Western world to the deliverance of the Holy Land, ii. 191 et
seq.
Hostilities with the Saracens renewed, ii. 195.
50,000 children engage in the crusade, and perish, ii. 202.
The pope assembles the council of Lateran, and issues decrees for
supporting the holy war, ii. 210, ii. 211.
His death, ii. 214.
His successor, Honorius III., urges the crusade, ii. 216.
Indifference of the kings of France and England, _ib._
Enthusiasm of the German states in its favour, ii. 217.
Andrew II., king of Hungary, engages in the holy war, ii. 217,
ii. 224.
The Crusaders arrive in Palestine, ii. 225, ii. 231.
March into Egypt, and capture the city of Damietta, ii. 232-235.
Numbers return to Europe, ii. 237.
Names of illustrious warriors engaged, ii. 238.
Skirmishes on the banks of the Nile, ii. 243.
Capture of Damietta, ii. 249.
Fresh Crusaders arrive from Germany, Milan, Genoa &c., ii. 253.
March against the capital of Egypt, ii. 256.
Their fleet burnt on the Nile, ii. 258.
Capitulate with the Saracens, ii. 260.
Distresses of the Christian army, ii. 261.
Surrender of Damietta, ii. 260.
Preparations of Frederick II., emperor of Germany, to aid the
Crusaders, ii. 264, ii. 267, ii. 269.
He arrives at Ptolemaïs, ii. 275;
and concludes a treaty with the sultan of Cairo, by which he is
confirmed in the sovereignty of Jerusalem, ii. 278.
Gregory IX. determines to renew the holy war, ii. 283.
Council of Tours for promoting the cause of, ii. 287.
Thibault V., king of Navarre, engages in the crusade, ii. 290.
The pope prohibits his departure, ii. 291.
Agitated state of Palestine, and weakness of the Christian power in,
ii. 293, ii. 294.
Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs,
ii. 295;
but soon returns to Italy, and leaves the Christians of Palestine
to themselves, ii. 296.
Reflections on the ill success of this crusade, and the causes which
led to it, ii. 297 et seq.
—— THE SEVENTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1242-1245.—The Tartars of the middle
ages, ii. 312 et seq.
State of Palestine, ii. 326.
Jerusalem captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians
slaughtered, _ib._
The united Mussulman and Christian forces defeated by the
Carismians, ii. 330.
Distress of the Christians, ii. 334.
Innocent IV., at the council of Lyons, determines on a new crusade,
ii. 338.
Louis IX. engages to assist, ii. 345-347.
The distinguished individuals of France who enter into it, ii. 347,
ii. 348.
Preparations of Louis IX., ii. 358 et seq.
He arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369.
Lands at Damietta, and defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 385.
Advances on Cairo, ii. 399.
Defeats the Egyptians, ii. 403.
His sanguinary contests with the Mamelukes, ii. 405.
Slaughter of the Christians at Mansourah, ii. 408.
Sanguinary contests with the Mussulmans, and their severe losses,
ii. 413-416.
Exposed to disease, pestilence, and famine, ii.et seq.
Louis IX. captured, and his army destroyed, ii. 428 et seq.
30,000 Crusaders massacred, ii. 430;
and numbers taken into slavery, ii. 435.
Louis enters into an abject treaty with the sultan of Cairo,
ii. 438, ii. 447.
The Christian forces evacuate Damietta, ii. 448.
Heavy ransom paid for the liberation of Louis IX., who quits Egypt
for Syria, ii. 450.
A fresh crusade preached in Europe, ii. 464.
Numbers of Christians in Syria and Egypt embrace the Mohammedan
religion, ii. 469.
Hostilities resumed in Palestine, ii. 474.
Louis quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris in 1254, ii. 478,
ii. 480.
General reflections on the crusade, and its unhappy termination,
ii. 481 et seq.
Desolating crusades against the idolaters of Lithuania, Prussia,
&c., ii. 493.
—— THE EIGHTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1255-1270.—Dangerous position of the
Christians of Palestine, iii. 7.
War declared against, iii. 8.
Coolness of Pope Alexander IV. and Clement IV., iii. 8, iii. 20.
The crusade supported only by a few French knights under Eudes, son
of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 9.
The Latin Crusaders lose Constantinople, iii. 10.
Misfortunes of the Christians in Palestine, iii. 11 et seq.
Louis IX. of France undertakes another crusade to the Holy Land, and
after extensive preparations he sails with a powerful armament,
and lands at Tunis, iii. 23-37.
England, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, &c. engage to assist, iii. 29.
Great mortality at Tunis, iii. 41.
Death of Louis IX., iii. 46.
The Crusaders conclude a ten years’ truce with the king of Tunis,
iii. 49.
Their fleet is nearly destroyed by a tempest, iii. 51.
The ancient spirit of the Crusaders suspended, iii. 57.
Prince Edward of England arrives in Palestine, _ib._;
but soon returns, iii. 58.
Causes of the failure of this crusade, iii. 58 et seq.
Gregory X. convokes the council of Lyons, and endeavours, but in
vain, to revive a new crusade, iii. 59.
Severe losses and sanguinary contests of the Christians of Palestine
with the Saracens, iii. 69, iii. 80 et seq.
The slaughter of, at the capture of Ptolemaïs, iii. 85 et seq.
Abandoned by their leaders, iii. 87.
Capture and destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast
of Syria, iii. 89.
Indifference of the Western world to the melancholy fate of the
Christian inhabitants, iii. 90.
—— ATTEMPTED CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS, A.D. 1291-1396.—Pope
Nicholas IV. directs his attention to the preaching of another
crusade, iii. 93.
The hopes of the West revived by the successes of the Tartars
against the Mussulmans, iii. 94 et seq.
Proclaimed by Clement V. at the council of Vienna, iii. 97.
Philip, king of France, Edward III. of England, and other
illustrious personages, prepare for a formidable crusade, which
is checked by the death of Pope John XXI., iii. 107, iii. 108.
Persecutions of the Christians of the East in consequence of these
attempts, iii. 109.
Benedict XI. endeavours to stir up a crusade, iii. 110, iii. 111.
Assembly of sovereigns and nobles at Avignon, iii. 113, iii. 114.
They capture and burn Alexandria, iii. 116.
Invade the coast of Barbary, iii. 117.
Miraculous interpositions related, iii. 118.
Treaty with the sultan of Egypt, iii. 119.
A crusade against the Turks determined on, iii. 125.
Its illustrious leaders, iii. 126.
Their fatal contests with Bajazet, iii. 127, iii. 128.
Pope Eugenius exhorts to a fresh crusade, iii. 135;
and large armies are collected, iii. 137.
The Christians enter into a treaty with Amurath, which they violate,
iii. 138;
and undertaking another crusade are defeated and annihilated,
iii. 142.
The Crusaders full of bravery but deficient in qualities, iii. 143.
European crusades terminate with the capture of Constantinople, and
the destruction of the Greek empire by the Ottoman forces, in
1453, iii. 156.
—— DEFENSIVE CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS, A.D. 1453-1481, iii. 159.
Meeting of Philip of Burgundy, John Capistran, Æneas Sylvius,
Frederick III. of Germany, Pope Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and
others, to endeavour to stir up a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 159-166.
The crusade preached in France, England, Germany, Spain, and
Portugal, iii. 168.
General assembly at Mantua, convoked by Pius II., iii. 172.
His holiness endeavours to arouse the Christian states against the
victorious career of the Turks, iii. 174 et seq.
Accompanies the crusade, and dies at Ancona, iii. 178, iii. 179.
Paul II. and Sextus V. preach the crusade, iii. 179, iii. 182.
Partial successes of the Crusaders, and the discord attending them,
iii. 183.
The Christians lose all their previous conquests, except Cyprus and
Rhodes, iii. 184.
Charles VIII. of Naples engages in a pretended crusade against the
Turks, iii. 192, iii. 193.
Pope Alexander VI. endeavours in vain to stir up the crusade,
iii. 197.
The crusading spirit becomes enfeebled, iii. 197, iii. 201.
Exertions of Leo X. for its revival, iii. 202 et seq.
Great preparations for, iii. 206.
Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207.
Clement VII. renounces all further hopes, iii. 218.
Career of the Turks checked by their signal defeat in the Gulf of
Lepanto, iii. 227;
and before the walls of Vienna, iii. 235.
General review of the holy wars, iii. 228.
Their influence on the various classes of society in Europe, as
regards the progress of the arts and of general knowledge, iii.
251 et seq.
Concluding remarks, iii. 345-348.
—— APPENDIX.—Bull of Pope Eugenius in favour of the second crusade,
iii. 370.
Bull of Gregory VIII., iii. 380.
Ralph of Coggershall’s account of the crusade under Richard I.,
iii. 395.
Treaty among the Crusaders for dividing the city and empire of
Constantinople, iii. 431.
Jourdain’s letter on the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441.
Letter of Innocent III. exhorting the Christians to a fresh crusade,
iii. 447.
List of the great officers who followed St. Louis in his crusade to
Tunis, iii. 465.
Receipts of the troncs in France for the expenses of the crusades,
iii. 473;
and their expenditure, iii. 474 et seq.
Cydnus, the river, i. 449 n.
Cyprus, captured by Richard I. of England, i. 475.
Disputes respecting the sovereignty of, ii. 177.
Arrival of Louis IX. at, ii. 369.
Intemperance of the Crusaders at, ii. 370, ii. 371.
Political distractions of, iii. 184.
Subjected to the Mussulmans, iii. 185.
Taken possession of by the Venetians, _ib._
Captured by the Turks, iii. 225.
——, king of, flies from Ptolemaïs, iii. 79.
——, Peter de Lusignan, king of, engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 313
et seq.
D.
Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, appointed patriarch of Jerusalem,
i. 269.
His disputes with Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 285, i. 286.
Letters from him and others detailing their victories over the
Saracens, i. 362-364 (App.).
Daïs, a class of Ishmaëlians, iii. 421.
Damascus, principality of, i. 127.
The sultan of, attacks the principality of Tancred, and is defeated
by Godfrey, i. 273.
He defeats the Christians, i. 290, i. 291.
Description and history of, i. 364, i. 365.
Besieged by the Crusaders, who are defeated through treachery,
i. 366 et seq.
Captured by the Carismians, ii. 332.
