TRAITORS, REDCOATS, AND REDSKINS
When on that memorable morning in June 1837 the young Princess
Victoria was awakened from her slumber and told that she had become
mistress of the British Empire, far away, in one part of the Empire,
two men were plotting to overthrow the new Queen's authority. Canada
was again beset by disloyalty and rebellion. By this time that
portion of the country which Champlain had founded and Frontenac
ruled, now called Lower Canada, was filled with industrious,
God-fearing peasantry, tilling their farms, pursuing the peaceful,
wholesome life of the village and countryside. Westward to them lay
Upper Canada and the towns and homesteads of the Loyalists, into
which many more thousands of settlers had poured since the days of
King George III. Amongst both these people a host of agitators
arose, restless lawyer-politicians for the most part, who cried out
for liberty and a republic. We have seen these crafty-eyed men, with
their loud voices and sardonic smile, stalking all through the pages
of New World history. They were the successors of the renegades who
revolted against Champlain, just as 150 years before that there were
the jealous {288} malcontents who revolted against Christopher
Columbus and brought him in sorrow to the grave. Frontenac faced
them, and with an effort he put them down; the gallant Lasalle met
his death at their hands; under Samuel Adams they achieved a triumph
in New England which led to the loss of the thirteen American
colonies. A noisy, reckless faction of this kind it was which had
forced America into the shameful, useless war of 1812. Now the
revolutionists stalked rampant in Canada, and it was high time their
leaders were overthrown and crushed. In the English part of Canada,
the Upper Provinces, the revolutionaries were led by a rash and
impulsive Scotchmen named William Mackenzie. In Lower Canada, which
was chiefly peopled by French Canadians, the rebels looked to Louis
Papineau as their leader. When Lord Gosford, the Governor, warned
the people of the peril they ran in listening to the counsels of the
demagogues who would ruin them, they only met in the streets shouting
"Long live Papineau, our deliverer!" Daring bands of rebels, called
"Sons of Liberty," tore down the Governor's proclamation. In a few
weeks Papineau gave the signal and his followers flew to arms. It
was the time of harvest; the grain had ripened and was ready for the
reaper, but the English settlers in Lower Canada, loyal to their
young Queen, dared not use their scythes and sickles for fear of the
loaded muskets of the French Canadian rebels. They fled for refuge
to Montreal, where the first skirmish in the rebellion took place.
Then the rebels set upon a small body of loyal cavalry marching from
St. John's, on the {289} Richelieu River. Amongst them was a young
officer, Lieutenant Weir, the bearer of despatches from Colonel Gore.
He was made prisoner and placed in the custody of some of the
insurgents, who, regardless of mercy and decency, butchered him in
barbarous fashion. While Weir was being hacked to pieces by
Papineau's men, the rebel leader learned from the captured despatches
that Gore and his soldiers were marching upon them. At St. Denis,
therefore, they entrenched themselves, and for some hours held the
post, keeping up a deadly fire upon the troops.
Fortunately for the English flag in Canada, there was an able man to
defend it in the person of Sir John Colborne, one of the generals of
the Duke of Wellington. He sent Colonel Wetherell to take the rebel
post at St. Charles. Here a weak and foolish American, who called
himself "General" Brown, abandoned his men almost at the first
artillery discharge. Though they fought on for a time, none the
worse for their leader's absence, they were soon dispersed by
assault. Colborne himself, with a force of regulars and militia,
marched to the villages of St. Eustache and St. Benoit. The parish
church at St. Eustache, built of stone, was turned into a fort, and
here, in the sacred edifice, the rebels bade defiance to the soldiers
of the Queen. Their fate was a terrible one. Flames shot through
the roof and steeple, and the walls began to fall in. The rebels
continuing to make a stand until escape was too late, almost the
whole number of those who thus held St. Eustache were burnt to ashes.
