[Footnote 6: _V._ additional note.]
[Footnote 7: Lagarde, _Op. Ital._, p. 101.]
[Footnote 8: _i.e._ Heightening of normal powers.]
[Footnote 9: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 184.]
[Footnote 10: On Bruno's family _v._ Fiorentino, in the _Giornale de la
Domenica_ (Naples), for Jan. 29, 1882.]
[Footnote 11: _De Magia, Op. Lat._ iii. Op. 430, 431.]
[Footnote 12: _De Immenso, v. Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 120.]
[Footnote 13: _De Immenso_, iii. (i. 1. 313).]
[Footnote 14: Ct. the punning line "_Domini canes evangelium latrantur
per totum orbem._"]
[Footnote 15: Berti, p. 50.]
[Footnote 16: Cf. _Spaccio de la Bestia_, Lag. p. 552, 1.]
[Footnote 17: Venetian Documents, No. 8.]
[Footnote 18: Docs. 8 and 13.]
[Footnote 19: _Vide_ additional note.]
[Footnote 20: Doc. 1 (Berti, p. 378).]
[Footnote 21: Tasso came about the same time, to be repulsed as
plague-stricken from the gates.]
[Footnote 22: Doc. 9. Berti, p. 393 (a line is omitted in the 2nd
Edition).]
[Footnote 23: Lag. 147. 21.]
[Footnote 24: Fra Paolo Sarpi was at this time teaching philosophy in
one of the monasteries in Venice, but Bruno does not seem to have met
him.]
[Footnote 25: _Sig. Sig._ (_Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 191).]
[Footnote 26: _Cena_, Lag. 143. 40.]
[Footnote 27: Doc. 9.]
[Footnote 28: _Giordano Bruno à Genève_ (1579), par Théophil Dufour:
_v._ Berti, pp. 449 ff.]
[Footnote 29: From the Register of the Council.]
[Footnote 30: Register of Consistory, 1577-1579.]
[Footnote 31: Bartholmèss, i. pp. 62, 63 (with note).]
[Footnote 32: _Vide De Umbris_ (_Op. Lat._ ii. 1. p. 65, cf. p. 87).]
[Footnote 33: Brunnhofer's _Giordano Bruno_, etc., p. 25.]
[Footnote 34: Introd. to _De Umbris_.]
[Footnote 35: Bartholmèss, I. 74.]
[Footnote 36: _Vide Acrot. Camoer._ Epistle to the Rector of the
University (Filesac.). _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 56, 57.]
[Footnote 37: _Artificium Arist. Lull. Ram._ 1615.]
[Footnote 38: Cf. _Orat. Consol._ (i. 1. 32).]
[Footnote 39: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. pp. 76-8.]
[Footnote 40: _Cena_, L. 176, 37 ff.]
[Footnote 41: _Teulet Papers_, ii. p. 570 (May 16, 1583).]
[Footnote 42: _Op. cit._, p. 693.]
[Footnote 43: Camden's _Elizabeth_.]
[Footnote 44: The MS. of _Dido_, which was acted by Christ Church men,
is still preserved in the library of Christ Church.]
[Footnote 45: Lag. p. 120 ff.]
[Footnote 46: L. p. 220.]
[Footnote 47: 1546-1628. Studied at University College; President
of St. John's, 1572-7; Dean of Christ Church (to 1584); afterwards
Archbishop of York: "One of a proper person (such people, _ceteris
paribus_ and sometimes _ceteris imparibus_, were preferred by the
Queen) and an excellent preacher"--(Fuller, quoted in the _Dict. Nat.
Biog._)]
[Footnote 48: Warden of New, 1573-99; Dean of Chichester, 1577.]
[Footnote 49: _Vide Trig. Sigilli_, Dedication.]
[Footnote 50: _Vide_ add. note.]
[Footnote 51: Doc. 9, _Berta_, p. 305. "Castelnuovo, in casa del qual
non faceva altro se non che stava per il suo gentilhomo."]
[Footnote 52: Preface, L. 305.]
[Footnote 53: Lag. 264, 20.]
[Footnote 54: L. 143.]
[Footnote 55: L. 226. 25 ff.]
[Footnote 56: Mauvissière's successor was nominated in Nov. 1584,
although he did not leave until a year later.]
[Footnote 57: _Vide_ add. note.]
[Footnote 58: First pointed out, I believe, by Mr. Whittaker in _Essays
and Notices_, 1895 (_v._ the note to _Giordano Bruno_, p. 94).]
[Footnote 59: Cf. the _Quarterly Review_, Oct. 1902. The references
are _Tschischwitz: Shakespeare-Forschungen--Hamlet_, 1868; _W. König,
Shakespeare-Jahrbuch_, xi.; _Frith's Giordano Bruno_; on the other side
_Beyersdorff, Giordano Bruno und Shakespeare_ (1889); _Furness_ in the
_New Variorum Shakespeare_.]
[Footnote 60: _Vide_ add. note.]
[Footnote 61: Lag. 223. 4.]
[Footnote 62: _Vide infra_, part ii. ch. 9.]
[Footnote 63: In the _Aminta_.]
[Footnote 64: _Sigillus_ is really a diminutive of "Signum" in Bruno's
view; "Seal" therefore means much the same as "Sign."]
[Footnote 65: "Venezia" on the title-page.]
[Footnote 66: Again "Venetia." The Introduction is translated in _A
collection of several pieces_, by Mr. John Toland, 2 vols., London,
1726.]
[Footnote 67: "_Parigi._" Translated, except for the introductory
letter to Sidney, in _Sp. dalla Best. Triom., or the Expulsion of the
Triumphant Beast_, London, 1713; attributed to W. Morehead.
The Spaccio was in its outward form, no doubt, suggested by Lucian's
_Parliament of the Gods_. Fiorentino has pointed out that Niccolo
Franco had made use of a similar idea in a dialogue published in 1539,
in which he described a journey to heaven, where he was at first
refused admittance; he had a parley with the Gods, until, with the aid
of Momus, he obtained permission to enter, conversed with Jupiter,
received some favours, and returned. Franco was impaled in 1565 by Pope
Pius V., hence perhaps the absence of his name in Bruno. Perhaps the
idea of the Spaccio was also determined by a prophecy of the Bohemian
Cipriano Leowicz ("On the more signal great conjunctions of the
planets," 1564), that about the beginning of April 1584 would occur a
reunion of almost all the planets in the sign of Aries, and it should
be the last in that sign. It was inferred that the Christian religion
would also come to an end then. This would agree with the reason given
above for Bruno's preface, viz. that he was leaving England in 1584,
Mauvissière's term having expired.]
[Footnote 68: Lag. 417.]
[Footnote 69: _Ib._ 408.]
[Footnote 70: _Parigi_ is on the title page.]
[Footnote 71: _Op. Lat._ ii. 3, 237.]
[Footnote 72: Also _Parigi_. Translated in "The Heroic Enthusiasts," an
Ethical Poem, by L. Williams, London, 1887. (The Argument or Summary,
and the Apology of Bruno, are omitted.)]
[Footnote 73: Lag. 123. 3. Cf. _Her. Fur._ 747. 19--"le belle et
gratiose Ninfe del Padre Tamesi," 749. 40, "Leggiadre Nimphe, ch'a le'
herbose Sponde del Tamesi gentil fatte Soggiorno," and 753. 10.]
[Footnote 74: Lag. 144. 10.]
[Footnote 75: Lag. 406. 17 (_Spaccio_).]
[Footnote 76: Lag. 292.]
[Footnote 77: 521. 27 ff.]
[Footnote 78: 551. 38, 522. 23, 550. 2, 490. 3.]
[Footnote 79: _Salisbury Papers_, iii. p. 112.]
[Footnote 80: Doc. 9.]
[Footnote 81: Doc. 17. Berti, p. 426, 427.]
[Footnote 82: Landseck's _Bruno_.]
[Footnote 83: _Vide Op. Lat._ vol. iii. Introd. p. xxxix.]
[Footnote 84: Centum et Viginti Articuli _De Natura et Mundo_, adv.
Peripateticos, Paris, 1586; and "J. B. N. _Camoeracensis Acrotismus_,
etc." Wittenberg, 1588. "Camoeracensis" qualifies Bruni,--"of the
College of Cambray." Acrotismus is barbarous Latinising of [Greek:
Akroasis].]
[Footnote 85: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 63.]
[Footnote 86: i. 1. 65.]
[Footnote 87: _Ib._ 68, 69.]
