Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit
Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in
Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law
impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
2 No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts
or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and
Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use
of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject
to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
3 No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of
Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any
Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or
engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as
will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II.
Section. 1. 1 The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of
four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same
Term, be elected, as follows
2 Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof
may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:
but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust
or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
3 The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the
Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
4 No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United
States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be
eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be
eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty
five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
5 In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,
Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said
Office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress
may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or
Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act
accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be
elected.
6 The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a
Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the
Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of
them.
7 Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the
following Oath or Affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that
I will faithfully execute the Office of the President of the United
States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend
the Constitution of the United States."
Section. 2. 1 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and
Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States,
when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may
require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the
executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their
respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and
Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of
Impeachment.
2 He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,
to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;
and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United
States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest
the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the
President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
3 The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which
shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information
of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration
such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and
in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of
Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper;
he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take
Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the
Officers of the United States.
Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of
the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and
Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III.
Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in
one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from
time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and
inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and
shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation,
which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Section. 2. 1 The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and
Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States,
and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;--to
all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;--to
all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to
which the United States shall be a Party;--to Controversies between two
or more States;--between a State and Citizens of another State--between
Citizens of different States,--between Citizens of the same State
claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or
the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects;
2 In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and
Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme
Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before
mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as
to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the
Congress shall make.
3 The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by
Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have
directed.
Section. 3. 1 Treason against the United States, shall consist only in
levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them
Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the
Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in
open Court.
2 The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason,
but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or
Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
ARTICLE IV.
Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the
public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.
And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such
Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
Section. 2. 1 The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
2 A person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime,
who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on
Demand of the Executive Authority of the State from which he fled,
be delivered up to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the
Crime.
3 No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall
be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may
be due.
Section. 3. 1 New States may be admitted by the Congress into
this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction
of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the
Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
2 The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules
and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging
to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so
construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any
particular State.
Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them
against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the
Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic
Violence.
ARTICLE V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either
Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the
several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the
one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first
and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that
no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage
in the Senate.
ARTICLE. VI.
1 All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption
of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under
this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
2 This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be
made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be
made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law
of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary
notwithstanding.
3 The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of
the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers,
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by
Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test
shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust
under the United States.
ARTICLE VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient
for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the Same.
Done in Convention by the Unanimous consent of the States present the
Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of
America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our
Names,
GO: WASHINGTON-- Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia.
New Hampshire.
John Langdon Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts.
Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King
Connecticut.
Wm. Saml. Johnson Roger Sherman
New York.
Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey.
Wil: Livingston David Brearley Wm. Patterson Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania.
B. Frnklin Thomas Mifflin Robt. Morris Geo. Clymer Thos. Fitzsimons
Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouv Morris
Delaware.
Geo: Read Gunning Bedford Jun John Dickerson Richard Bassett Jaco: Broom
Maryland.
James McHenry Dan of St Thos Jenifer Danl. Carroll
Virginia.
John Blair-- James Madison Jr.
North Carolina.
Wm. Blount Richd. Dobbs Spaight Hu Williamson
South Carolina.
J. Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler
Georgia.
William Few Abr Baldwin
Attest William Jackson, Secretary
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
There are many comprehensive histories which include the period
covered by the present volume, of which a few--without disparaging
the others--are deserving of mention for some particular reason.
David Ramsay's History of the American Revolution, 2 vols. (1789, and
subsequently reprinted), gives but little space to this particular
period, but it reveals the contemporary point of view. Richard
Hildreth's History of the United States, 6 vols. (1849-1852), is
another early work that is still of value, although it is written with
a Federalist bias. J. B. McMaster's History of the People of the United
States from the Revolution to the Civil War, 8 vols. (1883-1913),
presents a kaleidoscopic series of pictures gathered largely from
contemporary newspapers, throwing light upon, and adding color to
the story. E. M. Avery's History of the United States, of which
seven volumes have been published (1904-1910), is remarkable for its
illustrations and reproductions of prints, documents, and maps. Edward
Channing's History of the United States, of which four volumes have
appeared (1905-1917), is the latest, most readable, and probably the
best of these comprehensive histories.
Although it was subsequently published as Volume VI in a revised edition
of his History of the United States of America, George Bancroft's
History of the Formation of the Constitution, 2 vols. (1882), is really
a separate work. The author appears at his best in these volumes and has
never been entirely superseded by later writers. G. T. Curtis's History
of the Constitution of the United States, 2 vols. (1854), which also
subsequently appeared as Volume I of his Constitutional History of the
United States, is one of the standard works, but does not retain quite
the same hold that Bancroft's volumes do.
Of the special works more nearly covering the same field as the present
volume, A. C. McLaughlin's The Confederation and the Constitution
(1905), in the American Nation, is distinctly the best. John Fiske's
Critical Period of American History (1888), written with the clearness
of presentation and charm of style which are characteristic of the
author, is an interesting and readable comprehensive account. Richard
Frothingham's Rise of the Republic of the United States (1872; 6th ed.
1895), tracing the two ideas of local self-government and of union,
begins with early colonial times and culminates in the Constitution.
The treaty of peace opens up the whole field of diplomatic history,
which has a bibliography of its own. But E. S. Corwin's French Policy
and the American Alliance (1916) should be mentioned as the latest and
best work, although it lays more stress upon the phases indicated by
the title. C. H. Van Tyne's Loyalists in the American Revolution (1902)
remains the standard work on this subject, but special studies are
appearing from time to time which are changing our point of view.