Sultan of, carries on war against the Egyptians, ii.468, ii. 473.
Treaty of peace between, ii. 474.
Damietta, city of, described, ii. 231, ii. 232.
Tower of, taken by the Crusaders, ii. 232-235.
Sanguinary conflicts before the walls of, ii. 243.
Captured by the Christians, the inhabitants having perished by
famine, ii. 249, ii. 250.
Great wealth of, _ib._
Surrendered to the Saracens, ii. 260.
Besieged and captured by the Crusaders under Louis IX., ii. 380-385.
Delivered up to the Mussulmans by treaty, ii. 448.
Mussulman rejoicings at, and Arab poem on, ii. 451.
Destroyed by the Mussulmans, ii. 485.
Letter from the count of Artois on the taking of, iii. 456 (App.).
Letter from St. Louis respecting, iii. 461 (App.).
Dandolo, the doge of Venice, ii. 49 and n.
Engages to assist the Crusaders, ii. 50, ii. 51.
His address to the Venetians in favour of the Crusaders, ii. 61.
Virtues of, ii. 146.
Death of, ii. 172.
His treaty with the Crusaders for dividing Constantinople and the
empire, iii. 431 (App.).
Daphnusia, expedition against, iii. 9.
Darcum, castle of, i. 495.
Dardanelles, castle of, built by Selim II., iii. 226.
Dargan, vizier of Egypt, defeated and slain, i. 387.
Despotism, the most fragile of human institutions, iii. 120.
Dicet, Ralph, extract from his history, iii. 394.
Dipsada, serpents so called, i. 199 n.
Dogs, a river in “burning Phrygia” discovered by the sagacity of,
i. 114.
Dol, archbishop of, i. 56 n.
Dolabella, his dispute with Cassius, i. 117 n.
Dorylæum, plain of, i. 106.
Ducas, Michael, excites the Christians to take arms against the
infidels, i. 38, i. 39.
Duelling, origin of, in the middle ages, iii. 313.
Durazzo, siege of, i. 284.
E.
Earthquake visits Palestine, and destroys several cities, i. 291,
i. 292.
In Egypt, ii. 188.
East, anarchy of the, i. 4, i. 5.
Subject to the invasions of the wild hordes of Tartary, i. 31.
Subdued by the Turks, i. 32.
Empire of, approaching to its fall, i. 36, i. 37.
State of, at the time of the third crusade, i. 382.
Ecalthai, the Tartar prince, sends an embassy to Louis IX. at Cyprus,
ii. 373.
Eccelino de Romano, papal crusade against, ii. 422.
His death, ii. 493.
Eclipses, alarm caused by, i. 201, i. 351.
Edessa, occupied by the Crusaders, i. 121.
Governed by Baldwin, i. 124.
The principal bulwark of the Christians, i. 125.
Flourishing state of, i. 306.
Captured and destroyed by the infidels, and the Christians
slaughtered, i. 321-327.
——, Matthew of, i. 101.
Edma, daughter of Baldwin, i. 302.
Edward I. of England, his expedition to the Holy Land, and defeat of
the Saracens, iii. 472 (App.).
Edward, Prince, of England, engages in the crusade to the Holy Land,
iii. 29, iii. 32.
Arrives in Syria, and captures Nazareth, iii. 57.
Returns to England, iii. 58.
Egypt, ambassadors from, received at the camp of the Crusaders,
i. 138.
Their offers rejected, i. 139.
Mussulman forces from, under Afdhal, i. 237-242.
The armies of, defeated by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 278,
i. 286, i. 287, i. 293.
Several of her cities captured, i. 303.
Distracted state of, i. 386 et seq.
Warlike preparations against, i. 389 et seq.
Deposition and death of the caliph, i. 396.
Possessed by Malek-Adel, i. 509.
Famine and plague in, ii. 186, ii. 187.
Terrible earthquake in, ii. 188.
The sultan of, joined by the warriors of Carismia, ii. 326.
Malek-Saleh Negmeddin, the sultan of, ii. 376.
Military and political state of, when invaded by Louis IX., ii. 377,
ii. 378, ii. 379.
The Saracens defeated by Louis, ii. 403.
The Christian forces, in their turn, defeated with great slaughter,
ii. 408, ii. 428.
Almoadam raised to the throne of, ii. 417.
Louis IX. taken prisoner in, ii. 428.
Civil commotions in, ii. 459.
Sultan of, negotiates a treaty of alliance with Venice, iii. 199.
Undertakes an expedition against the Portuguese, _ib._
Memoir of Leibnitz, addressed to Louis XIV., on the conquest of,
iii. 478-493 (App.).
Eleanor of Guienne, the queen of Louis VII., i. 343, i. 346.
Accomplishments of, i. 360.
Her irregular conduct, i. 361, i. 362.
Repudiated by her husband, i. 362.
Results of her divorce, i. 378, i. 472.
Eleuctra, river, venomous serpents of, i. 198.
Elevein, province of, in Wales, iii. 409.
Elidore, miraculous adventure of, iii. 411.
Eloi, St., at the court of Dagobert, i. 10.
Emad-eddin, his conspiracy for dethroning the sultan of Cairo,
ii. 242.
Emaüs, captured by Saladin, i. 427.
Emicio, Count, instigates the Crusaders to the greatest cruelties,
i. 70.
Emirs of Egypt, power of, ii. 444.
Emmaüs, the Crusaders arrive at, i. 201.
England, her resistance to the pretensions of the popes, ii. 303,
ii. 341.
Increase of liberty in, iii. 285.
State of, and changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 256
et seq.
Erard de Severy, his heroic death, ii. 410.
Eude, duke of Burgundy, i. 249.
Killed in battle, i. 254 and n.
—— III., death of, ii. 55.
Eugenius III., Pope, warmly urges on the second crusade, i. 331.
His bull in its favour, iii. 370 (App.).
—— IV. receives the submission of the Greek Church, iii. 135.
Exhorts the Christian states to a fresh crusade, iii. 135, iii. 136.
Euphrosyne, wife of the Emperor Alexius, ii. 94.
Europe, aspect of, changed by advancing civilization, i. xxi.
Political and religious distractions of, ii. 195, ii. 196; iii. 131,
iii. 217, iii. 220.
General state of, ii. 304, ii. 305.
Great preparations for undertaking a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 206.
Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207.
Divisions among the powers of, iii. 214.
Policy of the sovereigns of, iii. 219.
General emulation in, for the cultivation of the arts, iii. 229.
Eutychians, sect of the, i. 4.
Everard de Puysaie, bravery of, at Jerusalem, i. 224.
Evrard des Barres, grand master of the Templars, i. 356.
Ezeroum, kingdom of, i. 97.
Ezz-Eddin Aybek, surnamed _Turcoman_, made governor of Egypt under
Chegger-Eddour, ii. 445.
Marries Chegger-Eddour, and becomes sultan, ii. 459.
Is assassinated by his wife, iii. 3.
F.
Fair held on Mount Calvary, i. 11.
Fakr-eddin, Imaum, anecdote of, iii. 426.
Fak-reddin, the leader of the Egyptian army, ii. 381.
Defeated by Louis IX., ii. 385.
Takes the command of Egypt, ii. 397.
His letter to the Mussulmans, ii. 398.
Is slain in battle, ii. 403.
Falcandus, the Sicilian historian, ii. 20 and n.
Famine in Europe, ii. 56 and n.
In Egypt, ii. 56, ii. 112.
Its frightful effects, ii. 186, ii. 187.
Fanaticism, spirit of, weakened by civilization, i. xxi.
Rage of, i. 481, i. 482.
Fatimite caliphs recapture Jerusalem, i. 16.
Fatimites, dynasty of the, extinguished, i. 396.
Fayel, lady de, i. 503.
Fedaïs, a sect of assassins in Syria, iii. 421.
Curious anecdote of one, iii. 426.
Fergant, the Breton, i. 183.
Feristha, the historian, i. 31.
Feudalism established at Jerusalem, i. 271-273.
Its yoke first shaken off in Lombardy and Italy, iii. 284.
Evils of, iii. 275 et seq.
Its fall, iii. 292, iii. 293.
Flanders, nobility of, engage in the fifth crusade, ii. 47, ii. 83.
Bravery of the soldiers of, ii. 415.
——, count of, his speech to the Christian army at Jerusalem, i. 230.
Florence rejoices at the defeat of the French Crusaders, ii. 453.
Florine, daughter of Eude I., slain, i. 134 and n.
Foulke, a French knight, and his beautiful wife, fate of, i. 181.
——, count of Anjou, and son of Foulque le Rechin, engages in the
holy wars, i. 310.
Marries the daughter of Baldwin du Bourg, _ib._
Crowned king of Jerusalem, i. 311.
His death, i. 316.
Foulque-Nerra, count of Anjou, penitential pilgrimages of, i. 25,
i. 26.
Death of, i. 26.
Miraculous incident relative to, iii. 355 (App.).
Foulkes, curé of Neuilly, preaches in favour of the fifth crusade,
ii. 42-45.
Death of, ii. 57.
Tomb of, _ib._ n.
“Fountain of the Clerks,” London, iii. 384.
France, enthusiasm of, for the Christian crusades against the infidels
of Palestine, i. 53, i. 79.
The Crusaders of, and their most distinguished leaders, i. 87,
i. 88.
Louis IX. engages in the second crusade, i. 337 et seq.
Ruled by the minister Suger, i. 376.
Lamentations of, for the fate of the Crusaders, i. 376, i. 377.
——, placed under the papal interdict, ii. 42.
Political contentions in, ii. 195, ii. 208.
Engages in the sixth crusade, ii. 207.
Louis IX. and several distinguished personages engage in the seventh
crusade, ii. 347, ii. 348.
The nobles of, form a league to resist the exactions of the pope,
ii. 358.
Enthusiasm of, for the seventh crusade, ii. 362, ii. 363, ii. 365.
Improved state of society in, ii. 364.
Innocent IV. takes charge of the kingdom during the absence of Louis
IX., ii. 368.
State of her navy, ii. 369.
Consternation of, on receiving the news of the defeat and capture of
Louis IX. by the Egyptians, ii. 452.
France undertakes a second crusade under Louis IX., assisted by
various powers, iii. 24 et seq.
Invades the coast of Barbary, where Louis dies, iii. 117.
Her troops take possession of Rome, iii. 194.
