Mexico, from Tecolutla to Lerdo de Tejada and Piedras Negras (fig. 2).
_Specimens examined._--Total of 27, as follows: MEXICO: _no specific
locality_, AMNH 19614-15, 19621-24, 19642-43, NMW 16827. _Veracruz: no
specific locality_, AMNH 19618-20, CAS 73640, NMW 16829; _4 km. S
Alvarado_, KU 58124; _14 mi. N Alvarado_, UIMNH 46978; 6 mi. SE Boca
del Rio, UIMNH 28023; Etiopa, 2 mi. S Tecolutla, UIMNH 3847; _ca._ 30
mi. E Jalapa, AMNH 81948; 3 mi. NW Lerdo de Tejada, UMMZ 114484-85;
Paso del Macho, USNM 109708; Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, KU
23253; Veracruz, AMNH 19612, UF 8990; _W side Veracruz_, AMNH 19616;
_2 mi. W Veracruz_, AMNH 19617, 19619.
=Conophis lineatus concolor= Cope
_Conophis vittatus_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
13:300, December 28, 1861 (_nec_ Peters, 1860; type.--United
States National Museum, no. 4941; type locality--"Peten,"
Guatemala); Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2,
8:137, 1876; Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 32:76, 1887.
_Conophis concolor_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
18:318-319, February 20, 1867; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, ser. 2, 8:137, 1876; Bocourt _in_ Dumeril,
Bocourt and Mocquard, Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans
l'Amerique Centrale, 2:648, 1886; Mueller, Verh. Ges. Basel,
8:263, 1887; Cope, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 32:77; 1887; Ann.
Rept. U. S. Natl. Mus. for 1898, p. 1095, 1900; Schmidt and
Andrews, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:178, October 31,
1936; Andrews, Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 20:358,
December 28, 1937; Smith, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ.
Michigan, 388:7, October 31, 1938; Taylor and Smith, Univ.
Kansas Sci. Bull., 25:253, July 10, 1939; Smith, Zool. Ser.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 24:31, January 30, 1939; Cochran, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 220:167, 1961; Neill and Allen,
Herpetologica, 17:44-46, fig. 3, April 15, 1961.
_Conophis lineatus_ (in part), Guenther, Biologica
Centrali-Americana, p. 165, March, 1895; Gaige _in_ Pearse,
_et al._ Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ., 457:302, February 5,
1936.
_Conophis lineaticeps_ Cope, Ann. Rept. U. S. Natl. Mus. for
1898, pp. 1094-95, 1900 (Substitute name for _Conophis
vittatus_ Cope, 1861, _nec_ Peters, 1860).
_Conophis lineatus concolor_, Smith, Journ. Washington Acad.
Sci., 31:122-123, March 15, 1941; Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
92:395, November 5, 1942; Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 93:407,
October 29, 1943; Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
187:43, October 5, 1945; Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33(pt.
2):352, March 20, 1950.
_Types._--Two in the United States National Museum, no. 12368 (two
specimens). Type locality: "Yucatan," restricted to Chichen Itza,
Yucatan, Mexico by Smith and Taylor (1950:352).
_Diagnosis._--Dark stripes either absent posterior to the nape, or
present as a row of small spots on fourth or seventh scale-row; no
dark stripe on first scale-row; eight supralabials having dark ventral
margins.
_Variation._--Forty-five specimens have 158 to 170 (163.7 +- 1.56)
ventrals. Thirty-eight of these snakes having complete tails have 56
to 74 (66.7 +- 4.77) subcaudals; the number of ventrals plus subcaudals
varies from 222 to 245 (230.6). In 45 specimens the reduction from 19
to 17 dorsal scales takes place between ventrals 89 and 114 (102.5 +-
5.57). Sexual dimorphism is evident in the number of subcaudals; 16
females have 56 to 65 (61.8), and 22 males have 68 to 74 (70.3)
subcaudals. The longest specimen (USNM 46395) is a male from Chichen
Itza, Yucatan, having a body length of 893 mm., a tail length of 274
mm., and a total length of 1167 mm. A juvenile (AMNH 38833) from
Chichen Itza, Yucatan, has a body length of 194 mm., a tail length of
50 mm., and a total length of 244 mm.