The following books on economic and industrial aspects are not for
popular reading, but are rather for reference: E. R. Johnson et al.,
History of the Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States, 2
vols. (1915); V. S. Clark, History of the Manufactures of the
United States, 1607-1860 (1916). G. S. Callender has written short
introductions to the various chapters of his Selections from the
Economic History of the United States (1909), which are brilliant
interpretations of great value. P. J. Treat's The National Land System,
1785-1820 (1910), gives the most satisfactory account of the subject
indicated by the title. Of entirely different character is Theodore
Roosevelt's Winning of the West, 4 vols. (1889-96; published
subsequently in various editions), which is both scholarly and of
fascinating interest on the subject of the early expansion into the
West.
On the most important subject of all, the formation of the Constitution,
the material ordinarily wanted can be found in Max Farrand's Records of
the Federal Convention, 3 vols. (1910), and the author has summarized
the results of his studies in The Framing of the Constitution (1913). C.
A. Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United
States (1913) gives some interesting and valuable facts regarding
economic aspects of the formation of the Constitution, and particularly
on the subject of investments in government securities. There is no
satisfactory account of the adoption of the Constitution, but the
debates in many of the State conventions are included in Jonathan
Elliot's Debates on the Federal Constitution, 5 vols. (1836-1845,
subsequently reprinted in many editions).
A few special works upon the adoption of the Constitution in the
individual States may be mentioned: H. B. Grigsby's History of the
Virginia Federal Convention of 1788, Virginia Historical Society
Collections, N. S., IX and X (1890-91); McMaster and Stone's
Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787-88 (1888); S. B.
Harding's Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution
in the State of Massachusetts (1896); O. G. Libby's The Geographical
Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States on the Federal
Constitution, 1787-1788 (University of Wisconsin, Bulletin, Economics,
Political Science, and History Series, I, No. 1, 1894).
Contemporary differences of opinion upon the Constitution will be found
in P. L. Ford's Pamphlets on the Constitution, etc. (1888). The most
valuable commentary on the Constitution, The Federalist, is to be found
in several editions of which the more recent are by E. H. Scott (1895)
and P. L. Ford (1898).
A large part of the so-called original documents or first-hand sources
of information is to be found in letters and private papers of prominent
men. For most readers there is nothing better than the American
Statesmen Series, from which the following might be selected: H. C.
Lodge's George Washington (2 vols., 1889) and Alexander Hamilton (1882);
J. T. Morse's Benjamin Franklin (1889), John Adams (1885), and Thomas
Jefferson (1883); Theodore Roosevelt's Gouverneur Morris, (1888). Other
readable volumes are P. L. Ford's The True George Washington (1896) and
The Many-sided Franklin (1899); F. S. Oliver's Alexander Hamilton, An
Essay on American Union (New ed. London, 1907); W. G. Brown's Life
of Oliver Ellsworth (1905); A. McL. Hamilton's The Intimate Life of
Alexander Hamilton (1910); James Schouler's Thomas Jefferson (1893);
Gaillard Hunt's Life of James Madison (1902).
Of the collections of documents it may be worth while to notice:
Documentary History of the Constitution of the United States, 5 vols.
(1894-1905); B. P. Poore's Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial
Charters, etc., 2 vols. (1877); F. N. Thorpe's The Federal and State
Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws, 7 vols.
(1909); and the Journals of the Continental Congress (1904-1914), edited
from the original records in the Library of Congress by Worthington C.
Ford and Gaillard Hunt, of which 23 volumes have appeared, bringing the
records down through 1782.
NOTES ON THE PORTRAITS OF MEMBERS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION WHO SIGNED
THE CONSTITUTION By Victor Hugo Paltsis
Forty signatures were attached to the Constitution of the United
States in the Federal Convention on September 17, 1787, by thirty-nine
delegates, representing twelve States, and the secretary of the
Convention, as the attesting officer. George Washington, who signed as
president of the Convention, was a delegate from Virginia. There
are reproduced in this volume the effigies or pretended effigies
of thirty-seven of them, from etchings by Albert Rosenthal in an
extra-illustrated volume devoted to the Members of the Federal
Convention, 1787, in the Thomas Addis Emmet Collection owned by the
New York Public Library. The autographs are from the same source. This
series presents no portraits of David Brearley of New Jersey, Thomas
Fitzsimons of Pennsylvania, and Jacob Broom of Delaware. With respect
to the others we give such information as Albert Rosenthal, the
Philadelphia artist, inscribed on each portrait and also such other data
as have been unearthed from the correspondence of Dr. Emmet, preserved
in the Manuscript Division of the New York Public Library.
Considerable controversy has raged, on and off, but especially of late,
in regard to the painted and etched portraits which Rosenthal produced
nearly a generation ago, and in particular respecting portraits which
were hung in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Statements in the case
by Rosenthal and by the late Charles Henry Hart are in the American
Art News, March 3, 1917, p. 4. See also Hart's paper on bogus
American portraits in Annual Report, 1913, of the American Historical
Association. To these may be added some interesting facts which are not
sufficiently known by American students.
In the ninth decade of the nineteenth century, principally from 1885
to 1888, a few collectors of American autographs united in an informal
association which was sometimes called a "Club," for the purpose of
procuring portraits of American historical characters which they desired
to associate with respective autographs as extra-illustrations. They
were pioneers in their work and their purposes were honorable. They
coöperated in effort and expenses, in a most commendable mutuality.
Prime movers and workers were the late Dr. Emmet, of New York, and Simon
Gratz, Esq., still active in Philadelphia. These men have done much
to stimulate appreciation for and the preservation of the fundamental
sources of American history. When they began, and for many years
thereafter, not the same critical standards reigned among American
historians, much less among American collectors, as the canons
now require. The members of the "Club" entered into an extensive
correspondence with the descendants of persons whose portraits they
wished to trace and then have reproduced. They were sometimes misled
by these descendants, who themselves, often great-grandchildren or more
removed by ties and time, assumed that a given portrait represented the
particular person in demand, because in their own uncritical minds a
tradition was as good as a fact.