Political troubles of, iii. 112, iii. 113.
The Crusaders of, defeated and slaughtered by Bajazet, iii. 128.
Consternation of the French, _ib._
Important changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 254 et
seq.
Extension of liberty in, iii. 285, iii. 291, iii. 292.
Receipts of the troncs for the expenses of the crusades, iii. 473;
and their expenditure, iii. 474 (App.).
Her treaties with the Ottoman Port, iii. 488 (App.).
Francis I. of France, his letters respecting the crusade against the
Turks, iii. 207.
His injunctions, iii. 209.
Made prisoner at the battle of Pavia, iii. 214.
Policy of, iii. 219.
Francis of Assise, or St. Francis, piety of, ii. 244.
His address to Melik-Kamel, ii. 245.
Founds the religious order of Cordeliers, ii. 246.
Franks, military valour of the, i. 37; ii. 87.
Carry on their hostilities against the infidels, i. 282 et seq.
Attack Constantinople, ii. 87.
Character of the, ii. 174.
See _France_.
Frederick II., emperor of Germany, enters into vows to fight against
the infidels of Palestine, ii. 263.
His extensive preparations, ii. 265.
Sets sail, and returns to Otranto, ii. 270.
His marriage at Rome with the heiress of the king of Jerusalem,
ii. 266.
Acknowledged to be the sovereign of the holy city, ii. 267.
His quarrel with the pope, ii. 270 et seq.
Opposed by the clergy, ii. 280.
Quits Palestine for Europe, ii. 281.
His victories in Lombardy, ii. 281.
Excommunicated by Gregory IX., _ib._
Treaty with his holiness, ii. 282.
Renewed rupture with the pope, ii. 292.
Excommunicated, ii. 292, ii. 341.
His indignation, ii. 344.
Is deposed by the pope, ii. 353.
His protracted contests with, ii. 354 et seq.
Enters into negotiations with Melik-Kamel, ii. 273, ii. 276.
Arrives at Ptolemaïs, ii. 275.
Concludes a treaty, ii. 278.
Death of, ii. 461.
His character, ii. 490.
—— III. of Germany endeavours to stir up a crusade against the
Turks, iii. 164.
——, duke of Swabia, joins the Crusaders, i. 468.
Death of, i. 470.
——, king of the Romans, ii. 209, ii. 217.
G.
Galata, fortress of, captured by the Latins, ii. 87.
Gargan, Mount, i. 21.
Garnier, count de Grai, i. 78.
Gaston de Béarn, i. 88, i. 212.
Dies in Spain, i. 247.
Ordinances of, i. 262 n.
Gaucher de Chatillon, his heroic death, ii. 427.
Gauthier de Brienne lays claim to the kingdom of Sicily, ii. 53,
ii. 178.
Engages in the holy wars, ii. 78.
Captured and put to death by the Carismians, ii. 331, ii. 332.
Gaza, capture of, by Saladin, i. 426.
The Crusaders surprised and cut to pieces at, ii. 295.
Gecko, the serpent of Egypt, i. 199 n.
Gelaleddin, sultan of Carismia, death of, ii. 326.
Gemaleddin, the historian, i. 175 n.
Gengiskhan, the Tartar chief, historical notices and conquests of,
ii. 317 et seq.
Death of, ii. 321.
Genoese, their fleets and victories, i. 40.
They relieve and assist the Crusaders at Antioch, i. 145;
at Jaffa, i. 211;
and at Arsur, i. 277.
Their contests with the Venetians, iii. 2.
They lose the colony of Caffa, iii. 184.
Geoffrey de la Tour, anecdote of, i. 180.
—— de Lusignan, i. 413.
Defeated and made prisoner by Saladin, i. 422.
—— de Rançon, i. 354.
Commits a fatal blunder, i. 355.
Geography, progress of, during the period of the crusades,
iii. 333-335.
Georgians, a warlike people, ii. 265.
Gerard of Avesnes, heroic death of, i. 268.
Géraud, St., Baron d’Aurillac, i. 19 n.
Gerbert, Archbishop, excites resistance to the Saracens, i. 17.
Germany, state of, at the time of the second crusade, i. 337.
Enthusiasm of, in its favour, i. 339.
The Crusaders of, defeated by the Turks, i. 353.
The fourth crusade preached and undertaken by, ii. 14-16.
The Crusaders return from Palestine, ii. 31.
Political and religious contentions in, ii. 209, ii. 353.
Changes in, during the age of the crusades, iii. 258-260.
Extension of liberty in, iii. 284.
Gertrude, wife of Andrew II. of Hungary, ii. 217.
Gervais, count of Tiberias, taken prisoner and put to death, i. 290.
Ghibellines, faction of the, ii. 269.
Gibel, besieged by the Crusaders, i. 189 and n.
Gilbert, a leader of the crusades, i. 356.
Giraffe, its first introduction into Europe, iii. 330.
Giselbert, prophetic vision of, i. 234.
Gisors, assembly convoked at, by the kings of France and England,
i. 436.
Glaber the monk, chronicle of, i. 19, i. 20, i. 23.
Glass, manufacture of, during the middle ages, iii. 329.
Gnostics, sect of the, iii. 495 et seq.
Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lorraine, the distinguished leader of the
first crusade, i. xx., xxi., i. 76 and n., i. 77-79.
Wages war against the Greeks, i. 90.
His alliance with Alexis of Constantinople, i. 92.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 110, i. 111.
Dangerously wounded by a bear, i. 115.
His quarrel with Bohemond, i. 146, i. 147.
His heroic bravery, i. 172.
Forms an alliance with the emir of Hezas, and defeats the sultan of
Aleppo, i. 182.
Takes Jerusalem by storm, i. 221.
Elected king, i. 234.
Defeats the Egyptian forces on the plain of Ascalon, i. 240-242.
His quarrel with Raymond, i. 244.
Political measures and conquests of, i. 267.
Besieges Arsur, i. 268.
Extraordinary prowess of, i. 269.
He concedes political power to the patriarch of Jerusalem, _ib._
Divides the conquered lands among the companions of his victories,
i. 270.
His legislative code, i. 271-273.
His death and character, i. 274.
—— abbot of Clairvaux, i. 329 n.
Godfrey, bishop of Langres, i. 331.
Gorgoni, valley of, in Phrygia, i. 106 and n.
Battle of, i. 107-111.
Goths, monarchy of the, overturned, i. 5.
Gotschalk, a priest, elected general of the Crusaders, i. 68.
His progress, i. 69 et seq.
Greece, invaded by Boniface, king of Thessalonica, ii. 162, ii. 163.
By the Turks, iii. 122.
Humiliated condition of, iii. 134.
Conquered by Mahomet II., iii. 171.
Her want of energy to resist the Turkish domination, iii. 243.
Her probable emancipation, iii. 245.
Greek, knowledge of, diffused and cultivated in the West, ii. 181 and
n., iii. 204.
Brought from Constantinople, iii. 338.
Greek Church submits to papal authority, iii. 135.
Greek empire, its weakened condition, i. 4, i. 5.
The conquered lands of, distributed among the Crusaders, ii. 149,
ii. 150.
Its approaching fall, iii. 144.
Capture of its capital by Mahomet II., iii. 156.
Destruction of the, iii. 156-158.
Greek fire, i. 5.
Destructive properties and terrific appearance of, ii. 14, ii. 401.
Use of, iii. 29.
Note upon, by Renaudot, iii. 387 (App.).
Greeks, on the rising energies of the, i. 13.
The cool indifference of their prelates, _ib._
They are defeated by the Saracens, i. 14.
Zimisces, their emperor, gains a signal victory, i. 15.
Opposed to the formidable tyranny of the Turks, i. 34, i. 35.
Their moral condition and character, i. 35-37; ii. 100 et seq.,
ii. 174.
Their contests with the Crusaders, and hostility to the Latins,
i. 90, i. 91, i. 93, i. 446, i. 447.
Their perfidious policy to the Crusaders, i. 348 et seq., i. 356.
Are defeated by Barbarossa, i. 448.
Their contentions with the Latins, ii. 103, ii. 113-115.
Their reverence for relics and images, ii. 141.
Rebel against the Latins, ii. 165.
Defeat and massacre them, ii. 168, ii. 169.
Their different historians, ii. 175.
Dispossess the Latins of Constantinople, iii. 10.
See _Constantinople_.
“Green Knight,” distinguished bravery of the, i. 452.
Gregory VII., Pope, his character, i. 39.
—— VIII., bull of, in favour of a crusade against Saladin,
iii. 380 (App.).
—— IX., Pope, character of, ii. 269.
His rage against Frederick II. of Germany, ii. 270, ii. 271.
Hostilities with, ii. 272, ii. 281.
Treaty with, ii. 282.
Determines to renew the holy war, ii. 283.
Quarrels with and excommunicates Frederick, ii. 292.
His death, ii. 296.
—— X. convokes a council at Lyons for reviving a new crusade,
iii. 59.
His death, iii. 66.
——, Cardinal, iii. 52.
—— St., of Nyssen, i. 2.
Grenier, Eustache, regent of Jerusalem, i. 297.
Guelphs, faction of the, ii. 269.
Guibert, Abbé, i. 56 n.
Guichenon, the historian of the house of Savoy, i. 250 n.
Guicher, a French knight, i. 180.
Guienne. See _Eleanor of_.
Guillebard, St., pilgrimage of, i. 24 n.
Guis de Trusselle, i. 83.
Guiscard, Robert, the Norman, i. 84.
Gundechilde, wife of Pancratius, i. 120.
Gunther, the monk, his history of the Greeks, ii. 175, 176.
Guy, abbot of Vaux de Cernay, ii. 64.
—— de Lusignan, i. 403.
His rebellion against Baldwin IV., i. 407.
Selected by Sibylla, his wife, as the sovereign of Jerusalem,
i. 413.
His contentions with Saladin, i. 417 et seq.
Defeated and made prisoner, i. 422.
Released from captivity, i. 453.
Besieges Ptolemaïs, i. 454.
His conflicts with Saladin, i. 458.
Obtains the sovereignty of Cyprus, i. 501.
—— de Malvoisin, bravery of, ii. 408, ii. 415.
—— du Châtel, slain, ii. 426.
—— de Chatillon, slain, ii. 481.
—— of Tremouille, death of, iii. 129.
