THE DECLINE OF ORATORY
Owing to the extraordinary success of the Macedonian arms, Hellenic
culture spread rapidly over a great part of the world; but it was beaten
out thin in the process.[490]
The conditions of life in Greece underwent a great change in the
generations which succeeded the death of Alexander. Athens, which had for
so long been the intellectual headquarters of the world, was now only a
station of secondary importance. Alexandria, founded by the king himself,
became under the divine auspices of the Ptolemies not only the great mart
of the world but the greatest centre of learning; Pergamus in the course
of time rivalled Alexandria, at any rate in literary resources; while
Antioch and Tarsus also became prominent in the history of learning.
From early times men of genius born elsewhere in Greece, in the Ionian
cities and in Magna Graecia, had turned to Athens for appreciation of
their powers. It is easy to see at a glance how much Athens owed to these
aliens for her intellectual advancement—Gorgias of Leontini, Protagoras
of Abdera, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, Thrasymachus of Chalcedon. Her
dramatic poets were her own, and so were her great orators, with
the exception of Lysias; but this is partly due to the fact that the
constitution of her laws gave little opportunity for aliens to win
distinction on the platform or the stage. Of her great historians,
one was not of Athenian birth and even wrote in a foreign dialect; in
philosophy no true-born Athenian before Plato won real distinction. In
the Macedonian era a distinguished stranger had more prospect not only
of appreciation but of material advancement in one of the royal cities
than in a city-state which had become little better than a minor satrapy
in one of the great empires, and traded only on the fading memories of
its former magnificence. Life in the great cities was very different,
too, from life in democratic Athens. From the time of Pericles to that
of Demosthenes, all citizens had at least a strong corporate feeling;
all citizens knew each other. The sculptor fought side by side with the
tanner, the Alcmaeonid met the lamp-seller in debate; there were many
common grounds in which all could meet under conditions of equality. In
the law-courts the orator must satisfy not only the learned few but the
unlettered many; in the theatre the poet and his actors appealed to all
classes, from the high-priest who must not be allowed to slumber on his
central throne to the people who ate sweetmeats in the back rows, and, if
dissatisfied, with true Athenian spirit, threw these harmless missiles
at the performers.[491] Moreover, all spoke the same language. The
diction of tragedy gradually put off its artificiality, and the orators
approached nearer and nearer to the idiom of common speech.
In Alexandria, on the other hand, to take one typical example, there was
no such unity. Among the Greek inhabitants there were many classes—the
court-circle, the scholars of the Museum, the merchants, the mercenary
troops, all with different aims and occupations; and these formed but
a minority. In addition there would be thousands of Jews, Egyptians,
Phoenicians, Mesopotamians, and others, to whom Greek was at first
a foreign language, and who when they had acquired it spoke, in the
κοινή, a dialect corrupted by innumerable foreign elements. Thus, though
scholarship persisted and flourished, there must always have been a sharp
distinction between the lettered classes and the common people.
Oratory, like all other arts, faded away in Athens after Alexander’s
death, partly from the general causes indicated, partly on account of the
special conditions of Athenian life.
Forced to submit to Antipater in 322 B.C., Athens was allowed to exist
on humiliating terms. She received a Macedonian garrison into Munychia,
the democracy was overthrown; 12,000 of the poorer citizens were not only
disfranchised but expatriated, and an oligarchy was instituted. Five
years later a temporary revival occurred, when Polysperchon (317 B.C.)
overthrew the oligarchy; but a few months after this Cassander obtained
possession of the city and again established a government on narrower
lines, installing as governor a man of great erudition and culture,
Demetrius of Phalerum. This Demetrius, though practically a satrap of
Cassander, governed the city wisely for ten years; but in 307 B.C. he
fled before the approach of Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus. The
Besieger made a proclamation of freedom, which the Athenians by this
time were unworthy to enjoy; they ascribed to him divine honours, and in
301 B.C. he took up his quarters in the Parthenon. No wonder that Pallas
Athene fled in disgust when her shrine was polluted by the licentious
orgies of this new war-god.
Phocion, Demades, and Dinarchus, from among the contemporaries of
Demosthenes, lived to see their city under Macedonian rule, but they
left no successors. There were few opportunities left for an orator.
The ecclesia, when it met on sufferance, could debate only on matters
of domestic import; and proposals to improve the water-supply, or erect
statues to a tyrant, give less scope for eloquence than the great
issues of peace and war which had formerly been the subject of their
deliberation. Men of political ability had no scope when politics were
dead. In the courts, too, there could be no public cases of great
interest comparable with the case of the _Crown_ or the impeachment of
Demosthenes. Private cases, in which aspiring politicians had hitherto
found it convenient to try their strength, were more suited to the
attainments of professional lawyers, and these cases must have greatly
decreased in numbers and importance when all the dependencies of Athens
were taken from her.[492] The oratory of display, brought to perfection
by Isocrates, had likewise but few openings. No orator could rise at the
Olympic Festival to summon all Greeks to brotherhood in arms; no funeral
speech could move a people to tears or exalt them to enthusiasm when
battles were waged by mercenaries and war declared not by a nation but
by a foreign prince. The art of rhetoric was still practised, but already
Aristotle, by going back to first principles, had composed the first
and last scientific treatise on this subject, and shown that it must
be put into its true place as a branch of philosophy, to be studied in
combination with its counterpart, Dialectic.[493] Political theory, which
figures prominently in Isocrates and Demosthenes, had likewise become the
property of the philosophical schools.
Demetrius of Phalerum, the regent of Cassander, is reckoned by Quintilian
as the last of the orators. Such time as he could spare from the
management of the city and the contemplation of the 360 statues erected
to him by an admiring or subservient populace,[494] was devoted to the
study of philosophy, history and oratory. He wrote more than any other
Epicurean on record[495]—philosophical dialogues, historical works,
erudite researches, literary and rhetorical studies, speeches, all
testified alike to his industry and the wide extent of his interests. His
_Rhetoric_, which contained personal reminiscences of Demosthenes, is
quoted by Plutarch on that account; his treatise on _Demagogy_ contained
his ideas of political science; his history of his regency (περὶ τῆς
δεκαετείας) might, if we could recover it, add much to our scanty
knowledge of that period. So short are the fragments remaining of his
work that we must turn chiefly to Cicero and Quintilian for an estimate
of his value. We gather that he was an excellent example of the ‘tempered
style,’ excelling in grace and brilliance, but deficient in vigour and in
real passion. A philosophical treatment of his subject-matter was one of
his marked characteristics.[496]
A few facts about his life are known chiefly from Diogenes. He was the
son of Phanostratus, an enfranchised slave. He studied under Theophrastus
and entered political life about 324 B.C. Belonging to the Macedonian
party, he took part in the negotiations after the Lamian war. In 317
B.C., when Phocion was put to death, he fled, but was chosen by the
citizens, with the approval of Cassander, to be their governor, and
ruled from 317 to 307, when he was superseded by Demetrius Poliorcetes.
He retired to Thebes, and twenty years later went to Egypt. Exiled from
Alexandria by Philadelphus, he died of a snake-bite in one of the remote
demes of Egypt about 280 B.C.
Demochares and Charisius belong also to this period; the former, one
of the few Athenians who retained any independence of spirit, was a
nephew of Demosthenes, whose style he imitated; Charisius imitated and
exaggerated the simplicity of Lysias.[497]
From this time onward, oratory is practically dead; declamations on
fictitious subjects took the place of real speeches in the assembly or
the courts; oratory became an element in education and nothing more.
We need mention only Hegesias of Magnesia (_c._ 250 B.C.), the founder
of what was subsequently known as the ‘Asian’ school of rhetoric, the
characteristics of which were affected expression, grotesque metaphor,
plays upon words, incongruous rhythms, and general lack of ideas.[498]
Dionysius quotes an extract, with the remark that it looks as if it had
been written for a joke. Hegesias is important only on account of the
debasing influence which he exercised over his Greek and Roman followers.
For a genuine revival of oratory we must wait till the last years of the
Roman Republic.
FOOTNOTES
[1] _Iliad_, ix. 443.
[2] _Ibid._, ix. 502 _sqq._
[3] Herod., viii. 83.
[4] Thuc., i. 138.
[5] § 42.
[6] _Brutus_, § 28.
[7] _Themistocles_, ch. ii.
[8] _Ibid._, ch. xi.
[9] Ch. xxix.
[10] Plato, _Republic_, i. 330 A.
[11] Plato, _Alcibiades_, 1., 118 C.
[12] Plut., _Pericles_, ch. iv., who quotes Plato (comicus): σὺ γάρ, ὤς
φασι, Χείρων ἐξέθρεψας Περικλέα.
[13] p. 270 A, Jowett’s translation.
[14] Antiphon, _Tetral._ ii.
[15] 1. 2. 40.
[16] Plato, _l.c._
[17] Bothe, _Comic Frag._, i. 162. See also Aristophanes, _Acharn._ 530.
‘Then Pericles the Olympian in his wrath
Lightened and thundered and confounded Greece.’
[18] Thuc., ii. 65.
[19] Plut., _Pericles_, ch. vii.
[20] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 10. 7 D.
[21] Thuc., i. 115-117; Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 4. 3.
[22] Arist., _ibid._
[23] Herod., vii. 162; Arist., _Rhet._, i. 7. 34. In a later age the
orator Demades borrowed it. (Athenaeus, iii. 99 D.)
[24] Plato, _Protag._, 317 C.
[25] Plato, _Protag._, 337 A-C, where Plato parodies his style.
[26] Cicero, _Brutus_, § 46.
[27] Arist., _Rhet._, ii. 24. 11.
[28] _Soph. Elench._, 183 p. 28 _sqq._
[29] _Vide infra_, p. 36.
[30] Quoted by Plato, _Phaedrus_, 273 B.C.
[31] Schol. on Hermogenes; also Sext. Empir. _adv. Mathem._, ii. 96.
[32] κακοῦ Κόρακος κακὰ ὠά.
[33] _Soph. Elench._, 184 a. 1.
[34] Cf. Plato, _Gorgias_, 453 A; _Phaedr._, 259 E.
[35] Isocr., _Antid._, § 155.