The members of the "Club," then, did the best they could with the
assistance and standards of their time. The following extract from a
letter written by Gratz to Emmet, November 10, 1885, reveals much that
should be better known. He wrote very frankly as follows: "What you say
in regard to Rosenthal's work is correct: but the fault is not his. Many
of the photographs are utterly wanting in expression or character; and
if the artist were to undertake to correct these deficiencies by making
the portrait what he may suppose it should be, his production (while
presenting a better appearance artistically) might be very much less
of a likeness than the photograph from which he works. Rosenthal always
shows me a rough proof of the unfinished etching, so that I may advise
him as to corrections & additions which I may consider justifiable &
advisable."
Other correspondence shows that Rosenthal received about twenty dollars
for each plate which he etched for the "Club."
The following arrangement of data follows the order of the names as
signed to the Constitution. The Emmet numbers identify the etchings in
the bound volume from which they have been reproduced.
1. George Washington, President (also delegate from Virginia), Emmet
9497, inscribed "Joseph Wright Pinxit Phila. 1784. Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888. Aqua fortis."
NEW HAMPSHIRE
2. John Langdon, Emmet 9439, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888 after Painting by Trumbull."
Mr. Walter Langdon, of Hyde Park, N. Y., in January, 1885, sent to Dr.
Emmet a photograph of a "portrait of Governor John Langdon LL.D." An oil
miniature painted on wood by Col. John Trumbull, in 1792, is in the Yale
School of Fine Arts. There is also painting of Langdon in Independence
Hall, by James Sharpless.
3. Nicholas Gilman, Emmet 9441, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." A drawing by the same artist formerly hung in Independence
Hall. The two are not at all alike. No contemporary attribution is made
and the Emmet correspondence reveals nothing.
MASSACHUSETTS
4. Nathaniel Gorham, Emmet 9443. It was etched by Albert Rosenthal but
without inscription of any kind or date. A painting by him, in likeness
identical, formerly hung in Independence Hall. No evidence in Emmet
correspondence.
5. Rufus King, Emmet 9445, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal Phila.
1888 after Painting by Trumbull." King was painted by Col. John Trumbull
from life and the portrait is in the Yale School of Fine Arts. Gilbert
Stuart painted a portrait of King and there is one by Charles Willson
Peale in Independence Hall.
CONNECTICUT
6. William Samuel Johnson, Emmet 9447, inscribed "Etched by Albert
Rosenthal Phila. 1888 from Painting by Gilbert Stuart." A painting by
Rosenthal after Stuart hung in Independence Hall. Stuart's portrait of
Dr. Johnson "was one of the first, if not the first, painted by Stuart
after his return from England." Dated on back 1792. Also copied by
Graham.--Mason, Life of Stuart, 208.
7. Roger Sherman, Emmet 9449, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888 after Painting by Earle." The identical portrait copied by
Thomas Hicks, after Ralph Earle, is in Independence Hall.
NEW YORK
8. Alexander Hamilton, Emmet 9452, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
1888 after Trumbull." A full length portrait, painted by Col. John
Trumbull, is in the City Hall, New York. Other Hamilton portraits by
Trumbull are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the Boston
Museum of Art, and in private possession.
NEW JERSEY
9. William Livingston, Emmet 9454, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila., 1888." A similar portrait, painted by Rosenthal, formerly hung
in Independence Hall. No correspondence relating to it is in the Emmet
Collection.
10. David Brearley. There is no portrait. Emmet 9456 is a drawing of a
Brearley coat-of-arms taken from a book-plate.
11. William Paterson, Emmet 9458, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal Phila.
1888." A painted portrait by an unknown artist was hung in Independence
Hall. The Emmet correspondence reveals nothing.
12. Jonathan Dayton, Emmet 9460, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal." A
painting by Rosenthal also formerly hung in Independence Hall. The two
are dissimilar. The etching is a profile, but the painting is nearly a
full-face portrait. The Emmet correspondence reveals no evidence.
PENNSYLVANIA
13. Benjamin Franklin, Emmet 9463, inscribed "C. W. Peale Pinxit. Albert
Rosenthal Sc."
14. Thomas Mifflin, Emmet 9466, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888 after Painting by Gilbert Stuart." A portrait by Charles
Willson Peale, in civilian dress, is in Independence Hall. The Stuart
portrait shows Mifflin in military uniform.
15. Robert Morris, Emmet 9470, inscribed "Gilbert Stuart Pinxit. Albert
Rosenthal Sc." The original painting is in the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania. Stuart painted Morris in 1795. A copy was owned by the
late Charles Henry Hart; a replica also existed in the possession of
Morris's granddaughter.--Mason, Life of Stuart, 225.
16. George Clymer, Emmet 9475, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888 after Painting by C. W. Peale." There is a similar type
portrait, yet not identical, in Independence Hall, where the copy was
attributed to Dalton Edward Marchant.
17. Thomas Fitzsimons. There is no portrait and the Emmet correspondence
offers no information.
18. Jared Ingersoll, Emmet 9468, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
after Painting by C. W. Peale." A portrait of the same origin, said to
have been copied by George Lambdin, "after Rembrandt Peale," hung in
Independence Hall.
19. James Wilson, Emmet 9472, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
1888." Seems to have been derived from a painting by Charles Willson
Peale in Independence Hall.
20. Gouverneur Morris, Emmet 9477, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888 after a copy by Marchant from Painting by T. Sully." The
Emmet correspondence has no reference to it.
DELAWARE
21. George Read, Emmet 9479, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." There is in Emmet 9481 a stipple plate "Engraved by J. B.
Longacre from a Painting by Pine." It is upon the Longacre-Pine portrait
that Rosenthal and others, like H. B. Hall, have depended for their
portrait of Read.