Guymer, the corsair chief, i. 118.
H.
Haco, king of Norway, engages in the seventh crusade, ii. 361.
His political motives, _ib._
Hafiz, the Persian poet, his description of Jerusalem, i. 202.
Hakim, Caliph, fanatical excesses of, i. 16, i. 17.
Inconstancy of, i. 20.
Halys, defeat of the Crusaders on the banks of the, i. 252.
Haman Eddin, secretary of Saladin, i. 397.
Hammer, M. Raynouard’s notes on his “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”,
iii. 494-500.
Hapsburg, family of, their origin, iii. 260.
Harem, city of, taken by the Crusaders, i. 140.
Haroun al Raschid, glorious reign of, i. 8.
His amicable relations with Charlemagne, i. 9.
Hassan, founder of the Ismaëlians, his origin and history, iii. 415 et
seq. (App.).
Hegira, first age of the, i. 5.
Helen, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 140.
Helena, St., her piety, i. 2.
Pious pilgrimage of, i. 27.
Helian, his speech against the Venetians, iii. 200.
Hemingford, Walter, the chronicler, iii. 472.
Henry II., king of England, urged to join the Crusaders, i. 411.
Determines on renewing the holy war, i. 438.
His quarrels with the king of France, i. 440.
His convocation at the Fountain of the Clerks, London,
iii. 394 (App.).
—— III., ascends the throne of England, ii. 216.
Refuses to assist the Crusaders, ii. 352.
His opposition to the pope and his barons, ii. 394.
—— VI. of Germany engages in the fourth crusade, ii. 13 et seq.
Conquers Naples and Sicily, ii. 20.
Progress of his armies in Palestine, ii. 22 et seq.
Death of, ii. 31;
and character, ii. 34 and n.
—— VIII. of England, policy of, iii. 219.
—— count of Champagne, Palestine ceded to, i. 501.
Accidental death of, ii. 17.
——, landgrave of Thuringia, crowned emperor of Germany, ii. 353
—— of Hainault, his bravery, ii. 169, ii. 170.
Heracle, count de Polignac, i. 88.
Heraclius captures Jerusalem, i. 4.
His interview with Henry II., king of England, i. 411.
Hercules, statue of, at Constantinople, ii. 130.
Heresies of the thirteenth century, ii. 198.
Papal crusade against, ii. 199.
Hezas, emir of, i. 181.
Allies himself with the Crusaders, and defeats the sultan of Aleppo,
i. 182.
Hezelon de Kintzveiler, prophetic vision of, i. 234.
Hildebrand, Pope, pretensions of, i. 39.
History, writers of, i. xxii.
Difficulties of reconciling, i. xxiii.
Progress of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 341.
Holy Land, pilgrimages to the, i. 1-3; iii. 248, iii. 249, iii. 349
et seq.
Letter of Innocent III. exhorting Christians to the aid of, iii. 447
(App.).
See _Palestine_.
—— See, political contentions with the, ii. 208, ii. 209.
Its quarrels with Frederick, emperor of Germany, ii. 270, ii. 281,
ii. 292.
See _Popes_.
—— Sepulchre, veneration for the, i. 1.
Melancholy spectacle of its ruins, i. 20.
Pilgrimages to the, i. 21.
Knights of the, i. 308.
Honorius III., Pope, ii. 215.
Urges the sixth crusade, ii. 216.
Death of, ii. 269.
Horses, four, of bronze, carried to Venice, ii. 182.
Hospitals for pilgrims of the Latin Church, i. 10, i. 16, i. 22,
i. 23.
Hospitallers, possessions and power of, ii. 9.
Their quarrels with the Templars, ii. 9, ii. 10; iii. 2.
Their exploits, iii. 98.
Anecdote of the, iii. 299.
Hugh of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, iii. 111, iii. 112.
——, count of Jaffa, i. 313.
Death of, i. 315.
Humbert II., count of Savoy, departs for the Holy Land, i. 249.
Historical notices of, i. 250.
—— II., dauphin of Viennois, takes the cross for the holy war,
iii. 111.
—— de Romanis, curious document issued by, iii. 60, iii. 61.
Humphrey de Thoron, i. 413.
His pretensions to the throne of Jerusalem, i. 470.
Hungarians, their origin, i. 62.
Oppose the progress of the Crusaders, i. 65 et seq., i. 68, i. 71.
Conquered by the Tartars, ii. 323.
Hungary, political state of, ii. 230.
The Crusaders of, defeated by Bajazet, iii. 128.
Invaded by the Turks, iii. 166, iii. 187.
The Turks defeated, iii. 187.
Invaded by Soliman, iii. 214;
and the Hungarians defeated, iii. 215.
Weakened condition of, iii. 218.
Enters into a treaty of peace with the Turks, _ib._
Hunniades, the Hungarian, a leader of the Crusaders, iii. 137.
Is defeated by Amurath, iii. 142.
Valour of, iii. 166, iii. 167.
His death, iii. 167.
I.
Ibu-Ferat, the Arabian historian, iii. 63, 64 n.
Iconium, city of, i. 116.
Taken by Barbarossa, i. 448.
Ida, countess of Hainault, heroic devotion of, i. 246.
——, margravine of Austria, i. 249.
Iftikhar-Eddanlah, governor of Jerusalem, his hostilities against the
Crusaders, i. 204.
Imamat, rights of the, iii. 414.
Imbert de Beaujeu, constable of France, ii. 402.
Indulgences, sale of, iii. 210.
Industry, progress of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 251,
iii. 328 et seq.
Infidels. See _Mohammedans_, _Saracens_, and _Turks_.
Ingulfus, the monk, his account of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 30
and n.
Innocent III., the great instigator of the fifth crusade, ii. 38 et
seq.
His quarrel with Philip of France, ii. 42.
His reproaches against the Crusaders at Zara, ii. 73.
His letter, ii. 153.
His efforts to stimulate the Crusaders, ii. 191, ii. 203, ii. 213.
His crusade against the Albigeois, ii. 199 and n.
His political domination, ii. 208, ii. 209.
Assembles the council of Lateran, ii. 210.
His sermon on the occasion, ii. 211.
His death and character, ii. 214, ii. 215.
Letter from, exhorting Christians to the aid of the Holy Laud,
iii. 447 (App.).
—— IV., disturbances under his reign, ii. 296.
Convokes the council of Lyons, ii. 335.
Determines on the seventh crusade, ii. 338..
Excommunicates Frederick, emperor of Germany, ii. 341.
Deposes him, ii. 353.
Protracted contests between them, ii. 354 et seq.
Levies excessive contributions on Europe, ii. 358.
Encourages the preaching of a fresh crusade, ii. 464.
His character, ii. 490, ii. 491.
Inquisition established in Spain, iii. 267.
Its power, iii. 271.
Isaac Angelus, the emperor of Constantinople, i. 445.
Forms an alliance with Saladin, i. 446.
Deposed by Alexius Angelus, ii. 63-65.
Reinstated by the Crusaders, ii. 93.
His imbecility and bigotry, ii. 108.
His death, ii. 119.
—— Comnenus, dispossessed of Cyprus, i. 475.
Isabella of Constantinople, death of, ii. 192.
Isidorus, Cardinal, bravery of, iii. 154.
Islamism. See _Mohammedanism_.
Ismaëlians, the assassins of Syria and Persia, their dangerous
character, i. 304-306; iii. 425.
Account of their origin and history, iii. 414-431 (App.).
Their possessions, iii. 424.
Various sects and classes of, iii. 420, iii. 421, iii. 428.
Their religious dogmas, iii. 429.
Italy, zeal of, awakened in favour of the crusades, i. 84.
War of factions in, ii. 269; iii. 190.
Invaded by Frederick, emperor of Germany, and devastated by civil
war, ii. 293, ii. 296.
State of, and changes during the age of the crusades, iii. 261.
Republics of, iii. 263.
The clergy and nobility lose their influence in the cities,
iii. 284.
Her extensive commerce during the middle ages, iii. 327.
Progress of architecture in, iii. 332.
Literature of Greece introduced into, iii. 338.
“Itinerary” of the early pilgrims from Bordeaux to Jerusalem, composed
A.D. 333, iii. 351 et seq.
J.
Jacob of Hungary instigates the Crusaders, ii. 462.
Is killed, ii. 463.
Jacques d’Avesnes slain, i. 487.
—— de Maillé, his bravery and death, i. 415, i. 416.
Jaffa, entrance of the Genoese fleet into the port of, i. 211.
Captured by Richard I., i. 489.
Taken by the Mussulmans, ii. 17.
The garrison surprised and massacred by the Saracens, ii. 31 and n.
Captured by the sultan of Cairo, iii. 16.
Great expense of fortifying by Louis IX., _ib._ n.
Battle of, iii. 396 (App.).
Jago, the patron saint of Galicia, i. 21.
James, king of Arragon, engages in the holy war, iii. 29, iii. 30.
—— of Vitri preaches the sixth crusade, ii. 207.
Jane, queen of Sicily, i. 475.
Jebusees, Jerusalem the ancient capital of the, i. 203.
Jehoshaphat, valley of, i. 21.
Jem-jem. See _Zizim_.
Jericho, palms of, i. 21.
JERUSALEM, taken by the Crusaders, i. xx.
Retaken by the infidels, _ib._
Reverence for, by the early Christians, i. 2.
A peaceful asylum for them, i. 3.
Captured and profaned by the Fire Worshippers, _ib._
Recaptured by Heraclius, i. 4.
Conquered by the Saracens, i. 6.
Christian cemetery at, i. 10, i. 11.
Retaken by the Fatimite caliphs, i. 16.
Christians driven from, i. 19.
Pious pilgrimages to, i. 21, i. 24, i. 29, i. 30.
Hospitals at, i. 23.
Possessed by the Turks, i. 32.
The Christians commence their march towards, i. 196.
Antiquity and early history of, i. 203.
Description of, i. 204.
The enthusiasm of the Crusaders on the first view of, i. 102.
Besieged, i. 205 et seq.
Indignities heaped upon the Christian inhabitants of, i. 207.
Obstinate defence of, i. 218 et seq.
The Crusaders take it by storm, i. 221-225.
Great slaughter, i. 224, i. 225.
Pious fervour of the Christian army at, i. 226, i. 227.
Wealth found in, i. 229.
