names of the three first Caliphs were found written upon his
slipper-soles and that he was put to death by decree of the Olema. It
is the merest nonsense, as the great traveller died of dysentery in the
house of my old friend John Thurburn and was buried outside the Bab
al-Nasr of Cairo where his tomb was restored by the late Rogers Bey
(Pilgrimage i. 123).
[FN#109] Prob. a mis-spelling for Arslбn, in Turk. a lion, and in slang
a piastre.
[FN#110] Arab. "Maka'ad;" lit. = sitting-room.
[FN#111] Arab. "Khammбrah"; still the popular term throughout Egypt for
a European Hotel. It is not always intended to be insulting but it is,
meaning the place where Franks meet to drink forbidden drinks.
[FN#112] A reminiscence of Mohammed who cleansed the Ka'abah of its 360
idols (of which 73 names are given by Freytag, Einleitung, etc. pp.
270, 342-57) by touching them with his staff, whereupon all fell to the
ground; and the Prophet cried (Koran xvii. 84), "Truth is come, and
falsehood is vanished: verily, falsehood is a thing that vanisheth"
(magna est veritas, etc.). Amongst the "idols" are said to have been a
statue of Abraham and the horns of the ram sacrificed in lieu of
Ishmael, which (if true) would prove conclusively that the Abrahamic
legend at Meccah is of ancient date and not a fiction of Al-Islam.
Hence, possibly, the respect of the Judaising Tobbas of Hiwyarland for
the Ka'abah. (Pilgrimage, iii. 295.)
[FN#113] This was evidently written by a Sunni as the Shн'ahs claim to
be the only true Moslems. Lane tells an opposite story (ii. 329). It
suggests the common question in the South of Europe, "Are you a
Christian or a Protestant?"
[FN#114] Arab. "Ana fн jнrat-ak!" a phrase to be remembered as useful
in time of danger.
[FN#115] i.e. No Jinni, or Slave of the Jewel, was there to answer.
[FN#116] Arab. "Kunsъl" (pron. "Gunsul") which here means a well-to-do
Frank, and shows the modern date of the tale as it stands.
[FN#117] From the Ital. "Capitano." The mention of cannon and other
terms in this tale shows that either it was written during the last
century or it has been mishandled by copyists.
[FN#118] Arab. "Minнnah"; a biscuit of flour and clarified butter.
[FN#119] Arab. "Waybah"; the sixth part of the Ardabb=6 to 7
English gallons.
[FN#120] He speaks in half-jest а la fellah; and reminds us of
"Hangman, drive on the cart!"
[FN#121] Yochanan (whom Jehovah has blessed) Jewish for John, is
probably a copy of the Chaldean Euahanes, the Oannes of Berosus=Ea
Khan, Hea the fish. The Greeks made it Joannes; the Arabs "Yohannб"
(contracted to "Hannб," Christian) and "Yбbyб" (Moslem). Prester
(Priest) John is probably Ung Khan, the historian prince conquered and
slain by Janghiz Khan in A.D. 1202. The modern history of "John" is
very extensive: there may be a full hundred varieties and derivation'
of the name. "Husn Maryam" the beauty (spiritual. etc.) of the B.V.
[FN#122] Primarily being middle-aged; then aid, a patron, servant, etc.
Also a tribe of the Jinn usually made synonymous with "Mбrid," evil
controuls, hostile to men: modern spiritualists would regard them as
polluted souls not yet purged of their malignity. The text insinuates
that they were at home amongst Christians and in Genoa.
[FN#123] Arab. "Sar'a" = epilepsy, falling sickness, of old always
confounded with "possession" (by evil spirits) or "obsession."
[FN#124] Again the true old charge of falsifying the so-called "Sacred
books." Here the Koran is called "Furkбn." Sale (sect. iii.) would
assimilate this to the Hebr. "Perek" or "Pirka," denoting a section or
portion of Scripture; but Moslems understand it to be the "Book which
distinguisheth (faraka, divided) the true from the false." Thus Caliph
Omar was entitled "Fбrъk" = the Distinguisher (between right and
wrong). Lastly, "Furkбn," meanings as in Syr. and Ethiop. deliverance,
revelation, is applied alike to the Pentateuch and Koran.
[FN#125] Euphemistic for "thou shalt die."
