petroleum, $16,432,947;
clay and clay products, $13,351,362; zinc, $6,614,608; limestone,
$4,333,651; Portland cement, $2,632,576; sand and gravel, $1,367,653;
natural slag, $174,282; fluorspar, $141,971; mineral waters, $91,700;
lead ore, $45,760; sandstone, $14,996; and pyrite, $5700.
[3] See the so-called _McLean County Case_ (67 Ill. 11), the _Neal
Ruggles Case_ (91 Ill. 256), _The People_ v. _The Illinois Central
Railroad Co._ (95 Ill. 313), and _Munn_ v. _Ill._ (94 U.S. 113).
[4] The populations in other census years were: (1810), 12,282;
(1820), 55,211; (1830), 157,445; (1840), 476,183; (1850), 851,470;
(1860), 1,711,951; (1870), 2,539,891; (1880), 3,077,871.
[5] The influence of immigration and sectionalism upon Illinois
politics is well illustrated by the fact that the first six governors
(1818-1838) were born in the Southern states, six of the eight United
States senators of that period were also Southern born, and all of
the representatives, with one exception, also came to Illinois from
the Southern states. After 1838 the Eastern states began to be
represented among the governors, but until 1901 no governor was
elected who was a native of Illinois. See E. B. Greene, _Sectional
Forces in the History of Illinois_ (Publications of the Historical
Library of Illinois, No. 8, 1903).
[6] In the slavery issue of 1848 the sentiment for abolition centred
in the northern counties, the opposition in the southern.
[7] Mr French's service of seven years is due to the fact that the
Constitutional Convention of 1848 ordered a new election of state
officials. French was re-elected Governor, beginning his new term in
1849.
ILLORIN, a province of British West Africa in the protectorate of
Nigeria. It has an area of 6300 m., with an estimated population of
about 250,000. Its inhabitants are of various tribes, among which the
Yoruba now predominate. There are two minor emirates, Shonga and Lafiagi
in this province, and a number of semi-independent towns of which the
chief are Awton, Ajassa, Offa and Patiji. Under British administration
the province is divided into three divisions, Illorin (central), Offa
(southern) and Patiji (northern). The province is rich in agricultural
and sylvan products. Among the former are tobacco, cotton, rice,
peppers, ground-nuts and kolas. The latter include great quantities of
shea as well as palm-oil and rubber. The capital is a town of the same
name as the province. It is 160 m. in a direct line N.N.E. of Lagos, and
50 m. S.S.W. of Jebba, a port on the Niger, being connected with both
places by railway. The town is surrounded by a mud wall partly in ruins,
which has a circuit of some 10 m. Illorin is a great trading centre,
Hausa caravans bringing goods from central Africa, and merchandise from
the coasts of the Mediterranean, which is distributed from Illorin to
Dahomey, Benin and the Lagos hinterland, while from the Guinea coast the
trade is in the hands of the Yoruba and comes chiefly through Lagos. A
variety of manufactures are carried on, including the making of leather
goods, carved wooden vessels, finely plaited mats, embroidered work,
shoes of yellow and red leather and pottery of various kinds. Before the
establishment of British administration traders from the south, with a
few selected exceptions, were prohibited from entering the city. Illorin
middlemen transacted all business between the traders from the north,
who were not allowed to pass to the south, and those from the south.
Since the establishment of British authority the town has been thrown
open, crowds of petty traders from Lagos have flocked into Illorin, and
between 4000 and 5000 trade licences are issued yearly. The British
resident estimated in 1904 that at least 3000 loads of British cotton
goods, which he valued at £5 a load, were imported. The population of
the town is estimated at from 60,000 to 70,000. The chief buildings are
the palace of the emir and the houses of the _baloguns_ (war chiefs).
From the centre of the town roads radiate like spokes of a wheel to the
various gates. Baobabs and other shade trees are numerous. There are a
number of mosques in the town, and the Mahommedans are the dominant
power, but the Yoruba, who constitute the bulk of the people, are
pagans.
The town of Illorin was founded, towards the close of the 18th century,
by Yoruba, and rose to be the capital of one of the Yoruba kingdoms.
About 1825 the kingdom, which had come under Mahommedan influence,
ceased its connexion with the Yoruba states and became an emirate of the
Sokoto empire. The Fula, however, maintained the Yoruba system of
government, which places the chief power in a council of elders. In
1897 Illorin was occupied by the forces of the Royal Niger Company, and
the emir placed himself "entirely under the protection and power of the
company." After the assumption of authority by the British government in
1900, Illorin was organized for administration on the same system as the
remainder of northern Nigeria. The emir took the oath of allegiance to
the sovereign of Great Britain. A resident was placed at his court.