Godfrey de Bouillon elected king, i. 234.
Rejoicings of the Christians of the East, and despair of the
Mussulmans at the conquest of, i. 236, i. 237.
State of the kingdom of, at the time of the Crusaders, i. 266.
The various authorities for compiling the history of, i. 267 n.
Visited by numerous pilgrims, i. 269.
Legislative code for governing the kingdom of, i. 271-273.
Death of its king, Godfrey, and election of his brother Baldwin,
i. 274.
Quarrels between Baldwin and the patriarch, i. 285.
Death of Baldwin, i. 294.
Baldwin du Bourg elected his successor, i. 296.
Death of Baldwin du Bourg, i. 310.
Foulque of Anjou crowned king, i. 311.
His death, i. 316.
Baldwin III. ascends the throne of, i. 316.
Threatened by Noureddin, i. 328.
Sinister prognostics respecting, _ib._
Christendom aroused to a second crusade by the impending danger of,
i. 329.
Visited by numerous pilgrims, i. 269.
Death of Baldwin III., i. 384.
Amaury, his brother, elected king, i. 386.
His death, i. 399.
Distracted state of, i. 407 et seq.
Deaths of Baldwin IV. and V., i. 412.
Guy de Lusignan elected king, i. 413.
Civil contests and tottering state of, i. 414 et seq.
The king made prisoner, i. 422.
Besieged by Saladin, i. 426.
Surrender of, i. 429, i. 432.
Prognostics of its fall, i. 435.
Disputes respecting the sovereignty of, i. 470, i. 476, i. 477.
Treaty between Richard I. and Saladin, i. 500.
—— governed by the successors of Saladin, ii. 3 and n.
Political state of, ii. 192, ii. 193.
Frederick, emperor of Germany, acknowledged to be king of, ii. 267,
ii. 278.
Agitations of, ii. 279, ii. 282.
Quarrels with the patriarch, ii. 279.
Religious worship suspended, ii. 280.
Captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians slaughtered,
ii. 326, ii. 327.
Possessed by the Egyptians, ii. 331.
Jerusalem, three pretenders to the throne of, iii. 63.
Pilgrimages to, and various treaties for protecting the Christians
of, iii. 249.
A spirit of resignation takes the place of the enthusiasm of the
Crusaders, iii. 250 and n.
“Itinerary” to, from Bordeaux, iii. 351 (App.).
Massacres on the taking of, by the Christians, iii. 359.
Acts of the council of Naplouse for reforming the Christians of,
iii. 367.
Letter from Saladin, detailing his conquest of, iii. 372.
Sermon made at, by Mohammed Ben Zeky, iii. 376.
——, “Assizes of,” i. 271-273.
“Jerusalem delivered” of Tasso, more wonderful than that of the
“Iliad”, i. 258.
Jesus Christ, pretended visions respecting, i. 191.
Alleged miraculous communication to the Crusaders, i. 164, i. 165.
The “true cross” of, found at Jerusalem, i. 230.
Jews, massacred and persecuted by the Crusaders, i. 19, i. 70, i. 341.
Destruction of, at Jerusalem, i. 228.
Joannice, the Tartar leader, ii. 166.
Defeats the Latins, ii. 167, ii. 169.
John, king of England, engages in the sixth crusade, ii. 209.
——, king of France, taken captive at the battle of Poictiers,
iii. 112.
Engages in a fresh crusade, iii. 113, iii. 114.
—— of Austria defeats the Turks at the naval battle of Lepanto,
iii. 226.
—— of Brienne, ii. 193.
Accepts the young queen of Jerusalem in marriage, ii. 194, ii. 195.
Joinville, seneschal de, the historian of the seventh crusade,
ii. 371, et passim.
Bravery of, ii. 410.
Taken prisoner, ii. 429.
Excellence and style of his narration, ii. 481.
Anecdote of, ii. 483.
Declines to join the second crusade undertaken by Louis IX.,
iii. 25.
Jordan, waters of the, i. 21.
Josselin de Courtenay, family of, i. 282.
Defeated and taken prisoner, i. 283.
His release, i. 285.
Notices of, i. 295, i. 296.
As count of Edessa he supports the election of Baldwin du Bourg to
the kingdom of Jerusalem, _ib._
Made prisoner by the Turks, i. 296.
His escape, i. 297.
Death of, i. 320.
——, son of the preceding, succeeds to the county of Edessa, i. 321.
Loses Edessa, i. 324.
Dies a prisoner at Aleppo, i. 379.
—— de Montmorency slain, i. 481.
Josseraut de Brançon, bravery of, ii. 416.
His death, _ib._
Jourdain, M., his letter on the “Assassins” of Syria, iii. 413.
On the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441.
Judæa, the promised land, i. 1.
See _Palestine_.
Judicial combat in the middle ages, iii. 313.
Julian, emperor, undertakes to rebuild the temple, i. 2.
——, cardinal, preaches in favour of a fresh crusade, iii. 137,
iii. 139.
Is slain, iii. 143.
Julius II., his speech at the council of Lateran, iii. 201.
Jurieu, the Reformer, considers the Turks as auxiliaries to the
Protestants, iii. 246.
Justice, administration of, in Europe during the middle ages, iii. 311
et seq.
K.
Karacoush, minister of Saladin, i. 456 n.
Karaites, khan of the, ii. 318.
Kelaoun, the sultan of Cairo, iii. 65.
Concludes a truce with the Christians of Ptolemaïs, iii. 66.
Enters into treaties with European princes, iii. 67 and n.
Captures and destroys Tripoli, iii. 69.
His death, iii. 76.
Kerbogha, sultan of Mossoul, his siege of Antioch, i. 158 et seq.
His haughty reply to the deputies of the Crusaders, i. 168.
Defeated, i. 173, i. 174.
His magnificent encampment, i. 175.
Defeats the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253.
Ketboga, the Mogul chief, iii. 6.
Slain, iii. 7.
Khedhrewis, a class of Ismaëlians, iii. 428.
Khothbeh, a sermon made at Jerusalem after its capture by Saladin,
iii. 376.
Kilidj-Arslan, the Turkish chief, i. 97, i. 100, i. 106.
His bravery before Antioch, i. 173.
Defeats the Crusaders, i. 252, i. 253.
Knighthood of learning conferred during the middle ages, iii. 339.
Knights in the army of Peter the Hermit, i. 64 n.
—— of chivalry engage in the crusades, i. 55.
Called “The Champions of God and of Beauty,” _ib._
Spirit and devotedness of the, iii. 295, 296.
Their deference to the fair sex, iii. 297.
Knowledge, state of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 337 et
seq.
Koran, doctrines of the, iii. 346.
Koutouz elected sultan of Egypt, iii. 5.
Assassinated by Bibars, iii. 7.
L.
Ladislas, duke of Bohemia, i. 338.
Ladislaus, king of Poland and Hungary, engages in a fresh crusade,
iii. 137.
Is defeated and slain by Amurath, iii. 142.
Lance, sacred, which pierced the side of the Redeemer, pretended
discovery of the, i. 165, i. 166 and n.
Borne to battle by Raymond d’Agiles, i. 169, i. 170.
Doubts entertained of its miraculous influence, i. 176.
Offerings made to the, i. 192.
Langres, bishop of, his speech against the treachery of the Greeks,
i. 349.
Lascaris chosen emperor of Constantinople, ii. 130.
His address to the Greeks, _ib._
Abandons the city, ii. 131.
Proclaimed emperor at Nice, ii. 156.
Lateran, council of, convoked by Julius II., iii. 201.
By Leo X., iii. 202.
By Pope Innocent III., iii. 210.
Latins of the West, their hostility to the Greeks, and their hatred of
the emperor Alexius, i. 89-92, i. 194.
Their violent disputes, ii. 113-115.
They capture Constantinople, ii. 131.
The Greeks rebel against their domination, ii. 165, ii. 166.
Decline of their empire in Greece, ii. 288.
Dispossessed of Constantinople, iii. 10.
See _Constantinople_ and _Crusaders_.
Laws, the administration of, during the middle ages, iii. 311 et seq.
Lazar-houses, establishment of, iii. 336.
Lazarus, St., order of, historical notices of, iii. 298 and n.
Lebrun, Hugh, count of Angoulême, engages in the crusades, ii. 393.
Leibnitz, his ideas in favour of the crusades, iii. 247.
Memoir of, addressed to Louis XIV. on the conquest of Egypt,
iii. 478-493 (App.).
Leo X., his exertions for reviving a crusade against the Turks,
iii. 202 et seq.
Allows the sale of indulgences, iii. 210.
After the preaching of Luther, the crusades cease to engage his
attention, iii. 213.
The distinguished age of, iii. 229.
—— Sguerre, conquests of, ii. 156.
Leopold, duke of Austria, his treatment by Richard I., i. 484.
His caustic reply to Richard, i. 490.
Detains him a prisoner in Austria, i. 507.
Lepanto, naval battle of, in which the Turks are signally defeated,
iii. 225.
Great rejoicings throughout Christendom, iii. 226, iii. 227.
Leprosy in the West, ii. 308.
Lethal, pilgrimage and fanaticism of, i. 28, 29 and n.
Lewenstein, virgin of, miraculous vision of the, i. 444.
Liberty, progress of, in England, iii. 256-258.
Increasing spirit of, in Europe, during the crusades, iii. 284-292.
Lion, curious anecdote of its docility, i. 180.
Lisbon taken from the Moors, i. 375.
L’Isle-Adam, grand master of the knights of St. John, iii. 213.
Litbert, bishop of Cambray, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, i. 29.
Literature, state of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 333 et
seq.
Litz, Martin, preaching of, ii. 44, ii. 45 and n.
His possession of relics and images, ii. 141, ii. 142.
Livre Tournois, explanation of, ii. 389.
Lombardy, confederacy in, ii. 269.
Louis II. of Hungary, slain by the Turks, iii. 215.
—— VII. of France, resists the encroachments of the pope, i. 330.
Destroys Vitri, _ib._
Repents, and determines on a crusade against the infidels, i. 331.
His measures for raising money to defray the expenses of the war,
i. 345.
His devotion, i. 346.
Leaves France at the head of the Crusaders, _ib._
Arrives at Constantinople, i. 349.
Marches through Phrygia, i. 353;
and defeats the Turks, _ib._
Is surprised and defeated, i. 355.