When Colborne marched his men on to St. Benoit {290} the rebels, now
thoroughly frightened at their misdeeds, sued for peace. They
surrendered ignominiously, but this did not prevent the British
settlers, whose homes and harvests they had destroyed, from venting
their anger upon them, so that this village and many houses round
about fell a prey to their wrath. That night the countryside was lit
up by a terrible glow. On the morrow it was seen how few amongst the
vast body of French Canadians were really disloyal to the Government
which had given them political and religious liberty. In one of the
districts which had been claimed by Papineau, 1500 militiamen put
themselves under the French Canadian, Colonel de Hertel, and declared
themselves staunch in their allegiance and ready to help in quelling
the rebellion. Although Papineau's men had fled cravenly across the
border at the first outbreak of trouble, others still continued to
foment war and bloodshed. Two unhappy brothers named Nelson gained
an unenviable notoriety. One of them boldly proclaimed the
"Republic" of Canada; but all they gained for their pains was the
melancholy pleasure of seeing their countrymen, of both French and
English origin, in distress, gaols filled with their deluded
followers, many of whom were afterwards hanged for treason.
While this was happening in Lower Canada to cause the young Queen and
her ministers anxiety, in Upper Canada William Mackenzie and his
followers revelled in riot. Mackenzie fancied he was another
Washington; he wrote bombastic letters to his fellow-traitor,
Papineau, and busied himself with {291} designing a flag for his new
Republic, on which were two stars, one for each province. At last
Mackenzie considered the time had come for war, and he and his
friends decided to capture Toronto.
One bright, cold December day 1000 rebels were entrenched at their
rendezvous, Montgomery's tavern, a few miles outside Toronto. An old
soldier, who had fought under Napoleon, Van Egmond, undertook to
drill them; Sam Lount, a beetle-browed blacksmith, was their
commander-in-chief. To nip their schemes in the bud, against them
marched the royal Governor, Sir Francis Head, with 500 militia. The
Governor called upon them to surrender and lay down their arms; they
refused, and an exchange of fire took place. Then the courage of the
insurgents oozed out, and they fled, the ringleader, Mackenzie, being
among the first who took to his heels. He retired to a little spot
in the middle of the Niagara River called Navy Island, and proceeded
to establish what he called a Provisional Government. Overhead,
greatly to his own satisfaction, floated the two-starred flag of the
Canadian Republic. Here Mackenzie impudently issued grants of land
to all who would take up arms in his cause, and despatched them in a
steamboat called the _Caroline_. One dark night a dashing young
British lieutenant seized the rebel _Caroline_, which his American
sympathisers had lent to "President" Mackenzie, set her on fire, and
dropped her, a burning mass, over the Niagara Falls.
A time soon came when the American sympathisers felt that they had
gone too far, and their {292} President issued a proclamation warning
his people against attacking a friendly power. In spite of this,
however, several American filibustering expeditions took place before
they realised the hopelessness of endeavouring to seize Canada, as
they had seized Texas from a friendly nation like Mexico and make it
a part of their Republic.
Mackenzie was arrested by the Americans themselves and sentenced to
eighteen months in gaol. Had he been caught in Canada, he would have
suffered the fate of his companions and been hanged, as he richly
deserved, for treason.
The disaffection all came to an end when Queen Victoria's Government,
acting on the advice of Lord Durham, who had been sent to Canada to
inquire into the disturbances, united Upper Canada and Lower Canada
into one province, and granted the people the power to manage their
own affairs in a Parliament of their own. After a time, when the
Canadian people could not agree upon a spot to be chosen for a
capital town for their now united Provinces of Ontario and Quebec,
they called upon Queen Victoria to select one for them. It so
happened that there was on the banks of the Ottawa a little village
named Bytown, not far from two beautiful falls, the Rideau and
Chaudière. It was the scene of a prosperous lumbering camp, and
several sawmills throve there; it was far removed from the stress and
the struggle of the French and English parties, and from bitter
political feeling. So the young Queen, who had seen some sketches of
the {293} village, chose it for the meeting-place of Parliament and
the residence of her Governor-General. All parties were pleased, and
so it came about that Bytown was rechristened Ottawa, and it in
course of a few years became filled with magnificent buildings and
beautiful homes.