[Footnote 88: _Figuratio Aristotelici Physici Auditus_, Paris,
1586. _Dialogi Duo de Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani prope divina
adinventione ad perfectam cosmimetrae praxim_, Paris, 1586. _Vide_ add.
note.]
[Footnote 89: Doc. 9.]
[Footnote 90: Eglin, a pupil of Bruno, was Professor of Theology at
Marburg in 1607 (Brunnhofer, p. 60).]
[Footnote 91: Sigwart. The university has since been united with that
of Halle, the seat being at the latter place.]
[Footnote 92: _De Specierum Scrutinio et Lampade Combinatoria Raimundi
Lulli_, "the omniscient and almost divine hermit doctor." Prague, 1588.]
[Footnote 93: Krell was imprisoned, and put to death ten years later.]
[Footnote 94: _Vide Spaccio_, Lag. 516. 11, and 553. 21 ff.]
[Footnote 95: _De Specierum Scrutinio_, _vide supra_, p. 54.]
[Footnote 96: Published 1589, Helmstadt.]
[Footnote 97: Bk. iv. ch. 10.]
[Footnote 98: Cf. Frith's _Bruno_, p. 200.]
[Footnote 99: _Vide_ Brunnhofer and Sigwart.]
[Footnote 100: Censor's Register: Frankfort Archives.]
[Footnote 101: Sigwart, and _Op. Lat._ vol. iii. introd. p. xxix.]
[Footnote 102: Bassäus Catalogue of Frankfort Books from 1564-1592,
printed 1592 (Sigwart).]
[Footnote 103: Doc. 6 (Ciotto's evidence).]
[Footnote 104: Doc. 8 (Bruno's own statements).]
[Footnote 105: Sigwart, _Kl. Schriften_, i. p. 302.]
[Footnote 106: _Vide Op. Lat._, vol i., introd. p. xx.]
[Footnote 107: Bertano described him as lecturing at Padua to some
German scholars (Doc. 7). On _Besler_, and Bruno's connection with him,
_v._ Stölzle, _Archiv f. Geschichte d. Phil._, iii.]
[Footnote 108: Riehl, _Giordano Bruno_.]
[Footnote 109: Doc. 15, Morosini's evidence.]
[Footnote 110: Doc. 17 (Bruno). Cf. 16 (Ciotto re-examined), and 9
(Bruno).]
[Footnote 111: Doc. 10.]
[Footnote 112: Ambassador in Paris during Bruno's first visit (1582).]
[Footnote 113: The Nuncio was sometimes represented by his auditor, the
Patriarch by his vicar.]
[Footnote 114: _i.e._ orthodox, right-thinking.]
[Footnote 115: Bruno refers to the Pythagorean doctrine, quoting the
_Æneid_, vi. 724 ff.: _Principio c[oe]lum ... mens agitat molem_.]
[Footnote 116: _De Monade_ (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 415).]
[Footnote 117: Doc. 17.]
[Footnote 118: Doc. 24. Venetian State Archives.]
[Footnote 119: Doc. 25. State Archives.]
[Footnote 120: Docs. 26, 27.]
[Footnote 121: Roman Documents, III.]
[Footnote 122: It must not be left out of mind that documents have
occasionally been tampered with, and statements put into the mouths of
witnesses which are in substance false, as Fiorentino hints concerning
these reports of Bruno's trial. But there is no special reason for
doubt here.]
[Footnote 123: It is officially stated that there are no further
documents.]
[Footnote 124: Wagner's introduction to Bruno's _Opere Italiane_, p. 7.]
[Footnote 125: _Conferenza_, p. 86.]
[Footnote 126: For the part of this letter relative to Bruno, _v._
Bartholmèss (with French translation), Berti and Frith.]
[Footnote 127: The letter was translated into English by La Roche,
_Memoirs of Literature_, vol. ii., and by Toland, _Misc. Works_, vol.
i. Schopp refers to Bruno's death in a work published in 1611 (_i.e._
several years before the letter itself was published) as having
occurred ten years earlier (Berti, p. 10).]
[Footnote 128: Berti, p. 326, n. 1.]
[Footnote 129: Pognisi, _Giordano Bruno e l'Archivio di San Giovanni
Decollato_, Torino, 1891, and vol. iii. of _Op. Lat._ introd.]
[Footnote 130: _Metam._ xv.]
[Footnote 131: Cf. _Her. Fur._ 623. 20 ff.]
[Footnote 132: Lag. 564. 25.]
[Footnote 133: _E.g._ cf. _De Umbris_, p. 10 ff., and _Magia Math., Op.
Lat._ iii. 5. 506.]
[Footnote 134: Lag. 141. 5.]
[Footnote 135: _Cena_, Lag. 125. 12 ff.]
[Footnote 136: Juvenal, i. 3. 300.]
[Footnote 137: Lag. 129. 7.]
[Footnote 138: Lag. 318. 5.]
[Footnote 139: Lag. 619. 20. Cf. also 700. 25, 717. 39.]
[Footnote 140: Lag. 718. 26.]
[Footnote 141: Lag. 223. 14 ff., cf. 242. 35, and _De Minimo_, bk. iii.
1.]
[Footnote 142: _De Minimo, Op. Lat._ i. 3, 135.]
[Footnote 143: In his _De Orbitis Planetarum_, 1801, Hegel
"demonstrated" that the number of planets could not exceed seven.
Before it appeared, Piazzi had discovered Ceres.]
[Footnote 144: _Art. Adv. Math. Epist. Ded._ (i. 3. 4).]
[Footnote 145: _Sig. Sig._ (ii. 2. 192.)]
[Footnote 146: Works published during Bruno's imprisonment, and
posthumously.]
[Footnote 147: Cf. _Op. Lat._ vol. i. pt. 4. Also in Gfrörer.]
[Footnote 148: Cf. p. 67, l. 11.]
[Footnote 149: Brunnhofer (p. 81) suggests that the first part
contains the exoteric, the second the esoteric teaching of Bruno. But
as Tocco (_Opere Latine di G. B._, p. 136) rightly points out, some
such knowledge of Aristotelian terms as that in Part i. would form a
necessary preliminary to the study of philosophy in Bruno's time. He
makes use of the Aristotelian terms to express ideas quite different
from those of Aristotle.]
[Footnote 150: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 333.]
[Footnote 151: _Vide_ Tocco, _Opere Inedite di G. B._ Napoli, 1891.]
[Footnote 152: _Op. cit._ p. 77.]
[Footnote 153: _Vide Op. Lat._ iii., Introduction by Vitelli; but
according to Stölzle (_Archiv für Gesch. d. Phil._ iii. 1890) and Tocco
(_Op. Ined._, p. 99) they belong to the first stay in Paris. The latter
adds that they may have been repeated in Wittenberg.]
[Footnote 154: Under the heading "Time" (_de tempore_) there is a short
treatise on Astrology.]
[Footnote 155: Doc. 8: the words suggest a special training in Latin,
Greek, Philosophy, and Rhetoric,--not the whole Trivium and Quadrivium
of the ordinary education of the day, as Berti supposes.]
[Footnote 156: Cf. _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 61; ii. 3; i. 4. 39, 65, 69; i. 1.
256, etc.]
[Footnote 157: i. 4. 21; i. 1. 223; i. 1. 231.]
[Footnote 158: A compendium of Aristotle's _Physics_.]
[Footnote 159: _Op. Lat._ i. 4. 131 ff.]
[Footnote 160: (_De Immenso_, iii. 3), _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 340.]
[Footnote 161: Lag. 131.]
[Footnote 162: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 133.]
[Footnote 163: Lag. 239.]
[Footnote 164: _Ib._ 252. Cf. Bacon's _Nov. Org._ i. 54:--"Aristotle,
who altogether enslaved his natural Philosophy to his Logic, and so
rendered it nearly useless and contentious," (_vide infra_, ch. 9).]
[Footnote 165: Lag. 256.]
[Footnote 166: _Ib._ 280.]
[Footnote 167: _Nov. Org._ i. 62.]
[Footnote 168: (_De l' Infinito_), Lag. 324.]
[Footnote 169: Lag. 231.]
[Footnote 170: _Ib._ 183. Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 282, 288.]
[Footnote 171: Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 96, 3. 26, 3. 271; i. 1. 291; i. 3.
26; iii. 70, etc.]
[Footnote 172: Lag. 282.]
[Footnote 173: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 196, and (_Her. Fur._) Lag. 722. 35.]
[Footnote 174: _Cena_, Lag. 237. 9. Cf. _Her. Fur._ Lag. 722. 35.]