Report of his death, _ib._
His piety and determination, i. 357, i. 358.
Arrives at Antioch, with a part of his army, i. 360.
Repudiates his queen, Eleanor of Guienne, i. 362.
Leaves Antioch, and proceeds to Jerusalem, i. 363.
His unsuccessful military operations, i. 366 et seq.
Leaves Palestine, and returns to Europe, i. 378.
The unfortunate results of his crusade, i. 378 et seq.
He revokes his promise of revisiting the Holy Land, i. 379.
—— IX. (or St. Louis), his recovery from a dangerous malady, ii. 345
and n.
He determines on prosecuting a seventh crusade against the infidels
of the Holy Land, ii. 346 et seq.
Makes extensive preparations, ii. 358 et seq.
Quits France, ii. 368;
and arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369.
Conciliates the Christian litigants, ii. 371, ii. 372.
Receives an embassy from the Tartar prince Ecalthai, ii. 373.
Arrives before Damietta, ii. 379.
His address, ii. 380.
His speech to the Crusaders, ii. 381.
Defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 382.
Captures Damietta, ii. 385.
His severe loss at the battle of Monsurah, ii. 408.
His continued contests with the Egyptians, ii. 413 et seq.
The sufferings of his army, ii. 413-422.
He attempts to regain Damietta, but is defeated, and surrenders as a
prisoner, ii. 428.
Religious resignation of, ii. 433.
Enters into a treaty with Almoadan for his ransom, ii. 438, ii. 447.
Departs from Egypt, ii. 450.
Consternation throughout France at his capture, ii. 452.
His arrival at Ptolemaïs, ii. 453.
Deliberations and speeches of his knights respecting their future
operations, ii. 455, ii. 456.
His negotiations with the Mohammedans of Egypt and Damascus,
ii. 459.
Singular message to, from the “Old Man of the Mountain”, ii. 467.
He fortifies the cities of Palestine, ii. 470, ii. 474, ii. 476.
Negotiates a treaty with the emirs of Egypt, ii. 472.
Treaty violated, and hostilities resumed against him, ii. 474.
Anecdotes of his pious devotedness, ii. 476, ii. 479.
Quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris, ii. 478, ii. 480.
Reflections on his character and misfortunes, ii. 484 et seq.
He determines upon another crusade to the Holy Land, iii. 23,
iii. 24.
The illustrious names who take the cross in his support, iii. 25.
His extensive preparations, iii. 27 et seq.
His expedition to the coast of Tunis, iii. 38.
His illness and fervent devotion, iii. 42-45.
His death, iii. 46.
His virtues and piety, iii. 54-56.
Letter of, on his captivity and deliverance, iii. 458 (App.).
List of the great officers who followed him to Tunis, iii. 465.
His death-bed instructions, iii. 467.
Louis XIV. joins a Christian confederation against the Turks,
iii. 233, iii. 234.
Memoir of Leibnitz, addressed to, on the conquest of Egypt,
iii. 478-493 (App.).
——, count of Chartres, engages in the fifth crusade, ii. 45.
Loyola, Ignatius, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 248.
Lulli, Raymond, preaches a fresh crusade, iii. 103-106.
Lusignan. See _Guy de_.
Luther, his preaching against indulgences and the crusades, iii. 211.
Its important consequences, iii. 212.
He preaches against the Turks, 220; but denounces a Christian
crusade, iii. 221-223.
Lyons, council of, ii. 335.
Determines on the seventh crusade, and excommunicates Frederick II.
of Germany, ii. 338, ii. 341.
Council at, convoked by Gregory X., for reviving a new crusade,
iii. 59.
M.
Maarah, siege and capture of, i. 183-186.
Machines used at the siege of Jerusalem, i. 217-219.
Magi, worship of the, i. 4.
Annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5.
Magicians among the Saracens, i. 220 and n.
Magistracy in France during the middle ages, iii. 319.
Mahomet, frenzy of his followers, i. xx.
Spread of his religion, i. 4, i. 5.
The empire of, i. 12.
New sectaries of, _ib._
Principles of the religion of, i. 382.
See _Mohammedans_.
—— II., his accession to the Ottoman throne, iii. 143, iii. 144.
His powerful empire, iii. 144.
Besieges Constantinople, iii. 148 et seq.
His fleet defeated, iii. 149.
His extraordinary land fleet, iii. 150.
Captures the city, iii. 156.
Defeated at Belgrade, iii. 167.
His extended conquests, iii. 171, iii. 174, iii. 180, iii. 184.
His negotiations with Pius II., iii. 174.
He swears to annihilate Christianity, iii. 180, iii. 181.
Invades Hungary and different parts of Europe simultaneously,
iii. 187-189.
Defeated by the Hungarians, _ib._
Death of, iii. 191.
Divisions in his family, _ib._
Mainfroy, of the house of Swabia, slain, iii. 21.
Malek-Adel, brother of Saladin, i. 491.
Takes possession of Egypt, &c., i. 509.
His ambitious policy, ii. 5, ii. 71 n.
Opposes the Crusaders, ii. 16.
Defeated by the Christians before Berytus, ii. 18, ii. 19.
Renews hostilities, ii. 195.
The throne of Syria abdicated by, ii. 226.
His death and character, ii. 236.
Malek Saleh Negmeddin, sultan of Egypt, extent of his conquests,
ii. 376, ii. 377.
His preparations for resisting the Crusaders under Louis IX.,
ii. 377.
Malek-Scha, conquests of, i. 32.
Court of, i. 34.
Malleville, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 64.
Malta, knights of St. John transferred to, iii. 214.
Heroic defence of, against the Turks, iii. 224.
Mamelukes, first established by Saladin, i. 402.
Their bravery, i. 459.
Their treachery, ii. 398.
Defeat the Crusaders, ii. 405.
Revolt against Almoadan, ii. 439, ii. 440.
The Syrians refuse to acknowledge their authority, ii. 459.
Their rise and fall, ii. 486.
They defeat and expel the Tartars from Palestine, iii. 8.
Their victories against the Christians, iii. 11 et seq.
Capture Tripoli, iii. 69;
Ptolemaïs, iii. 85;
and several other Christian cities, iii. 89.
Mamouh, sultan of Persia, uncalculating policy of, in encouraging the
Turks, i. 31.
Mansourah, sanguinary battle at, ii. 404 and n.
And death of many illustrious Crusaders, ii. 408.
Mantua, general assembly at, to incite resistance to the Turks,
iii. 172.
Manuel, emperor of Constantinople, visits France, iii. 130.
Manufactures, progress of, during the middle ages, iii. 328 et seq.
Marcel, treachery of, ii. 428.
Margarit, Admiral, sent to the defence of Tripoli, i. 453.
Margat, fort of, captured by the Mussulmans, iii. 48.
Marguerite of Flanders, wife of Baldwin, death of, ii. 155.
—— of Provence, wife of Louis IX., ii. 369.
Her agonizing situation during the misfortunes of Louis, ii. 432.
“Market of the Franks” at Jerusalem, i. 11.
Markets of the Franks established, i. 16.
Maronites, sect of, i. 4.
Martel, Charles, victories of, i. 6.
Matthew of Edessa, the historian, i. 14 n., i. 147 n. et passim.
Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, iii. 187.
Maudoud, prince of Mossoul, assassinated, i. 292.
Maximilian, emperor of Germany, letters of, iii. 202.
Mecca, temple of, destroyed and rebuilt, iii. 226.
Medicine, state of, and progress during the period of the crusades,
iii. 335, iii. 336.
Mehallah, canal of, fatal to the Crusaders, ii. 420, ii. 425.
Melik-Kamel, the sultan of Cairo, ii. 226.
Conspiracy against, ii. 242.
His speech respecting the Crusaders, ii. 260.
Signs a treaty of peace, _ib._
Enters into negotiations with Frederick II., emperor of Germany,
ii. 273, ii. 276.
Concludes a treaty, ii. 278.
Death of, ii. 294.
Political contests thence arising, _ib._
Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, i. 313, i. 315.
Memphis, solitude of, i. 21.
Mercœur, duke of, defeats the Turks, iii. 231, iii. 232.
Mersbourg, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 70, i. 71.
Described, i. 70 n.
Merwan II., cruelty of, i. 8.
Mesopotamia, entered by the Crusaders, i. 121.
Mezerai, the historian, ii. 484.
Michaud, M. Jourdain’s letters to, iii. 413, iii. 441.
Middle Age, reflections on the state of society from 1571 to 1685,
iii. 251 et seq.
Military orders of Christendom, i. 307-309.
Minerva, statue of, at Constantinople, destroyed, ii. 108.
Minieh, town of, ii. 427.
Miracles, pretended, i. 164, i. 165.
Modhaffer Abyverdy, his elegy on the taking of Jerusalem, i. 236.
Moguls, sovereign of the, his conquests, ii. 317 et seq.
Historical notices of, ii. 487.
They capture Bagdad, iii. 4.
Their warlike operations against the Mussulmans, iii. 5.
Take the principal cities of Syria, _ib._
General terror of the, iii. 6.
History and conquests of, under Tamerlane, iii. 132, iii. 133.
See _Tartars_.
Mohammedanism, victorious career of, i. 33 et seq.
Not a religion of the sword, iii. 15 n.
Triumph of, under Mahomet II., iii. 158.
Its inferiority to Christianity, iii. 346.
The two leading sects of, iii. 413.
Evil principles of, iii. 241.
Mohammedans, conquests of the, i. 5 et seq.
Contests with the Crusaders before Antioch, i. 158 et seq.
Manners and characteristics of the, i. 183.
The cities of Palestine abandoned by the, i. 209.
Number slain at Jerusalem, i. 228.
Their despair on the conquest of Jerusalem by the Christians,
i. 236, i. 237.
Sustain various defeats by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 277.
Their continued hostilities with the Christians in Palestine, Egypt,
&c., i. 278-328.
Their prayers and exhortations against the Crusaders, i. 474.
Arouse themselves against the Crusaders, ii. 240.
Panic amongst the, ii. 242.
Propose conditions of peace, ii. 247, ii. 257.
Their alarm, ii. 251, ii. 252.
They burn the fleet of the Crusaders on the Nile, ii. 258;
and compel them to capitulate, ii. 260.