[36] If it is true, as Philostratus, _Ep._ ix. says, that Aspasia
‘sharpened the tongue of Pericles’ in Gorgian style, he must have visited
Athens in a private capacity at an earlier date, unless his _Olympiac_
and other speeches were widely circulated and read.
[37] Πολλαχοῦ τῶν ἰάμβων γοργιάζει, Philost., _Lives of the Sophists_,
ix. 493.
[38] Plato, _Meno_, 70 B; Philost., _Epist._ ix. 364.
[39] περὶ φύσεως ἢ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος, Sext. Emp., vii. 65. Cicero (_Brut._, §
46) mentions also a collection of _communes loci_ made for instructional
purposes.
[40] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 14. 12.
[41] _Symposium_, 194 E, _sqq._, 197 D; the latter contains some
excellent examples: πραύτητα μὲν πορίζων, ἀγριότητα δ’ ἐξορίζων·
φιλόδωρος εὐμενείας, ἄδωρος δυσμενείας, etc.
[42] Introduction to the Teubner edition of Antiphon (1908), p. xxviii.
[43] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Orators_, Antiphon, § 9.
[44] Thuc., viii. 68.
[45] _Eth. Eudem._, iii. 1232 b. 7.
[46] The Sophistical element is very prominent, especially in the
tetralogies. Like Tisias he makes great use of arguments from probability.
[47] _De comp. verborum_, ch. 22.
[48] Such words are, for instance, ἀνατροπεύς; μήνιμα and ἀλιτήριος,
separately, as μήνιμα ἀκέσασθαι, δεινοὺς ἀλιτηρίους ἕξομεν, or together,
μήνιμα τῶν ἀλιτηρίων προστρίψομαι; θεία κηλίς, γεγωνεῖν, ὀπτήρ,
ἀείμνηστος.
[49] Rare but not poetical words are, _e.g._ ὑπῆρκτο, χωροφιλεῖν,
καταδοχθείς, ἐπίδοξος, and, from lost Speeches, μοιρολογχεῖν,
τριβωνεύεσθαι, ἀστοργία, and many others quoted by lexicographers for
their peculiarity.
[50] _E.g._ οἴδαμεν, ᾔδεις, and the remarkable εἰκότερον.
[51] _Vide supra_, p. 16. A striking example of the verbal periphrasis is
in Antiphon, _Herodes_, § 94: νῦν μὲν οὖν γνωρισταὶ γίνεσθε τῆς δίκης,
τότε δὲ δικασταὶ τῶν μαρτύρων· νῦν μέν δοξασταί, τότε δὲ κριταὶ τῶν
ἀληθῶν.
[52] _Rhet._, iii. 9. 1-2.
[53] _Rhet._, iii. 9. 3: λέξιν ἔχουσαν ἀρχὴν καὶ τελευτὴν αὐτὴν καθ’
αὐτὴν καὶ μέγεθος εὐσύνοπτον. _Ibid._, 5: εὐανάπνευστος.
[54] Herod., i. 16-17.
[55] _Id._, iii. 80-81.
[56] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 9. 3.
[57] Dion., _de Lysia_, 6; ἡ συστρέφουσα τὰ νοήματα καὶ στρογγύλως
ἐκφέρουσα λέξις.
[58] See Verrall, _Rhyme and Reason_, in _The Bacchants of Euripides_.
[59] _Supra_, p. 20.
[60] Arist., _Rhet._, i.
[61] _E.g._, on the laws, _Herodes_, § 14, and _Choreutes_, § 2, where
the same passage of about eight lines occurs with only the alteration of
two or three unimportant words.
[62] Jebb (_Attic Orators_, vol. i. pp. 40-41) insists that the
prominence given to this kind of argument points to a deep religious
feeling in the orator’s heart. However, we meet with the same type of
argument in Aeschines, to whom no such depth of feeling is usually
imputed.
[63] Cf. the Demosthenic collection of προοίμια.
[64] προκατασκευή.
[65] διήγησις.
[66] πίστεις.
[67] ἐπίλογος.
[68] This is another characteristic of the earlier rhetoricians; _vide
supra_, p. 12.
[69] _Herodes_, § 26.
[70] The Introduction amounts to one-fifth of the whole speech.
[71] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Ten Orators_.
[72] _Attische Beredsamkeit_, vol. i. pp. 104-105.
[73] In the similar case discussed by Pericles and Protagoras, the third
possibility was considered—the guilt of the javelin. (Plut., _Pericles_,
ch. 36.)
[74] ἕνδειξις κακουργίας.
[75] _Supra_, p. 38 _sqq._
[76] _Soph. Elench._, 183 b. 32.
[77] 267 C.
[78] x. 416 A.
[79] _Rhet._, iii. 1. 7.
[80] The word seems to mean _powerful_ or _convincing_; whether τόποι
(_commonplaces_ or _passages_) or λόγοι (_arguments_) is the word to be
supplied, we cannot even conjecture.
[81] _de Isaeo_, ch. xx.
[82] _de Demosthene_, ch. iii.
[83] _Phaedrus_, 267 C (Jowett).
[84] Book I., 336B.
[85] _Rhet._, iii. 8. 4; iii. 1. 7. The _paeon_ = –⏑⏑⏑ or ⏑⏑⏑–.
[86] Cf. Aristoph., _Frogs_, 866: ἐβουλόμην μὲν οὐκ ἐρίζειν ἐνθάδε.
[87] Aesch. _in Ctes._, § 2.
[88] The reference by Arist., _Rhet._, ii. 23. 28 to ἡ πρότερον Θεοδώρου
τέχνη—the _earlier_ treatise of T.—implies others.
[89] Cf. Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 13. 4: διήγησις, ἐπιδιήγησις, προδιήγησις;
ἔλεγχος, ἐπεξέλεγχος.
[90] _Phaedrus_, 266 C, λογοδαίδαλος.
[91] Aristoph., _Clouds_, 109.
[92] Thuc., vi. 60.
[93] _de Myst._, §§ 61 _sqq._
[94] _Ibid._, § 4.
[95] Dion., _de Lysia_, ch. 2.
[96] Quint., xii. 10, 21.
[97] Philostratus, _vita Her. Att._, ii. 1, § 14.
[98] Hermogenes, περὶ ἰδεῶν, ch. xi. p. 416. Spengel (_Rhetores Graeci_).
[99] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Ten Orators_.
[100] The following is a list of some of the poetical or unusual words
and phrases occurring in the speeches—_de Myst._: § 29 ταῦτα τὰ δεινὰ καὶ
φρικώδη ἀνωρθίαζον. § 67 πίστιν ... ἀπιστοτάτην. § 68 ὁρῶσι τοῦ ἡλίου τὸ
φῶς. § 99 ἐπίτριπτον κίναδος. § 130 κληδών. § 146 (γένος) οἴχεται πᾶν
πρόρριζον.
_de Pace_: § 7 τὸν δῆμον ... ὑψηλόν ἦρε. § 8 and in three other passages
κατηργάσατο (_secure, bring about_, cf. Eur. _Her._, 646 πόλει σωτηρίαν
κατεργάσασθαι). § 18 κρατιστεύειν. § 31 ἐκτεῖναι τὸν θυμὸν, ἀρχὴν πολλῶν
κακῶν.
The _de Pace_ is noticeable for the recurrence of two grammatical
forms which do not occur in the other speeches, the use of τοῦτο μὲν,
τοῦτο δέ after the manner of Herodotus for the simple μέν and δέ; and
the repetition of δέ with a resumptive force, as, _e.g._, § 27 ἃ δὲ
πρὸς τούτους μόνους ἐκεῖνοι συνέθεντο, ταῦτα δ’ οὐδεπώποτ’ αὐτούς φασί
παραβῆναι.
The illogical use of the plural of οὐδείς in the same sense as the
singular (_de Myst._, § 23 οὐδένας, § 147 οὐδένα) is perhaps colloquial.
There are many instances of the use of this plural in the later orators,
a point which Liddell and Scott did not observe, or, at any rate, failed
to make clear. Another phrase which may be colloquial is τῇ γνώμῃ καὶ
ταῖν χεροῖν ταῖν ἐμαυτοῦ (_de Myst._, § 144).
[101] _de Myst._, §§ 48-50.
[102] _de Myst._, §§ 37-39.
[103] _de Myst._, §§ 1-3 and 8.
[104] _Ibid._, § 150.
[105] _de Myst._, §§ 4, 5.
[106] _de Myst._, § 57.
[107] _de Myst._, § 126.
[108] _Ibid._, § 95.
[109] ὧ συκόφαντα καὶ ἐπίτριπτον κίναδος, κ.τ.λ., _de Myst._, § 99.
[110] _Ibid._, § 93.
[111] _Supra_, p. 66.
[112] § 8.
[113] _de Myst._, § 112.
[114] _E.g._, the poetical ὑψηλὸν ἧρε. Andoc., § 7; Aesch., § 174. Cf.
Euripides, _Supp._, 555, and _Her._ 323.
[115] _de Pace_, §§ 24-26.
[116] Frag. 5 (Blass).
[117] Two lost speeches for Iphicrates, 371 B.C. and 354 B.C., were
pronounced spurious by Dionysius; but, as he accepted the date of Lysias’
birth as 459 B.C., he was bound to conclude that these speeches were not
by him.
[118] _Against Eratosthenes_, §§ 5-17.
[119] Dion., _de Lysia_, ch. 2: τῆς Ἀττικῆς γλώττης ἄριστος κανών.
[120] καταστρατηγεῖ.
[121] _E.g._ δεινὸν δέ μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι εἰ νῦν μὲν ... τότε δέ, etc., and
ἄξιον δ’ ἐνθυμηθῆναι ὅτι ...
[122] Examples are numerous: _e.g._ the speech of Polyaenus (_For the
Soldier_, §§ 4-5) shows a simplicity in narrative which Herodotus could
not have surpassed.
[123] Ch. ii. pp. 26-7.
[124] _For the Cripple_, § 7.
[125] _For Mantitheus_, §§ 18-21.
[126] _For the Cripple_, §§ 1-3.
[127] _For the Cripple_, parts of §§ 10-12.
[128] _Ibid._, §§ 19-20.
[129] _de Caede Eratosthenis_, §§ 11-14.