[Footnote 175: Lag. 256. 25, 273. 25. Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 377.]
[Footnote 176: i. 1. 272.]
[Footnote 177: i. 2. 148.]
[Footnote 178: i. 3. 140.]
[Footnote 179: _Causa_, Lag. 247.]
[Footnote 180: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 169.]
[Footnote 181: Cf. _Her. Fur._, Lag. 636. If not by Iamblichus, this
work issued certainly from his school, to which Julian the Apostate
belonged.]
[Footnote 182: _E.g. Op. Lat._ i. 1. 376.]
[Footnote 183: _Ibid._]
[Footnote 184: _Op. cit._]
[Footnote 185: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 409.]
[Footnote 186: Lag. 532.]
[Footnote 187: _i.e._ creative or original.]
[Footnote 188: _Spaccio_, Lag. 533. Bruno was probably acquainted with
the _De arte cabbalistica_ (1517) of Reuchlin the Platonist, and with
Pico of Mirandula's _Cabalistarum selectiora obscurioraque dogmata_.
Of the Cabala itself the first part (Creation) was published in Hebrew
at Mantua 1562, a translation into Latin at Basle 1587: the second
part, _The Book of Splendour_, Hebrew, 1560, a translation, not, as
it seems, until the following century. It is unlikely that Bruno read
Hebrew, although he makes use of Hebrew letters among his symbols. But
there were many writings on the Cabala from which he could have derived
his idea of their teaching--_e.g._ Agrippa's _Occulta Philosophia_, to
which he was indebted for much of the _De Monade_. The Cabala (_i.e._
"traditional teaching") is a collection of dogmas made about the ninth
and thirteenth centuries; it was certainly influenced by Neoplatonism,
and contained the interpretation of creation as emanation in graduated
series of beings from the one supreme Being, of the Logos or Divine
Word as intermediary between the Supreme and the lower beings (viz, the
material world and all sensible objects): the elements of the Logos
are the Sephiroth, the ten numbers of Pythagoras, corresponding to the
chief virtues or qualities; next to these are the ideas or forms, then
the world-souls, and last of all material things.]
[Footnote 189: _Causa_, Lag. 231.]
[Footnote 190: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 196.]
[Footnote 191: _Ib._ ii. i. 48.]
[Footnote 192: Plotinus, _Enneads_, ii. 4. 4; cf. Bruno's _Causa_, Lag.
267.]
[Footnote 193: _Causa_, Lag. 271; cf. Plot. _Enn._ ii. 4. 3.]
[Footnote 194: i. 2. 117.]
[Footnote 195: _Vide_ Munk, _Mélanges de Philosophie juive et Arabe_,
Paris, 1589; and _Dictionnaire des sciences Philosophiques_, Paris,
1844-52.]
[Footnote 196: Ibn Sina, 980-1037 /A.D./; cf. _Op. Lat._ iii.
458, 475.]
[Footnote 197: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 223, called by Bruno _Hispanus_, but
really an Arabian, Ibn Badja,--d. 1138.]
[Footnote 198: A Jew, Ibn Gebirol, fl. 1050.]
[Footnote 199: Al Ghazzali, 1059-1111 /A.D./]
[Footnote 200: Cf. _Op. Lat._ iii. 696.]
[Footnote 201: _Vide_ Wittman, _Giord. Bruno's Beziehungen zu
Avencebrol_ in the _Archiv für Geschichte der Phil._ 13. 2 (1900).]
[Footnote 202: _Causa_, Lag. 253; cf. 246, and _Op. Lat._ iii. 696.]
[Footnote 203: _Causa_, Lag. 265.]
[Footnote 204: Cf. Wittman, _loc. cit._]
[Footnote 205: _Cena_, Lag. 170.]
[Footnote 206: _Her. Fur._ Lag. 742. Algazel is connected with Averroes
by Bruno in another argument against authority,--that the mere habit of
and familiarity with a given belief does not authorise its truth, for
"those who from boyhood and youth are accustomed to eat poison, come to
such a state that it is transformed into a sweet and good nourishment
for them, and on the contrary they come to abhor what is really good
and pleasant according to common nature."]
[Footnote 207: A Latin translation of Averroes' _Commentaries_ was
published in 1472, and one of his criticisms of Algazel (_Destructio
destructionis_) in 1497 and in 1527.]
[Footnote 208: _Causa_, Lag. 271, and _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 411.]
[Footnote 209: i. 1. 370.]
[Footnote 210: _Causa_, Lag. 271: on Averroes cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 221,
224, 337, 338, etc.]
[Footnote 211: _Her. Fur._ Lag. 677.]
[Footnote 212: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 16. Albertus lived from 1193 to 1280
A.D. There are frequent references to the spurious writings attributed
to him, in Bruno's _De Magia Mathematica_, etc.]
[Footnote 213: i. 2. 415. Cf. _Sig. Sig._ ii. 2. 190, for a reputed
miracle related of Saint Thomas.]
[Footnote 214: Cf. the ridicule in Lag. 361 and 563.]
[Footnote 215: _Causa_, Lag. 246.]
[Footnote 216: Tocco, _Fonti piu recenti_, etc., p. 538.]
[Footnote 217: Besides the several works on the Art of Reasoning,
Lully had written also on theology and on medicine, and Bruno, in his
(posthumous) _Medicina Lulliana_, gave a compendium of the latter group
of writings.]
[Footnote 218: _De Lampade Combinatoria_, _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 234.]
[Footnote 219: Faber Stapulensis (_c._ 1500), and Carolus Bovillus
(_c._ 1470-1553). Both were rather followers of Cusanus.]
[Footnote 220: _Op. Lat_. ii. 2. 242.]
[Footnote 221: ii. 2. 61.]
[Footnote 222: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 329, 3. 297.]
[Footnote 223: _De Comp. Arch._ ii. 2. 42.]
[Footnote 224: i. 1. 17. On Cusanus _v._ Falckenberg, _Grundzüge
der Philosophie des Nicolaus Cusanus_, 1880, Uebinger, _Philosophie
des N. C._, 1880, and _Gotteslehre des N. C._, 1888, F. J. Clemens,
_Giord. Bruno und Nikolaus von Cusa_, 1847, Scharpff, _Des N. von C.
wichstigste Schriften_, 1862.]
[Footnote 225: _Infinito_, Lag. 348.]
[Footnote 226: Cf. Cusanus' _De docta ignorantia_.]
[Footnote 227: _Spaccio_, Lag. 420.]
[Footnote 228: _De docta ignorantia_, i. 7. _Alchoran_, ii. 7, 8.]
[Footnote 229: _Doct. ignor._ ii. 7.]
[Footnote 230: _De Possest._]
[Footnote 231: _Alchoran_, ii. 6.]
[Footnote 232: Cusanus, _De Ludo globi_, bk. i.]
[Footnote 233: Cusanus, _De Idiota_, iii. (_De Mente_, 9).]
[Footnote 234: Cusanus, _De Conjecturis_, i. 4.]
[Footnote 235: _Id. De Visione Dei_, 10.]
[Footnote 236: _Id. De Venatione Sapientiae._]
[Footnote 237: _De occulta philosophia._]
[Footnote 238: _De Vanitate Scientiarum._]
[Footnote 239: Tocco. _Fonti piu recenti_, etc. p. 534.]
[Footnote 240: Theophrastus Bombastes von Hohenheim, 1493-1541.]
[Footnote 241: Lag. 247.]
[Footnote 242: i. 1. 17. In the _Sig. Sig._ ii. 2. 181, he
is put forward as an example of the value of the life of
solitude:--"Paracelsus, who glories more in the title of hermit than in
that of doctor or master, became a leader and author among physicians,
second to none"--a reference to the title of _Eremita_, which
Paracelsus took, however, from his birthplace Einsiedeln, and to his
well known and strongly expressed contempt for the learning of books.]
[Footnote 243: 1501-1576 /A.D./]
[Footnote 244: The first two books of the _De natura rerum_ were
published in 1565.]
[Footnote 245: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 17.]
[Footnote 246: _Cena_, Lag. 124.]
[Footnote 247: Bruno praises and gives long extracts from Copernicus in
the _De Immenso_, bk. iii. ch. 9.]
[Footnote 248: _De la Causa_, etc.]
[Footnote 249: Lag. 229.]
[Footnote 250: Lag. 229.]
[Footnote 251: _De la Causa, principio et uno_, 1584.]
[Footnote 252: Lag. 230.]