Defeated by the Carismians, ii. 330.
Political quarrel among the, ii. 376.
See _Saracens_ and _Turks_.
—— of Tunis encounter the Crusaders, iii. 40.
Mohyeddin Almoury, the imaum, iii. 63, iii. 64.
Molahed, epithet of, explained, iii. 419.
Monasteries founded during the middle ages, i. 22, iii. 303, iii. 304.
Montes Jovis, monastery of, i. 22.
Montferrat, marquis of, i. 338.
Visits the Holy Land, i. 452.
Montfort, Philip de, pays the ransom for Louis IX., iii. 450.
Moors, expelled from Lisbon, i. 375.
Their contests and defeats in Spain, ii. 201, ii. 268.
Their expulsion, iii. 243, iii. 266, iii. 375.
Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constantinople, ii. 151.
Moslems. See _Turks_.
Mossoul, sultan of, attacks and defeats the Christians, i. 290,
i. 291.
See _Kerbogha_.
Mourzoufle, of Constantinople, stirs up insurrection against the
Latins, ii. 111, ii. 112.
Insidious policy of, ii. 118.
Destroys Alexius, and ascends the throne, _ib._
Treachery of, ii. 119.
His contests with the Latins, ii. 119-128.
Dethroned, ii. 129.
Captured and executed, ii. 157.
Music, rise of, in Italy, iii. 333.
Mussulmans. See _Mohammedans_, &c.
“Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum,” Raynouard’s notes upon, iii. 494-500.
Mythology during the period of the crusades, iii. 342.
N.
Naccaire, the name of a kettledrum, ii. 381.
Naples, conquered by Henry VI., ii. 20.
Invaded by the Turks, ii. 189.
Agitations of, ii. 192, ii. 193.
State of, during the age of the crusades, iii. 263.
Naplouse, city of, pillaged, i. 291.
Decrees of the council of, i. 311 and n.
Acts of the council for reforming the Christians of Palestine,
iii. 367.
Nasr-allah, vizier of the sultan Afdhal, ii. 4 and n.
Natural history, knowledge of, increased during the crusades,
iii. 330.
Navigation, progress of, during and after the period of the crusades,
iii. 251, iii. 321 et seq.
Codes of maritime rights established, iii. 324.
Nazareth, bishop of, miracle imputed to, i. 319.
Captured by the Crusaders, iii. 57.
Negmeddin, his negotiations with Louis IX., ii. 388.
Death of, ii. 397.
Nestorians, sect of, i. 4.
Neufmontier, abbey of, founded by Peter the Hermit, i. 247 n.
Nevers, count de, i. 341, i. 342.
Nezzarians, a sect of Ismaëlians, iii. 420.
Nice, the capital of Bithynia, besieged, i. 99-105.
Sultan of, desolates the country, i. 112.
Nicea, possessed by the Mussulmans, i. 33.
The sultan of, defeats the Crusaders, i. 75.
Nicephoras Phocas heads the Greeks, and captures Antioch, i. 13.
His assassination, i. 14, i. 36.
Nicetas, his account of the sacking of Constantinople by the Latins,
ii. 133-137.
His history of the contests between the Greeks and the Latins,
ii. 174, ii. 175.
Fragment from, iii. 435.
Nicholas IV., Pope, attempts to revive a fresh crusade against the
East, iii. 93.
Nicopolis, the modern name of Emmaüs, i. 201.
Nile, battles on the banks of the, ii. 243.
Mouth of, filled with heaps of stones, ii. 485.
Nissa assailed by the Crusaders, i. 65, i. 66.
Nobility, historical notices of, iii. 278 et seq.
Normans join in the crusades, i. 82.
Northampton, a council held at, for aiding the second crusade of Louis
IX., iii. 29.
Nosaïris, sect of the, iii. 428.
Noureddin, son of Zenguis, and sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, defeats
and slaughters the Christians of Edessa, i. 326, i. 327.
Threatens Jerusalem, i. 328.
Extensive power of, i. 361, i. 396.
His conquests, i. 379.
Heroic character and benevolent sentiments of, i. 383-385.
His warlike preparations against Egypt, i. 389.
Conquers Egypt, and deposes the caliph, i. 396.
His death, i. 399.
Novagero, his eulogies on Leo X., iii. 204.
O.
Octaï, khan of the Tartars, ii. 321.
His extensive conquests, ii. 322.
——, chief of the Mamelukes, anecdote of, ii. 442.
Oderic Vital, the chronicler, i. 41 n., i. 82, i. 250 n. et passim.
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, i. 83.
Odoacer, marquis of Syria, i. 338.
“Old Man of the Mountain,” i. 304-306.
His singular message to Louis IX., ii. 467.
Visit to the court of, ii. 468.
Origin and history of his party, iii. 413 et seq. (App.).
Curious letter of, iii. 434.
Oleron, rolls of, established, iii. 324.
Olives, Mount of, i. 21, i. 214.
Olivia, bishop of Paderborn, ii. 233 and n.
Omar, Caliph, captures Jerusalem, i. 6.
Mosque of, wealth found in the, i. 224, i. 229.
Ommiades, dynasty of the, i. 8; iii. 414.
Ordeal by fire, i. 193.
Ordeals during the middle ages, iii. 312.
Ores, explanation of, ii. 404.
Oriflamme, or royal standard, i. 354.
Orpin, count of Bourges, i. 249.
Ortock, the Turkish general, conquests of, i. 33.
Otho of Savoy, excommunicated, ii. 209.
Makes war against the pope, ii. 209.
Otranto, captured by the Turks, iii. 189.
Abandoned, iii. 191.
Otto of Frisingen, i. 352.
Ottoman Port, her treaties with France, iii. 488.
Ottoman empire, its origin and history, iii. 120 et seq.
Ottomans, defeated by Tamerlane the Tartar, iii. 132, iii. 133.
Reconquer the provinces overrun by Tamerlane, iii. 133, iii. 134.
Their power under Mahomet II., iii. 144.
Capture Constantinople, and overturn the Greek empire, iii. 156.
See _Turks_.
Oulagon, commander of the Moguls, iii. 4, 6.
Outtreman, the Jesuit, i. 41 n.
Ozellis, valley of, in Phrygia, i. 106 and n.
Battle of, i. 107-111.
P.
Paganism annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5.
State of in the thirteenth century, i. 219; ii. 218-223.
Paladins, the order of, iii. 294.
Palæologus, Michael, his troops recapture Constantinople, iii. 10.
——, John, emperor of Constantinople, his vacillating policy,
iii. 123.
——, Constantine, character of, iii. 144, iii. 156 n.
Prepares for the defence of Constantinople, and appeals in vain to
western Europe for aid, iii. 145.
His great efforts, iii. 151, iii. 154.
His death, iii. 156.
——, Andrew, sells his claims to the empire of the East, iii. 194.
PALESTINE, visited by the early Christians, i. 2.
The Crusaders march through the country of, i. 196 et seq.
State of, at the period of the crusades, i. 265, i. 266.
Ravaged by the infidels, devastated by locusts, and visited by an
earthquake, i. 291.
Continued hostilities in, i. 292-328.
Victories of Saladin in, i. 425.
Its capital, Jerusalem, taken from the Christians, i. 429.
Ceded to Henry, count of Champagne, i. 501.
——, governed by the successors of Saladin, ii. 3 n.
Civil contests in, previous to the fourth crusade, ii. 4-7.
Agitated and discordant state of, ii. 4-7, ii. 189, ii. 192,
ii. 194, ii. 293, ii. 294.
Earthquake and famine in, 189. State of, at the time of the sixth
crusade, ii. 225.
Oppressions of the Christians of, ii. 265.
No longer considered a place of blessedness, but of exile, ii. 300,
ii. 301.
Subdued by the Carismians and Egyptians, ii. 330.
Distress of the Christians of, ii. 334.
Cities of, fortified by Louis IX., ii. 470, ii. 474.
——, on the Christian cities fortified by Louis IX., iii. 1.
Quarrels among the Christians of, iii. 2, iii. 3.
Among the Saracens, iii. 3.
Alarm of the Christians at the power of the Moguls, iii. 6.
Increasing difficulties of, iii. 11 et seq.
The Christians defeated, and the country laid waste, _ib._
Divisions among the Christians, and conquests of the Mamelukes,
iii. 69, iii. 85, iii. 89.
Destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast of, iii. 89.
Renewed persecutions of the Christians, iii. 109.
Subjected to the absolute domination of the Turks, iii. 202.
Acts of the council of Naplouse, for reforming the Christians in,
iii. 367 (App.).
Pancratius, an Armenian prince, joins the Crusaders, i. 120.
Paphlagouin, the Crusaders pass through, i. 251.
Papyrus Masson, i. 250.
Paris, council of, held in 1188; decree of the, for providing Saladin
tenths, iii. 384 (App.).
“Pastors,” the name given to certain Crusaders, ii. 462.
Paul II., Pope, instigates the crusade against the Turks, iii. 179.
Death of, iii. 182.
Paultre, M., memoir of, on the Forest of Saron, iii. 388 (App.).
Pelagius, Cardinal, instigates the prosecution of the sixth crusade,
and proceeds to Egypt, ii. 239.
His obstinacy in carrying on the war in Egypt, ii. 256, ii. 257.
Negotiates for peace, ii. 259.
Persia, empire of, torn by intestine wars, i. 4.
Sends an immense army against the Crusaders, i. 157, i. 158;
which marches against the Turks, iii. 182;
and is destroyed, iii. 183.
Sends an embassy to the princes of the West, iii. 231.
Peter the Hermit, character of, i. 40.
His pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 41, i. 42.
His different appellations, i. 41 n.
His visit to Pope Urban II., i. 42.
His interview with the patriarch of Jerusalem, and his enthusiasm,
_ib._
Traverses all Europe to arouse the Christians against the infidels,
i. 43.
Attends the council of Clermont, i. 48.
His inciting speech, _ib._
Chosen general of the crusade, i. 61.
Introduced to Alexis Comnenus, at Constantinople, i. 68.
Loses his authority, i. 75.
Wretched situation of the remains of Peter’s army, i. 96.
Deserts the camp of the Crusaders, and is retaken, i. 135.
Sent to treat with the Saracen leaders, i. 165.
His speech, _ib._
Arouses the enthusiasm of the Christian army by his address, i. 215.