[130] _Supra_, p. 76.
[131] _Supra_, p. 62.
[132] _Agoratus_, §§ 39-40.
[133] _Vide infra_, p. 92, on the question of authenticity.
[134] _Supra_, pp. 83 _sqq._
[135] Lysias, _Nicomachus_, § 27; Andocides, _de Myst._, § 93, quoted
_infra_, p. 96.
[136] Ps.-Plut., _Lives of the Ten Orators_; Dion., _de Lys._, ch. 17,
διακοσίων οὐκ ἐλάσσους δικανικοὺς γράψας λόγους.
[137] However, Socrates, in Plato’s _Menexenus_, 236 B, suggests that
Pericles’ famous Funeral Speech was composed for him by Aspasia.
[138] _Epit._, §§ 79-81.
[139] The reference to the Amazons and the general vagueness of the
historical setting are closely paralleled by the Funeral Speech in
Plato’s _Menexenus_, which is generally regarded as a parody.
[140] _Rhet._, III. 10. 7.
[141] _de Lys._, ch. 32.
[142] Cf. _supra_, p. 90.
[143] _Vide supra_, p. 85.
[144] _Vide supra_, pp. 85-6.
[145] _Supra_, pp. 76-7.
[146] Andoc., _de Myst._, § 90.
[147] _Vide supra_, p. 87.
[148] § 3.
[149] _Vide infra_, p. 150.
[150] _Vide supra_, p. 72.
[151] The second speech with the same title is only an epitome of the
first.
[152] Cf. _supra_, p. 90.
[153] Dion., _de Isaeo_, ch. 1.
[154] Jebb, vol. ii. p. 265.
[155] _de Isaeo_, ch. 1.
[156] He is by far the most important; in some cases we can supplement
him from Demosthenes, but other authorities are negligible.
[157] §§ 1-11.
[158] § 12. I have translated this section, though not relevant to the
matter under discussion, because it gives a good indication of Athenian
feeling on the subject of the torture of slaves.
[159] Jebb, _Attic Orators_, vol. ii. p. 277³.
[160] Cleisthenes (_Herod._, vi. 129), in a moment of extreme excitement,
remarked to Hippoclides ἀπωρχήσαο τὸν γάμον—‘You have danced away your
chances of marriage.’
[161] Cf., too, the use of ὑπωπτιάζω in the New Testament.
[162] _E.g._ γρῦξαι.
[163] It has been already remarked that the speech-writers are, as a
rule, ridiculously unsuccessful in their attempt to make their clients
speak in the way that is natural to them (_vide supra_, p. 37).
[164] _E.g._ Or. v. 23, ἡγούμενοι οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν βεβαιώσειν, κ.τ.λ. Or. v.
31. ὡμολογήσαμεν ἐμμενεῖν οἷς ἂν γνοῖεν. Or. v. 43, δαπανηθείς (in middle
sense).
[165] _E.g._ καθιστάνειν, ψηφίσεσθε, ἄξαντες.
[166] _The Estate of Apollodorus_ (Or. vii.), § 5.
[167] _Ciron_ (Or. viii.), § 28.
[168] _Nicostratus_ (Or. iv.), §§ 7-10.
[169] _de Isaeo_, ch. 3.
[170] _de Isaeo_, ch. 4.
[171] _Ibid._, ch. 5.
[172] Lysias, fr. 46.
[173] Isaeus, fr. 15.
[174] Cf. _de Isaeo_, ch. 14.
[175] _de Isaeo_, ch. 16.
[176] _Ibid._, ch. 3.
[177] Cf. _supra_, p. 38.
[178] _E.g._ Orr. 2, 3, 7, 8, 9.
[179] Or. 8 (_Ciron_), § 46.
[180] _de Isaeo_, ch. 16.
[181] _Antid._, § 161.
[182] _Phaedr._, pp. 278-9.
[183] καὶ ἀρχὰς δὲ [και] (τὰς?) περὶ τὴν Χίον κατέστησε καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν τῇ
πατρίδι πολίτειαν. Ps.-Plut., 837 B.
[184] However, if we pressed this passage, we must regard the journey
with Timotheus as unhistorical. All the evidence is to be found in Blass,
_Att. Ber._, vol. ii. pp. 16-17.
[185] _Antid._, §§ 159 _sqq._
[186] _de Comp. Verb._, ch. xxiii.
[187] _de Comp. Verb._, ch. xxiii. He quotes _Areop._, §§ 1-5.
[188] Isocrates allows elisions of certain short vowels, but he is more
sparing than most poets in the use of it. In the epideictic speeches the
commonest elision is of enclitics or semi-enclitics (τε, δέ, etc.) and
of personal pronouns. Crasis, except of καὶ ἄν is rare. In the forensic
speeches (his early work) elision is much less restricted.
[189] Maxim. Planud. _ad Hermog._, v. 469.
[190] Vol. ii. p. 144.
[191] _Rhet._, Book III. 8. 4.
[192] _Ibid._
[193] θαυμάζειν καὶ ζηλοῦν, ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τιμᾶν, etc.
[194] _E.g._ _Paneg._ § 5, ὅταν ἢ τὰ πράγματα λάβῃ τέλος ... ἢ τὸν
λόγον ἴδῃ τις ἔχοντα πέρας, where τέλος and πέρας, two words for end
or completion, are not really distinguishable, or, at any rate, the
distinction is very slight. So in _Evagoras_, § 11, εὐλογεῖν and
ἐγκωμιάζειν are used antithetically (to praise—to eulogise).
[195] _E.g._ _Evagoras_, § 10, αὐταῖς ταῖς εὐρυθμίαις καὶ ταῖς
συμμετρίαις ψυχαγωγοῦσι τοὺς ἀκούοντας. Elsewhere we find μετριότητες,
λαμπρότητες, αὐθάδειαι, ἀργίαι, etc.
[196] Aristoph., _Clouds_, _passim_.
[197] Cf. Isocrates’ reference to this passage in _Antid._, § 193.
[198] _Hel._ (Or. x.), § 1, οἱ δὲ διεξιόντες ὡς ἀνδρία καὶ σοφία καὶ
δικαιοσύνη ταὐτόν ἐστι.
[199] §§ 9 _sqq._
[200] _Antid._, §§ 187-189.
[201] §§ 19 _sqq._
[202] _Rhet._, i. 1. 10.
[203] τὸ τολμᾶν, § 192.
[204] _Vide supra_, p. 137.
[205] _Or_ astrology?
[206] _Antid._, Summary of §§ 181-303.
[207] _Antid._, § 11, ἰδέαι.
[208] _Ep._ 1, § 87. This letter is referred to in _Philippus_, § 81; the
text of the letter remaining to us is incomplete.
[209] _Philippus_, 346 B.C.
[210] _Ibid._ (Or. v.), §§ 14-17.
[211] Isocrates is said to have spent ten years over the composition of
the _Panegyricus_; it was probably published in 380 B.C.
[212] _I.e._ the victory of the 10,000 at Cunaxa.
[213] The truth of this maxim is illustrated by our records of the
_impromptu_ performances of Demosthenes, _vide infra_, p. 190.
[214] _de Isaeo_, ch. xix., παχύτερον ὄντα τὴν λέξιν καὶ κοινότερον.
[215] _Rhet._, iii. 3. 3.
[216] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 3. 4.
[217] _Busiris_, §§ 5-6. He endeavoured to make Socrates responsible for
the misdeeds of Alcibiades.
[218] _de Isaeo_, ch. xx.
[219] Dion., _de Isocrate_, ch. xviii.: τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν πάνυ θαυμαστὴν
ἐν ταῖς πρὸς Ἀριστοτέλη ἀντιγραφαῖς ἐποιήσατο.
[220] See _Timarchus_, § 49, where Aeschines states, in 346 B.C., that he
is rather over forty-five years old.
[221] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 147. Dem. (_de Cor._, 129 _sqq._) asserts that
he was originally a slave named Tromes (_Coward_), but changed his name
to Atrometus (_Dauntless_).
[222] Dem., _de Cor._, §§ 258-259. See further _infra_, p. 249.
[223] However, his elder brother, Philocrates, was elected general three
times in succession, and his younger brother, Aphobetus, was sent as an
ambassador to the Great King.—Aesch., _de Leg._, § 149.
[224] _de Cor._, § 262, _vide infra_, p. 249.
[225] _de Leg._, § 79; _vide infra_, p. 168.
[226] See _de Pace_ (_passim_) delivered in the same year.
[227] Aesch., _Ctes._, §§ 222-225.
[228] _Dem._, ch. 24, περὶ Ῥόδον καὶ Ἰωνίαν σοφιστεύων κατεβίωσεν.
[229] _de Leg._, § 16, τοῖς γὰρ καιροῖς ἀνάγκη συμπεριφέρεσθαι πρὸς τὸ
κράτιστον καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ τὴν πόλιν.
[230] _Ibid._, § 157, ὁ τῆς μεγίστης σύμβουλος πόλεως.
[231] Hyper., _adv. Dem._, xxiv.
[232] _de Leg._, § 79.
[233] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, §§ 145, 166-177; _de Cor._, § 41.
[234] _Timarchus_, § 174; _Ctes._, § 58.
[235] _Supra_, p. 148.
[236] _de Leg._, § 163.
[237] _Vide supra_, p. 166.
[238] ἐπῆλθέ μοι, Aesch., _Ctes._, § 118, where A. complacently relates
the whole incident.
[239] _de Cor._, §§ 129, 262, etc. Further, _de Falsa Leg._, § 246. A
tritagonist would ordinarily have to play the parts of kings and tyrants,
who must as a rule be majestic characters (cf. ὁ Κρέων Αὶσχίνης, _de
Falsa Leg._, § 247).
[240] _Timarch._, § 25.
[241] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, § 252.
[242] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, § 255, σεμνολογεἳ ... φωνασκήσας, etc.; _de
Cor._, § 133, σεμνολόγου; and numerous references to τριταγωνίστης.
[243] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 41, τὴν φύσιν μου μακαρίζων, etc. (of the
behaviour of Demosthenes during the first embassy).
[244] _Ctes._, §§ 228-229, ἐξ ὀνομάτων συγκείμενος, etc.