[FN#126] Lit. "From (jugular) vein to vein" (Arab. "Warнd"). Our old
friend Lucretius again: "Tantane relligio," etc.
[FN#127] As opposed to the "but" or outer room.
[FN#128] Arab. "Darb al-Asfar" in the old Jamalнyah or Northern part of
Cairo.
[FN#129] A noble tribe of Badawin that migrated from Al-Yaman and
settled in Al-Najd Their Chief, who died a few years before Mohammed's
birth, was Al-Hatim (the "black crow"), a model of Arab manliness and
munificence; and although born in the Ignorance he will enter Heaven
with the Moslems. Hatim was buried on the hill called Owбrid: I have
already noted this favourite practice of the wilder Arabs and the
affecting idea that the Dead may still look upon his kith and kin.
There is not an Arab book nor, indeed, a book upon Arabia which does
not contain the name of Hatim: he is mentioned as unpleasantly often as
Aristides.
[FN#130] Lord of "Cattle-feet," this King's name is unknown; but the
Kбmъs mentions two Kings called Zu 'l Kalб'a, the Greater and the Less.
Lane's Shaykh (ii. 333) opined that the man who demanded Hatim's
hospitality was one Abu'l-Khaybari.
[FN#131] The camel's throat, I repeat, is not cut as in the case of
other animals, the muscles being too strong: it is slaughtered by the
"nahr," i.e. thrusting a knife into the hollow at the commissure of the
chest. (Pilgrimage iii. 303.)
[FN#132] Adi became a Moslem and was one of the companions of the
Prophet.
[FN#133] A rival-in generosity to Hatim: a Persian poet praising his
patron's generosity says that it buried that of Hatim and dimmed that
of Ma'an (D'Herbelot). He was a high official-under the last Ommiade,
Marwбn al-Himбr (the "Ass," or the "Century," the duration of Ommiade
rule) who was routed and slain in A.H. 132=750. Ma'an continued to
serve under the Abbasides and was a favourite with Al-Mansъr. "More
generous or bountiful than Ka'ab" is another saying (A. P., i. 325);
Ka'ab ibn Mбmah was a man who, somewhat like Sir Philip Sidney at
Zutphen, gave his own portion of drink while he was dying of thirst to
a man who looked wistfully at him, whence the saying "Give drink to thy
brother the Nбmiri" (A. P., i. 608). Ka'ab could not mount, so they put
garments over him to scare away the wild beasts and left him in the
desert to die. "Scatterer of blessings" (Nбshir al-Ni'am) was a title
of King Malik of Al-Yaman, son of Sharhabнl, eminent for his
liberality. He set up the statue in the Western Desert, inscribed
"Nothing behind me," as a warner to others.
[FN#134] Lane (ii. 352) here introduces, between Nights cclxxi. and
ccxc., a tale entitled in the Bresl. Edit. (iv. 134) "The Sleeper and
the Waker," i.e. the sleeper awakened; and he calls it: The Story of
Abu-l-Hasan the Wag. It is interesting and founded upon
historical-fact; but it can hardly be introduced here without breaking
the sequence of The Nights. I regret this the more as Mr. Alexander J.
Cotheal-of New York has most obligingly sent me an addition to the
Breslau text (iv. 137) from his MS. But I hope eventually to make use
of it.
[FN#135] The first girl calls gold "Titer" (pure, unalloyed metal); the
second "Asjad" (gold generally) and the third "Ibrнz" (virgin ore, the
Greek {Greek letters}. This is a law of Arab rhetoric never to repeat
the word except for a purpose and, as the language can produce
1,200,000 (to 100,000 in English) the copiousness is somewhat painful
to readers.
[FN#136] Arab. "Shakes" before noticed.
[FN#137] Arab. "Kussб'б"=the curling cucumber: the vegetable is of the
cheapest and the poorer classes eat it as "kitchen" with bread.
[FN#138] Arab. "Haram-hu," a double entendre. Here the Barlawi means
his Harem the inviolate part of the house; but afterwards he makes it
mean the presence of His Honour.
[FN#139] Toledo? this tale was probably known to Washington Irving. The
"Land of Roum " here means simply Frank-land as we are afterwards told
that its name was Andalusia the old Vandal-land, a term still applied
by Arabs to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula.