[Footnote 253: _Ib._ The terms correspond to Aristotle's [Greek:
archê] and [Greek: aition], respectively; no clear distinction was
drawn between their meanings by Aristotle, however. Bruno's aim is
to contrast the inwardly active, _immanent_ principle of life and of
movement with the _transient_, outwardly active cause, and to interpret
nature, as a whole, as the manifestation of some such inward principle,
rather than as a mechanical system to which the impulse was given from
without.]
[Footnote 254: Lag. 231. 38. The _Intellectus_ is identified also with
the Pythagorean world-mover (Verg. _Aeneid_, vi. 726); the "World's
Eye" of the Orphic Poems; the "distinguisher" of Empedocles; the
"Father and Progenitor of all things" of Plotinus.]
[Footnote 255: Lag. 232. 24.]
[Footnote 256: Lag. 232. 33 ff.]
[Footnote 257: On Perfection, _vide infra_, p. 199.]
[Footnote 258: Lag. 233. 27. Cf. Arist. _De Anima_, ii. 1.]
[Footnote 259: Cf. Arist. _De Anima_, ii. ch. 1 and 2.]
[Footnote 260: Lag. 238. 34.]
[Footnote 261: Cf. _Lucretius_.]
[Footnote 262: Lag. 202. 40.]
[Footnote 263: Cf. _e.g._ 238. 12, when the form or soul is said to
be _one_ in all things, and differences are said to arise from the
dispositions of _matter_.]
[Footnote 264: _Vide infra_, ch. 5.]
[Footnote 265: Lag. 240. 28.]
[Footnote 266: Lag. 242. 7.]
[Footnote 267: _Epist. Proëm._, Lag. 203. 19. When he wrote the
_De Minimo_ the question had at least presented itself to Bruno as
requiring solution: _vide_ bk. iv. (_Op. Lat._ i. 3. 274). Individual
differences are referred to two possible sources--the different
compositions of the forms or ideal types, and the varied dispositions
of matter; and it is suggested that the latter of these may derive from
the former.]
[Footnote 268: Lag. 246. 37.]
[Footnote 269: Lag. 248. 17. The apparent conflict between this and the
preceding pages will resolve itself below.]
[Footnote 270: Lag. 249. 35.]
[Footnote 271: Pseudo-Timaeus, 94 A.]
[Footnote 272: Lag. 253. 11.]
[Footnote 273: Lag. 257, 258.]
[Footnote 274: Lag. 258-260.]
[Footnote 275: Lag. 261.]
[Footnote 276: Lag. 266.]
[Footnote 277: _Supra_, ch. i. Cf. Plotinus, _Ennead_, ii. 4. 4.]
[Footnote 278: Lag. 269.]
[Footnote 279: Lag. 268-271. Bruno refers here to Averroes, and
especially to Plotinus, v. ch. i.]
[Footnote 280: Compare the ambiguity in Spinoza's definition of mind in
relation to body.]
[Footnote 281: Lag. 273, 274.]
[Footnote 282: Lag. 277.]
[Footnote 283: Lag. 278. 4.]
[Footnote 284: Lag. pp. 278-281.]
[Footnote 285: Lag. 285. 35.]
[Footnote 286: Lag. 288. 5.]
[Footnote 287: Lag. 288, 289.]
[Footnote 288: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 147. 1.]
[Footnote 289: _De Immenso: de l' Infinito: Acrotismus_, etc.]
[Footnote 290: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 202.]
[Footnote 291: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 203.]
[Footnote 292: _De Immenso_, bk. i. ch. 6.]
[Footnote 293: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 222.]
[Footnote 294: P. 227.]
[Footnote 295: P. 231.]
[Footnote 296: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 232. On _Space_, cf. _Acrot._ Art.
31, 33-37 (Vacuum, Ether, etc.), and _Infinito_, Lag. 365.]
[Footnote 297: P. 234.]
[Footnote 298: P. 235.]
[Footnote 299: Cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 322. 1 ff. for the argument.]
[Footnote 300: Bk. ii. ch. 2.; cf. _Infinito_, Dial. v., Lag. 387.]
[Footnote 301: _De Imm._ i. 1. 264; cf. _Inf._ 392. 15.]
[Footnote 302: Bk. ii. ch. 4 (267 ff.).]
[Footnote 303: Bk. ii. ch. 6.]
[Footnote 304: Ch. 7. (p. 278); cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 335 ff.]
[Footnote 305: _Vide infra_, ch. 5.]
[Footnote 306: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 279.]
[Footnote 307: _Ib._ p. 281.]
[Footnote 308: Bk. ii. ch. 8 (p. 283); cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 4. 216, and
_Infinito_, Lag. 344 ff. 338.]
[Footnote 309: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 284.]
[Footnote 310: P. 285.]
[Footnote 311: Bk. ii. ch. 10. p. 293.]
[Footnote 312: Bk. ii. ch. 11.]
[Footnote 313: P. 300 ff.]
[Footnote 314: Bk. ii. ch. 12. 302 ff.]
[Footnote 315: Bk. ii. ch. 13.]
[Footnote 316: Cf. also _infra_, p. 199 ff.]
[Footnote 317: _De Imm._ bk. i. ch. 10. pp. 235-8; cf. _Infinito_, 312
f., 316. Bruno does not use the term "principle of sufficient reason":
his principle is the inverse of that of Leibniz--"whatever has not a
sufficient reason for existing is necessarily non-existent,"--Bruno's
being that "whatever has not a sufficient reason for non-existence
(_i.e._ whatever is possible) necessarily exists."]
[Footnote 318: _De Imm._ bk. i. ch. 11. p. 239; _Infin._ 314 f.]
[Footnote 319: _De Imm._ bk. i. ch. 11. p. 241.]
[Footnote 320: _Ib. Schol._ ch. 11. pp. 241, 242.]
[Footnote 321: P. 242 ff.]
[Footnote 322: Cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 316. 21.]
[Footnote 323: No. 13 states that the worlds could not interfere with
one another, since space is infinite.]
[Footnote 324: No. 18 denies that the perfection of the world in _one_
space should either add to or detract from the perfection of another
world in other space or render it less necessary.]
[Footnote 325: Bk. i. ch. 12.]
[Footnote 326: P. 245.]
[Footnote 327: _Op. Lat._ vol. i. pt. 2. p. 310.]
[Footnote 328: _Ib._, ch. x. p. 312 ff.]
[Footnote 329: Cf. _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 259.]
[Footnote 330: P. 260. On _Time_ cf. _Acrot._, Arts. 38-40.]
[Footnote 331: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 274.]
[Footnote 332: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 307.]
[Footnote 333: P. 309 ff.]
[Footnote 334: P. 311.]
[Footnote 335: P. 312. Cf. Fiorentino's _Telesio_, p. 85. On
Perfection, and the Perfection of the Universe, cf. Bruno's _Acrot._,
Arts. 17 and 51.]
[Footnote 336: Cf. Spinoza.]
[Footnote 337: Allusions to practices of the Black Art.]
[Footnote 338: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 316.]
[Footnote 339: _De Immenso_, iii. ch. 1. (p. 313 ff.).]
[Footnote 340: P. 317.]
[Footnote 341: Bk. iii. ch. 2.]
[Footnote 342: Ch. 4. p. 341 ff.]
[Footnote 343: So Bruno explained the phases of the moon.]
[Footnote 344: Bk. vi. ch. 17. p. 210.]
[Footnote 345: Ch. 18. p. 218.]
[Footnote 346: _Ib._ p. 220. If the flow of change were arrested at any
one point in Nature, it would ultimately be arrested throughout the
whole.]
[Footnote 347: Bk. iv. ch. 1. (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 6).]
[Footnote 348: P. 7.]
[Footnote 349: P. 8.]
[Footnote 350: P. 152.]
[Footnote 351: After Empedocles.]
[Footnote 352: _De Imm._ bk. iii. ch. 5.]
[Footnote 353: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 353.]
[Footnote 354: P. 354.]
[Footnote 355: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. p. 329.]
[Footnote 356: The saying of King Alfonso in this regard is worth
repetition,--that "had he been consulted at the creation of the world
he would have spared the Maker some absurdities."]
[Footnote 357: _Op. Lat._ i. 1.. 360.]
[Footnote 358: P. 362, cf. _supra._]
[Footnote 359: P. 369 (ch. 7)--
"Promptius utque magis quâvis pernice volucrum
Versum quaque meent, immensumque aera findant
Intima nempe animae vis concitat illa," etc.
]
[Footnote 360: P. 372.]
[Footnote 361: _De Imm._ bk. iv. ch. 3.]