Returns to his own country after the conquest of Jerusalem, i. 247.
Death of, _ib._ n.
—— of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, proposes a fresh crusade, iii. 113
et seq.
—— of Blois preaches the crusade, i. 442 and n.
—— de Salviac, notices of, i. 246.
Petrarch, an apostle of the holy war, iii. 110.
Pharamia, captured by Baldwin, i. 293.
Pharescour, insurrection of the Mamelukes at, ii. 440.
Philip I., king of France, excommunicated, i. 47.
State of his kingdom, i. 79, i. 80.
—— Augustus, king of France, determines on renewing the holy war,
i. 438.
His quarrels with the king of England, i. 440.
Arrives at Palestine, i. 473.
Quits Palestine, and returns to France, i. 485.
His quarrel with Pope Innocent III., ii. 42.
Largely contributes to the sixth crusade, ii. 207.
Death of, ii. 264.
—— III., son of Louis IX., iii. 42, iii. 47.
Returns to France, with the dead bodies of his father, wife, and
brother, iii. 53.
—— le Bel of France, takes the cross, iii. 100.
His death, _ib._
—— le Long of France, iii. 100.
His death, iii. 102.
——, duke of Burgundy, assembles his nobility at Lille, iii. 169.
Curious festival held, and the enthusiasm of his nobility in favour
of a fresh crusade, iii. 160, iii. 161.
—— of Swabia, his address to the French barons, ii. 68.
——, count of Flanders, i. 402. Slain, i. 481.
—— of Valois convokes an assembly at Paris for reviving a fresh
crusade, iii. 107.
Compelled to renounce his intentions, iii. 110.
Death of, iii. 112.
Philosophy of the ancients brought from Constantinople, iii. 338.
Phirous betrays the city of Antioch to the Crusaders, i. 147-157.
Murders his brother, i. 153.
Phœnicia, the Crusaders pass through, i. 196.
Richness of, _ib._
Phrygia, the country desolated by the sultan of Nice, i. 112.
Physicians, ignorance of, during the middle ages, iii. 336.
Pierre de Dreux engages in the holy war, ii. 216.
Pigeons, letters conveyed by, i. 182 and n.
Pilgrimages, ardour for, to the Holy Land, i. 1, 2.
Interrupted by the Goths, &c., i. 3.
Undertaken by St. Arculphus, St. Antoninus, and Peter the Hermit,
i. 7.
By St. Bernard, i. 10.
During the eleventh century, i. 20 et seq.
They assume the character of an armed crusade, i. 54.
Number of, on the termination of the crusades, iii. 248, iii. 349 et
seq. (App.).
Pilgrimages of penance by distinguished personages to the Holy Land,
&c., i. 24-31.
Pilgrims, hospitals built for the reception of, i. 22, 23.
Kind treatment of, i. 23.
Arrival of, at Jerusalem, i. 269.
Buy off their vows, ii. 298.
Pisans, conquests of the, i. 40.
Aid the Crusaders by their fleets, i. 145, i. 286.
Pius II., Pope, exhorts the Christian states to a crusade against the
Turks, iii. 172.
Convokes an assembly at Mantua, _ib._
His negotiations with Mahomet II., iii. 173, iii. 174.
His zealous endeavours to resist the advance of the Turks, iii. 174
et seq.
Engages in the crusade, iii. 178;
and dies at Ancona, iii. 179.
Plague in Egypt, ii. 187.
Plaisance, papal council at, i. 44.
Poictiers, count of, his capture and release, ii. 415, ii. 416.
Poitevins, their severe conflicts with the Saracens, ii. 415, ii. 416.
Pons, abbot of Vézelai, preaches in favour of the second crusade,
i. 335.
—— de Balasu, death and character of, i. 190.
Popedom, contests for the, i. 84; iii. 125.
Popelicains, religious principles of the, ii. 197.
Popes, increase of their power during the progress of Christianity,
i. 39.
Their political pretensions and quarrels, ii. 302, ii. 303, ii. 306,
ii. 342, ii. 353; iii. 20, iii. 268.
Their domination during the age of the crusades, iii. 268 et seq.
See _Rome_.
Portugal submits to Alphonso, i. 375.
The sultan of Egypt’s expedition against, iii. 199.
Pourcelet, Wm., his heroic self-sacrifice, i. 489.
Prester John, notices of, ii. 318.
Printing, instrumental in preserving the literary treasures of the
East, iii. 338.
Prodigies, miraculous, seen at Antioch, i. 173, i. 183.
Provençalex, origin of the name, i. 94 n.
Provisions, scarcity and dearness of, i. 134 and n.
Prudhommes, maritime code drawn up by the, iii. 324.
Prussia, paganism of, in the thirteenth century, ii. 218.
Manners and customs of the inhabitants, ii. 219, ii. 220.
Their religious belief, and festivals, ii. 221, ii. 222.
Subdued and converted by the Holy See, ii. 223.
Reflections on the papal crusade against, ii. 309.
Funeral ceremonies of, iii. 455 (App.).
Ptolemaïs, the Crusaders march through the country of, i. 199.
Deceit of the emir of, i. 200.
Besieged and captured by Baldwin, i. 286.
Captured by Saladin, i. 425.
Description of, i. 454; iii. 70, iii. 71.
Besieged by Guy de Lusignan, who is opposed by Saladin, i. 454 et
seq.
Retaken by the Christians, i. 481.
Hostilities at, commenced by the Christians, ii. 16.
Possessed by John of Brienne, ii. 196.
Arrival of the sixth crusade at, ii. 224;
of Frederick of Germany, ii. 275.
The commercial capital of Palestine, iii. 1.
Discords between the Venetian and Genoese residents of, iii. 2.
Quarrels between the Mussulmans and the Christians of, iii. 73,
iii. 74.
Besieged by the sultan of Cairo, iii. 76 et seq.
Dissensions among the citizens, iii. 80.
After many sanguinary contests the city is captured and destroyed,
iii. 85 et seq.
Puy, bishop of, named as the apostolic legate, i. 53.
Death of, i. 179.
Puyset, castle of, i. 313 n.
Q.
Quinze-Vingts, hospital of, ii. 487.
R.
Radnor, the lord of, anecdote of, iii. 408 (App.).
Ralph of Coggershall, his “Chronicon Anglicanum,” iii. 395.
Ramla, city of, besieged and captured by the Saracens, i. 280.
Raoul de Caen, the historian, i. 86 n., i. 163, i. 192, et passim.
—— de Coucy, slain, ii. 408.
Ravendel, capture of, i. 121.
Raymond, count of Thoulouse, engages in the first crusade, i. 52.
Marches at the head of 100,000 Crusaders, i. 88.
Defeats the Turks in Phrygia, i. 111.
Miraculous recovery from illness, i. 115.
Enters Jerusalem by storm, i. 223.
Returns to Constantinople, and receives from the emperor the city of
Laodicea, i. 246.
Revisits Jerusalem as a pilgrim, i. 269.
Appointed regent of Jerusalem, i. 407.
His speech against Saladin, i. 417, i. 418.
Suspected of treachery, i. 419, i. 422 n.
Death of, i. 423.
——, the last count of Thoulouse, character and death, ii. 394,
ii. 395.
——, count de St. Gilles, one of the leaders of the crusades, i. 87,
i. 251, i. 252.
His quarrel with Godfrey, i. 244.
—— of Poictiers, appointed governor of Antioch, i. 312.
His interest in the crusades, i. 361.
Is slain, i. 379.
—— d’Agiles, the historian, i. 88 n., i. 190, et passim.
Raynouard, M., his notes on Hammer’s “Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum”,
iii. 494-500.
Redemption, mystery of the, celebrated at Jerusalem, i. 24.
Reformation, first dawnings of the, in Europe, ii. 196, ii. 197.
The Turkish hostilities favourable to its principles, iii. 246.
Relics, veneration for, among the Crusaders, ii. 141, ii. 142.
Religion, sanguinary wars in the name of, ii. 310.
Despotic principles of, noticed, ii. 111, ii. 241 and n.
Mingled with the institutions of the middle age, ii. 111, ii. 295,
ii. 299.
Renaud de Chatillon, biographical notices of, i. 403.
Raised by marriage to the throne of Antioch, _ib._
Makes war on the emperor of Constantinople, i. 404.
Defeats the Saracens, _ib._
His various military adventures, i. 404-415.
Taken prisoner by Saladin, i. 422.
Put to death, i. 424.
Renaudot, M., his description of the Greek fire, iii. 387 (App.).
Rephraim, valley of, i. 213.
Reslans, family of the, iii. 428.
Resurrection, church of the, i. 1.
Rhamnus, the shrub, i. 212.
Rhodes, defended by the knights of St. John, iii. 185.
Besieged by the Turks, iii. 188, iii. 189.
Captured, iii. 213.
RICHARD I., king of England, his quarrels with the king of France,
i. 440, i. 441.
Prepares for the holy war, i. 441 et seq.
Captures Cyprus, i. 475.
Married to Berengaria of Navarre, i. 476.
His arrival before the walls of Ptolemaïs, and his quarrels with
Philip of France, i. 476, i. 477.
Defeats Saladin at Arsur, i. 487, i. 488.
Surprised by the Mussulmans, i. 489.
Rebuilds Ascalon, and negotiates with Saladin, i. 491, i. 499.
Marches on Jerusalem, i. 492.
Retreats, i. 497.
His personal exploits, i. 498.
His interview with Aboubeker, i. 498 n.
Enters into a treaty of peace with Saladin, i. 500, i. 501.
Character of, 504; iii. 257.
Detained as a prisoner in Austria and Germany, i. 507.
Returns to England, i. 508.
Death of, ii. 42.
Anecdote of, ii. 43 n.
His adventures in the Holy Land, and his contests with Saladin,
iii. 395 et seq. (App.).
Account of his imprisonment in Germany, iii. 405 et seq.
Richard, duke of Cornwall, joins the Crusaders at Ptolemaïs, ii. 295.
Returns to Italy, ii. 296.
——, prince of Salerno, i. 86.
Rinaldo, a leader of the Crusaders, i. 74 and n.
Rion de Loheac, notices of, i. 245 n.
Robert, king of Scotland, pilgrimage of, i. 21.
——, duke of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, undertakes a
penitential pilgrimage, i. 27.
Dies, i. 28.