[245] _Supra_, pp. 167-170.
[246] Dem., _de Cor._, § 128.
[247] References to himself as πεπαιδευμένος, to his adversaries as
ἀπαίδευτοι, to their ἀπαιδευσία, τό ἀμαθές, etc., are very common in the
speeches against Timarchus and on the embassy.
[248] _Infra_, pp. 184, 187.
[249] _Timarch._, § 26. Aeschines adds a characteristically Greek
touch—‘his body was so horribly out of condition through his drunkenness
and other excesses that decent people covered their eyes.’ It was the
neglect of the body, rather than the exposure of the arms and legs, which
is exaggerated into ‘nakedness,’ that really shocked the spectators, in
addition to the ‘rough-and-tumble’ gestures of the orator.
[250] _Timarch._, §§ 37-38.
[251] _Timarch._, § 39. Ἄκυρος is used in a double sense; the early
actions of Timarchus are unratified in the sense of not proved; the
actions of the Thirty are not ratified by the succeeding governments. It
is a looseness of expression which does not spoil the general sense, and
there is, perhaps, an implied reference to the _Amnesty_, declared after
the expulsion of the Thirty. Similarly Aeschines declares an _amnesty_
for all the offences of Timarchus before a certain date.
[252] _Ibid._, § 55. In § 70 there is a further apology. Cf. also § 76.
[253] _Timarch._, § 53.
[254] Cf. _infra_, p. 191.
[255] _Timarch._, § 48.
[256] Dem., _de Falsa Leg._, §§ 2, 257.
[257] ξενία, expressing the mutual relations of host and guest, cannot be
adequately translated into English.
[258] _de Cor._, § 51.
[259] _Ibid._, § 284.
[260] Aesch., _de Leg._, §§ 25-33.
[261] _Ibid._, §§ 75-78.
[262] _Ibid._, § 79.
[263] _Ctes._, §§ 119-121.
[264] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 153.
[265] _E.g._, _de Leg._, § 147. His esteem for his mother is expressed,
_ibid._, § 148.
[266] _de Leg._, § 152.
[267] p. 178.
[268] _Ctes._, § 218.
[269] Cf. the frequent use of δεινός and δεινῶς—δεινὴ ἀπαιδευσία,
ἀναισχυντία; δεινῶς σχετλιάζειν, ἀσχημονεῖν, ἀγνοεῖν, etc., and compounds
such as ὑπεραγανακτῶ, ὑπεραισχύνομαι.
[270] _E.g._ the fine passage about Thebes, _infra_, p. 186.
[271] The speech of Lysias against Eratosthenes, for instance, contains
many complicated sentences which are unnecessarily obscure.
[272] ὁρώντων φρονούντων βλεπόντων ὑμῶν. _Ctes._, § 94.
[273] Cf. his frequent references to his speeches, _supra_, p. 177.
[274] _E.g._ _de Leg._, § 183, τοὺς εἰς τὸν μέλλοντ’ αὐτῷ χρόνον
ἀντεροῦντας. Blass, vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 232, notes that there is more
consistent care on this point in the _de Legatione_ than in the other two
speeches.
[275] _Ctes._, § 99.
[276] _Ibid._, § 78.
[277] _de Leg._, § 81.
[278] Cf. _Ctes._, § 198, ὅστις μὲν οὖν ἐν τῇ τιμήσει τὴν ψῆφον αἰτεῖ,
τὴν ὀργὴν τὴν ὑμετέραν παραιτεῖται, ὅστις δ’ ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ λόγῳ τὴν ψῆφον
αἰτεῖ ὅρκον αἰτεῖ, νόμον αἰτεῖ, δημοκρατίαν αἰτεῖ, ὧν οὔτε αἰτῆσαι οὐδὲν
ὅσιον οὔτ’ αἰτηθέντα ἑτέρῳ δοῦναι.
[279] _E.g._ iambics, _Ctes._, § 239, ἃ σωφρονῶν ὁ δῆμος οὐκ ἐδέξατο;
and _de Leg._, § 66, μίαν δὲ νύκτα διαλιπὼν συνηγόρουν, etc.; anapaestic
effect, _ibid._, 223, ἀεὶ τὸ παρὸν λυμαινόμενος, τὸ δὲ μέλλον
κατεπαγγελλόμενος; and a curious combination, _ibid._, 91, ἁπάντων
μετασχὼν τῶν πόνων τῇ πόλει, ⏑––|⏑––|–⏑–|–⏑–.
[280] _Ctes._, § 135.
[281] _de Leg._, §§ 110, 21.
[282] _Ctes._, §§ 192-193.
[283] _Ctes._, §§ 133-136.
[284] _Ctes._, §§ 99-100.
[285] Dem., _de Cor._, §§ 129, 259.
[286] _Ctes._, §§ 172-173.
[287] _de Leg._, §§ 106-107.
[288] _de Leg._, §§ 34-35.
[289] _Ctes._, § 212, οὐ κεφαλὴν ἀλλὰ πρόσοδον κέκτηται. The play upon
words is not easy to reproduce: κεφαλή, of course, suggests κεφάλαιον,
‘principal,’ or ‘capital,’ while πρόσοδος is ‘income’ or ‘revenue.’
[290] _de Falsa Leg._, § 339.
[291] Aesch., _de Leg._, § 1.
[292] _La Litt. Grecque_, iv. 643, with reference particularly to
_Ctes._, § 133 (quoted above, p. 186) and §§ 152 _sqq._
[293] _E.g._ on Demosthenes, quoted _supra_, pp. 187-188.
[294] _de Sublim._, ch. xxiv., οὐ γέλωτα κινεῖ μᾶλλον ἢ καταγελᾶται.
[295] Mommsen (Book v., ch. xii. pp. 609-610, Eng. ed. of 1887) could
write of Cicero: ‘Cicero had no conviction and no passion; he was nothing
but an advocate, and not a good one.’ ... ‘If there is anything wonderful
in the case, it is in truth not the orations but the admiration which
they excited.’
[296] _E.g._, in particular, §§ 171-176, partly quoted _supra_, p. 188.
[297] Quoted _supra_, p. 185.
[298] _Frogs_, 892, αἰθήρ, ἐμὸν βόσκημα, καὶ γλώττης στροφίγξ, καὶ
ξύνεσι, etc.
[299] Aesch. (_Ctes._, § 171) says only ἀφικνεῖται εἰς Βόσπορον, which
is ambiguous, as there were several Βόσποροι. The fact that he calls the
woman Σκυθίς seems to prove that he meant the Crimea.
[300] Pytheas, quoted by Dionysius.
[301] The last private speeches of which the genuineness is undoubted
are dated about 346 and 345 B.C., but others, _e.g._ _Against Phormio_,
of which the authenticity was not questioned in ancient times, go down
to 326 B.C. or even later. The genuineness of the _Phormio_ is at least
probable.
[302] Aesch. (in 345 B.C.) in the _Timarchus_, §§ 117, 170-175, refers to
him as a teacher. In the _Embassy_ (343 B.C.) there is no reference to
this profession.
[303] _Against Callicles._
[304] _Against Conon._
[305] The speeches _Against Zenothemis_, _Lacritus_, _Dionysodorus_, and
_Phormio_.
[306] _E.g._ _Against Boeotus_.
[307] § 61. ‘Pydna and Potidaea, which are subject to Philip and hostile
to you.’ Also § 63.
[308] ἐπιστολιμαίους δυνάμεις, § 19.
[309] § 19, δύναμιν ... ἢ συνεχῶς πολεμήσει....
[310] § 21, χρόνον τακτὸν στρατευομένους, μὴ μακρὸν τοῦτον, ἀλλ’ ὅσον ἂν
δοκῇ καλῶς ἔχειν, ἐκ διαδοχῆς ἀλλήλοις.
[311] § 23, οὐ τοίνυν ὑπέρογκον αυτήν (οὐ γὰρ ἔστι μισθὸς οὐδὲ τροφή),
οὐδὲ παντελῶς ταπεινὴν εἶναι δεῖ.
[312] I have assumed the traditional order of the Olynthiac speeches
to be the correct one. The question is much disputed, and is lucidly
discussed by M. Weil in his introductions to the speeches (_Les Harangues
de Démosthène_).
[313] Isocr., _Philippus_, § 73-74.
[314] _Chers._, §§ 24-26.
[315] § 77.
[316] § 19.
[317] § 20.
[318] §§ 26-27.
[319] The subject is admirably discussed by M. Weil (_Les Harangues de
Démosthène_ (2me éd.), pp. 312-316). His arguments should be carefully
read by those interested in the subject. I quote only his conclusions:
‘Nous avons déjà vu que plusieurs passages, qui manquent dans S et L,
ne pouvaient guère émaner que de Démosthène lui-même’ (p. 314). ‘Le
résultat de cet examen, c’est que nous nous trouvons en présence de deux
textes également autorisés, et que les additions et les modifications
qui distinguent l’un de l’autre doivent être attribuées a l’orateur
lui-même....’ (p. 315). These conclusions are adopted by Blass (_Att.
Bered._, 1893) and Sandys (1900), who, however, considers that the
shorter version was the orator’s first draft. Butcher (_Demosthenes_,
3rd ed., 1911) considers that the shorter text represents ‘the maturer
correction of the orator.’
[320] _de Cor._, §§ 169-170.
[321] Philip seems to have had a genuine admiration for Athens, and
always treated her with extraordinary consideration. For a full
appreciation of this attitude see Hogarth, _Philip and Alexander_.
[322] Plut., _Dem._, ch. xxiii.
[323] See also _infra_, p. 253, _note_ 1, and p. 254.
[324] Hyp., _Against Dem._, fr. 3, col. xiii.
[325] Dinarchus, _Against Dem._, § 1.
[326] Butcher, _Dem._, pp. 124-127.
[327] This account is taken from Plutarch (_Dem._, ch. xxix.).
[328] Lucian, _Dem. Enc._, § 50.
[329] _de Sublimi_, ch. xxxiv.
[330] § 36, οἷον ἐκ μανδραγόρου καθεύδοντας.
[331] Aesch., _Ctes._, §§ 72, 166; _de Leg._, § 21; _Ctes._, §§ 84, 209.