The venter is immaculate white or pale yellow and the dorsum of the
body is immaculate pale gray to pale olive. Some specimens have small
dark brown spots on the tips of the scales of the 4th or of the 7th
row, but never on both. Only on the nape are spots present on both the
4th and the 7th rows; these spots are the posterior continuations of
the dark stripes on the head and on many specimens do not reach the
nape. Posterior to the place of scale reduction from 19 to 17 rows by
the fusion of the 3rd and 4th rows of scales, the dark spots (when
present) are on the 3rd or 6th row of scales.
The coloration of juveniles is the same as that of adults. Color in
life is thought not too different from that of preserved specimens,
for notes on the color of living individuals (Neill and Allen,
1961:44) agree with what I have observed on preserved snakes.
_Remarks._--The specimen from "Peten" (USNM, no. 4941) is the only
specimen that has a controversial history. As can be seen from the
synonymy of the species, the relationship of this specimen with the
rest of the genus has been interpreted in several ways. Smith
(1941:122-123) stated that the above specimen was catalogued as being
from El Salvador; however, the locality was presumed by him to be El
Peten, Guatemala, due to the presence in the bottle of a piece of
paper inscribed "_Conophis vittatus_, Peten, J. M. Dow." This specimen
is the one mentioned by Cope (1861:300, 1876:76, and 1900:1094-95),
and in the first paper is ascribed to Guatemala. In 1900 this specimen
was named _C. lineaticeps_ by Cope who thought the specimen differed
significantly from _C. concolor_ (Cope, 1867:318-319). This specimen
has the coloration normal for _C. l. concolor_ as far posteriorly as
mid-body; beyond mid-body the dark lines, typical of _C. l. lineatus_
or of _C. l. dunni_, are present. It is likely that this specimen is
an intergrade between _C. l. concolor_ and _C. l. dunni_, the other
subspecies present in Guatemala.
The only specimen not from the Yucatan Peninsula is allegedly from
Patuca, Honduras (USNM 20271). It was obtained in the 1870's. Possibly
more collecting will verify the presence of _C. l. concolor_ in
northern Honduras. This individual may be merely a genetically
aberrant specimen from an area where normal specimens are _C. l.
dunni_. Neill and Allen (1961:44-45) suggested that the specimen from
Patuca implies widely overlapping distributions for _C. l. dunni_ and
_C. concolor_. The occurrence of _C. l. concolor_ in Honduras needs to
be verified before this assumption is made. There can, therefore, at
present be no objection to the view that intergradation between the
subspecies _C. l. dunni_ and _C. l. concolor_ could occur through a
relatively broad area of El Peten and British Honduras.
Neill and Allen (1961:44-45) further suggest that the present range of
_C. l. dunni_ extends "presumably still farther northward toward the
Mexican state of Veracruz where _C. l. lineatus_ exists." Actually the
presence of the subspecies _C. l. dunni_ and _C. l. lineatus_ as
presently disjunct populations implies merely that they were
presumably a continuous population at some time in the past.
The characteristics of the genus in combination with the reduction of
dark coloration posterior to the head distinguish this snake from all
other snakes in Mexico and Central America.
_Distribution._--The Yucatan Peninsula: eastern Campeche, all of
Yucatan, probably in Quintana Roo, and the northern third of British
Honduras. A record for northeastern Honduras is questioned (fig. 2).
_Specimens examined._--Total of 48, as follows: BRITISH HONDURAS:
_Belize District_: 13.0 mi. W, 1.5 mi. S Belize, ERA-WTN BH-1562.
GUATEMALA: _El Peten, no specific locality_, USNM 4941.
HONDURAS: _Colon_: Patuca, USNM 20271.