Ottawa was destined to be still more important and famous as the
capital of the entire DOMINION OF CANADA. For as time went on all
the British provinces, both of the east and the west, that begun by
Poutraincourt 250 years before in Acadia, and that founded by Selkirk
on the Red River, all the colonies between the Atlantic and the
Pacific north of the American border, had grown and flourished and
sought to be welded into a single nation under the British flag.
Thirty years after Papineau's rebellion, therefore, the desired union
took place, and in 1867 the Canadian Dominion, under Sir John
Macdonald's leadership, began its career.
The new order of things involved many changes. Amongst others it was
time in the Far West that the power of the Hudson's Bay Company over
the vast region of Rupert's Land should come to a close. No longer
was it meet and proper that a body of fur-traders should be lords
paramount over all this territory. Yet neither the Company nor its
dependents, the voyageurs, trappers, and hunters, were eager for any
change. The Métis or Bois-Brulés, of whom we spoke in the last
chapter, had grown accustomed to the Company's rule. "If," said
they, "the Company is no longer to govern us, then we should govern
ourselves." When they saw the first {294} advance guard of Canadians
from the east coming in to take their land for farms, to lay out
roads and townships, the Bois-Bruits met in angry protest; they
defied the Canadians to take their country without their consent.
They were joined by a number of American immigrants, who regarded any
political trouble with pleasure as hastening the annexation which was
the object of their desire.
Again did a leader step quickly forth from their ranks. His name was
Louis Riel. Half-educated, fanatical, this young man dreamed dreams
of future power and glory. In person he was short and stout, with a
large head, a high forehead, and an intelligent eye; above his brow a
mass of long and thick black hair clustered. No sooner was it clear
that the authority of the Hudson's Bay Company had been sold for
Canadian gold, than Riel proclaimed himself Dictator of the new
province of Rupert's Land; he issued a bombastic proclamation to his
people refusing to recognise the authority of Canada "coming to rule
us with a rod of despotism," and declaring a Provisional Government,
as so many agitators had done before him. A new flag, comprised of
the fleur-de-lys and a shamrock, out of compliment to the Irish
Fenians, was hoisted over Fort Garry, a strong stone fortress which
the Company had built on the Red River, not far from where the city
of Winnipeg now stands.
When the Canadian Government heard of the trouble that was brewing in
its newly-acquired territory of Rupert's Land, the greatest alarm was
felt, for at that very moment Governor MacDougall was on his {295}
way to Fort Garry to take charge of the new territory. The Governor
had just set foot across the border when he was met by Riel and three
or four thousand followers at a barrier built across the roadway.
Two courses were open to him: to fight or retreat. As he had no
desire to shed blood, he returned quietly across the border.
Riel could not now keep his hot-headed followers in hand. Sixty
prisoners, all who dared to oppose his schemes, were seized and
locked up in the fort. A commissioner was sent from Canada, Donald
Smith, afterwards Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, to allay the
excitement, but his mission had no immediate effect, for Louis Riel
was resolved to play a heroic part in the eyes of Indians and Métis.