[332] Plut., _Dem._, ch. ix., παράβακχον.
[333] ἐνθουιῶντα. Cf. Aristophanes, _Clouds_, 194:
μὰ γῆν, μὰ παγίδας, μὰ νεφέλας, μὰ δίκτυα.
[334] Notably the caricatures of Aeschines’ private life and family
history in the _de Corona_, §§ 129-130, 260. Mr. Pickard-Cambridge makes
it clear that the habitual members of the law-courts would be of a lower
average socially than the ecclesia. The pay in either case was not enough
to attract any but the unemployed, but whereas members of the leisured
classes would have sufficient motives for attending the ecclesia, and
well-to-do business-men might sacrifice valuable time unselfishly for the
good of the State, there would be little inducement to such people to
endure the wearisome routine of the law-courts (see _Demosthenes_, ch.
iii.).
[335] _E.g._ _Conon_, § 4.
[336] _de Cor._, § 263.
[337] _de Falsa Leg._, § 148.
[338] _Midias_, § 91.
[339] _Ibid._, § 105.
[340] On the other hand he often apologizes for metaphors by ὣσπερ or
οἷον—ἦν τοῦθ’ ὣσπερ ἐμπόδισμά τι τῷ Φιλίππῳ—though ἐμπόδισμα is probably
as natural a form of expression as our ‘obstacle.’
[341] _de Falsa Leg._, § 275.
[342] I _Phil._, § 45; cf. τεθνάναι τῷ φόβῳ Θηβαίους, _de Falsa Leg._, §
81.
[343] _de Cor._, § 296.
[344] _de Cor._, § 169.
[345] _de Cor._, § 208.
[346] _de Thucyd._, ch. 53.
[347] _Against Conon_, §§ 3-5.
[348] _Against Conon_, §§ 8-9.
[349] _de Demos._, ch. xv.
[350] _Demos._, ch. xxii.
[351] _Demos._, chs. liii., liv. So Aeschines, after reading aloud some
extracts from Demosthenes, and observing their effect on his hearers,
exclaimed, ‘But what if you had heard the brute himself?’
[352] _de Chersoneso_, §§ 69-71, gives an example of a sentence of about
twenty-seven lines in the Teubner edition.
[353] _Timocrates_, § 217, οὐδ’ ὁτιοῦν ἂν ὄφελοσ εἴη is a case in
point—(⏑⏑⏑⏑––); in this instance no other arrangement of the words was
possible; οὐδ’ ὁτιοῦν ἂν εἴη ὄφελος would give a harsh hiatus. Cf. also
_First Olynthiac_, § 27, ἡλίκα γ’ ἐστὶ τὰ διάφορ’ ἐνθάδ’ ἢ ’κεῖ πολεμεῖν,
where five shorts appear in sequence.
[354] _E.g._ _de Falsa Leg._, § 11, διεξιὼν ἡλίκα τὴν Ἕλλαδα πᾶσαν, οὐχὶ
τὰς ἰδίας ἀδικοῦσι μόνον πατρίδας οἱ δωροδοκοῦντες. The position of
ἀδικοῦσι is peculiar, but the sentence already contains a preponderance
of short syllables, and any other arrangement would give more of them
together: _e.g._ the more natural orders τὰς ἰδίας μόνον πατρίδας
ἀδικοῦσι (⏒⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑) or ἰδίας μόνον ἀδικοῦσι πατρίδας (⏑⏑–⏑⏑⏑⏑–⏑⏒⏑⏑).
[355] Arist., _Rhet._, iii. 8. 4.
[356] Super alta vectus Attis celeri rate maria, etc. The ending with
five short syllables gives an impression of headlong speed.
[357] Cf. the ‘spondaic’ hymn, Ζεῦ πάντων ἀρχά, πάντων ἅγητορ, Ζεῦ σοὶ
σπένδω ταύταν ὕμνων ἀρχάν.
[358] Croiset, _Hist. de la Litt. Gr._, tome iv., pp. 552-553.
[359] See _ad hoc_, Croiset, iv. 553. 1.
[360] _de Symmor._, §§ 24-26.
[361] _Third Olynthiac_, §§ 10-11.
[362] Quoted above, p. 230.
[363] _Supra_, p. 245.
[364] _First Olynthiac_, §§ 25-26.
[365] _Chersonese_, §§ 61-67. The recital of the present condition of
Phocis is a simple but impressive piece of argument by description: ‘It
was a terrible sight, Gentlemen, and a sad one; when we were lately on
our way to Delphi we were compelled to see it all, houses in ruins, walls
demolished, the country empty of men of military age; only a few poor
women and little children and old men in pitiable state—words cannot
describe the depth of the misery in which they are now sunk’ (_de Falsa
Leg._, § 65).
[366] Cf. _Third Olynthiac_, §§ 24-26.
[367] Viz., on every meeting of the ecclesia at which legislation was
possible.
[368] _Timocrates_, §§ 139 _sqq._
[369] In particular _de Corona_, §§ 129-130, 258-262. Cf. _supra_, p. 164.
[370] _de Corona_, §§ 261-262.
[371] _Vide supra_, pp. 170, 177.
[372] οὐ γάρ πως ἅμα πάντα θεοὶ δόσαν ἀνθρώποισι.
[373] _de Sublimi_, ch. xxxiv.
[374] _de Falsa Leg._, §§ 112-113, with Weil’s note.
[375] § 90.
[376] §§ 9, 196. Weil remarks truly, ‘Les orateurs ne se piquent pas
d’être exacts: ils usent largement de l’hyperbole mensongère.’
[377] Mr. Pickard-Cambridge (_Demos._, p. 80) observes: ‘Men who are
assembled in a crowd do not think.... The orator has often to use
arguments which no logic can defend, and to employ methods of persuasion
upon a crowd which he would be ashamed to use if he were dealing with
a personal friend.’ This is partly true, but should be accepted with
reservations. The arguments in the harangues of Demosthenes will
generally bear the light, and the public speeches by distinguished
statesmen of this country on the causes of the Great War have frequently
appealed to the _higher_ nature of their audiences.
[378] There is a pseudo-epilogue, §§ 126-159, devoted chiefly to the
birth and life of Aeschines. Here the speech might have ended, but
the orator reverts in § 160 to an examination and defence of his own
political life. The real epilogue is contained in §§ 252-324. The
disorder is undoubtedly due in part to the peculiar facts of the case,
namely, that the issues of the trial were much wider than might have
appeared. Demosthenes is not so much concerned to prove the legality of
Ctesiphon’s decree as to offer an _apologia_ of his own political conduct
during many years.
[379] Quoted _supra_, p. 216.
[380] A plausible answer. In Greece at the present day water-courses are
used as roads, and the same is true of the south of Spain. At Malaga, a
few years ago, the tram-line actually crossed the river-bed.
[381] _Vide supra_, p. 237.
[382] § 136.
[383] § 167.
[384] §§ 210 _sqq._ ‘A State’s character is reflected in its laws’
(νόμους ... ὑπείληφασι ... τρόπους τῆς πόλεως.).
[385] _Vide supra_, p. 190.
[386] _Ctes._, § 52.
[387] _Vide supra_, pp. 168, 194, 223.
[388] Cf. _supra_, p. 223.
[389] We know from Dinarchus, _Aristogiton_, § 13, that this trial
shortly preceded the affair of Harpalus.
[390] _de Cor._, § 313, τραγικὸς Θεοκρίνης.
[391] _Vide supra_, pp. 244-245.
[392] This Hegesippus, an orator of secondary importance, was an
ardent supporter of the patriotic party. In 357 B.C. he had brought an
accusation against one Callippus in connexion with the affairs of Cardia
(_de Halon._, § 43, and the hypothesis to the speech). In 343 B.C. he
was one of an embassy sent to Philip (Demos., _de Falsa Leg._, § 331).
He was still alive in 325 B.C. (Croiset, vol. iv. p. 621). The extant
speech consists of a clear and straightforward discussion of the various
points in Philip’s proposal; the style is easy, but without distinction,
and Dionysius, who did not doubt that it was the work of Demosthenes,
remarks that the orator has reverted to the style of Lysias (_de Demos._,
ch. ix.). Hiatus is frequent and there are some monotonous repetitions.
Critics were somewhat shocked by the concluding phrase of § 45—‘If you
carry your brains in your heads, and not in your heels so as to walk on
them.’ Aeschines calls the orator κρώβυλος, from his affected way of
wearing his hair in a ‘bun’ on the top of his head.
[393] Dinarchus, _Demos._, § 104, ὁμολογῶν λαμβάνειν καὶ λήψεσθαι.
[394] Plut., _Moralia_, 820 F, κατεχώνευσαν εἰς ἀμίδας.
[395] Demetrius, _de Elocutione_, §§ 282, 284.
[396] _Ibid._, § 286.
[397] For this and other judgments, see Plut., _Demos._, chs. viii.-x.
[398] _Ibid._, ch. viii.
[399] Dionysius, _Isaeus_, ch. iv.
[400] Hypothesis to Demos., _Against Aristogiton_.
[401] In some MSS. of Demosthenes (_Phil._, iii., § 72) his name occurs
as a member of an embassy which made a tour of the Peloponnese in 343
B.C. to rouse opposition against Philip.
[402] See (Aristotle) Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, ch. 43, with Sandys’ notes. He
must have been either ταμίας τῶν στρατιωτικῶν or president of οἱ ἐπὶ τὸ
θεωρικόν, or perhaps he held both these appointments, as the scope of his
work seems to imply. Ps.-Plutarch says πίστευσάμενος τὴν διοίκησιν τῶν
χρημάτων.
[403] Ptolemy Philadelphus borrowed it in order to have it copied. He
deposited a large sum as security, but in the end he sacrificed the
deposit, kept the original, and presented Athens with his new copy.
[404] He wore the same clothes in summer and winter, and shoes only in
very severe weather (_Ps.-Plut._).
[405] See his condemnation of the advocates of Leocrates, § 135.
[406] οὐ μέλανί ἀλλὰ θανάτῳ χρίοντα τὸν κάλαμον κατὰ τῶν πονηρῶν
(_Ps.-Plut._).
[407] Suidas.
[408] Assuming (with Blass) the authenticity of the third letter of
Demosthenes, which is doubtful.