MEXICO: _Campeche_: Champoton, UMMZ 73063-66; Encarnacion, CNHM
106462. _Yucatan: no specific locality_, BMNH 80.7.13.30; Chichen
Itza, AMNH 38826, 38833, CNHM 20610-11, 26986-87, 36299-300, 36303-04,
36307, 36316, MCZ 7422, 28748, UMMZ 68236, 73060-62, 80806, USNM
46395; Kantunil, CNHM 36301, 36305-06, 36308-09, 36312-13; _Libre
Union_, CNHM 36298, 36302, 36310-11, 36314; Mayapan, CNHM 40720;
Merida, CNHM 19411, 19413, NMW 16828; Progreso, CNHM 40721; Tekom,
CNHM 49374; Yokdzonot, CNHM 36315.
=Conophis nevermanni= Dunn
_Coniophanes imperialis imperialis_, Wettstein, Sitz. Akad.
Wiss. Wien. mathem-naturw. Kl., 143:37-38, 1934.
_Conophis nevermanni_ Dunn, Copeia, no. 4:214, December 31,
1937; Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 92:395, November 5, 1942;
Savage, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 50:484, December 31, 1949;
Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34(pt. 1): 145-146, October
1, 1951.
_Type._--Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, no. 22423,
obtained by Emmet R. Dunn from Prof. Manuel Valerio. Type locality:
Rio Poas de Aserri (a few miles south of San Jose), Costa Rica.
_Diagnosis._--Head and body dark brown or black above with two or four
white stripes along body; usually two white lines on head immediately
above eye passing from canthus rosetralis posteriorly to connect with
white stripe on 6th row of dorsal scales; eight supralabials with
black margins above.
_Variation._--Six specimens have 173 to 183 (176.5 +- 4.00) ventrals.
Five of these snakes having complete tails have 71 to 89 (80.6 +- 7.15)
subcaudals; the number of ventrals plus subcaudals varies from 250 to
263 (257.0). In the six specimens the reduction from 19 to 17 dorsal
scales takes place between ventrals 84 and 97 (93.2 +- 4.71). Sexual
dimorphism is evident in the number of subcaudals; two females have 71
and 76 (73.5), and three males have 82 to 89 (85.3) subcaudals. The
longest specimen (ANSP 22424) is a female from San Jose, Costa Rica,
having a body length of 660 mm., a tail length of 168 mm. and a total
length of 828 mm.
The dorsal coloration (fig. 1, E) varies from a black ground-color
with two or four narrow white stripes to a dark brown ground-color
with a series of black stripes and four white stripes. In the black
specimens there are no dark stripes. The darkest specimen (NMW
16838:1) has only two white stripes; these more or less continuous
stripes are on the ventral third of the 2nd row of scales and
occasionally on the dorsalmost part of the first scale-row. The venter
is immaculate white except for black on the tips of the ventral
scales. The dorsum above the 2nd scale-row is uniform black. There are
no white stripes on the head.
The palest specimen (NMW 16838:2) has four dorsal white stripes; the
lateral pair of these stripes is on the ventral half of the 2nd and
the dorsal third of the 1st scale-rows; the dorsolateral pair is on
the dorsal two-thirds of the 6th and the ventral third of the 7th rows
of scales. This latter stripe is the posterior continuation of the
white stripe on the head, which originates immediately posterior to
the rostral scale and passes posteriorly along the canthus rostralis
and along the lateral margin of the supraocular scale to the nape.
Posterior to the place of scale reduction, the dorsolateral white
stripe is displaced ventrally one scale-row. Except for black flecks
or spots on the lateral margins of the ventrals, the venter is
immaculate white. The dorsum above the lateral white stripes is brown
and black; there is a pair of dorsolateral white stripes. The dorsal
half of the 2nd, most of the 3rd, 4th and 5th rows of scales are
black; the dorsal margin of the 3rd, both margins of the 4th, and the
ventral margin of the 5th rows are paler brown. The dorsal two-thirds
of the 7th, all but the dorsal most part of the 8th, and the middle
two-thirds of the 10th scale-rows are black; the areas between are a
medium brown.
Only six specimens are available on which to base a description of the
variation in this species. Furthermore, there are no juveniles, notes
on the colors of living individuals, or photographs of this species.