[Footnote 362: Ch. 8 (p. 42 f.).]
[Footnote 363: Ch. 4, Schol. cf. bk. iv. ch. 13 (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. 67).]
[Footnote 364: _De Imm._ bk. vi. ch. 19.]
[Footnote 365: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 230.]
[Footnote 366: 1531, 1532, 1572, 1577, 1585. (Bk. v. chs. 9 and 13.)]
[Footnote 367: _E.g. De Imm._ bk. iv. ch. 5.]
[Footnote 368: _Ib._ ch. 7.]
[Footnote 369: _De Imm._ bk. v. ch. 2 (p. 119).]
[Footnote 370: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 147.]
[Footnote 371: _Cena_, Lag. 183. 30.]
[Footnote 372: Lag. 184. 35; _Acrot._ Art. 68; _Infinito_, 370. 29,
375. 6, 390. 34; _Acrot._ Art. 80 (i. 1. 189), etc.]
[Footnote 373: _De Imm._ bk. v. ch. 1.]
[Footnote 374: _Cena_, Lag. 185. 4.]
[Footnote 375: _Cabala_, p. 587. 23 ff.]
[Footnote 376: On movements of suns and earths, as determined by the
soul, and the need of mutual sustenance, cf. _Acrot._ Arts. 65, 66, 67,
72.]
[Footnote 377: Cf. _Cena_, Lag. 166. 32, where it is suggested that
the Alps and Pyrenees once formed the summit of a very high mountain,
gradually broken up, through continuous geological changes, into the
lesser forms we now call mountains. So the whole of Britain is a
mountain, rising up out of the sea; its summit is the highest point,
Scotland.]
[Footnote 378: _De Imm._ bk. iv. ch. 18.]
[Footnote 379: Cf. _Infinito_, Lag. 351. 30, on the gradual changes
of the earth's surface, which Bruno infers are present, although
imperceptible, in other stars also. Cf. _ib._ 332. 15, and _De Imm._,
bks. iv. and vi.; _Acrot._ Arts. 48 and 74. In _Inf._ 353. 30,
rocks, lakes, rivers, springs, etc., are compared to the different
members or organs of the human body: the accidents or disturbances of
them,--clouds, rain, snow, etc.,--to the diseases of the human body.]
[Footnote 380: _Acrotismus: De Minimo._]
[Footnote 381: Lag. p. 158.]
[Footnote 382: Lag. 164. 18.]
[Footnote 383: _Monadology_, § 70. Cf. also §§ 64, 66, 67-69.]
[Footnote 384: Lag. 332.]
[Footnote 385: Lag. 357. 10; cf. 334. 24, 359. 13, 393. 5, and _Her.
Fur._ 738. 17.]
[Footnote 386: Lag. 367. 12, 375. 37.]
[Footnote 387: Lag. 455. 37.]
[Footnote 388: Contrast Tocco, _Opere Latine di G.B._, part 5.]
[Footnote 389: Fiorentino's Preface to _Op. Lat._ vol. i. p. xxviii.]
[Footnote 390: _Acrot. Cam._ Art. 42, p. 154.]
[Footnote 391: _Acrot. Cam._ Art. 65.]
[Footnote 392: _Vide De Min._ p. 211 (bk. ii. ch. 6).]
[Footnote 393: _De Min._ bk. i. ch. 9.]
[Footnote 394: _Ib. Schol._ (p. 170).]
[Footnote 395: Ch. 10.]
[Footnote 396: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 209.]
[Footnote 397: This thought recurs in Leibniz.]
[Footnote 398: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. pp. 209-211.]
[Footnote 399: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 208.]
[Footnote 400: P. 147. 1.]
[Footnote 401: P. 149. 3.]
[Footnote 402: _De Min._ bk. ii. ch. 3, pp. 191 ff.]
[Footnote 403: P. 195. 20.]
[Footnote 404: Ch. 4.]
[Footnote 405: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 199. 15.]
[Footnote 406: P. 200. 20.]
[Footnote 407: P. 200. 28, 201. 4; cf. 223. 11.]
[Footnote 408: _De Min._ bk. ii. ch. 5.]
[Footnote 409: P. 203. 27.]
[Footnote 410: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 207. 5 (cf. p. 302, bk. v. ch. 2).]
[Footnote 411: P. 208. 9.]
[Footnote 412: P. 207.]
[Footnote 413: _De Min._ bk. i. ch. 5.]
[Footnote 414: Arist. _Phys. Z._ 1. 231, a 23.]
[Footnote 415: _De Min._ p. 153. 22 ff.]
[Footnote 416: P. 158.]
[Footnote 417: _De Min._ P. 173. 9; cf. 173. 7, 180.]
[Footnote 418: P. 160.]
[Footnote 419: P. 161.]
[Footnote 420: P. 162.]
[Footnote 421: _De Min._ i. ch. 8.]
[Footnote 422: Ch. 11. p. 176.]
[Footnote 423: Ch. 12.]
[Footnote 424: Ch. 2. p. 140.]
[Footnote 425: _De Min._ i. ch. 14. p. 184. 23.]
[Footnote 426: ii, ch. 8. p. 214.]
[Footnote 427: iii. ch. 12. p. 267.]
[Footnote 428: Lasswitz, p. 26, note, where it is said the eighth
triangle and the sixth circle are equal.]
[Footnote 429: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 217. 9.]
[Footnote 430: Pp. 219, 221.]
[Footnote 431: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. p. 243 (bk. iii. ch. 3).]
[Footnote 432: P. 245 (bk. iii. ch. 4.), cf. p. 323 (bk. v. c. 9), 324.
(c. 10).]
[Footnote 433: P. 306 (bk. v. ch. 5.).]
[Footnote 434: P. 270. 14.]
[Footnote 435: Cf. _Art. adv. Math._ ii. The figures there are slightly
different, and named _Figurae Mentis_, _Intellectus_, _Amoris_.]
[Footnote 436: Lag. 407. 25.]
[Footnote 437: Lag. p. 407. 7.]
[Footnote 438: P. 406. 29.]
[Footnote 439: Lag. 427. 19.]
[Footnote 440: The constellations as typifying vices were to be
expelled from the heavens and replaced by the personified virtues.]
[Footnote 441: Lag. p. 445.]
[Footnote 442: Lag. p. 446. 1 ff., cf. 447. "_Questa fetida Sporcaria
del mondo_," and 467.]
[Footnote 443: P. 462. 30.]
[Footnote 444: P. 468. 25.]
[Footnote 445: Lag. p. 543. 35 ff., cf. 544. 20, 546. 16, and esp.
554. 13 ff. (_Chiron_ the Centaur), for other references to the Church
and its beliefs. Bruno could not have written the last passage while
retaining any shred of genuine belief in the divinity of Christ. v.
also 534. 32.]
[Footnote 446: _Cabala_, p. 565.]
[Footnote 447: Cf. the poem in the _Cabala_, p. 564. 25, _O' Sant'
Asinita_, and _Cena_, Lag. 147. 21 (the Ark of Noah), etc.]
[Footnote 448: The lists given in the argument are not quite the same
as those in the body of the work, and both differ to some extent
from the list of vices which is put in the mouth of Jupiter at the
beginning, p. 439.]
[Footnote 449: From Lag. p. 439.]
[Footnote 450: Cf. also p. 488. Another list of virtues is in the
eulogium on Julius in the _Oratio Consolatoria_ (_Op. Lat._ i. 1. 47
ff.). There also the constellations typify different virtues.]
[Footnote 451: In the _De Lamp. Comb._, are two lists of virtues
and vices, after Lully; with each virtue are given the two vicious
extremes, in Aristotelian fashion. (_Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 257).]
[Footnote 452: Lag. 489. 18 (_Sub Lyra_). They are _Arithmetica_,
_Geometria_, _Musica_, _Logica_, _Poesia_, _Astrologia_, _Physica_,
_Metaphysica_, _Ethica_.]
[Footnote 453: Lag. p. 461. 11 ff.]
[Footnote 454: Pp. 461, 462.]
[Footnote 455: In contrast with _St. Luke_ 15. 7.]
[Footnote 456: Reading _conversation_ for _conservation_.]
[Footnote 457: Lag. pp. 464, 465.]
[Footnote 458: Lag. pp. 465, 466.]
[Footnote 459: P. 527.]
[Footnote 460: Pp. 520, 521.]
[Footnote 461: _Op. cit._ p. 794.]
[Footnote 462: Compare the picture of Avarice in _Spaccio_, pp. 477,
478, with Shakespeare's _Shylock_.]
