[1] Cic. _ad fam._ x, 16, 2, _Ipse tibi sis senatus_.
[2] _Georgic_ i, 505-514 (Conington's translation, with alterations).
[3] Polybius, vi, 56, Shuckburgh's Translation.
[4] Polybius, xviii, 35.
[5] Sextus Empiricus, _Adv. mathematicos_, ix, 54.
[6] Cicero, _N.D._ i, 42, 118.
[7] Diodorus Siculus, i, 2.
[8] Quoted by Augustine, _C.D._ iv, 27; vi, 5; also referred to by
Tertullian, _ad Natt._ ii, 1.
[9] Suetonius, _Augustus_, 31, 75, 93; Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals_,
p. 344.
[10] Suet. Aug. 90, 92.
[11] Horace, _Odes_, iii, 24, 9-20, Gladstone's version.
[12] Horace, _Odes_, iii, 6, Delicta maiorum.
[13] _De Haruspicum Responsis_, 9, 19; _N.D._ ii, 3, 8.
[14] E.g. _Apol._ 25, with a serious criticism of the contrast between
Roman character before and after the conquest of the world,--before and
after the invasion of Rome by the images and idols of Etruscans and
Greeks.
[15] _Augustine C.D._ vi, 2.
[16] On _AEneid_, xi, 785.
[17] Propertius, v, 1, 69.
[18] Ovid, _Fasti_, i, 7.
[19] Livy, i, 19.
[20] Livy, iv, 30.
[21] Plutarch, _Romulus_, 21; _Caesar_, 61, Warde Fowler, _Roman
Festivals_, p. 310 f.
[22] Suetonius, _Aug._ 31, Warde Fowler, _op. cit._ p. 190.
[23] Mommsen, _History_, i, p. 231, who translates the hymn.
[24] Quintilian, i, 6, 40. See specimen in Varro, _L.L._ vii, 26.
[25] _Epp._ ii, 1, 20-27, 86.
[26] Cicero, _ad fam._ xiv, 4, 1.
[27] Hor. _Sat._ i, 9, 69: Porphyrion is the authority for the comedies.
[28] Prudentius, _contra Symmachum_, i, 197-218.
[29] Tibullus, i, 10, 15.
[30] _C.D._ iv, 8. "To an early Greek," says Mr Gilbert Murray, "the
earth, water and air were full of living eyes: of _theoi_, of
_daimones_, of _Keres_. One early poet says emphatically that the air
is so crowded full of them that there is no room to put in the spike of
an ear of corn without touching one."--_Rise of Greek Epic_, p. 82.
[31] _de Spect._ 5; cf. _de Idol._ 16; _de cor. mil._ 13, gods of the
door; _de Anima_, 39, goddesses of child-birth.
[32] Lucr. iv, 580 f. Virg. _AEn._ viii, 314.
[33] Cic. _N.D._ ii, 2, 6: cf. _De Div._ i, 45, 101. Warde Fowler,
_Roman Festivals_, pp. 256 ff. on the Fauni.
[34] Pliny, _N.H._ viii, 151; xxx, 84.
[35] Plutarch, _Numa_, 15; _de facie in orbe lunae_, 30; Ovid, _Fasti_,
iii, 291.
[36] Horace's ode attests the power of the Fauns over crops and herds.
[37] Dionys. Hal. v, 16.
[38] Pliny, _N.H._ xii, 3.
[39] Ovid, _Fasti_, iii, 267. _Licia dependent longas velantia saepes,
et posita est meritae multa tabella deae_.
[40] Virgil, AEn. x, 423.
[41] Horace, _Odes_, iii, 13.
[42] W. Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, p. 240.
[43] Cf. Tertullian, _de Baptismo_, 5. _Annon et alias sine ullo
Sacramento immundi spiritus aquis incubant, adfectantes illam in
primordio divini spiritus gestationem? Sciunt opaci quique fontes, et
avii quique rivi, et in balneis piscinae et euripi in domibus, vel
cisternae et putei, qui rapere dicuntur, scilicet per vim spiritus
nocentis. Nympholeptos et lymphaticos et hydrophobos vocant quos aquae
necaverunt aut amentia vel formidine exercuerunt. Quorsum ista
retulimus? Ne quis durius credat angelum dei sanctum aquis in salutem
hominis temperandis adesse._
[44] Ovid, _Fasti_, vi, 155 f.
[45] Cf. (Lucian) _Asinus_, 24. _poi badixeis aoria talaipore; oude ta
daimonia dedoikas_.
[46] Pliny, _N.H._ xxxvi, 204.
[47] Lampridius, _Alex. Sev._ 29. 2.
[48] _Fasti_, v. 145. Cf. Prudentius, _adv. Symm_, ii, 445 f.
[49] _Odes_, iii, 23. _Farre pio_.
[50] On _Georgic_ i, 302, See Varro, _ap._ Aug. _C.D._ vii, 13. Also
_Tert. de Anima_, 39, _Sic et omnibus genii deputantur, quod daemonum
nomen est. Adeo nulla ferme nativitas munda, utique ethnicorum_.
[51] Hor. _Ep._ ii. 2, 187 f. Howes' translation. Cf. _Faerie Queene_,
II, xii, 47.
[52] See J. H. Moulton in _Journal of Theological Studies_, III, 514.