Several of the leading men of the Company were put in irons. So
overwhelmed was the Company's governor, that he took to his bed and
never recovered. While he lay in the shadow of death, the pitiless
Riel stood over him heaping him with abuse. As for Donald Smith,
Riel gave orders to his guard, "Shoot that man," said he, "if he
makes an attempt at escape or disobeys my orders." But Donald Smith
survived the ordeal, living to be governor of the territory, and
afterwards to be known all over the Empire as one of the chief
builders of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Amongst the prisoners who had dared to defy Riel's power was a
resolute young Canadian named Thomas Scott. Scott had refused to bow
the knee to the Dictator, and Riel resolved that he should die. So
on the 4th March 1870 Scott was led outside the gate of the fort,
with a white handkerchief bound {296} across his brow; his coffin,
with a white sheet thrown upon it, was carried with him; his eyes
were then bandaged, he was allowed a few minutes for prayer, and then
told to kneel in the snow. Six half-breeds, who had been plied
heavily with drink, then raised their muskets; their shots rang out,
and Scott immediately fell back, pierced by three bullets. He had
not been executed; he had been brutally murdered. Like wild-fire
through the east flew the news of the death of Scott. Volunteers and
regulars were hastily summoned. At that time there was in Canada an
able Colonel of the British Army, by name Garnet Wolseley. Very few
knew his name then, but he, too, was destined to be world-famous. He
instantly put himself at the head of the Red River brigade and
pressed on to Fort Garry to punish the impudent traitor who had dared
to set Canada at defiance. The Red River brigade pressed on through
bad roads, dense forests; they crossed lakes and turbulent rivers in
leaky boats. A number of accidents occurred and many narrow escapes
from rock and rapid. But at last through the 600 miles of wilderness
Colonel Wolseley and his men of the brigade came to the neighbourhood
of Fort Garry. A line of skirmishers was thrown out in advance; it
was not yet known what defence "the little Napoleon," as his
adherents were fond of calling Riel, would offer. To Wolseley's
surprise, no banner floated from the flagstaff and the gates of the
fort were open. Through the portals the Colonel and his brigade
marched, angry that they had been balked of their prey. Louis Riel's
courage had oozed out at the {297} last moment, and he had fled
across the Assiniboine River.
[Illustration: The Defeat of Louis Riel, Fish Creek, 1885]
But Canada was not yet done with Louis Riel. Fifteen years passed
away--years of stirring change. Thousands of colonists had poured
into the new and fertile province now called Manitoba, and a
flourishing city arose on the site of Fort Garry. In sullenness the
half-breeds still further withdrew into the heart of the wilderness
and settled on the banks of the Saskatchewan and the far Saskatchewan
Valley. Silently they nourished hate against the settlers, looking
to their leader Riel, who lived in exile across the American border,
to come some day and avenge their wrongs.
Slowly but surely the farmers and ranchers pushed the half-breeds and
hunters farther and farther, until they felt the forests slip from
them. When they could bear it no longer, they sent a message to Riel
to free them from the tyranny of the Canadian immigrants. Riel
answered the call; he rejoiced this time in the title of Liberator,
for he told the Indians and Bois-Brulés he would liberate their lands
from the harvesters and ranchmen. Gathering together not only the
half-breeds, but many of the red-men as well, the rebels advanced on
the Canadian militia at Duck Lake and inflicted upon them a defeat.
Flushed with this triumph, Riel sought the chiefs of the Cree and
Black Feet tribes; he showed them how the Canadians could be driven
out of the country, and the old happy, careless, prosperous days of
the Indians would return. Amongst those who listened was Big Bear,
chieftain {298} of the Crees, and Crow Foot of the warlike Black
Feet, besides Poundmaker and other chiefs. War and butchery ensued;
helpless settlers were shot down without mercy. But Nemesis was at
hand. Canada was pouring an army of redcoats into the turbulent
North-West, and the fate of Riel and his deluded half-breeds and
redskin followers was sealed. He himself was seized, found guilty of
treason, and hanged at last for his folly and his crimes.
We have now in the pages of this book marked the Romance of Canada
from that summer day nearly four centuries ago when the adventurous
Cartier sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and marvelled at the
red-men and the beauty of the Canadian forests; we have marked the
gallant Poutraincourt plan his picturesque little colony in Acadia;
noted the deeds of the valiant Champlain and his loyal trust in the
land for which he spent and suffered so much. Can you forget the
fortitude and unquenchable heroism of the ill-fated Jesuits? The
picturesque fidelity and thrilling adventures of Charles de la Tour
and his brave wife; the heroic achievements of Frontenac; the fierce
struggle against fate of hapless Montcalm; the glorious victory of
Wolfe; the zeal and sufferings of the United Empire Loyalists, pass
in a succession of pictures as we compass those three centuries of
time since Canada became the settled habitation of lion-hearted men.