[Footnote 463: _Cabala_, p. 576. 31.]
[Footnote 464: P. 500. 40.]
[Footnote 465: Cf. p. 535. 4, and 541. 35,--"_Escremento de l'
Egitto_," which may not mean more than outgrowth or offshoot of Egypt,
although it has been interpreted otherwise.]
[Footnote 466: P. 542. 18.]
[Footnote 467: _Spaccio_, p. 526. 11; Clemens' translation (_op. cit._
p. 172) gives this saying an unnecessarily sinister meaning.]
[Footnote 468: _De Vinculis in genere_ (_Op. Lat._ iii. p. 697. 26).]
[Footnote 469: Lag. p. 503. 20.]
[Footnote 470: From Tasso's _Aminta_, act i. _sub fin._--Bruno hardly
ever mentions the authors of the poems in his ethical works, so that
the layman in literature has great difficulty in knowing which, if any,
are his own. Thus Rixner and Siber translate the above, and give it as
Bruno's (_op. cit._ p. 230). In the fourth line Bruno reads "E 'n" for
"Ma 'n."]
[Footnote 471: Cf. _Infinito_, p. 398. 16.]
[Footnote 472: Cf. _De Imm._ vii. 16 (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. p. 278).]
[Footnote 473: Lag. p. 507. 6.]
[Footnote 474: P. 507. 14.]
[Footnote 475: _Vide infra_, ch. vii., _re_ transmigration.]
[Footnote 476: Lag. p. 586. 11.]
[Footnote 477: Lag. p. 586. 35 ff.]
[Footnote 478: _Ib._ p. 469. 7.]
[Footnote 479: _Sextus Math._ xi. 51-58. Crantor was one of the Old
Academy, and wrote a commentary on the _Timaeus_, as well as some
ethical works, of which that "On Mourning" seems to have been most in
vogue. The goods of the soul were placed in the following order of
merit by him:--Virtue, Health, Pleasure, Riches.--_Vide_ Zeller, ii.
696.]
[Footnote 480: Lag. p. 487, 488.]
[Footnote 481: P. 492 (_Cassiopoeia_).]
[Footnote 482: P. 493.]
[Footnote 483: _Vide_ Lag. pp. 457 ff.]
[Footnote 484: _Vide supra_, ch. 2. and cf. _Cabala_, Lag. 578. 35.]
[Footnote 485: A reminiscence of Aristotle's [Greek: phronêsis].]
[Footnote 486: Lag. 458. 459.]
[Footnote 487: Lag. 459. 460.]
[Footnote 488: There is a mingling, in Bruno's use of this word, of
meanings derived from [Greek: hêrôs], and from Plato's [Greek: erôs].]
[Footnote 489: Lag. 717. 39 ff.]
[Footnote 490: Lag. 634. 4.]
[Footnote 491: 634. 22.]
[Footnote 492: Lag. 635.]
[Footnote 493: 649, 650.]
[Footnote 494: 626, 20 _f._]
[Footnote 495: Lag. 639. 22 ff.; cf. _Sig. Sig._ § 48, for the first
kind of furor (_Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 191).]
[Footnote 496: Lag. 672. 1.]
[Footnote 497: Cf. the Sonnet on p. 631:--
Amor per cui tant' alto il ver discerno,
Ch' apre le porte di diamante nere,
Per gl' occhi entra il mio nume, et per vedere
Nasce, vive, si nutre, ha regno eterno,
Fa scorger--quant' ha 'l ciel, terr' et inferno.
]
[Footnote 498: Lag. 628. 18.]
[Footnote 499: Lag. 639.]
[Footnote 500: Lag. 672. 29.]
[Footnote 501: 646. 2 ff.]
[Footnote 502: Lag. 646, 647.]
[Footnote 503: 647. 34 ff.; cf. the Sonnet (Tansillo's) on p. 648:--
Poi che spiegat' ho' l' ali al bel desio,
Quanto piu sott' il pie l' aria mi scorgo,
Piu le veloci penne al vento porgo,
Et spreggio il mondo, et vers' il ciel m' invio.
* * * * *
Fendi sicur le nubi, et muor contento;
S' il ciel si illustre morte ne destina.
]
[Footnote 504: _Alle selve i mastini e i' veltri slaccia Il grovan
Atteon_, etc., p. 651.]
[Footnote 505: Lag. 651, 652.]
[Footnote 506: 653. 6.]
[Footnote 507: Lag. 654, 655.]
[Footnote 508: 658. 16.]
[Footnote 509: 731. 9 ff.]
[Footnote 510: _E.g._ darkness is _privatively_ infinite, although it
has a limit in light, a positive something.]
[Footnote 511: _E.g._ light is _positively_ infinite; its
limit--darkness--is privation.]
[Footnote 512: Lag. 731.]
[Footnote 513: Lag. 662, 663.]
[Footnote 514: 701. 30 ff.]
[Footnote 515: Lag. 732. 23; the terms correspond to [Greek:
dynamis] and [Greek: energeia], or [Greek: hylê] and [Greek: eidos],
respectively.]
[Footnote 516: 647. 7.]
[Footnote 517: Lag. 744. 1 ff.]
[Footnote 518: 696. 24; cf. 681. 22.]
[Footnote 519: 705. 35.]
[Footnote 520: 716. 14.]
[Footnote 521: Lag. 663. 36; cf. 666. 5.]
[Footnote 522: P. 680. 2 ff.]
[Footnote 523: Cf. also _Sigillus Sigillorum_ (ii. 2. 192), where
Polemon and Laurentius are added to the above list. The highest kind
of "contraction" or concentration is the subject, viz. that which is
proper to philosophers. Cf. also _De Vinculis in genere_ (vol. iii. p.
657). Diogenes the Cynic and Epicurus are placed side by side as having
held that they had attained the highest good in this life possible to
man, when they could keep the mind free from pain, fear, anger, or
other melancholy passions and preserve it in a certain heroic delight.
By this contempt of the ignoble things in this life, viz. those subject
to change, they protested that they had attained, even in this mortal
body, to a life similar to that of the gods.]
[Footnote 524: Lag. 700. 35; cf. 681. 19.]
[Footnote 525: P. 700. 14, 701. 4 ff.; cf. also 710. 11. The divine
beauty excludes the possibility of our loving in its stead any other
object. Also 713. 30.]
[Footnote 526: _Op. Lat._, ii. 2. 195.]
[Footnote 527: Lag. 704. 10.]
[Footnote 528: Lag. 699. 3.]
[Footnote 529: P. 742. 24; cf. also 723. 28 and 724. 17.]
[Footnote 530: Lag. 741. 14.]
[Footnote 531: _Op. Lat._ iii. 158.]
[Footnote 532: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 4 (Letter to Rudolph II., prefixed to
the _Art. adv. Math._).]
[Footnote 533: Lag. 452. 3 ff.]
[Footnote 534: Cf. Lucretius, ii. 1093 ff.]
[Footnote 535: Lag. 454. 6.]
[Footnote 536: Lag. 455. 35. Cf. _De Immenso_, ii. 13. 310, 311.]
[Footnote 537: Lag. 456. 7.]
[Footnote 538: Cf. the mockery of _Momus_ in the _Spaccio_ (_sub
Orion_, Lag. p. 543).]
[Footnote 539: _Sig. Sig. Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 190.]
[Footnote 540: _Orat._ Consol. _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 51; cf. i. 3. 4.]
[Footnote 541: Cf. Lucretius, ii. 646: "_Omnis enim per se divom natura
necessest_," etc.]
[Footnote 542: Lag. 463. 464.]
[Footnote 543: _Cena_, Lag. 169. 17 ff.; cf. Spinoza, _Tractatus
Theologico politicus_, esp. ch. 14 and 15, and preface, § 24:
"Scripturam rationem absolute liberam relinquere et nihil cum
philosophia commune habere."]
[Footnote 544: Cf. what is said of the danger of preaching determinism
to the many, in _Inf._, Lag., 317. 11, and _Her. Fur._, Lag. 619. 20.]
[Footnote 545: Giordano Bruno's, _Weltanschauung_, etc., pp. 23, 24.]
[Footnote 546: _Cena_, Lag. 171, 172.]
[Footnote 547: _Vide_ Berti, Docs. xi. and xii.]
[Footnote 548: Comp. _Arch. art. Lull._, _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 42.]
[Footnote 549: _Op. Lat._ ii. 2. 78 (preface to _Triginta Sigilli_);
cf. i. 1. 82 (_Acrotismus_), and the _Spaccio_ (_supra_, p. 253).]