[53] Burkitt, _Early Eastern Christianity_, p. 222.
[54] _Fasti_, iii, 57; Seneca, _Ep._ 18. 1, _December est mensis: cum
maxime civitas sudat, ius luxuries publicae datum est ... ut non
videatur mihi errasse qui dixit: olim mensem Decembrem fuisse nunc
annum_.
[55] Cf. Robertson Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, lect. xi.
[56] Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, pp. 106 f.
[57] Ovid, _Fasti_, ii, 409 f. Warde Fowler, _op. cit._ pp. 306 f.
[58] Ovid, _Fasti_, v, 490.
[59] _De Divinatione_, i, 1, 2.
[60] _ib._ i, 3, 5.
[61] _ib._ i, 39, 84.
[62] _De Divinatione_, i, 38, 82, 83. Cf. Tertullian, _de Anima_, 46.
_Sed et Stoici deum malunt providentissimum humanae institutioni inter
cetera praesidia divinatricum artium et disciplinarum somnia quoque
nobis indidisse, peculiare solatium naturalis oraculi_.
[63] Panaetius and Seneca should be excepted from this charge.
[64] Cic. _de Div._ ii, 72, 149, 150. Cf. _de Legg._ ii, 13, 32.
Plutarch also has the same remark about sleep and superstition.
[65] Cf. _Odes_, iii, 27.
[66] _Tusculans_, i, 21, 48.
[67] Hor. _Ep._ ii, 2, 208; Howes.
[68] Tertullian, de _Idol._ 9, _seimus magiae et astrologiae inter se
societatem_.
[69] Pliny the elder on Magic, _N.H._ xxx, opening sections; _N.H._
xxviii, 10, on incantations, _polleantne aliquid verba et incantamenta
carminum_.
[70] Livy, xxix, 11, 14; Ovid, fasti, iv, 179 f. The goddess was
embodied in a big stone.
[71] Lucretius, ii, 608 f.
[72] Cf. Strabo, c. 470; Juvenal, vi, 511 f.
[73] See Ramsay, _Church in the Roman Empire_, p. 397. The Latins used
the word _divinus_ in this way--Seneca, _de teata vita_, 26, 8.
[74] (Lucian) Asinus, 37. The same tale is amplified in Apuleius'
_Golden Ass_, where the episode of these priests is given with more
detail, in the eighth book. Seneca hints that a little blood might
make a fair show; see his picture of the same, _de beata vita_, 26, 8.
[75] Tertullian, _ad Natt._ i, 10; Apel. 6. He has the strange fancy
that Serapis was originally the Joseph of the book of Genesis, _ad
Natt._ ii, 8.
[76] Valerius Maximus, i, 3, 4.
[77] Dio C. xlvii, 15.
[78] Tibullus, i, 3, 23 f. Cf. Propertius, ii, 28, 45; Ovid, _A.A._
iii, 635.
[79] Juvenal, vi, 522 f.
[80] Lucan, viii, 831, _Isin semideosque canes_.
[81] Ovid, _Am._ ii, 13, 7.
[82] Unless _Isiaci coniectores_ is Cicero's own phrase, _de Div._ i,
58, 132.
[83] Cicero, _Div._ ii, 59, 121. For _egkolmesis_ or _incubatio_ see
Mary Hamilton, _Incubation_ (1906)
[84] Clem. Alex. Paedag. iii, 28, to the same effect. Tertullian on the
temples, _de Pud._ c. 5. Reference may be made to the hierodules of
the temples in ancient Asia and in modern India.
[85] _Corp. Inscr. Lai._ ii, 3386. The enumeration of the jewels was a
safeguard against theft.
[86] Flinders Petrie, _Religion of Ancient Egypt_, p. 44; Hamilton,
_Incubation_, pp. 174, 182 f.
[87] Julian, _Or._ iv, 136 B.
[88] Lucr. v, 1194.
[89] Lucr. i, 62-79.
[90] See Patin, _La Poesie Latine_, i, 120.
[91] Lucr. iii, 60 f.
[92] Pliny, _N.H._ xxx, 12, 13. Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, pp.
111 f. on the _Argei_ and the whole question of human sacrifice. For
Plutarch's explanation of it as due not to gods but to evil demons who
enforced it, see p. 107.
[93] Pliny, _N.H._ xxviii, 12; Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 3, where,
however, the meaning may only be that the rites are done in symbol; he
refers to the actual sacrifice of human beings in the past. See
Tertullian, _Apol._ 9 on sacrifice of children in Africa in the reign
of Tiberius.
[94] Strabo, c. 239. Strabo was a contemporary of Augustus. Cf. J. G.
Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 63, for another instance in this
period.
[95] Lucr. v, 1204-1240. We may compare Browning's _Bp. Blougram_ on
the instability of unbelief:--
Just when we are safest, there's a sunset-touch,
A fancy from a flower-bell, some one's death,
A chorus-ending from Euripides--
And that's enough for fifty hopes and fears
As old and new at once as nature's self,
To rap and knock and enter in our soul,
Take hands and dance there, a fantastic ring,
Round the ancient idol, on his base again,--
The grand Perhaps! We look on helplessly.
[96] Lucr. iii, 53.
[97] Seneca, _Ep._ 95, 33.
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