Gradually the ferocious red-man with his musket and tomahawk has been
driven from his lodges and wigwams in the east, to make way for
bustling cities {299} and thriving towns and villages. The lakes and
rivers, where the birch-bark canoes of the savage, where the daring
fur-hunters once thronged, laden with the spoils of the forest, now
bear on their bosoms hundreds of busy steam-boats, freighted with the
produce of farm and orchard and factory. The lonely, dangerous
trails along which Champlain, Frontenac, Lasalle, and Verendrye led
their men have given way to steel highroads which traverse the entire
Continent. Everywhere the spirit of progress has smiled upon the
land, and the farms, orchards, and homesteads of Canada smile upward
to the clear heavens in return.
Do not forget that Romance, though unseen by the bodily eye, never
dies. It is as beautiful as the landscape or the setting sun.
Search for it in the annals of the past, and each grey lake, every
simple river, both hill and dale, have their stirring story to tell
of valour and heroic sacrifice, of noble endurance, of patriotic deed.
Canada was not easy in the making; much blood flowed and many loyal
hearts were broken before the Great Dominion arose.
{301}
INDEX
NDX
Abenaki tribe, 139, 157, 158
Abercrombie, General, 209, 210
Abraham, Plains of, 217
Acadia, 18, 28, 101, 159, 179, 184, 187, 190
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 178
Albany, Fort, 118, 142
Alexander, Sir W., 50, 52
Algonquin tribe, 7, 31, 32, 33, 43, 48, 77
Allan, E., 239
Allumette Island, 34
American revolutionary war, 247
American war of 1812, 262
Amherst, General, 208, 214
Andros, Governor, 128
Annahotaha (chief), 81
Annapolis, 20, 159, 169, 177
Anson, Admiral, 178
Anville, Duke d', 176
Argall, S., 26, 27
Arnold, B., 239, 245, 246
Asgill, Captain, 250
Assiniboines tribe, 104
Avaugour, Marquis d', 84
Bailey, Governor, 150, 152
Barre, La, Governor, 113, 122, 123
Beauséjour, Fort, 184, 188, 198
Biard, Father, 24
Biencourt, Baron de, 24, 27, 51
Big Jaw (chief), 123
Bigot, F., 193, 203, 211, 230, 231
Bochat, Du Plessis, 77
Boerstler, 269
Bois-Brulés, 276, 278, 281, 294
Borgne, Le, 99, 100
Boscawen, Admiral, 209
Boucher, 282
Bougainville, General, 217, 221
Bouillé, Helen (wife of Champlain), 33, 41, 66
Bouquet, Colonel, 236
Braddock, General, 196, 197, 199
Bradstreet, Colonel, 210
Brant, Mollie, 200
Brébeuf, J. de, 59, 71
Breda, Treaty of, 101
British Columbia, 12
Brock, I., 263, 264, 265
Burton, Colonel, 219
Cabot, John, 3, 12
Cabot, Sebastian, 3
Cadet, 231
Cadillac, La Motte, 166
Caen, W. and E. de, 43, 45, 49
Callières, De, Governor, 124, 126, 131, 154, 155, 156
Canada, 3, 6, 14; first colonisation of, 16; 18, 165, 203; and the
American Revolution, 239, 256
Cape Breton, 50, 163, 166