[Footnote 550: _Causa_, Lag. 267. 7.]
[Footnote 551: Lag. 693. 22.]
[Footnote 552: Cf. the passage in the _Infinito_ referred to above,
Lag. 317. 11.]
[Footnote 553: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 6.]
[Footnote 554: _E.g._ by Sigwart. Cf. _supra_, p. 75.]
[Footnote 555: _Summa_, _Op. Lat._ i. 4. 100, 101 (sub. _Evidentia_).]
[Footnote 556: _Loc. cit._ p. 99, _sub Fides_.]
[Footnote 557: _Ib._ s. _Auctoritas_; cf. _Causa_, Lag. 271. 40.]
[Footnote 558: _E.g. Inf._ Lag. 378. 16.]
[Footnote 559: Cf. Tocco, _Conferenza_, p. 50 ff.]
[Footnote 560: Lag. 529 ff.]
[Footnote 561: _Spaccio_, Lag. p. 530.]
[Footnote 562: _Spaccio_, 531.]
[Footnote 563: _De Immenso_, _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 172.]
[Footnote 564: _De Immenso_, _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 284 f.: "Every land
produces all kinds of animals, as is clear from inaccessible islands,
nor was there one first wolf, or lion, or bull, from which all wolves,
lions, and cattle are descended and transported to these islands, but
at every part the earth from the beginning has given all things," etc.]
[Footnote 565: Cf. _Spaccio_, Lag. 411. 9; _Her. Fur._ 662. 22; _Cantus
Circaeus_ (_Op. Lat._ ii. 1); _De Minimo_ (i. 3. 207); _De Monade_ (i.
2. 327), and iii. 261, 653.]
[Footnote 566: Cf. Plato's _Phaedrus_, § 61.]
[Footnote 567: _Cabala_, Lag. 584.]
[Footnote 568: Lag. 242. 3.]
[Footnote 569: _Causa_, Dial. 4; esp. Lag. 265, 38 ff.]
[Footnote 570: _Cena_, Lag. 128. 5; cf. _Spaccio_, 533. 16, 539. 2, and
_Op. Lat._ i. 3. 146.]
[Footnote 571: Lag. 164. 18 ff.]
[Footnote 572: Lag. 202. 39 ff., 238. 27 ff., 303. 17, 317. 7, 409. 13,
547. 16; _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 142.]
[Footnote 573: _De Umbris_ (ii. 1. 46).]
[Footnote 574: _Inf._ 303. 21.]
[Footnote 575: Lag. 66. 7.]
[Footnote 576: Cf. Bartholmèss (vol. i. p. 124), who refers to Cardan
and Campanella as offering a similar "proof" of immortality.]
[Footnote 577: _De Imm._, _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 205.]
[Footnote 578: _De Minimo_, bk. i. (i. 3. 143). There also it is
said that the transformations are not fortuitous, but depend on the
character of the life that has been lived, as Pythagoras and the
Platonists taught.]
[Footnote 579: Bruno "inclines" to this view only in one of his latest
works, the _Lampas_ (vol. iii. 59), but it is clearly implied in the
_De Minimo_.]
[Footnote 580: _De Minimo_, ii. ch. 6 (_Op. Lat._ i. 3. 208 ff.).
Cf. i. 2. 80: "The seats of the blessed are the stars; the seat of
the gods is the ether or heavens; for the stars I call gods in a
secondary sense; the seat of God is the universe, everywhere, the whole
immeasurable heaven--empty space, of which he is the fulness." For
Bruno's _Demonology_, _vide_ i. 2. 61 (_De Immenso_, iv. 11), and i. 2.
399 (_De Monade_).]
[Footnote 581: _Lampas_, _Op. Lat._ iii. 48; cf. _Her. Fur._ Lag. 741.
15.]
[Footnote 582: _Her. Fur._ Lag. 721. 33.]
[Footnote 583: _Lampas_, _Op. Lat._ iii. 21; cf. 23.]
[Footnote 584: _Ib._ p. 108.]
[Footnote 585: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 205.]
[Footnote 586: _Op. Lat._ i. 2. 51; i. 1. 68.]
[Footnote 587: i. 2. 151.]
[Footnote 588: i. 1. 241.]
[Footnote 589: _De Immenso_, bk. i. ch. 10-13.]
[Footnote 590: _Op. Lat._ i. 1. 68, etc.]
[Footnote 591: Cf. _Op. Lat._ ii. 3. 90 (_De Imag. Comp._). "Intellect"
is here used in a general sense, not in the special one of "intuitive
thought."]
[Footnote 592: _Summa, Op. Lat._ i. 4. 117. It does not imply their
formal identity.]
[Footnote 593: _Art. adv. Math. Op. Lat._ i. 3. 16.]
[Footnote 594: i. 2. 346.]
[Footnote 595: i. 4. 73.]
[Footnote 596: i. 4. 95.]
[Footnote 597: For Bruno's revolt against the mystical in Neoplatonism,
cf. _De Imm._ v. 1. 1 (_Op. Lat._ i. 2. 118), and cf. viii. p. 298 ff.
313; _De Mon._, p. 410.]
[Footnote 598: _Op. Lat._ i. 4. 79.]
[Footnote 599: _Ib._ 83.]
[Footnote 600: _Ib._ 85.]
[Footnote 601: _Ib._ 86.]
[Footnote 602: _Op. Lat._ i. 4. p. 99. God is not, however, passively
comprised: cf. iii. 509 (_De rerum princip._): "_Mens eminentius tota
in toto ita ut etiam sit tota extra totum et supra totum_," _etc._]
[Footnote 603: _Op. Lat._ iii. 42 (_Lampas_), cf. i. 4. 85, 86.]
[Footnote 604: i. 3. 146, 147 (_De Min._)]
[Footnote 605: _Summa, Op. Lat._ i. 4. 93, 95.]
[Footnote 606: _Lampas, Op. Lat._ iii. 45.]
[Footnote 607: "Scepsius," behind whose authority Dicson shelters, is,
according to G. P., Dicson himself.]
[Footnote 608: Ellis and Spedding, ii. 13.]
[Footnote 609: _Historia Ventorum_, Ellis and Spedding, ii, p. 51; cf.
_Nov. Org._ ii. 12. The source of the Mount Athos legend is certainly
Aristotle's _Problemata_ (xxvi. 39), while that for Olympus is either
Solinus, or more probably Bruno, in the _Cena de le Cenere_ (Lag. 167.
13). Bruno, on his part, refers to Alexander of Aphrodisias; it is not
to be found, however, in Alexander's commentary upon the Meteorologica
(E. and S. refer to Ideler, i. 148).]
[Footnote 610: _Nov. Org._ i. aph. 45.]
[Footnote 611: _Ib._ ii. 9.]
[Footnote 612: _De Augm._ i. p. 466; cf. Bruno's _Cena_, Lag. 177. 27.
Elsewhere, however, Bacon condemns the habit of "some of the moderns,"
who have attempted to base natural philosophy upon the first chapter of
Genesis and the Book of Job, and other sacred scriptures.--_Nov. Org._
i. ax. 65.]
[Footnote 613: _De Augm._ i. 479, and Bruno, _passim_.]
[Footnote 614: _Nov. Org._ i. ax. 84; cf. 77 (the argument _ex
consensu_), and _De Augm._ i. p. 458. In their note E. and S. refer
to Esdras, c. 14, v. 10: "the world has lost its youth, and the times
begin to wax old"; and to Casmann's _Problemata Marina_ (1596), as well
as to Bruno's _Cena_ (1584).]
[Footnote 615: _Nov. Org._ i. 89.]
[Footnote 616: _Ib._ i. 65.]
[Footnote 617: _Nov. Org._ i. 63; cf. also 71.]
[Footnote 618: _Ib._ i. 45.]
[Footnote 619: _Nov. Org._ ii. 15. It was a scholastic distinction; E.
and S. illustrate it from Thomas Aquinas' _Summa Theologiae_, I^{ma},
_q._ 45 (E. and S. i. p. 259).]
[Footnote 620: _Ib._ ii. 1.]
[Footnote 621: _E.g. ib._ i. 66, where are added "the appetite
a thing has to return to its natural dimension or extension (viz.
Elasticity), the appetite to conjugate with masses of its own kind, as
the dense to the sphere of the earth, the rare to the sphere of the
sky." These are described as really "physical" kinds of motion, not, as
Aristotle's are, "logical" and "scholastical." Cf. the Natural History,
E. and S. ii. 600, 602; and Bruno, _supra_.]
[Footnote 622: _Nov. Org._ ii. 8.]