[409] This list is taken from Suidas. The list compiled by Blass, from
various sources, is different in some details.
[410] §§ 149-150.
[411] _E.g._ cf. § 3, ἐβουλόμην δ’ ἄν, ὥσπερ ὀυφέλιμόν ἐστι, etc., with
Isocr. viii. (_de Pace_), § 36, ἠβουλόμην δ’ ἄν, ὥσπερ προσῆκόν ἐστιν,
etc. also § 7 with Isocr. vii. (_Areopagiticus_), § 43, etc.
[412] Cf. _supra_, p. 134.
[413] This circumlocution may have been employed originally for the
avoidance of hiatus, as in the example quoted, and in § 111, τὰ καλὰ τῶν
ἔργων; it is, however, also used in cases where no such consideration
enters, _e.g._ § 48, τοὺς ποιητοὺς τῶν πατέρων.
[414] _E.g._ § 7, οὐ μικρόν τι μέρος συνέχει τῶν τῆς πόλεως, οὐδ’ ἐπ’
ὀλιγὸν χρόνον, where συνέχει | οὐδ’ is deliberately avoided.
[415] _E.g._ §§ 71-73.
[416] _E.g._ § 143, καὶ αὐτίκα μάλ’ ὑμᾶς ἀξιώσει ἀκούειν αὐτοῦ
ἀπολογουμένου. § 20, πολλοὶ ἐπείσθησαν τῶν μαρτύρων ἢ ἀμνημονεῖν ἢ μὴ
ἐλθεῖν ἢ ἑτέραν πρόφασιν εὑρεῖν.
[417] See the translation on p. 278.
[418] φυγόντα, καὶ ... ἀκούσαντα ..., ἀφικόμενον καὶ ... καταφυγόντα, καὶ
οὐδὲν ἣττον ... ἀποθανόντα.
[419] §§ 49-50.
[420] § 51.
[421] § 104.
[422] § 95.
[423] §§ 3, 10; cf. also § 79.
[424] § 150, cf. also § 43. ‘He contributed nothing to the nation’s
safety, at a time when the country was contributing her trees, the dead
their sepulchres, and the temples their arms.’ And § 17, οὔτε τοὺς
λιμένας τῆς πόλεως ἐλεῶν; § 61, πόλεώς ἐστι θάνατος ἀνάστατον γενέσθαι.
Hyperides has a similarly bold expression, ‘Condemning the city to death.’
[425] § 11.
[426] § 149.
[427] § 5.
[428] Leocrates was acquitted by one vote only.
[429] § 12. ‘It is so far superior to other courts that even those who
are convicted before it do not question its justice. You should take it
as your model.’
[430] §§ 11-12.
[431] §§ 1-2.
[432] §§ 92-94.
[433] _Against Lysicles_, fr. 75.
[434] He could not afford to be particular as to the kind of cases which
he took up; the affair of Athenogenes is far from respectable on either
side, and several of his speeches were in connexion with _hetairai_
of the less reputable sort. His defence of the famous Phryne was his
masterpiece.
[435] He mentions these three among the most famous cases in which he has
been concerned (_For Euxenippus_, § 28).
[436] Demos., _de Cor._, §§ 134-135.
[437] Fr. 28.
[438] _Vide infra_, p. 295.
[439] The agreement of Blass and Kenyon on this point may be taken as
conclusive. Small fragments of another speech _For Lycophron_ have been
recently published (_Pap. Oxyrh._, vol. xiii.).
[440] ἀρχαίων κρίσις, v. 6.
[441] ὀβολοστατεῖν was used by Lysias also (fr. 41).
[442] Demetrius, περὶ ἑρμηνείας, § 302.
[443] _Leoc._, § 40.
[444] Fr. 80.
[445] _Epitaphios_, § 5.
[446] Cf. _de Demos._, col. xi, ἐν τῷ δήμῳ ἑπτακόσια φήσας εἶναι τάλαντα,
νῦν τὰ ἡμίση ἀναφέρεις, καὶ οὐδ’ ἐλογίσω ὅτι τοῦ πάντα ἀνενεχθῆναι
ὀρθῶς, κ.τ.λ. _Ibid._, col. xiii., καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι φίλοι αὐτοῦ ἔλεγον ὅτι
ἀναγκάσουσι, κ.τ.λ. _Euxenippus_, § 19, etc.
[447] §§ 1-3, although a full stop occurs in the second line of § 3, are
all really one sentence, but in spite of its length it is perfectly lucid.
[448] A good example of a story told by a succession of short sentences
joined by καὶ is to be found in _Athenogenes_, § 5.
[449] Frr. 27-28.
[450] _Euxenippus_, §§ 5, 6.
[451] Fr. 173.
[452] _Euxenippus_, §§ 1-3.
[453] _Against Demos._, fr. v., col. xv. 15. The tide in the Euripus,
which ebbed and flowed nine times a day, was, of course, proverbial.
[454] _Euxenippus_, col. xxxiv., § 22.
[455] _Against Demos._, col. xii.
[456] Fr. 76.
[457] _Athenogenes_, col. 2, ἄνθρωπον λογόγραφόν τε καὶ ἀγοραῖον.
[458] Lycurgus, _Leocr._, § 11; cf. § 149.
[459] Col. xxxix., the last two fragments of the speech in Blass’ edition.
[460] _Demos._, v., §§ 20-21.
[461] _de Dinarcho_, ch. 6.
[462] περὶ ὕψους, ch. 34.
[463] _Ps.-Plut._, § 15.
[464] _Supra_, pp. 18, 294-296.
[465] _Supra_, p. 225-227.
[466] _Supra_, p. 296.
[467] Date 336-5 B.C.
[468] 322 B.C.
[469] _Epitaphios_, § 10.
[470] _Epitaphios_, §§ 41-43.
[471] Date between 328 and 323 B.C.
[472] Dion. (_de Dinarcho_, ch. iv., _ad fin._) believed that he wrote
no speeches during this time, for nobody would take the trouble to go to
Chalcis for a speech either in a private or public action—οὐ γὰρ τέλεον
ἠπόρουν οὕτω λόγων. Dionysius consequently rejected as spurious all
speeches attributed to Dinarchus which were dated between 307 and 292 B.C.
[473] Suidas says that he was appointed Commissioner of the Peloponnese
(ἐπιμελητὴς Πελοποννήσου) by Antipater, but this was another Dinarchus.
Demetrius Magnes, quoted by Dionysius (_Din._, ch. 1), mentions four men
of this name.
[474] In Dionysius, _de Din._, ch. 1.
[475] The curious may collect the titles from Dionysius (_de Din._ chs.
x.-xiii.).
[476] Dion., _Din._, ch. 2.
[477] _Demos._, § 58.
[478] _Ibid._, § 35.
[479] _Ibid._, § 83.
[480] _Demos._, §§ 48-63.
[481] _Phil._, § 19.
[482] In such extravagances as ἡ τῶν ἐκ προνοίας φόνων ἀξιόπιστος οὖσα
βουλὴ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τἀληθὲς εὑρεῖν (_Demos._, § 6). Cf. also §§ 12, 23,
59, 110, and elsewhere.
[483] _Demos._, § 28; cf. §§ 10, 27, 46, 76, etc.
[484] _Demos._, §§ 18-21 (thirty-six lines without a real stop);
_Philocles_, §§ 1-3 (twenty-three lines).
[485] θηρίον, μιαρός, μιαρὸν θήριον, κάθαρμα, γόης, κατάρατος, κλέπτης,
προδότης, ἐπιωρκηκώς, δωρόδοκος, μισθωτός, καταπτυστός are culled without
any special diligence from his elegant repertory.
[486] _Aristog._, §§ 1, 2, 9-10.
[487] _Demos._, § 24, description of Thebes, from Aeschines. See Weil,
_les Harangues de Démosthène_, p. 338, note on _Philippic_, iii., § 41,
and Din., _Aristog._, § 24, which is borrowed from it: ‘Il est à son
modèle ce que la bière est au vin.’ (This barley-beer was a barbarian
drink.)
[488] _E.g._ the passage about Conon’s son, _Demos._, § 14, used again in
_Phil._, § 17.
[489] Dion., _de Din_., ch. viii.; Hermogenes, περὶ ἰδεῶν, B, p. 384, iv.
[490] The general decline of taste reacted on literary style, cf. _infra_
pp. 309-10.
[491] Arist., _Eth. Nic._, x. 5. 4, οἱ τραγηματίζοντες. Demos., _de
Cor._, cf. _supra_, p. 249.
[492] _E.g._ many of the private speeches of Demosthenes refer to
maritime speculations; many of these cases, under Macedon, would be
settled in local courts instead of being brought to Athens, and the
diminution of Athenian commerce would still further reduce their number.
[493] Arist., _Rhet._, 1. i., _ad init._
[494] Diog. Laert., v. 75.
[495] _Ibid._, v. 80-81.
[496] Cicero, _Brutus_, § 37; _Orator_, § 92; _de Oratore_, ii. § 95;
Quint., x. 1, 80; Diog. L., v. 82.
[497] Cicero, _Brutus_, § 286.
[498] He was over-fond of the _ditrochaeus_ (–⏑–⏑) at the end of the
sentence, _vide_ Cicero, _Brutus_, § 286; _Orator_, §§ 226, 230; Dion.,
_de Comp. Verb._, ch. xviii.
INDEX
Achilles, 2.
Administration, speech of Lycurgus on his, 274.
Aegina, 8.
_Aegineticus, the_, of Isocrates, 158.
Aeschines, =163-198=; 35, 70, 71, 200, 201, 203, 220, 224, 229, 231,
247, 249, 255, 263, 265, 267, 307.
Aeschines the Socratic, 90, 112.
Aeschylus, 23.
Agamemnon, 157.
Agathon, 15, 21.
Agesilaus, 145, 147.
Agoratus, speech of Lysias against, 99.
Alcibiades, 7, 10, 54, 158;
speech of Lysias against, 100.
Alcidamas, =160-162=.
Alexander the Great, 4, 130, 158, 176-7, 221-2, 225, 228, 268, 271.
Alexandria, 308, 309.
_Allegory_, 2.