[FN#140] Arab. "Amбim" (plur. of Imбmah) the common word for turband
which I prefer to write in the old unclipt fashion. We got it through
the Port. Turbante and the old French Tolliban from the (now obsolete)
Persian term Dolband=a turband or a sash.
[FN#141] Sixth Ommiade Caliph, A.D. 705-716, from "Tбrik" we have
"Gibraltar"=Jabal-al-Tбrik.
[FN#142] Arab. "Yunбn" = Ionia, applied to ancient Greece as
"Roum" is to the Grжco-Roman Empire.
[FN#143] Arab. "Bahramбni ;" prob. alluding to the well-known
legend of the capture of Somanath (Somnauth) from the Hindus by
Mahmud of Ghazni. In the Ajб'ib al-Hind (before quoted) the
Brahmins are called Abrahamah.
[FN#144] i.e. "Peace be with thee!"
[FN#145] i.e. in the palace when the hunt was over. The bluntness and
plain-speaking of the Badawi, which caused the revelation of the
Koranic chapter "Inner Apartments" (No. xlix.) have always been
favourite themes with Arab tale-tellers as a contrast with citizen
suavity and servility. Moreover the Badawi, besides saying what he
thinks, always tells the truth (unless corrupted by commerce with
foreigners); and this is a startling contrast with the townsfolk. To
ride out of Damascus and have a chat with the Ruwalб is much like being
suddenly transferred from amongst the trickiest of Mediterranean people
to the bluff society of the Scandinavian North. And the reason why the
Turk will never govern the Arab in peace is that the former is always
trying to finesse and to succeed by falsehood, when the truth, the
whole truth and nothing but the truth is wanted.
[FN#146] Koran. xvi. 112.
[FN#147] A common and expressive way of rewarding the tongue which
"spoke poetry." The Jewels are often pearls.
[FN#148] Ibrahim Abu Ishбk bin al-Mahdi, a pretender to the Caliphate
of well known wit and a famed musician surnamed from his corpulence
"Al-Tannнn"=the Dragon or, according to others (Lane ii. 336),
"Al-Tin"= the fig. His adventurous history will be found in Ibn
Khallikan D'Herbelot and Al-Siyuti.
[FN#149] The Ragha of the Zendavesta, and Rages of the Apocrypha
(Tobit, Judith, etc.), the old capital-of Media Proper, and seat of
government of Daylam, now a ruin some miles south of Teheran which was
built out of its remains. Rayy was founded by Hoshang the primeval-king
who first sawed wood, made doors and dug metal. It is called Rayy
al-Mahdiyyah because Al-Mahdi held his court there. Harun al-Rashid was
also born in it (A.H. 145). It is mentioned by a host of authors and
names one of the Makamat of Al-Hariri.
[FN#150] Human blood being especially impure.
[FN#151] Jones, Brown and Robinson.
[FN#152] Arab. "Kumm ," the Moslem sleeve is mostly (like his trousers)
of ample dimensions and easily converted into a kind of carpet-bag by
depositing small articles in the middle and gathering up the edge in
the hand. In this way carried the weight would be less irksome than
hanging to the waist. The English of Queen Anne's day had regular
sleeve-pockets for memoranda, etc., hence the saying, to have in one's
sleeve.
[FN#153] Arab. "Khuff" worn under the "Bбbъg" (a corruption of the
Persian pб-push=feet-covers, papooshes, slippers). [Lane M. E. chaps.
i.]
[FN#154] Done in hot weather throughout the city, a dry line for camels
being left in mid-street to prevent the awkward beasts slipping. The
watering of the Cairo streets of late years has been excessive; they
are now lines of mud in summer as well as in winter and the effluvia
from the droppings of animals have, combined with other causes,
seriously deteriorated the once charming climate. The only place in
Lower Egypt, which has preserved the atmosphere of 1850, is Suez.
[FN#155] Arab. "Hurбk:" burnt rag, serving as tinder for flint and
steel, is a common styptic.
[FN#156] Of this worthy, something has been said and there will be more
in a future page.
[FN#157] i.e. the person entitled to exact the blood-wite.
[FN#158] Al-Maamum was a man of sense with all his fanaticism One of
his sayings is preserved "Odious is contentiousness in Kings, more
odious vexation in judges uncomprehending a case; yet more odious is
shallowness of doctors in religions and most odious are avarice in the
rich, idleness in youth, jesting in age and cowardice in the soldier."