[Footnote 623: _Vide_ Bacon's Essay on the Vicissitude of Things; and
for his Atomism, the _Historia Densi et Rari_ (E. and S. vol. ii.), and
_Cogit. de Natura Rerum_ (_ib._ vol. iii.).]
[Footnote 624: _Nov. Org._ i. 48.]
[Footnote 625: _De Augm._ vi. ch. 2.]
[Footnote 626: _Ib._ v. ch. 5.]
[Footnote 627: Berti, _Vita di G. B._ p. 9.]
[Footnote 628: _Vide_ Cay von Brockdorff, _Galilei's Philosophische
Mission_ (Vierteljahrschrift für Wiss. Philos. und Sociol., 1902).]
[Footnote 629: _Vide_ the _Discorsi_: and cf. the truculent Brunnhofer:
"_Galileo, der Bruno Zugleich ausbeutete und ignorirte_" (_op. cit._,
p. 69).]
[Footnote 630: _Vide_ Sigwart, _Kleine Schriften_, vol. i., on Kepler:
he refers to _Opera_, i. p. 688, and vi. p. 136.]
[Footnote 631: _Fiorentino_, in Bruno, _Op. Lat._, vol. i. p. xix. The
full title of Vanini's work is, "Amphitheatrum aeternae providentiae
divino-magicum, christiano-physicum, necnon astrologo-catholicum,
adversus veteres philosophos, Atheos, Epicureos, Peripateticos et
Stoicos. Auctore Julio Cæsare Vanino, Philosopho, Theologo, ae Juris
utriusque Doctor. Lugduni, 1615." With his remark compare Campanella,
_Quidam Nolanus_ (Metaphys. ii. 1. 5).]
[Footnote 632: _Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae_, 1689.]
[Footnote 633: _Op. Lat._ i. 3. 4.]
[Footnote 634: _Contre l'impiété des désistes, athées et libertins de
ce temps_ (1624, p. 229, 234, etc.).]
[Footnote 635: _Vide_ Bartholmèss, i. pp. 257, 259. Descartes, like
Galilei, was careful not to prejudice himself in the eyes of the
Church. For Gassendi, _v._ Gentzken, _Hist. Phil._, p. 154.]
[Footnote 636: _Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos._]
[Footnote 637: Cf. Brunnhofer, p. xix: "The longer I consider the
question, the more probable it appears to me that Spinoza would have
been impossible, historically, if Bruno had had time to develop the
rich fulness of his ideas in a systematic form." Cf. p. 81, where,
however, he lays too much stress on verbal analogies between Bruno's
_Summa_ and the _Ethica_ of Spinoza.]
[Footnote 638: Spinoza's _Neuentdeckter Tractat von Gott, dem Menschen,
und dessen Glückseligkeit_, Gotha, 1866, and his translation of this,
_Kurzer Tractat_, with introduction and notes. Tübingen, 1870.]
[Footnote 639: _Die Beiden Ersten Phasen des Spinozischen Pantheismus._
Leipzig, 1868.]
[Footnote 640: Moritz Carrière, _Weltanschauung der Reformationszeit_,
p. 470.]
[Footnote 641: Cf. Tocco, _Conferenza_, p. 15; Sigwart, _Neuentdeckter
Tractat_, pp. 110-113.]
[Footnote 642: _E.g._ Bruno's _Acrot._ (_Op. Lat._ i. 1, 108).]
[Footnote 643: _Short Tractate_, ch. i. § 9, and Bruno's _Causa_, Dial.
v. Sigwart, _Neuent. Tract._, pp. 115, 116.]
[Footnote 644: "_Il desio di conservarsi_" of Bruno. Pollock
(_Spinoza_, p. 109) refers to Descartes, _Prin. Phil._ 2, chs. 37 and
43, and Spinoza's _Cog. Met._ (pt. i. ch. 6, § 9), where the "effort"
is "the thing itself," whereas in the essay it is providence, _i.e._
God. Cf. part i., ch. 5, with _Ethica_, iii. 6 and 7.]
[Footnote 645: Sigwart, _Neuent. Tract._, pp. 120-124.]
[Footnote 646: _Ib._ p. 129.]
[Footnote 647: Cf. Carrière. _Op. cit._ p. 471 ff.]
[Footnote 648: _Thesauri Epistolici la Croziani_, 1746; Hansch,
_Prin. Philos. Leibn._, 1728; Thes. ix., xxxi., lxxi. Cf. Steffens,
Clemens, Dühring, Brunnhofer, _op. cit._, and also in G.B.'s _Lehre vom
Kleinsten, als die Quelle der prä-establirten Harmonie von Leibniz_,
1890; also Tocco, etc.]
[Footnote 649: _Ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der
Leibnizschen Philosophie_ (1890), v. pp. 197 ff.]
[Footnote 650: In Dutens, v. 492; cf. also a letter of 1st May (p.
493).]
[Footnote 651: In Dutens, v. 385 (June 1712), and v. 369.]
[Footnote 652: It appears that the term _Monas Monadum_ used by Bruno
of God does not occur in Leibniz at all.]
[Footnote 653: In Burton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_ (1621) _Brunus_
appears with _Copernicus_ as author of "some prodigious tenent or
paradox of the earth's motion, of infinite worlds in an infinite waste"
(vol. i. p. 11 of Shilleto's edition). In the "Digression on Air," the
_Cena_ is referred to (ii. p. 46),--the changes of sea and land, the
fixed stars as suns with planets about them, the air of the heavens as
identical with that of the earth, the infinite worlds in an infinite
ether (_ib._ 47, 57, 62). Bruno, _infelix Brunus_ as Kepler had called
him, is classed with atheistical writers in a later part of the work
(vol. iii. p. 447).]
[Footnote 654: Bartholmèss, i. pp. 261, 262.]
[Footnote 655: _Vide Quarterly Review_, October 1902: "Giordano Bruno
in England," and the biography of Carew in _Encycl. Britan._ (by R.
Adamson).]
[Footnote 656: Cf. Bartholmèss, i. p. 263.]
[Footnote 657: _Vide_ Rixner und Siber, _op. cit._ heft v. p. 234.]
[Footnote 658: Janius Junius Toland (1669-1722); v. Leslie Stephen's
_English Thought_, etc., vol. i. ch. 3.]
[Footnote 659: _Vide Collection of several pieces of Mr. John Toland,
with some memoirs of his life and writings_, London (1726), vol. i.]
[Footnote 660: According to the _British Museum Catalogue_. No name
is on the title page of the work--"_Spaccio_, etc., or the Expulsion
of the Triumphant Beast." To the chequered history of this title and
its various interpretations may be added a modern instance from the
_Dictionary of National Biography, sub Vautrollier_: "Bruno's Last
Tromp"!]
[Footnote 661: _Vide Toland's Miscellaneous Works_, London (1747), vol.
i.]
[Footnote 662: _Acta Philosophorum_ (1715 ff.), parts iii. ix. xi. xv.,
cf. Zimmermann in _Mus. Helvet._ T. v.]
[Footnote 663: _Kurze Fragen aus der Phil. Hist._ (1736), and _Hist.
Crit._ (1742-1744).]
[Footnote 664: Cf. his _Werke_, t. iv. pt. 2.]
[Footnote 665: Cf. Carrière, _op. cit._ p. 475.]
[Footnote 666: Brunnhofer has suggested an active influence of Bruno
upon Goethe--_v._ Göthe--_Jahrbuch_ (1886), Göthe's _Bildkraft_ (1890),
Leipzig; also Carrière, p. 487.]
[Footnote 667: _Geschichte des neueren Philosophie_, 6 vols., Göttingen
(1800-1805), vol. 2.]
[Footnote 668: _History of Philosophy_, 11 vols. (1798-1819), vol. 9,
pp. 372-429.]
[Footnote 669: _Beiträge_, vii. 4 and xi. 1.]
[Footnote 670: 2 vols., Paris, 1846, 1847.]
[Footnote 671: Stuttgart, 1847, pp. 365-494. 2nd edition, enlarged,
Leipzig, 1887, 2 vols. Both of the above works were preceded by a
translation into Italian (by Florence Waddington) of Schelling's
_Dialogue_, with an introduction by Terenzio Mamiani (on Bruno),
Firenze, 1845; 2nd edition, 1859.]
[Footnote 672: _Op. cit._, _Vorrede_, xi. A bibliography of the more
recent works on Bruno is given at the beginning of this volume.]