[Illustration: FIG. 4. Selected locality records for _Conophis
pulcher_ and _Conophis nevermanni_.]
_Remarks._--Taylor (1955:563-565) hesitantly referred a specimen (KU
35630) from 32 kilometers north of Barranca, Puntarenas Province,
Costa Rica, to _Conophis lineatus nevermanni_. This specimen, a
female, has 169 ventrals and ventral scale-reduction taking place
opposite the 109th ventral; both of these characters are well out of
the range of _C. nevermanni_. Furthermore, the ventral margins of the
supralabials are brown, and the pale dorsal stripes are tan and too
wide for _C. nevermanni_ (compare figs. 1, C and E). The specimen
definitely is _C. lineatus dunni_, and corresponds well with another
specimen from Costa Rica (ANSP 12232).
The dark brown or black dorsum with two or four white stripes and the
presence of eight supralabials having dark brown dorsal margins, in
combination with the characters of the genus, serve to distinguish
_Conophis nevermanni_ from other Central American snakes.
_Distribution._--Pacific coastal plain of northwestern Costa Rica and
the Meseta Central of central Costa Rica (fig. 4).
_Specimens examined._--Total of six, as follows: COSTA RICA:
_Guanacaste_: Bebedero, Rio Tenorio, NMW 16838(5). "_San Jose_," ANSP
22424.
=Conophis pulcher= Cope
_Tomodon lineatus_ (in part), Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
28:455, 1860.
_Conophis pulcher_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
20(5):308, 1869; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2,
8:137, 1876; Bocourt _in_ Dumeril, Bocourt and Mocquard,
Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale,
2:646-648, pl. 38, fig. 6, 1886; Ferrai-Perez, Proc. U. S.
Natl. Mus., p. 196, September 28, 1886; Cope, Bull. U. S.
Natl. Mus., 32:77, 1887; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 18:194,
April 15, 1895; Ann. Rept. U. S. Natl. Mus. for 1898, p. 1095,
1900; Alvarez del Toro, Reptiles de Chiapas, pp. 154-155,
1960.
_Tomodon pulcher_, Bocourt, Journ. de Zool., p. 408, 1876.
_Conophis pulcher_ var. _similis_ Bocourt _in_ Dumeril,
Bocourt and Mocquard, Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans
l'Amerique Centrale, 2:647-648, pl. 38, fig. 6, 1886
[Type.--Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, no. 6090;
type locality.--unknown, restricted to Tonala, Chiapas, by
Smith and Taylor (1950:326)].
_Conophis lineatus_, Guenther, Biologia Centrali-Americana, p.
165, March, 1895; Boulenger, Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History), 3:122-123, 1896; Stuart,
Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 292:5, June 29, 1934;
Slevin, Proc. California Acad. Sci. 4th Ser., 23:409, December
29, 1939.
_Conophis pulcher pulcher_, Smith, Journ. Washington Acad.
Sci., 31:121, March 15, 1941; Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 92:395,
November 5, 1942; Stuart, Contr. Lab. Vert. Biol. Univ.
Michigan, 65:19-20 (part), March, 1954; Contr. Lab. Vert.
Biol. Univ. Michigan, 68:63, November, 1954; Cochran, Bull. U.
S. Natl. Mus., 220:167, 1961.
_Conophis pulcher plagosus_ Smith, Journ. Washington Acad.
Sci. 31:121-122, March 15, 1941 (Type.--United States National
Museum, no. 109707; type locality: Tonala, Chiapas); Smith and
Taylor, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33(pt. 2):326, March 20,
1950; Stuart, Contr. Lab. Vert. Biol. Univ. Michigan,
65:19-20, March, 1954; Cochran, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
220:167, 1961.
_Conophis pulcher similis_, Smith, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
92:395, November 5, 1942; Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 93:408,
October 29, 1943; Smith and Taylor, Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus.,
187:43-44, October 5, 1945; Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33(pt.
2):43-44, March 20, 1950; Maldonado-Koerdell, Inst. Mexicanos
Recursos Nat. Renov. pp. 132-133, 1953.