[FN#159] The second couplet is not in the Mac. Edit. but Lane's
Shaykh has supplied it (ii. 339)
[FN#160] Adam's loins, the "Day of Alast," and the Imam (who stands
before the people in prayer) have been explained. The "Seventh Imam"
here is Al-Maamun, the seventh Abbaside the Ommiades being, as usual,
ignored.
[FN#161] He sinned only for the pleasure of being pardoned, which is
poetical-and hardly practical-or probable.
[FN#162] The Katб (sand-grouse) always enters into Arab poetry because
it is essentially a desert bird, and here the comparison is good
because it lays its eggs in the waste far from water which it must
drink morning and evening. Its cry is interpreted "man sakat, salam"
(silent and safe), but it does not practice that precept, for it is
usually betrayed by its piping " Kata! Kata!" Hence the proverb, "More
veracious than the sand-grouse," and "speak not falsely, for the Kata
sayeth sooth," is Komayt's saying. It is an emblem of swiftness: when
the brigand poet Shanfara boasts, "The ash-coloured Katas can drink
only my leavings, after hastening all night to slake their thirst in
the morning," it is a hyperbole boasting of his speed. In Sind it is
called the "rock pigeon" and it is not unlike a grey partridge when on
the wing.
[FN#163] Joseph to his brethren, Koran, xii. 92, when he gives them his
"inner garment" to throw over his father's face.
[FN#164] Arab. "Hajjбm"=a cupper who scarifies forehead and legs, a
bleeder, a (blood-) sucker. The slang use of the term is to thrash,
lick, wallop. (Burckhardt. Prov. 34.)
[FN#165] The Bresl. Edit. (vii. 171-174) entitles this tale, "Story of
Shaddбd bin Ad and the City of Iram the Columned ;" but it relates
chiefly to the building by the King of the First Adites who, being
promised a future Paradise by Prophet Hъd, impiously said that he would
lay out one in this world. It also quotes Ka'ab al-Ahbбr as an
authority for declaring that the tale is in the "Pentateuch of Moses."
Iram was in al-Yaman near Adan (our Aden) a square of ten parasangs (or
leagues each= 18,000 feet) every way, the walls were of red (baked)
brick 500 cubits high and 20 broad, with four gates of corresponding
grandeur. It contained 300,000 Kasr (palaces) each with a thousand
pillars of gold-bound jasper, etc. (whence its title). The whole was
finished in five hundred years, and, when Shaddad prepared to enter it,
the "Cry of Wrath" from the Angel of Death slew him and all his many.
It is mentioned in the Koran (chaps. Ixxxix. 6-7) as "Irem adorned with
lofty buildings (or pillars)." But Ibn Khaldun declares that
commentators have embroidered the passage; Iram being the name of a
powerful clan of the ancient Adites and "imбd" being a tent-pole: hence
"Iram with the numerous tents or tent-poles." Al-Bayzawi tells the
story of Abdullah ibn Kilabah (D'Herbelot's Colabah). At Aden I met an
Arab who had seen the mysterious city on the borders of Al-Ahkбf, the
waste of deep sands, west of Hadramaut; and probably he had, the mirage
or sun-reek taking its place. Compare with this tale "The City of
Brass" (Night dlxv.).
[FN#166] The biblical-"Sheba," named from the great-grandson of Joctan,
whence the Queen (Bilkis) visited Solomon It was destroyed by the Flood
of Mбrib.
[FN#167] The full title of the Holy City is "Madinat al-Nab)" = the
City of the Prophet, of old Yasrib (Yathrib) the Iatrippa of the Greeks
(Pilgrimage, ii. 119). The reader will remember that there are two
"Yasribs:" that of lesser note being near Hujr in the Yamбmah province.
[FN#168] "Ka'ab of the Scribes," a well-known traditionist and
religious poet who died (A.H. 32) in the Caliphate of Osman. He was a
Jew who islamised; hence his name (Ahbбr, plur. of Hibr, a Jewish
scribe, doctor of science, etc. Jarrett's El-Siyuti, p. 123). He must
not be confounded with another Ka'ab al-Ahbбr the Poet of the (first)
Cloak-poem or "Burdah," a noble Arab who was a distant cousin of
Mohammed, and whose tomb at Hums (Emesa) is a place of pious
visitation. According to the best authorities (no Christian being
allowed to see them) the cloak given to the bard by Mohammed is still
preserved together with the Khirkah or Sanjak Sherif ("Holy Coat" or
Banner, the national oriflamme) at Stambul in the Upper Seraglio.