Carleton, Sir G., 239, 243, 244, 257
Caron, J. le, 36
Cartier, Jacques, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9; dies, 10; 30
Cayuga tribe, 31, 182
Célèron, Chevalier, 182
Chaleurs, Baie de, 4
Champlain, Lake, 32
Champlain, S. de, 17, 19, 22, 27, 29, 31, 46, 47, 55, 56
Charles I., 47, 51, 54
Charnisay, Chevalier de, 93, 94
Chastes, A. de, 16, 18
Chateauguay, battle of, 273
Chauvin, 15
Chrysler's Farm, battle of, 273
Colborne, Sir J., 289
Columbus, C., 2
Contrecour, 198
Cook, Captain J., 215
Cornwallis, E., 184, 185
Cornwallis, General, 249
Courcelle, Sieur de, 85, 88, 103
Cromwell, Oliver, 100
Crown Point, 200, 239
Dale, Sir T., 27
Daniel, Father, 70
Dauversiére, J. de la, 62
Deerfield, raid of, 157
Denonville, Marquis de, 124, 126, 129
Destournelles, Admiral, 177
Detroit, 233, 270
Dieskau, Baron, 196, 200, 201
Dinwiddie, Governor, 195
Dixon, 120
Dollard, A. (Daulac des Ormeaux), 80
Donacona (chief), 6, 8
Dongan, Colonel, 112, 126
Drake, Sir F., 12
Drucour, General, 209
Duchambon, 173, 174
Duchesneau, 107
Duck Lake, battle of, 297
Dupuy, Captain, 78, 79
Duquesne, Fort, 197, 198, 201, 210
Duquesue, Marquis, 194, 195, 196
Durham, Earl of, 292
Duval, J., 30
Duvivier, 169, 170
Edward, Fort, 200
Elizabeth, Queen, 12
Erie tribe, 78
Etherington, Captain, 235
Finisterre, Cape, battle of, 178
Fitzgibbon, 267
Five Nations (Indian), 31, 37, 125, 153
Flèche, Father la, 23
Francis I. (France), 3, 10
Frobisher, Martin, 12
Frontenac, Count of, 103, 106, 112, 113, 130, 135, 137, 153, 154
Frontenac, Fort, 110, 153, 210
Fur trade, 11, 16, 33, 43, 104
Galissonière, Governor, 179, 181, 182
Garry, Fort, 294
Gaspé, Cape, 4, 48
George, Fort, 200, 201
George III., 257
Gilbert, Sir H., 12, 13
Gladwin, Major, 233
Gore, Colonel, 289
Gosford, Lord, 288
Grant, C., 276, 279, 281
Green Mountain Boys, 239
Groseilliers, C. de, 104, 105
Guercheville, Madame de, 24, 25
Halifax, N.S., 184
Hampton, General, 272
Harren, Major de, 269
Harrison, General, 271
Haverhill, massacre of, 158
Head, Sir F., 291
Hearne, S., 252
Hébert, L., 41
Henry IV. (of France), 13, 18, 24
Henry VIII., 1
Hertel, F., 133
Hill, Sir J., 160, 161
Hochelaga, 6, 31, 33, 63
Holmes, Captain, 234
Holy Cross (Ste. Croix) River, 19
Horses, 164
Howe, Captain, 186
Howe, Lord, 209
Hudson, H., 35
Hudson's Bay, 35, 142, 251, 276
Hudson's Bay Company, 103, 105 286, 293
Huguenots, the, 45, 46
Hull, General, 264
"Hundred Associates, Company of the," 46, 55, 63, 84
Huron tribe, 31, 33, 36, 48, 57, 59, 69, 73, 77, 79, 126
Iberville, Sieur d', 115, 117, 121, 143, 144, 148
Indians, Red, 4, 12, 31, 42, 231, 264 (see also under individual
tribes)
Iroquois tribe, 31, 36, 57, 60, 65, 112, 124, 127, 132, 139, 153,
155, 202
Isle Royale (Cape Breton), 166
James I., 26, 50
Jefferson, T., 263
Jesuits, 23, 25, 45, 55, 59, 90