22. Gunning Bedford, Jr., Emmet 9483, inscribed "Etched by Albert
Rosenthal Phila. 1888." Rosenthal also painted a portrait, "after
Charles Willson Peale," for Independence Hall. The etching is the same
portrait. On May 13, 1883, Mr. Simon Gratz wrote to Dr. Emmet: "A very
fair lithograph can, I think, be made from the photograph of Gunning
Bedford, Jun.; which I have just received from you. I shall call the
artist's attention to the excess of shadow on the cravat." The source
was a photograph furnished by the Bedford descendants.
23. John Dickinson, Emmet 9485, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888 after Painting by C. W. Peale." The Peale painting is in
Independence Hall.
24. Richard Bassett, Emmet 9487, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal." There
was also a painting by Rosenthal in Independence Hall. While similar in
type, they are not identical. They vary in physiognomy and arrangement
of hair. There is nothing in the Emmet correspondence about this
portrait.
25. Jacob Broom. There is no portrait and no information in the Emmet
correspondence.
MARYLAND
26. James McHenry, Emmet 9490, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." Rosenthal also painted a portrait for Independence
Hall "after Saint-Memin." They are not alike. The etching faces
three-quarters to the right, whilst the St. Memin is a profile portrait.
In January, 1885, Henry F. Thompson, of Baltimore, wrote to Dr. Emmet:
"If you wish them, you can get Portraits and Memoirs of James McHenry
and John E. Howard from their grandson J. Howard McHenry whose address
is No. 48 Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore."
27. Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Emmet 9494, inscribed "Etched by
Albert Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Trumbull." Rosenthal also painted a
portrait for Independence Hall. They are not identical. A drawn visage
is presented in the latter. In January, 1885, Henry F. Thompson of
Baltimore, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "Mr. Daniel Jenifer has a Portrait of
his Grand Uncle Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer and will be glad to make
arrangements for you to get a copy of it.... His address is No. 281
Linden Ave, Baltimore." In June, of the same year, Simon Gratz wrote to
Emmet: "The Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer is so bad, that I am almost afraid
to give it to Rosenthal. Have you a better photograph of this man (from
the picture in Washington [sic.]), spoken of in one of your letters?"
28. Daniel Carroll, Emmet 9492, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal,
Phila. 1888." Henry F. Thompson, of Baltimore, in January, 1885, wrote
to Dr. Emmet: "If you will write to Genl. John Carroll No. 61 Mount
Vernon Place you can get a copy of Mr. Carroll's (generally known as
Barrister Carroll) Portrait."
VIRGINIA
29. John Blair, Emmet 9500, inscribed "Albert Rosenthal Etcher." He also
painted a portrait for Independence Hall. The two are of the same type
but not alike. The etching is a younger looking picture. There is no
evidence in the Emmet correspondence.
30. James Madison, Jr., Emmet 9502, inscribed "Etched by Albert
Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by G. Stuart." Stuart painted
several paintings of Madison, as shown in Mason, Life of Stuart, pp.
218-9. Possibly the Rosenthal etching was derived from the picture in
the possession of the Coles family of Philadelphia.
NORTH CAROLINA
31. William Blount, Emmet 9504, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. The two
are alike. In November, 1885, Moses White, of Knoxville, Tenn., wrote
thus: "Genl. Marcus J. Wright, published, last year, a life of Win.
Blount, which contains a likeness of him.... This is the only likeness
of Gov. Blount that I ever saw." This letter was written to Mr. Bathurst
L. Smith, who forwarded it to Dr. Emmet.
32. Richard Dobbs Spaight, Emmet 9506, inscribed "Etched by Albert
Rosenthal Phila. 1887." In Independence Hall is a portrait painted by
James Sharpless. On comparison these two are of the same type but not
alike. The etching presents an older facial appearance. On November 8,
1886, Gen. John Meredith Read, writing from Paris, said he had found in
the possession of his friend in Paris, J. R. D. Shepard, "St. Memin's
engraving of his great-grandfather Governor Spaight of North Carolina."
In 1887 and 1888, Dr. Emmet and Mr. Gratz were jointly interested in
having Albert Rosenthal engrave for them a portrait of Spaight. On
December 9, 1887, Gratz wrote to Emmet: "Spaight is worthy of being
etched; though I can scarcely agree with you that our lithograph is
not a portrait of the M. O. C. Is it taken from the original Sharpless
portrait, which hangs in our old State House? ... However if you are
sure you have the right man in the photograph sent, we can afford to
ignore the lithograph."
33. Hugh Williamson, Emmet 9508, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
after Painting by J. Trumbull Phila. 1888," Rosenthal also painted
a copy "after John Wesley Jarvis" for Independence Hall. The two are
undoubtedly from the same original source. The Emmet correspondence
presents no information on this subject.
SOUTH CAROLINA
34. John Rutledge, Emmet 9510, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888 after J. Trumbull." The original painting was owned by the
Misses Rutledge, of Charleston, S. C.
35. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Emmet 9512, inscribed "Etched by Albert
Rosenthal Phila. 1888. Painting by Trumbull." An oil miniature on wood
was painted by Col. John Trumbull, in 1791, which is in the Yale School
of Fine Arts. Pinckney was also painted by Gilbert Stuart and the
portrait was owned by the family at Runnymeade, S. C. Trumbull's
portrait shows a younger face.
36. Charles Pinckney, Emmet 9514, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. They are
alike. In the Emmet correspondence the following information, furnished
to Dr. Emmet, is found: "Chas. Pinckney--Mr. Henry L. Pinckney of
Stateburg [S. C.] has a picture of Gov. Pinckney." The owner of this
portrait was a grandson of the subject. On January 12, 1885, P. G.
