At the Delphic Temple.
THE MUSIC HEARD BY THE GREEKS.
The latest discovered Delphian tablet can well claim to be the only
authentic record yet brought to light of old Greek music, since it is
the original and not a copy of a copy. Not only is it original and
genuine beyond dispute, but it has also the inestimable value of being
earlier in date by many centuries of any previous record of repute,
and so in the style of its music more nearly representative of the
simplicity of the best period of the tragic and lyric arts of the
Greeks.
In his “History of Music,” Mr. W. Chappell gives examples of three
Greek hymns with music, the three being in his day the only known
trustworthy remains of Greek music. They were published by Vincenzo
Galilei, the father of the great astronomer, at Florence in 1581, and
had been copied from a Greek manuscript in the library of Cardinal St.
Angelo at Rome.
A second Greek MS., which included these same hymns, was found in the
library of Archbishop Usher, and from that the hymns were printed by
the Oxford University in 1672. Then, in 1720, a third MS. was found in
the library of the King of France at Paris, which also contained these
three hymns, which supplied three or four missing notes. Although,
as we have the music brought to our notice, it is barred and timed
and otherwise dressed up in modern fashion, we have to remember that
the Greeks knew nothing of such devices. Their notation was only by
letters written above the words, which by their rhythm determined every
musical feature: for the poet ruled the music. The letters had their
significance as instructions according as they were placed—upright,
inverted, jacent both on the back and on the face, turned right
or left, and by broken parts of letters and there were accents in
addition; and consequently were liable to much misconstruction or error
on the part of the copyist. “The time of notes,” says Gaudentius, “is
to be ruled by the rhythm of the poetry.”
So that the music was not strictly syllabic. “The length of irregular
syllabic quantities has to subserve, and to be fitted into the _arsis_
and _thesis_, or up and down beats, of a foot of verse in the measure
that has been adopted.” This old custom is familiar to us in our Te
Deum and other chants, and in oratorio recitative, and is in fact
the most ancient as it has been the most universal feature in the
evolution of song. Mr. Chappell quotes a Greek passage “On the Phrasing
of a composition,” by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. “But rhythm and
music diminish and augment the quantities of syllables, so as often
to change them to their opposites. Time is _not to be regulated by
syllables_, but syllables by time.” We know how our modern rhymesters,
who write for the drawing-room or the streets, are given to ricketty
irregularities of metre; but this is from slipshod guiltiness, and is
quite of a different order from the poetic disposition of syllabic
utterance. Read Coleridge’s “Christabel” for the most splendid example
of such word music; or, in later days, Swinburne’s lines, which so
often give marvellous evidence of the mastery of this rhythmic art.
With these remarks in precaution, we may look at the music to the first
of those three relics, the “Hymn to Calliope” as modernly set forth:—
[Illustration]
Many readers will be glad to have this example of Greek music, just to
see what it is like. The words must be left to experts who can sing
them, for it would be of little use to add them here; and whosoever is
disposed for further enquiry will find the adapted harmony by G. A.
Macfarren in Mr. W. Chappell’s book. The above is transposed a fourth
lower than according to the mode assigned to it, and an octave higher
than the pitch as for a man’s voice. The transposition is in accordance
with the system of Claudius Ptolemy, who showed how much too high for
use the Greek hymns were if taken at the pitch that had been assigned
to them.
The second of the three hymns is a “Hymn to Apollo,” and is less
tunable in style; the third is a “Hymn to Nemesis,” sung to the
sound of the lyre. No one of the manuscripts is older than fourteen
centuries. The authorship of the first two hymns is attributed to
Dionysius; in any case the inferences lead to the placing of the
date not earlier than from the second to the fourth century of our
era. Considering all these indications of the state of our knowledge
of Greek music, we cannot wonder at the great and exciting interest
aroused by the veritable music on marble so fortunately recovered.