Courts of justice have been established and British garrisons quartered
at various places in the province. (See also NIGERIA and LAGOS.)
ILLUMINATED MSS.--"Illumination," in art, is a term used to signify the
embellishment of written or printed text or design with colours and
gold, rarely also with silver. The old form of the verb "to illuminate"
was "to enlumine" (O. Fr. _enluminer_; Lat. _illuminare_, "to throw
light on," "to brighten"), as used by Chaucer (_A.B.C._, 73), "kalendres
enlumyned ben they," and other medieval writers. Joinville likens the
action of St Louis in adorning his kingdom with monastic foundations to
a writer "qui a fait son livre qui l'enlumine d'or et d'azur"; while
Dante (_Purgat._ xi. 79) alludes to this kind of decoration as "quell'
arte che alluminare chiamata è in Parisi." But while the term should be
strictly applied to the brilliant book-ornamentation which was developed
in the later middle ages, it has been extended, by usage, to the
illustration and decoration of early MSS. in general.
Early.
From remote times the practice of illustrating texts by means of
pictorial representations was in vogue. The survival of papyrus rolls
containing the text of the Egyptian ritual known as _The Book of the
Dead_, dating back fifteen centuries B.C., and accompanied with numerous
scenes painted in brilliant colours, proves how ancient was this very
natural method of elucidating a written text by means of pictures. There
are many passages in the writings of Latin authors showing that
illustrated books were not uncommon in Rome at least in the early period
of the empire; and the oldest extant paintings in ancient classical MSS.
may with little hesitation be accepted as representative of the style of
illustration which was practised very much earlier. But such paintings
are rather illustrative than decorative, and the only strictly
ornamental adjuncts are the frames in which they are set. Yet
independent decoration appears in a primitive form in the papyri and the
earliest vellum MSS. At the head or at the end of the text designs
composed of cross-hatchings, cables, dotted patterns and scrolls,
sometimes with birds or simple domestic objects, are found. The early
practice of writing the initial lines or even the entire text of a
volume in gold or coloured inks, and of staining with purple and of
gilding the vellum, while it undoubtedly enhanced the decorative aspect,
does not properly fall within the scope of this article; it concerns the
material rather than the artistic element of the MS. (See MANUSCRIPTS,
PALAEOGRAPHY.)
It will be seen, then, that in the earliest examples of book decorations
we find the germs of the two lines on which that decoration was destined
to develop in the illuminated MSS. of the middle ages: the illustrative
picture was the precursor of the medieval miniature (the technical term
for a picture in an illuminated MS.); and the independent simple
ornament was to expand into the brilliant initial letters and borders of
illumination. And yet, while the miniature has a career of its own in
artistic development which may be more conveniently dealt with under a
separate heading (see MINIATURE), its decorative qualities are so
closely bound up with those of the initial and border that an historical
description of illumination must give full recognition to its prominent
position in the general scheme of book-ornamentation of the middle ages.
The first examples to come under consideration are the few surviving
MSS. of early origin which, preserving as they do the classical
tradition, form the connecting link between the art of the Roman empire
and that of the middle ages. The most ancient of these, it is now
agreed, is the fragmentary copy of the _Iliad_, on vellum, in the
Ambrosian Library of Milan, which consists of cuttings of the coloured
drawings with which the volume was adorned in illustration of the
various scenes of the poem. The MS. may have been executed in Italy,
and there is good reason to assign the fragments to the 3rd century. The
character of the art is quite classical, bearing comparison with that of
the wall-paintings of Pompeii and the catacombs. Equally classical in
their style are the fifty illustrative pictures of the Vatican Virgil,
known as the _Schedae Vaticanae_, of the 4th century; but in these we
find an advance on the Homeric fragments in the direction of decoration,
for gilt shading is here employed to heighten the lights, and the frames
in which the pictures are set are ornamented with gilt lozenges. A
second famous MS. of Virgil in the Vatican library is the _Codex
Romanus_, a curious instance of rough and clumsy art, with its series of
illustrations copied by an unskilful hand from earlier classical models.
And a still later example of persistence of the classical tradition is
seen in the long roll of the book of Joshua, also in the Vatican,
perhaps of the 10th century, which is filled with a series of outline
drawings of considerable merit, copied from an earlier MS. But all such
MSS. exhibit little tendency to decoration, and if the book
ornamentation of the early middle ages had been practised only in the
western empire and not also at Constantinople, it is very doubtful if
the brilliant illumination which was afterwards developed would have
ever existed.
[Illustration: PLATE I.