De Saussure wrote to Emmet: "Half an hour ago I received from the
Photographer two of the Pictures [one being] Charles Pinckney copied
from a portrait owned by Mr. L. Pinckney--who lives in Stateburg, S. C."
The owner had put the portrait at Dr. Emmet's disposal, in a letter of
December 4, 1884, in which he gave its dimensions as "about 3 ft. nearly
square," and added, "it is very precious to me."
37. Pierce Butler, Emmet 9516, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait for Independence Hall. They are
dissimilar and dubious. Three letters in the Emmet correspondence refer
to the Butler portraiture. On January 31, 1887, Mrs. Sarah B. Wister,
of Philadelphia, wrote to Dr. Emmet: "I enclose photograph copies of
two miniatures of Maj. Butler wh. Mr. Louis Butler [a bachelor then over
seventy years old living in Paris, France] gave me not long ago: I did
not know of their existence until 1882, & never heard of any likeness of
my great-grandfather, except an oil-portrait wh. was last seen more
than thirty years ago in a lumber room in his former house at the n. w.
corner of 8th & Chestnut streets [Phila.], since then pulled down."
On February 8th, Mrs. Wister wrote: "I am not surprised that the two
miniatures do not strike you as being of the same person. Yet I believe
there is no doubt of it; my cousin had them from his father who was Maj.
Butler's son. The more youthful one is evidently by a poor artist, &
therefore probably was a poor likeness." In her third letter to Dr.
Emmet, on April 5, 1888, Mrs. Wister wrote: "I sent you back the photo.
from the youthful miniature of Maj. Butler & regret very much that I
have no copy of the other left; but four sets were made of wh. I sent
you one & gave the others to his few living descendants. I regret
this all the more as I am reluctant to trust the miniature again to
a photographer. I live out of town so that there is some trouble in
sending & calling for them; (I went personally last time, & there are no
other likenesses of my great grandfather extant.)"
GEORGIA
38. William Few, Emmet 9518, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." He also painted a portrait "after John Ramage," for
Independence Hall. They are identical.
39. Abraham Baldwin, Emmet 9520, inscribed "Etched by Albert Rosenthal
Phila. 1888." There is also a painting "after Fulton" in Independence
Hall. They are of the same type but not exactly alike, yet likely from
the same original. The variations may be just artist's vagaries. There
is no information in the Emmet correspondence.
40. William Jackson, Secretary, Emmet 9436, inscribed "Etched by Albert
Rosenthal Phila. 1888 after Painting by J. Trumbull." Rosenthal also
painted a copy after Trumbull for Independence Hall. They are identical.
INDEX A Adams, John, on American Peace Commission, 9 et seq.; personal
characteristics, 10; negotiates commerical treaty with the Netherlands,
11; on fisheries question, 13-14; on settlement of commercial
indebtedness, 14-15; on granting compensation to Loyalists, 20;
complains of trade restriction for New England, 26. Adams, Samuel, and
the Constitution, 151, 152. Albany Congress (1754), 49, 50. Annapolis
Trade Convention (1786), 100-106. Anti-Federalist party, 147. Articles
of Confederation, adoption (1777), 49-50; ratification (1781), 50,
57-59; based on Franklin's plan of Union, 51-52; provisions, 52-54,
67-68, 86, 100; questions of land ownership delay ratification, 56-57,
58; financial power of Congress under, 86; failure of Commercial
amendment of 1784, 99; relation of Constitution, 125, 131, 144; defects
corrected in Constitution, 142; attempt at revision, 144-145; text,
175-189. Assenisipia, 69. B Bancroft, George, History of the Formation
of the Constitution, cited, 103 (note). Biddle, Charles, Autobiography,
on the Constitution, 141. Bowdoin, James, Governor of Massachusetts,
and Shays' Rebellion, 94, 95. Bryce, Lord, cited, 13 (note). C Cambridge
(Mass.), Shays' Rebellion at, 94. Canada, Loyalists go to, 19; Articles
of Confederation on admitting, 67. Channing, Edward, History of the
United States, cited, 21 (note), 61 (note). Cherronesus, 69. Combe,
George, Tour of the United States, quoted, 45. Commerce, before
Revolution, 24; conditions after Revolution, 24-27; commercial treaties,
26; development of trade with Far East, 28; phases of United States
foreign trade, 28-29; domestic trade, 29-30; policy of reprisal, 97-99.
Committees of Correspondence, 49. Confederation, the, 35 et seq., 108;
see also Articles of Confederation. Congress, Continental, advises
States to adopt governments, 38; prints constitutions, 41; Declaration
of Independence, 49, 63, 143-144, 167-174; Articles of Confederation,
49-50, 51, see also Articles of Confederation; Franklin's plan of union,
50-51; composition, 85; financial problems, 85-86. Congress, Federal,
52-53; powers and duties, 53-54; and Northwest Territory, 62; national
system of coinage, 63-64; Land Ordinance (1785), 64-66, 71; Jefferson's
Ordinance of 1784, 69-71, 75; Ordinance of 1787, 72-80, 190-200;
inefficiency, 81-84, 127; Revenue Amendment, 87; financial crisis,
87-88; commercial amendment of 1784, 98-99; calls Federal Convention,
106; reception of Constitution, 145-146; votes that presidential
electors be chosen (1788), 63. Congress, United States, Constitutional
powers and limitations, 127-129, 130, 131, 136; objection to excessive
power of, 161; revenue act (1789), 159. Connecticut, State government,
44; ratification of Constitution, 149-150. Constitution, development of,
108 et seq., 125 et seq.; great compromise of, 121-123, 127; transmitted
to Congress, 145-146; contest over ratification, 146 et seq.; framed
by propertied interests, 162-163; text, 201-218; bibliography, 221-222.