Amphictyonic Council, the, 169, 220, 251, 286.
Amphissa, 169, 220.
Anaxagoras, 6, 34, 308.
Andocides, =53-73=; 81, 88, 192.
Andocides, speech of Lysias against, 101.
Androtion, speech of Demosthenes against, 205, 254, 261.
Antalcidas, 152.
Antidosis, speech of Isocrates on the, 14, 127, 137 _sqq._
Antioch, 308.
Antipater, 158, 228, 229, 269, 270, 287, 310.
Antiphon, =19-49=; 3, 7, 12, 16, 17, 51, 59, 66, 105, 112, 199, 200,
280.
Antiphon the poet, 14.
Antiphon the Sophist, 49.
_Antithesis_, 16, 17, 27, 52, 58, 60, 66, 70, 93, 115, 133, 183, 240,
278, 280.
Apaturius, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.
Aphobus, speech of Demosthenes against, 103, 256.
Apollodorus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 104, 115, 123.
_Archaism_, 16.
Archebiades, speech of Lysias against, 102.
Archeptolemus, 20, 93.
Archidamus, 145, 158.
_Archidamus, the_, of Isocrates, 155, 160.
_Areopagiticus, the_, of Isocrates, 131, 154-5, 157.
Areopagus, the, 47, 155, 225, 282, 304.
Argos, 147, 213.
Aristarchus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 104, 124.
Aristides, 154.
Aristocrates, speech of Demosthenes against, 205, 254, 262.
Aristogiton, speech of Demosthenes against, 234, 265;
of Lycurgus, 273;
of Dinarchus, 303, 306.
Aristophanes, 53, 136, 198, 232, 249.
Aristophanes, speech of Lysias on the property of, 97.
Aristophon of Azenia, 286.
Aristotle, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 21, 25, 32, 50, 133, 161, 162, 272.
Artaxerxes, 92.
Artemisia, 128, 266.
Asia, 130.
Aspasia, 102.
Astyphilus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.
Athenaeus, 50.
Athenogenes, speech of Hyperides against, 288, 295, 300-1.
Athens, 4, 5, 10, 126, 141, 145, 147, 150-2, 154, 219, 267, 308-11.
_‘Austere’ style, the_, 27.
Autolycus, speech of Lycurgus against, 273.
Balance of Clauses (see also _Period_), 30.
Blass, F., 17, 44, 83, 132, 174, 176, 192, 193, 218, 243-4, 273, 276.
Boeotia, 9.
Boeotus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258-9.
Bosporus, 201.
Bribery, 167.
_Busiris, the_, of Isocrates, 134, 156.
Butcher, Prof. S. H., 218, 227.
Byzantium, 216, 219.
Caecilius of Calacte, 44.
Callias, speech of Lysias for, 99.
Callicles, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 257.
Callimachus, speech of Isocrates against, 158.
Callippus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.
Cassander, 302, 310.
Cephisodorus, 162.
Cersobleptes, 183.
Chaeronea, 126, 129, 148, 149, 221, 274-5, 278.
Charidemus, 262.
Charisius, 313.
Chersonese, the, 214, 240, 247, 266;
speech of Demosthenes on the, 215-16, 256.
Choreutes, speech of Antiphon on the, 33, 37, 44, 48.
Cicero, 5, 11, 14, 174, 193, 230, 312.
Cinesias, speech of Lysias against, 102.
_Circumlocution_, 24.
Ciron, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 108-112, 115, 123, 125.
Cirrha, 169.
Cleonymus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 123.
Colloquialisms, 23, 31, 78, 113, 232, 234, 289-90.
Companions, speech of Lysias to his, 102.
Conon, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 237-8, 257.
Corax, 12, 13.
Corinthian War, the, 94.
Corn-dealers, speech of Lysias against the, 96-7.
Cripple, speech of Lysias for the, 83, 86-7, 89, 95, 98.
Critias, 10.
Croiset, M., 192, 243, 244, 266, 299.
Crown, speech of Demosthenes on the, 165, 170, 220, 222-4, 248, 254,
263-5, 311.
Ctesiphon, 166, 179, 183, 185, 187-9, 191, 196-8, 221, 222-4, 253.
Cunaxa, 147.
Cyrus, 147.
Damon, 6.
_Death, the praise of_, by Alcidamas, 160.
Deceleia, 20.
_Declamations_, 44.
Demades, =269-270=; 200, 222, 228-9;
speech of Lycurgus against, 273, 274, 286, 294.
Demetrius Magnes, 303.
Demetrius of Phalerum, 232, 290, 310, 312-13.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 310, 313.
Demochares, 313.
Democracy, speech of Lysias on a charge of subversion of the, 98.
Demonicus, letter of Isocrates to, 155-6.
Demosthenes, =199-267=; 2, 3, 16, 29, 32, 35, 68, 78, 80, 81, 103,
104, 130, 133, 144, 154, 163-198 _passim_, 270, 271, 278, 286,
287, 289, 294, 296, 303, 304, 306.
Dicaeogenes, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 104, 107, 124.
Dinarchus, =302-307=; 200, 226, 236, 311.
Dioclides, 56, 63.
Diogenes Laertius, 312.
Diogiton, speech of Lysias against, 100.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 23, 50, 57, 70, 74, 81, 90, 94, 103, 104,
114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 131, 161, 162, 236, 238-40, 250, 270,
288, 289, 302, 303, 313.
Dionysius I. of Syracuse, 91, 92, 130, 145, 158.
Dionysodorus, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 261.
Diopeithes, 214-15, 246, 286.
Education, Isocrates’ views on, 127, 128, 135-44, 172, 187.
Eleusis, mysteries of, 53-5.
Embassy, speech of Aeschines on the, 166, 167, 179, 182, 191, 194-6;
speech of Demosthenes on the, 166, 168, 170, 251, 253, 263-4.
_Encomia_, 15, 16, 156-7.
Epicrates, speech of Lysias against, 96.
_Epideictic style_, 15-16, 93, 135, 200, 234, 243, 276-7, 292.
_Epitaphios, the_, of Demosthenes, 267;
of Gorgias, 15, 17;
of Hyperides, 292, 299;
of Lycurgus, 288;
of Lysias, 5, 17, 89, 92-3.
Eraton, speech of Lysias on the property of, 100-1.
Eratosthenes, speech of Lysias against, 77, 79, 98.
Eratosthenes, speech of Lysias on the murder of, 87, 95, 99.
Eratosthenes (criticism of Demosthenes), 232.
Ergocles, speech of Lysias against, 95, 96.
_Eroticus, the_, of Demosthenes, 267;
of Lysias, 101-2.
_Ethos_, 37, 67, 84-8, 114, 122, 295.
Eubulides, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.
Eubulus, 196, 211, 263.
Euclides of Megara, 138.
Eucrates, 95.
Euergus and Mnesibulus, speech of Demosthenes against, 259.
Eumathes, speech of Isaeus for, 118-19, 125.
Euphiletus, speech of Isaeus for, 120, 124.
Euphony, 132.
Eupolis, 7.
Euripides, 198.
Eurybiadas, 5.
Euthynus, speech of Isocrates against, 158.
Euxenippus, speech against, of Hyperides, 288, 293-5;
of Lycurgus, 273.
_Evagoras, the_, of Isocrates, 135, 157.
Evandrus, speech of Lysias against, 97, 98.
_Falsa Legatione, de_, see _Embassy_.
_Figures of thought_ (see also _Rhetorical devices_), 31, 58, 89, 183,
294.
_‘Florid’ style, the_, 131.
Four Hundred, the, 19-20, 57.
Gelon, 9.
_Glottai_ (rare words), 15, 51.
Gorgias, =12-18=; 19, 21, 22, 30, 51, 52, 91, 93, 127, 135, 160, 240,
243, 278, 308.
Hagnias, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 107, 124.
Halonnesus, speech of Demosthenes on, 266.
Harpalus, 225-7, 287, 302.
Harpocration, 102.
Hegesias, 313.
Hegesippus, 266.
_Helenae encomium_ of Gorgias, 51, 157;
of Isocrates, 134, 138, 156-7.
Hellenism, 4, 130, 290.
Hermae, the, 34, 53-4.
Hermogenes, 13, 58, 289.
Herodes, speech of Antiphon on the murder of, 27, 33-4, 36, 37-43,
44, 46, 60.
Herodes Atticus, 58.
Herodotus, 4, 5, 9, 21, 26, 27, 135.
Hesiod, 173, 184, 186.
_Hiatus_, 29, 30, 131-2, 183, 241, 267, 277, 304.
Hippias, 11.
Hippocrates, speech of Lysias against the sons of, 102.
Hogarth, D. G., 221.
Homer, 1, 2, 10, 65, 105, 137, 152, 230, 279.
Hyperbolus, 72-3.
Hyperides, =285-301=; 167, 192, 200, 213, 214, 226-8, 230, 273, 304.
Inheritance, 105-7.
Ionian philosophers, 9, 142.
Isaeus, =102-125=; 81, 171, 192, 202, 244, 270, 303.
Ischyrias, speech of Lysias against, 274.
Isocrates, =125-159=; 4, 14, 16, 51, 81, 91, 100, 104, 112, 113, 114,
160, 162, 177, 199, 200, 204, 212, 231, 234, 238-9, 241, 276,
279, 285, 303.
Jason, letter of Isocrates to the children of, 127, 158.
Jebb, Sir R. C., 34, 101, 102, 128.
Lacedaemon, 92, 145, 147, 150-2, 154, 215.
Lacritus, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 260.
Lamian War, the, 228, 287, 299.
Leochares, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.
Leocrates, speech of Lycurgus against, 273, 274-6, 280, 283-5.
Leodamas, 229.
Leosthenes, 287, 299-300.
Leptines, speech of Demosthenes against, 206-7, 253-4, 261.
Libanius, 271.
Lochites, speech of Isocrates against, 158.
Locrians, the, 248.
Logographi, 34, 84, 92, 200, 202, 286, 295, 302.
Longinus, 192.
Lucian, 229, 230, 246.
Lycophron, 162;
speech of Hyperides for, 298;
of Lycurgus against, 273, 288, 298.
Lycurgus, 271-285.
Lysander, 126.