_Types._--Three in the United States National Museum, nos. 6751 (2
specimens) and 6803, obtained by Henery Hague. Type locality: "Peten,"
or "Verapaz," Guatemala. There is much doubt about localities for many
of Hague's specimens collected in the 1860's (Stuart, 1948:10). Since
_Conophis pulcher_ is found predominantly in semi-arid environments,
the types might have come from the semi-arid Cahabon, Negro, or Salama
river basins--all places near the sugar plantation that Hague managed
at San Jeronimo, Baja Verapaz. Possibly the types were obtained from
as far away as the Motagua Valley or the southeastern highlands of
Guatemala, both of which areas Hague is known to have visited.
_Diagnosis._--Paravertebral stripes present at least posteriorly (fig.
1, F); eight or ten stripes at mid-body; lateral dark stripe passing
through eye anteriorly and including at least upper one-half of second
scale-row from neck region posteriorly to place of scale reduction
near mid-body; eight supralabials immaculate or having dark ventral
margins.
_Variation._--Twenty-six specimens have 161 to 182 (169.5 +- 5.31)
ventrals. Eighteen of these snakes with complete tails have 65 to 79
(70.6 +- 3.93) subcaudals; the number of ventrals plus subcaudals
varies from 231 to 251 (239.3). In 26 specimens the reduction from 19
to 17 dorsal scales takes place between ventrals 94 and 119 (104.6 +-
4.90). Sexual dimorphism is evident in the number of subcaudals;
eleven females have 65 to 71 (68.2), and seven males have 70 to 79
(74.3) subcaudals. The longest specimen (AMNH 58364) is a female from
El Zamarano, Honduras, having a body length of 703 mm., a tail length
of 164 mm. and a total length of 867 mm. The smallest juvenile (MCZ
49793) from Tegucigalpa, Honduras, has a body length of 162 mm., a
tail length of 46 mm. and a total length of 208 mm.
The dorsal ground-color is pale brown or white; black or dark brown
stripes are present dorsally and laterally. Normally ten stripes are
present at mid-body; the first pair on the first row of dorsal scales;
the second pair on the upper half of 2nd and lower part of 3rd rows;
the third pair on 4th row; the fourth pair on 7th and sometimes part
of 8th rows; the fifth pair (paravertebral stripes) on the 9th row.
Posterior to the place of reduction from 19 to 17 rows by the fusion
of the 3rd and 4th rows, the third, fourth and fifth pairs of stripes
are displaced downward one row. Sometimes the second and third pairs
of stripes are fused resulting in only eight stripes at mid-body. On
some specimens the fourth and fifth pairs of stripes are close
together, but in none are they fused so as to result in a pattern of
six stripes at mid-body.
The paravertebral stripes begin anteriorly on the nape or at any point
on the anterior one-third of the body and continue as discrete stripes
onto the base of the tail. Anteriorly these stripes are always broken
into a series of dashes; posteriorly the stripes are continuous. In
specimens in which the paravertebral stripes do not begin on the
anterior-most part of the body, there is no paravertebral pigmentation
anteriorly.
In addition to the paravertebrals, the other dorsal dark stripes are
variable. In some specimens the stripes are present anteriorly and
gradually disappear near mid-body (the first dark stripe only on three
specimens). In other specimens the stripes are present anteriorly as
dashes and become continuous at mid-body; in others the stripes are
continuous throughout. Posteriorly continuous stripes are of uniform
width; anteriorly sometimes they are wide on the tip of each scale and
narrow on the base (fig. 1, F). The variation in continuity and width
described above is found in all of the dorsal dark stripes.
The ventrals usually have more or less conspicuous dark spots
laterally; in some specimens there are no spots. Except for the dark
lateral spots, when present, the ventrals are immaculate white.
Usually the dorsal ground-color is a pale tan, especially between the
first and second, and the third and fourth dark stripes. The areas
between the second and third dark stripes and across the dorsum
between the fourth stripes on each side are pale brown. In some
specimens the dorsum between the paravertebral stripes is still paler
brown.