Cook, Captain James, 28. Cornwallis, General Edward, surrender at
Yorktown (1781), 5. Crevècœur, letter to Jefferson, 165. Cutler,
Manasseh, 73-74. D Day, Clive, Encyclopedia of American Government,
cited, 26 (note). Declaration of Independence, adopted, 49; Jefferson
drafts, 63; charges against the King, 143-144; text, 167-174.
Delaware, and western land policy, 57; Annapolis Trade Convention, 100;
ratification of Constitution, 149. Dickerson, Senator, of New Jersey,
quoted, 78. Dickerson, John, chairman of committee to prepare Articles
of Confederation, 49, 51, 114; against centralized government, 114;
District of Columbia, fear of a fortified stronghold, 161. Duer, Colonel
William, 74. Dunn, J. P., Jr., Indiana: A Redemption from Slavery,
quoted, 71. Dunning, W. A., The British Empire and the United States,
cited, 13 (note). E Elliot's Debates on the Federal Constitution, cited,
160 (note). Ellsworth, Oliver, delegate to the Federal Convention,
115, 124; on slavery, 130; report on Rhode Island's ratification of the
Constitution, 159. England, see Great Britain. Executive, see president.
F Federal Convention, 106-107, 108 et seq.; Records, cited, 30 (note).
Federalist, The, 157. Federalist party, 147. Finance, question of
settlement of debts, 14-15, 147-148; conditions of currency, 31-32;
national system of coinage, 63-64; Revenue Amendment, 87; financial
crisis, 87-88; revenue act (1789), 159. Fish, C. R., American Diplomacy,
quoted, 27. Fisheries, 13-14, 25. Fiske, John, The Critical Period of
American History, quoted, 81. France, attitude toward United States,
4-5; relationship of United States with, 6-8; treaty with United States
(1778), 7; excludes United States shipping, 26-27. Franklin, Benjamin,
authorized to negotiate consular convention with France, 5; on Peace
Commission, 8-9, 11-12, 21; personal characteristics, 9; on settlement
of debts, 14; Albany plan, 50; presents plan of Union to Continental
Congress (1775), 50-52; in Federal Convention, 113, 120; on the new
republic, 134-135; personal charge against, 161; bibliography, 222.
French and Indian War, effect on settlement, 56. G Georgia, ratification
of Constitution, 149. Germany, American missionary societies, 3. Gerry,
Elbridge, 115, 132, 135. Gorham, Nathaniel, 113-114, 124. Grayson,
William, of Virginia, 64; quoted, 76-77. Great Britain, attitude
toward former colonies, 3; American missionary societies, 3; admits
independence of colonies, 6; France and, 7; Spain and, 7; and United
States boundary lines, 12-13; and fisheries, 13-14; relation to American
trade, 24-28, 97-98; compact theory of government in, 39; military
posts retained by, 84-85. Grinsby, H. B., quoted, 15-16. H Hamilton,
Alexander, at Annapolis Trade Convention, 104, 105; personal
characteristics, 104-105; at Federal Convention, 115-116, 120; on
Committee to revise constitution, 140; and The Federalist, 156-157;
influence in New York convention, 157; bibliography, 222. Hancock,
John, 150, 151-152. Henry, Prince, of Prussia, approached on subject
of becoming king of United States, 134. Henry Patrick, 61, 63, 155.
Hopkinson, letter to Jefferson, 161. Hutchins, Thomas, Geographer of the
United States, 64. I Illinoia, 69. Illinois admitted as State (1818),
79. Independent Gazetteer, The, 156. Indian Queen Tavern, delegates to
Federal Convention at, 109. Indiana admitted as a State (1816), 79. J
Jameson, J. F., quoted, 59-60. Jay, John, on reciprocity of consular
convention with France, 5; Peace Commissioner, 10, 11; personal
characteristics, 10-11; sent to Spain, 11; on settlement of debts,
15; on compensation to Loyalists, 20; and The Federalist, 156-157.
Jefferson, Ferdinand, quoted, 174. Jefferson, Thomas, on Peace
Commission, 10; and land policy, 62-64; life and characteristics, 62-63;
Ordinance of 1784, 67, 69-71, 75; on value of Continental scrip, 88-89;
opinion of Federal Convention, 109, 116; spokesman for colonies, 143;
on ratification of Constitution, 152; Hopkinson's letter to, 161;
Crèvocœur's letter to, 165; bibliography, 222. Jefferson's Ordinance of
1784, see Ordinance of 1784. Jennifer, Daniel of St. Thomas, 153-154.
Johnson, Dr., W. S., 115, 140. Judiciary, 131-133. K Kames, Lord,
Franklin corresponds with, 6. Kent, Chancellor, 61. Kercheval, Samuel,
History of the Valley of Virginia, quoted, 33-34. King, Rufus, in
Federal Convention, 113, 132, 140; on three-fifths rule, 122; on form of
executive, 134. Knox, Henry, 61. L Lafayette, Marquis de, Washington's
letter to, 164-165. La Luzerne, Chevalier de, French minister in
Philadelphia, 7. Land, question of ownership of western, 56-57;
cession to United States by States, 58-59; American interest in, 59-62;
Jefferson and land policy, 62-64; plan for sale under Ordinance of 1785,
65-66. Land Ordinance of 1785, 64-65, 71. Lansing, John, 116. Laurens,
Henry, 10. Lecky, W. E. H., The American Revolution, cited, 32
(note). Lincoln, General Benjamin, and Shays' Rebellion, 94; letter
to Washington, 152-153. Lingelbach, W. E., cited, 3 (note). Loyalists,
question of compensation of, 16-17, 19-20; groups comprising, 17;
treatment of, 18-19; Commissioners agree to restitution, 20. M
McMaster, J. B., History of the People of the United States, quoted,
31; Acquisition of Industrial, Popular, and Political Rights of Man in
America, quoted, 45. Madison, James, describes trade situation, 30;
on violation of federal authority by Virginia, 100-101; personal
characteristics; 103-104; and Annapolis Trade Convention, 104; quoted,
108; Washington, and, 111; for strong central government, 115; in
Federal Convention, 111, 132, 140; supports Constitution, 155; and The
Federalist, 156-157. Martin, Luther, 116, 132, 153. Maryland, and land
claims, 57, 58; suggestion as to power of Congress over western land,
68; agreement with Virginia, 100, 104; ratification of Constitution,
153-154. Mason, George, 112, 132, 155. Massachusetts, State Constitution
submitted to people for approval, 46; Shays' Rebellion (1786),
91-96; ratification of constitution, 150-153. Mayflower Compact, 140.