(Pilgrimage, i. 213.) Many authors repeat this story of Mu'awiyah, the
Caliph, and Ka'ab of the Burdah, but it is an evident anachronism, the
poet having been dead nine years before the ruler's accession (A.H.
41).
[FN#169] Koran, lxxxix. 6-7.
[FN#170] Arab. "Kahramбn" from Pers., braves, heroes.
[FN#171] The Deity in the East is as whimsical-a despot as any of his
"shadows" or "vice regents." In the text Shaddбd is killed for mere
jealousy a base passion utterly unworthy of a godhead; but one to which
Allah was greatly addicted.
[FN#172] Some traditionist, but whether Sha'abi, Shi'abi or
Shu'abi we cannot decide.
[FN#173] The Hazarmaveth of Genesis (x. 26) in South Eastern Arabia.
Its people are the Adramitae (mod. Hazrami) of Ptolemy who places in
their land the Arabiж Emporium, as Pliny does his Massola. They border
upon the Homeritж or men of Himyar, often mentioned in The Nights.
Hazramaut is still practically unknown to us, despite the excursions of
many travellers; and the hard nature of the people, the Swiss of
Arabia, offers peculiar obstacles to exploration.
[FN#174] i.e. the prophet Hud generally identified (?) with Heber. He
was commissioned (Koran, chaps. vii.) to preach Al-Islam to his tribe
the Adites who worshipped four goddesses, Sбkiyah (the rain-giver),
Rбzikah (food-giver), Hбfizah (the saviouress) and Sбlimah (who healed
sickness). As has been seen he failed, so it was useless to send him.
[FN#175] Son of Ibraham al-Mosili, a musician poet and favourite with
the Caliphs Harun al-Rashid and Al-Maamun. He made his name immortal-by
being the first who reduced Arab harmony to systematic rules, and he
wrote a biography of musicians referred to by Al-Hariri in the Sйance
of Singar.
[FN#176] This must not be confounded with the "pissing against the
wall" of I Kings, xiv. 10, where watering against a wall denotes a man
as opposed to a woman.
[FN#177] Arab. "Zambнl" or "Zimbнl," a limp basket made of plaited
palm-leaves and generally two handled. It is used for many purposes,
from carrying poultry to carrying earth.
[FN#178] Here we have again the Syriac ''Bakhkh -un-Bakhkh-un-''=well
done! It is the Pers Бferнn and means "all praise be to him."
[FN#179] Arab. "A Tufayli?" So the Arab. Prov. (ii. 838) "More
intrusive than Tufayl" (prob. the P.N. of a notorious sponger). The
Badawin call "Wбrish" a man who sits down to meat unbidden and to drink
Wбghil; but townsfolk apply the latter to the "Wбrish."
[FN#180] Arab. "Artбl"=rotoli, pounds; and
"A pint is a pound
All the world round;"
except in highly civilised lands where the pint has a curious power of
shrinking.
[FN#181] One of Al-Maamun's Wazirs. The Caliph married his daughter
whose true name was Bъrбn; but this tale of girl's freak and courtship
was invented (?) by Ishak. For the splendour of the wedding and the
munificence of the Minister see Lane, ii. 350-352.
[FN#182] I have described this scene, the wretch clinging to the
curtain and sighing and crying as if his heart would break (Pilgrimage
iii. 216 and 220). The same is done at the place Al-Multazam'"the
attached to;" (ibid. 156) and various spots called Al-Mustajбb, "where
prayer is granted" (ibid. 162). At Jerusalem the Wailing place of the
Jews" shows queer scenes; the worshippers embrace the wall with a
peculiar wriggle crying out in Hebrew, "O build Thy House, soon,
without delay," etc.
[FN#183] i.e. The wife. The scene in the text was common at Cairo
twenty years ago; and no one complained of the stick. See Pilgrimage
i., 120.
[FN#184] Arab. "Udm, Udum" (plur. of Idбm) = "relish," olives, cheese,
pickled cucumbers, etc.