Lysias, =73-102=; 2, 51, 61, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 133, 135, 192,
236, 253, 289, 303, 308, 313.
Lysicles, speech of Lycurgus against, 274, 285.
Macartatus, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.
Macedonia, 128, 129, 311.
πρὸς τὰς Μαντείας, speech of Lycurgus, 274.
Mantitheus, speech of Lysias for, 83-5, 98.
Mausolus, 128.
Megalopolis, 165, 168;
speech of Demosthenes for the people of, 206, 255, 266.
Menecles, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.
Menesaechmus, speech of Lycurgus against, 274.
_Menexenus, the_, of Plato, 94, 102.
_Messenian Oration, the_, of Alcidamas, 160-1.
_Metaphor_, 31, 184, 234-5, 290-1, 304.
Midias, 190, 220;
speech of Demosthenes against, 253, 262-3.
Mitylene, letter of Isocrates to the rulers of, 158.
Mnesiphilus, 5.
Mommsen, 193.
Mysteries, speech of Andocides on the, 55, 57, 62-5, 69, 71.
_Nais, the Praise of_, by Alcidamas, 160.
Nausimachus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.
Neaera, speech of Demosthenes against, 265.
Nestor, 1.
Nicias, speech of Lysias on the property of the brother of, 97.
_Nicocles, or The Cyprians_, by Isocrates, 140, 156.
Nicomachus, speech of Lysias against, 90, 96.
Nicostratus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 116, 123.
Nicostratus, speech of Demosthenes against, 259.
Odysseus, 2, 6.
_Odyssey, the_, 161.
Olympia, 91, 144, 311.
_Olympiacus, the_, of Gorgias, 15;
of Lysias, 77, 91.
Olympiodorus, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.
_Olynthiacs, the_, of Demosthenes, 206, 210, 223, 233, 245, 246, 255.
Olynthus, 210-211, 217, 245, 286, 295.
Onetor, speech of Demosthenes against, 256.
Orphism, 164.
Palamedes, the defence of, by Gorgias, 16, 51.
_Panathenaicus, the_, of Isocrates, 126, 127, 129, 157.
Pancleon, speech of Lysias against, 101.
_Panegyricus, the_, of Isocrates, 91, 134, 140, 144, 146, 149-52,
276, 279.
Pantaenetus, speech of Demosthenes against, 258.
Papyri, 4, 113, 288.
_Paradox_, 244-5.
_Paraleipsis_, 32, 174.
_Parallelism_, 17, 29.
_Parenthesis_, 69.
Parmenides, 9, 142.
Pasion, 158.
_Pathos_, 88, 123, 178.
Pausanias, 227.
_Peace, on the_, speech of Andocides, 57, 70;
of Demosthenes, 212, 256;
of Isocrates, 140, 153-4.
Peloponnesian War, the, 126-7, 135, 201.
Pergamus, 308.
Pericles, 6, 7, 10, 34, 74, 93, 141, 154, 268, 309.
_Period_, 16, 24-6, 82-4, 114, 133.
Persia, 4, 92-3, 144, 147, 150-2, 221.
_Personalities_, 35, 67-9, 122, 164, 170-1, 187-91, 233, 248, 305.
_Personification_, 198, 234, 280-1.
Persuasion, the goddess, 142.
_Phaedrus, the_, of Plato, 7, 50, 127.
Phaenippus, speech of Demosthenes against, 260.
Phanos, speech of Demosthenes for, 256.
Pherenicus, speech of Lysias for, 102.
Philip of Macedon, 81, 126, 129, 130, 145-9, 158, 165, 167-9, 176-7,
189, 206-221, 251, 269, 286, 294-5.
Philip’s letter, Demosthenes’ answer to, 267.
_Philippics, the_, of Demosthenes, 207-10, 213, 216-18, 255-6, 266.
Philippides, speech of Hyperides against, 288, 299.
_Philippus, the_, of Isocrates, 126, 129, 146-9, 215, 279.
Philocles, speech of Dinarchus against, 303-5.
Philocrates, speech of Hyperides against, 214, 286;
speech of Lysias against, 96.
Philocrates, the peace of, 146, 168, 212.
Philoctemon, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.
Philon, speech of Lysias against, 98.
Philostratus, 14.
Phocion, =268-269=; 196, 200, 225, 229, 278, 287, 311.
Phocis, 169, 212, 217, 220.
Phœnix, 2.
Phormio, speech of Demosthenes for, 257;
do. against, 204, 260.
Phryne, Hyperides’ defence of, 286, 289, 293.
Phrynichus, 20.
Pickard-Cambridge, A. W., 233, 251.
Piraeus, 8, 150, 225, 272.
Pisander, 19.
Piso, 76-7.
_Plataicus, the_, of Isocrates, 152-3.
Plato, 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 20, 50, 51, 74-5, 101-2, 104, 127, 136,
204, 231, 238-9, 285, 309.
Plato _comicus_, 4.
Plutarch, 5, 6, 166, 201, 203, 226, 229, 232, 268.
— Pseudo-, 44, 57, 59, 74-5, 90, 123, 127, 143, 272-3, 285, 298.
_Poetical quotations_, 184, 187, 232, 275, 279, 281.
_Poetical words_, 16, 17, 23, 51-2, 179.
Poisoning, speech of Antiphon on a charge of, 29, 44, 48.
Polemarchus, 99.
Polycles, speech of Demosthenes against, 259.
Polycrates, 162.
Polysperchon, 310.
Polystratus, speech of Lysias for, 95.
Priestess and Priesthood, speeches of Lycurgus on the, 274.
_Probability, argument from_, 36.
Prodicus, 10, 20.
_Prooemia_, of Demosthenes, 267;
of Lysias, 82.
_Prose-style_ (see also _Period_, _Style_, etc.), 3, 14, 16, 21, 130,
201, 238-240.
Protagoras, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 22, 127, 136, 308.
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 272.
Pyrrhus, speech of Isaeus on the estate of, 124.
Pytheas, 202, 270.
_Pythian speech, the_, of Gorgias, 15.
Pythian Games, the, 212.
Pythoclides, 6.
Questions, rhetorical, 58, 71, 115-16, 293, 304.
Quintilian, 58, 230, 312.
_de Reditu_, speech of Andocides, 54-55, 70.
_Rhetoric and rhetoricians_, 3, 9, 12, 32, 50, 59, 129-30, 133, 138,
161, 162, 181, 199, 312.
_Rhetorical devices_, 33, 64, 69, 93, 183, 244-52, 304.
Rhodians, speech of Demosthenes on the freedom of the, 255, 266.
_Rhyme_, 18, 30-31.
_Rhythm_, 16, 27-30, 52, 132-3, 184, 241-4.
Rome, 314.
Sacred Olive, speech of Lysias on the, 99-100.
Sacred War, the, 166, 169.
_Sacrilege_, 53.
Salamis, 5.
Samos, 8.
Samothrace, 19.
Sandys, Sir J. E., 218.
Sextus Empiricus, 13, 14.
Sicilian expedition, the, 53, 126.
Sicily, 3, 9.
_Simile_, 9, 290-1.
Simon, speech of Lysias against, 99.
_Smooth style, the_, 131.
Social War, the, 153.
Socrates, 127, 136-8, 300.
_Socrates, the Accusation of_, by Polycrates, 162.
Socratics, 138.
Soldier, speech of Lysias for the, 97.
Solon, 141, 173.
Sophists, the, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 22, 135-44, 157, 160.
Sophists, speech of Alcidamas on the, 160.
Sophists, speech of Isocrates against the, 127, 128, 136-144.
Spudias, speech of Demosthenes against, 256.
Stephanus, speech of Demosthenes against, 257, 259.
_Structure_ of sentences, 30, 82, 133-4, 181-2, 292-3;
of speeches, 35, 52, 81, 114, 117, 120-2, 191, 252-5.
_Style_, types and characteristics of, 15-16, 21-7, 51, 58, 61, 78,
82, 113, 117, 119, 179-81, 185, 234, 238, 276, 292-3, 303-4.
_Sublime, treatise on the_, 229, 297.
περὶ συντάξεως, speech of Demosthenes, 267.
Symmories, speech of Demosthenes on the, 206, 244-5, 255, 265.
Syracuse, 11.
Tarsus, 308.
_Tetralogies, the_, of Antiphon, 19-43, 44-9, 60.
Thebes, 126, 141, 145, 147, 152, 186, 215, 221, 227, 271.
Themistocles, 5, 6, 141, 154, 198.
Theocrines, speech of Demosthenes against, 265.
Theodorus of Byzantium, 50, 52-3.
Theomnestus, speech of Lysias against, 100.
Theophrastus, 269, 302, 313.
_Theoric Fund, the_, 211, 218, 219, 245-6.
Theramenes, 20, 127.
Thermopylae, 220.
Thessaly, 14, 217, 220.
Thirty, The, 76, 98, 127, 164, 174, 199, 271.
Thrasymachus, =50-52=; 132, 308.
Thucydides, 3, 5, 7, 8, 16, 18-20, 27-9, 51, 52, 55, 105, 114, 199,
203.
Thurii, 74-5.
Timarchus, speech of Aeschines against, 164-6, 168, 170, 173, 176,
193-4.
Timocrates, speech of Demosthenes against, 205, 248, 251, 254, 261.
Timotheus, son of Conon, 128.
Timotheus, letter of Isocrates to, 158.
Tisias, 12-14, 50, 75.
Tisis, speech of Lysias against, 102.
_Torture of slaves_, 47, 110-11, 112.
_Trapeziticus, the_, of Isocrates, 158.
Treaty with Alexander, speech of Demosthenes on the, 267.
Trierarchic Crown, speech of Demosthenes on the, 256.
Trierarchic law, 219.
Verrall, A. W., 31.
_Vocabulary_, 18, 22, 23, 61, 68, 81, 113, 134-5, 179, 289.
Weil, H., 218, 251, 265, 306.
Wounding with intent, speech of Lysias on, 99.
Xenophon, 7.
Xerxes, 6.
Zeno, 7, 9.
Zenothemis, speech of Demosthenes against, 204, 259.
περὶ τοῦ ζεύγους, speech of Isocrates, 158.
Ζεὺς Κτήσιος, 111.
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