Metropotamia, 69. Michigania, 69. Mississippi River, right of navigation
declared, 14. Monroe, James, invests in western land, 61; Grayson writes
to, 76. Morris, Gouverneur, invests in western land, 61; quoted, 108,
140; in Federal Convention, 112-113, 132, 140; and Washington, 113
(note). Morris, Robert, invests in western land, 61. N Navigation Acts,
24, 27. Netherlands, the, commerical treaty with, 11. New England,
prosperity due to commerce, 24; effect of trade restrictions on, 26;
"plantation covenants", 40; system of land grant, 65; interest in trade,
97; favors navigation acts, 129. New England Confederation (1643), 48.
New Hampshire, Vermont withdraws from New York and, 68; and Federal
Convention, 106-107; ratification of Constitution, 154-155, 157. New
Jersey, ratification of Constitution, 149. New Jersey Plan, 118, 119,
121, 125-126. New York cession of western land claims to United States,
58, 59; Vermont, withdraws from New Hampshire and, 68; refuses to accede
to Revenue Amendment, 88; ratification of Constitution, 150, 156-158.
New York City chosen as seat of government, 163. Newburg on the Hudson,
mutinous Revolutionary soldiers at, 81-82. Newfoundland, fisheries, 13.
North Carolina, ratification of constitution, 158. Northwest Ordinance,
55 et seq.; see also Land Ordinance of 1785, Ordinance of 1784,
Ordinance of 1787. Northwest Territory, settlement, 55-56; States
relinquish claims, 57-59; question of land sale and government, 62 et
seq. O Ohio admitted as State (1802), 78. Ohio Company of Associates,
72. Ordinance of 1784, 67, 69-71, 75. Ordinance of 1785, see Land
Ordinance of 1785. Ordinance of 1787, Congress adopts, 72; stimulus
from Ohio Company, 72-74; authorship, 75; provisions, 75-77; successful
operation, 77-80; text, 190-200. Oregon, question of military occupation
(1825), 77-78. Otto, Louis, French Chargé d'Affaires, letter to
Vergennes, 100-103. P Panic of 1785, 30-31. Patterson, William, against
plan of centralized government, 114. Pelisipia, 69. Pennsylvania,
invited to form commercial policy with other States, 100; ratification
of Constitution, 148-149. Philadelphia, enthusiasm for Constitution
in, 148-149. Philadelphia Convention, see Federal Convention. Pilgrim
Fathers, Mayflower Compact, 40. Pinckney, Charles, 114, 126. Pinckney,
General C. C, 114. Political parties, 146-147; see also names of
parties. Polypotamia, 69. Pontiac's Conspiracy, effect on settlement,
56. Potomac River, agreement between Virginia and Maryland regarding,
100. President, creation of office, 133-134; President modeled after
State governorships, 134; election of, 136-137; third term, 137-138;
powers, 138; Washington chosen as first, 138-139. Princeton, Congress
flees to, 84. Proclamation of 1763, 56, 57. R Randolph, Edmund, 112,
124; quoted 134. Read, W. T., Life and Correspondence of George Read,
quoted, 113 (note). "Revolution of 1789," 144. Revolutionary War, effect
on American people, 22; economic conditions after, 23 et seq. Rhode
Island, State government, 44; and question of western land ownership,
57; rejects tariff provision (1782), 86; currency trouble (1786),
89-90; attitude toward Shays' Rebellion, 95; recognition of bad
trade conditions, 96; and Federal Convention, 106; ratification of
Constitution, 158, 159. Roads, see Transportation. Rousseau, J. J.,
Contrat Social, 39-40. Russia, trade with, 28. Rutledge, John, 114, 124,
125. S St. Clair, General Arthur, Cutler endorses for governorship of
New York, 74. Saratoga, 69. Scioto Associates, 74. Shays, Daniel, 94.
Shays' Rebellion (1786), 91-96. Sherman, Roger, 115. Slavery, Ordinance
of 1784 on, 70; Ordinance of 1787 on, 76-77; counting of slaves
in enumerating population, 121-122; attitude of Federal Convention
delegates toward, 130. Slave trade, compromise concerning, 129-130.
South, system of land grant, 65; need for slaves, 129. South Carolina,
class control in, 45; ratification of constitution, 154. Spain, France
and, 7-8; and United States, 8; possessions in America, 8; Jay sent to,
11; excludes United States shipping, 26. Stamp Act Congress (1765), 49.