[FN#185] I have noticed how the left hand is used in the East. In the
second couplet we have "Istinjб"=washing the fundament after stool. The
lines are highly appropriate for a nightman. Easterns have many foul
but most emphatic expressions like those in the text I have heard a
mother say to her brat, "I would eat thy merde!" (i.e. how I love
thee!).
[FN#186] Arab. "Harrбk," whence probably our "Carack" and
"Carrack" (large ship), in dictionaries derived from Carrus
Marinus.
[FN#187] Arab. "Ghбshiyah"=lit. an йtui, a cover; and often a
saddle-cover carried by the groom.
[FN#188] Arab. "Sharбb al-tuffбh" = melapio or cider.
[FN#189] Arab. "Mudawwarah," which generally means a small round
cushion, of the Marocco-work well known in England. But one does not
strike a cushion for a signal, so we must revert to the original-sense
of the word "something round," as a circular plate of wood or metal, a
gong, a "bell" like that of the Eastern Christians.
[FN#190] Arab. "Tъfбn" (from the root tauf, going round) a storm, a
circular gale, a cyclone the term universally applied in Al-lslam to
the "Deluge," the "Flood" of Noah. The word is purely Arabic; with a
quaint likeness to the Gr. {Greek letters}, in Pliny typhon, whirlwind,
a giant (Typhњus) whence "Typhon" applied to the great Egyptian god
"Set." The Arab word extended to China and was given to the hurricanes
which the people call "Tee foong," great winds, a second
whimsical-resemblance. But Sir John Davis (ii. 383) is hardly correct
when he says, "the name typhoon, in itself a corruption of the Chinese
term, bears a singular (though we must suppose an accidental)
resemblance to the Greek {Greek letters}. "
[FN#191] Plurale majestatis acting superlative; not as Lane supposes
(ii. 224) "a number of full moons, not only one." Eastern tongues
abound in instances beginning with Genesis (i. 1), "Gods (he) created
the heaven," etc. It is still preserved in Badawi language and a
wildling greatly to the astonishment of the citizens will address his
friend "Yб Rijбl"= O men!
[FN#192] Arab. "Hбsid" = an envier: in the fourth couplet "Azъl"
(Azzбl, etc.) = a chider, blamer; elsewhere "Lawwбm" = accuser, censor,
slanderer; "Wбshн,"=whisperer, informer; "Rakib"=spying, envious rival;
"Ghбbit"=one emulous without envy; and "Shбmit"= a "blue" (fierce)
enemy who rejoices over another's calamities. Arabic literature abounds
in allusions to this unpleasant category of "damned ill-natured
friends;" and Spanish and Portuguese letters, including Brazilian, have
thoroughly caught the trick. In the Eastern mind the "blamer" would be
aided by the "evil eye."
[FN#193] Another plural for a singular, "O my beloved!"
[FN#194] Arab. "Khayr"=good news, a euphemistic reply even if the
tidings be of the worst.
[FN#195] Abbбs (from 'Abs, being austere; and meaning the "grim faced")
son of Abd al-Muttalib; uncle to Mohammed and eponym of the Abbaside
Khalifahs. A.D. 749=1258.
[FN#196] Katнl = the Irish "kilt."
[FN#197] This hat been explained as a wazirial title of the time.
[FN#198] The phrase is intelligible in all tongues: in Arabic it is
opposed to "dark as night," "black as mud" and a host of unsavoury
antitheses.
[FN#199] Arab. "Awwбdah," the popular word; not Udнyyah as in Night
cclvi. "Ud" liter.= rood and "Al-Ud"=the wood is, I have noted, the
origin of our 'lute." The Span. 'laud" is larger and deeper than the
guitar, and its seven strings are played upon with a plectrum of
buffalo-horn.
[FN#200] Arab. "Tabban lahu!"=loss (or ruin) to him. So "bu'dan
lahu"=away with him, abeat in malam rem; and "Suhkan lahu"=Allah and
mercy be far from him, no hope for him I
[FN#201] Arab. "Бyah"=Koranic verses, sign, miracle.
[FN#202] The mole on cheek calls to prayers for his preservation; and
it is black as Bilal the Abyssinian. Fajran may here mean either
"A.-morning" or "departing from grace."
[FN#203] i.e. the young beard (myrtle) can never hope to excel tile
beauties of his cheeks (roses).