Joannès, town-major, 223, 224
Jogues, Father, 67
Johnson, W., 182, 198, 200, 202
Jolliet, 107, 108
Jonquière, Marquis de la, 177, 178, 179, 193, 194
Kirke, Sir D., 47, 49
Kirke, L., 49
Koudiaronk (chief), 126
Labrador, 3, 12
Lachine, massacre of, 128
Lalement, Father, 72
Larobeyre, 129
Laval, F. de, 84, 86, 107, 112
Lawrence, Colonel, 186, 188, 190
Leaden plates and shields, the, 182
Lescarbot, 20, 21
Lévis, Chevalier de, 223, 226, 228, 229, 230
Loudon, Earl of, 205, 207
Louis XIII., 24, 50
Louis XV., 193
Louisburg, 166, 169, 172, 174, 178, 209
Louisiana, 112, 113, 181
Lount, Sam, 291
Loutre, Father le, 171, 177, 184, 185, 186, 188
Loyalists, American, exodus of, 258
Lundy's Lane, battle of, 274
Macdonald, Sir J., 293
M'Donnell, Governor, 279
M'Dougall, Governor, 294
Mackenzie, W., 288, 290, 291, 292
Maisonneuve, Sieur de, 63, 66
Mance, Jeanne, 63, 65
Margerie, F. and G., 60
Marie de Medici, Queen, 24
Marquette, Father, 107, 108
Martigny, 150
Mascarene, P., 169
Massé, E., 24
Mazarin, Cardinal, 99
Membertou (chief), 20, 22, 23, 25
Menou, C. de, _see_ Charnisay
Micmac tribe, 185
Mississippi river, 106, 108
Mohawk tribe, 31, 32, 68, 78, 87, 90, 200
Monckton, Colonel, 188, 189, 198
Montcalm, Marquis de, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 211, 213, 215, 217,
218; his death, 219
Montgomery, R., 239, 244, 245
Montmagny, C. de, 56, 64, 76
"Montmorency, Company of, " 43
Montmorency, Duke of, 45
Montmorency, river, 215
Montreal, 6, 17, 62, 229, 239
Monts, Sieur de, 17, 22, 24, 29, 32
Moon, Captain, 142
Moose Factory, 115
Morrison, Colonel, 274
Mount Desert, 26
Mount Royal, 8, 17, 62
Mouton, Port, 18
Munro, Colonel, 205, 206
Murray, General, 224, 226, 228, 233
Napoleon I., 262
Natanis (chief), 241, 242
Nelson, Fort, 143
New Brunswick, 12, 101, 179
Newfoundland, 3, 11
"New Nation, " 276
New Netherlands, 35, 87
New York, 250, 257
Niagara, Fort, 210
Nicollet, J., 76
Nicholson, Colonel, 169
North-West Company, 275, 277, 278, 279, 286
Nova Scotia, 12, 18, 51, 100, 101, 163, 169, 183, 258
Nova Scotia, Baronets of, 51
Ohio Company, 194
Oneida tribe, 31, 140, 153
Onondaga tribe, 31, 37, 78, 80, 153
Ontario, Lake, 36, 258
"Order of a Good Time, " 21
Oswego, 205
Ottawa, city, 34, 293
Ottawa, river, 34
Palliser, Sir H., 215
Papineau, L., 288, 290
Péan, Madame, 193
Peltrie, Madame de la, 58, 64
Pembina, 277, 278
Pennsylvania, 194
Pepperell, W., 173, 174, 175
Pérouse, Admiral la, 252
Perrot, Governor, 107
Perrot, N., 106
Phips, Sir W., 134, 135, 138, 139
Pitt, Fort, 236
Pitt, William, 208
Pittsburg, 210
Point Lévis, 214
Pontgravé, 15, 16, 29, 31
Pontiac (chief), 232, 233, 236
Portneuf, 133
Port Royal, 19, 20, 25, 27, 52, 99, 158
Poutraincourt, Baron de, 19, 23, 24, 25, 28
Prince Edward Island, 12, 101, 261
Prince of Wales, Fort, 251