Stark, J. H., quoted, 18-19. State governments, establishment of,
38; constitutions, 41-43; identical with colonial, 44; aristocratic
tendencies, 44-45, 47-48; democratic tendencies, 46-47, 48. Steiner,
B. C., Connecticut's Ratification of the State Constitution, quoted,
159-160. Suffrage, 36-37, 45. Supreme Court established, 131; see also
Judiciary. Sylvania, 69. T Thieriot, Saxon Commissioner of Commerce to
America, quoted, 3, 4-5. Tory party, 146. Transportation, 29-30;
see also, Commerce. Treaty of Peace (1783), 1 et seq.; ratified, 21;
determines boundaries, 12-13, 56; bibliography of diplomatic history
connected with, 56. Trevett vs. Weeden (1786), 90-91. Tuckerman,
Henry, America and her Commentators, cited, 33 (note). U United Empire
Loyalists, 19. United States, named, 1; status as new republic, 1-5;
population, 2-3, 35, 55-56; boundaries, 12-13, 56; economic conditions
after Revolution, 23 et seq.; commercial treaties, 26; aristocratic
control in, 36, 44-45; suffrage after the Revolution, 36-37; political
genius in, 37-38; see also names of States, States governments. V
Vergennes, Comte de, French Minister, Franklin and, 21; Otto's letter
to, 101-103. Vermont, withdraws from New York and New Hampshire, 68;
attitude in Shays' Rebellion, 95. Vincennes, effect of Ordinance of 1784
on, 71. Virginia, abolishes primogeniture, 46; cession of western claims
to United States, 58, 59, 62; agreement with Maryland, 100; Annapolis
Trade Convention, 100-101, 103-104; ratification of Constitution, 150,
155-156, 157. Virginia Resolutions, see Virginia Plan. W Warden,
John, Gringsby's story of, 15-16. Warville, Brissot de, quoted,
32-33. Washington, George, invests in western land, 61; influence
over disaffected soldiers, 82-83; in Federal Convention, 110-111;
and Madison, 111; and Morris, 113; chosen as President, 139;
Lincoln's letter to, 152-153; supports Constitution, 155; personal
charge against, 161; letter to Lafayette, 164-165; inauguration, 166.
Washington, name given division of Northwest Territory, 69. Webster,
Daniel, on Ordinance of 1787, 79-80. West Indies, trade, with, 23, 27,
97. Whig Party, 146-147. Wilson, James, 61, 108, 112, 115, 124, 132.
Wythe, George, 63, 112. Y Yates, Robert, 115.
The Chronicles of America Series 1. The Red Man's Continent
by Ellsworth Huntington
2. The Spanish Conquerors
by Irving Berdine Richman
3. Elizabethan Sea-Dogs
by William Charles Henry Wood
4. The Crusaders of New France
by William Bennett Munro
5. Pioneers of the Old South
by Mary Johnson
6. The Fathers of New England
by Charles McLean Andrews
7. Dutch and English on the Hudson
by Maud Wilder Goodwin
8. The Quaker Colonies
by Sydney George Fisher
9. Colonial Folkways
by Charles McLean Andrews
10. The Conquest of New France by George McKinnon Wrong
11. The Eve of the Revolution by Carl Lotus Becker
12. Washington and His Comrades in Arms by George McKinnon Wrong
13. The Fathers of the Constitution by Max Farrand
14. Washington and His Colleagues by Henry Jones Ford
15. Jefferson and his Colleagues by Allen Johnson
16. John Marshall and the Constitution by Edward Samuel Corwin
17. The Fight for a Free Sea by Ralph Delahaye Paine
18. Pioneers of the Old Southwest by Constance Lindsay Skinner
19. The Old Northwest by Frederic Austin Ogg
20. The Reign of Andrew Jackson by Frederic Austin Ogg
21. The Paths of Inland Commerce by Archer Butler Hulbert
22. Adventurers of Oregon by Constance Lindsay Skinner
23. The Spanish Borderlands by Herbert E. Bolton
24. Texas and the Mexican War by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
25. The Forty-Niners by Stewart Edward White
26. The Passing of the Frontier by Emerson Hough
27. The Cotton Kingdom by William E. Dodd
28. The Anti-Slavery Crusade by Jesse Macy
29. Abraham Lincoln and the Union by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
30. The Day of the Confederacy by Nathaniel Wright Stephenson
31. Captains of the Civil War by William Charles Henry Wood
32. The Sequel of Appomattox by Walter Lynwood Fleming
33. The American Spirit in Education by Edwin E. Slosson
34. The American Spirit in Literature by Bliss Perry
35. Our Foreigners by Samuel Peter Orth
36. The Old Merchant Marine by Ralph Delahaye Paine
37. The Age of Invention by Holland Thompson
38. The Railroad Builders by John Moody
39. The Age of Big Business by Burton Jesse Hendrick
40. The Armies of Labor by Samuel Peter Orth
41. The Masters of Capital by John Moody
42. The New South by Holland Thompson
43. The Boss and the Machine by Samuel Peter Orth
44. The Cleveland Era by Henry Jones Ford
45. The Agrarian Crusade by Solon Justus Buck
46. The Path of Empire by Carl Russell Fish
47. Theodore Roosevelt and His Times by Harold Howland
48. Woodrow Wilson and the World War by Charles Seymour
49. The Canadian Dominion by Oscar D. Skelton
50. The Hispanic Nations of the New World by William R. Shepherd
Transcriber's Note
This e-book was transcribed from the Abraham Lincoln Edition of The
Fathers of the Constitution by Max Farrand.
The Table of Contents in the book did not break down the 4 great
American source documents in the Appendix--but users of the e-book can
navigate directly to one of these four documents from the Contents. The
documents were produced as typed in the paper book, with the exception
of the signers of the document. The book had two signatures per line; we
used one signature per line to allow for better formatting across e-book
presentations. We transcribed the left column first, from top to bottom,
and then the right column in the same manner. No other amendments were
intentionally made to these four documents, which are facsimiles of
the actual documents as supervised by author and noted constitutional
historian Max Farrand.
Obvious errors in the rest of the text have been corrected, and are
listed below:
Page 53: Remove period after United States because the sentence
continues with 'under their direction."' on Page 54.