Never is more than the lower third of the supralabials brown. Many
specimens have little brown, and others none. In most of those
specimens having brown on the supralabials, the chin and infralabials
are dusky tan or gray. There is little or no brown on the supralabials
or the chin in the northern part of the range (Chiapas), whereas the
greatest amount of brown on the labials and chin is found on some
specimens from the southern part of the range (Honduras). Since there
is considerable variation in the amount of brown on the chin and
labials of specimens from single localities, the slight geographic
trend in this character seemingly is not significant.
In juveniles six black or dark brown stripes boldly contrast with a
white or pale tan ground-color. At mid-body the first pair of dark
stripes is on the 1st scale row; the second pair on the 3rd and 4th
rows; the third pair on the 7th, 8th and at least the lower half of
the 9th rows (fig. 3, B). Ontogenetic change in coloration consists of
the splitting of the second and third pairs of dark stripes in the
juvenile. The first stripe does not split. Consequently adults have
ten dark stripes.
In life an adult from Tonala, Chiapas, had black stripes. The
ground-color below the second stripe, and between the third and fourth
dark stripes was tan. The area between the second and third dark
stripes was reddish-brown, as was the dorsum between the fourth pair
of dark stripes, except that the 10th scale-row was paler.
Three excellent photographs of this species have been published under
the name _Conophis lineatus_ (Ditmars, 1931:pls. 26 and 27).
_Remarks._--Smith (1941:121-122) described _C. pulcher plagosus_ from
Tonala, Chiapas, and characterized the subspecies by its having "(1)
the ventrals completely unspotted; (2) secondary lines on
paravertebral rows not continuous posteriorly; (3) all other lines on
body also somewhat spotted in appearance; (4) dusky markings on chin
and supralabial border very dim (less distinct than in _p. pulcher_ or
any member of the _lineatus_ series)." Although all Chiapan specimens
lack ventral spots, specimens from Guatemala have no spots, small
spots, or large spots. Even in specimens from Tegucigalpa, Honduras,
the southernmost limit of the range, the spotting varies from a few
inconspicuous spots to many large spots. Paravertebral rows were
continuous posteriorly in all specimens examined by me. Likewise, all
other stripes were continuous bands of uniform width posteriorly,
having appeared anteriorly as rows of spots or dashes. The amount of
brown on the chin and labials has been shown previously not to be
geographically significant. The absence of characters of adequate
significance to separate populations precludes the naming of
subspecies in this species.
Mertens (1952a:93, and 1952b:61-62) designated three specimens from El
Salvador as _C. pulcher plagosus_. In the latter paper, Mertens, on
the basis of a description of a specimen of "_C. lineatus_" from
Divisadero, El Salvador, given by Schmidt (1928:200), referred that
specimen also to _C. pulcher plagosus_. I have examined this specimen
and refer it to _C. lineatus dunni_. Although I have not seen Merten's
specimens, on the basis of the excellent descriptions given by Mertens
(1952b:61-62), I refer the three Salvadoranean specimens to _C.
lineatus dunni_.
The presence of paravertebral stripes in combination with the
characteristics of the genus distinguish _Conophis pulcher_ from all
other snakes in southern Mexico and Central America. The only
sympatric species of this genus, _C. lineatus dunni_, differs in that
it lacks paravertebral stripes, although it may have a single
vertebral stripe. _Conophis lineatus dunni_ has lateral dark stripes
that are present on the 3rd and 4th scale-rows, never on the anterior
third of the body as in _C. pulcher_. Even in juveniles the third pair
of dark stripes includes the lower part of the 9th scale-row in _C.
pulcher_, whereas the dorsal most dark stripe of _C. lineatus dunni_
never includes more than the lower part of the 8th scale-row.
_Distribution._--Pacific coastal region of Chiapas, Mexico,
southeastward into Guatemala; southeastern highlands and the dry
valley of central and eastern Guatemala; Caribbean lowlands of
Honduras southward to the region of Tegucigalpa, Honduras (fig. 4).