Proctor, General, 270
Quebec, 12, 23, 29, 30, 36, 49, 75, 135, 137, 165, 211, 214; storming
of, 216; 222, 224, 228, 245
Queenston Heights, battle of, 266
Radisson, P. E., 104, 105, 114
Ramésay, Commandant, 223, 224
Razilly, Captain do, 93
Recollet priests, 36, 42, 46
Red River Settlement, 261, 275, 285
Rensselaer, General van, 265
Richelieu, Cardinal, 46
Richelieu, Fort, 67
Riel, L., 294, 295, 296, 298
Roberval, Sieur de, 9
Roche, Marquis de la, 13, 15
Rocky Mountains, 168
Rodney, Admiral, 256
Rupert, Fort, 117
Rupert, Prince, 105
Rupert's Land, 294
Ryswick, Peace of, 153, 156
Sable Island, 14
St. Castin, Baron de, 102
St. Foye, battle of, 227
St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of, 54, 55, 93
Ste. Hélène, Sieur de, 115, 117, 132, 139
St. John's (N.B.), 12, 259
St. Joseph, massacre of, 70
St. Joseph Island, 74
St. Lawrence river, 3, 5
St. Louis, Château de, 41
St. Mary on Wye, 71
St. Pierre, Legardeur de, 194, 195, 201
St. Vincent, Earl, 214
Salaberry, Colonel de, 272
Salle, Sieur de la, 107, 109, 112, 181
Sargeant, Governor, 118
Saussaye, La, 26, 27
Schuyler, J., 134
Scott, T., 295
Secord, J., 267
Secord, Laura, 267, 270
Selkirk, Earl of, 261, 275; 278, 280, 282, 285, 286
Semple, R., 280, 281
Seneca tribe, 31, 122, 123, 125
Sérigny, 151, 152
Sheaffe, R., 266
Shelburne, 259
Shirley, W., 172, 175, 183, 188, 198, 200
Smithsend, Captain, 150
Strathcona, Lord, 295
Subercase, 129, 159
Sulpician fathers, 83
Superior, Lake, 76
Talon, J. B., 85, 90, 92, 103, 106
Tecumseh (chief), 264, 270
Tessouat (chief), 34
Ticonderoga, Fort, 209, 239
Tonti, H. de, 110
Toronto, 266, 291
Tour, Charles de la, 51, 53, 55, 93, 98, 100, 101
Tour, Claude de la, 51, 52
Tour, Madame de la, 96, 97, 98
Townsend, General, 222, 223, 224
Tracy, Marquis de, 85, 88, 90
Troyes, Chevalier de, 113, 121, 122
"U.E.L.," 260
Utrecht, Treaty of, 101
Vauban, 166
Vaudreuil, Marquis de, 157, 162, 163
Vaudreuil, Marquis de (son of above), 196, 199, 202, 212, 213, 221,
222, 229
Vauquelin, 229
Ventadour, Duke de, 45
Verchères, Madeleine de la, 141
Verendrye, Sieur, 167
Vergennes, De, 250
Vergor, 188, 189
Verrazano, 3
Versailles, Treaty of, 256
Vetch, S., 160
Vigneau, N., 34
Ville Marie de Montreal, 63, 65
Vimont, Father, 64
Virginia, 26, 194
Walker, Sir H., 160, 161, 162
Walley, Major, 138
Warren, Commodore, 173, 176, 178
Washington, George, 195, 196, 199, 243, 250
Weir, Lieutenant, 289
Wilberforce, William, 256
Wilkinson, General, 272, 273
William, Fort, 283
William Henry, Fort, 205; massacre of, 207
Winnipeg, Lake, 167
Winslow, Colonel, 190
Winthrop, Colonel, 134
Wolfe, J., 137, 208, 209, 212, 216, 216; his death, 219
Wolseley, Garnet J., 296
Wool, Captain, 265
York Factory, 263
Yorktown, surrender of, 249
NDX
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