The Greek hymn that was found at Delphi inscribed in marble upon the
inner wall of the ancient treasure house, has been sung at Athens.
After two thousand years the music lives again. But with what a
difference—revivified, yet only strangely alive! Those who incised the
hymn, imperishably as they thought upon the marble surface—they had
themselves given voice to it, had joined in the sacred service, and
felt the thrill of the thousand surrounding voices of a people who
believed in their gods. Who now believes? Apollo and the Muses are far
off, and the great god Pan is dead. No, the music cannot be the same,
for the ears that listen have lost that inheritance of nature which
was the birthright of those early worshippers at the Temple of Delphi.
Neither priest nor oracle speak; our privilege as quite a modern
people, is to listen to _The Times_ own correspondent. We are told that
The composition is in the Hypo-Dorian mode, and, like
most ancient musical compositions, is in a minor key, and
written in a peculiar time, with five crotchets to the
bar. It was rendered by a quartet of male voices. Some
passages are surprisingly modern in character, and the
whole composition possesses much of the dignity of the
finest German chorales.
And, further, we hear that the hymn was encored. Think of that! The
first time, no doubt, of being honoured in such a fashion. What would
they have said at Delphi? It is all pastime now, not prayer. And
another correspondent gives assurance that
The performance, which lasted but half-an-hour, was a
great success; it produced a profound impression on
the audience. Everyone present indeed was ravished by
the charm of the music, and its mingled originality,
simplicity and grandeur.
Well, I suppose that it is all right; but it is terribly artificial
in the reading. You cannot but note that the restorers have been at
work; the harmonization by M. Reinach has no doubt been well done. But
with that kind of certainty any simple melody of a few notes may be
made impressive. A modern quartet! It sounds incongruous, and makes
one think of a top hat on a marble statue; and you cannot help the
suspicion that the musical composition made tasty was not Greek music.
Although we are condemned by our advancement to see and hear according
to modern ways, the interest in this Greek fragment remains; and we
all of us curiously want to have the music brought within the range of
our own perception, and are presented with the Greek Hymn to Apollo in
modern notation, with an imagined suitable harmonization.
The adapted harmony must be taken for what it is worth in relation to
music as we require it, and not as upon any evidence in a style likely
to have been that used in the Greek singing of the hymn. Indeed, it is
difficult to understand upon what principle such a concoction can be
justified, for surely the original music has been so dished up to suit
the modern palate that the ancient author would be unable to recognise
his own hand in it. This harmonized version may rank as French
confections in a drawing room entertainment, and help to pass away the
time as the latest novelty; but as for any relation to Greek art, only
as a travesty can it be taken seriously. The value of the find, as I
view it, is that this rescued relic of an elder civilization should
help to enable us to realize the actual nature of Greek art in music,
and its place in Greek life—either that or nothing; the value is lost
if simplicity is lost.
The melody as melody does not attract us; this, as will be seen, Mr.
J. P. Mahaffy confirms in his critical remarks, and therefore that is
all the more reason why I should plead for sincerity in treatment. Not
a note should be altered, not a note should be added to make the flow
more agreeable, not a sign or modification be permitted for the sake
of smoothness or grace. How eagerly we read a child’s letter; how much
such young effort interests us because it is the genuine presentment
of a child’s thoughts; how utterly insignificant it would be to us if
we knew that it had been vamped up by a teacher. So with this hymn; it
came into existence, when music as an art was young, and we want to
understand it purely and simply in its youthfulness; and for no other
reason than that it was a participant in Greek life, when men believed
in the gods they worshipped.
Mr. J. P. Mahaffy, in a paper entitled “Recent Archæology,” makes some
interesting remarks upon the chronicled event. He states that
M. Reinach determined (from Alypius) the scale to be
Phrygian and its component notes, which scale corresponds
to our C minor in its melodic form, with some accidentals
introduced in one passage. The pitch is a more difficult
question. As printed by M. Reinach, the range is too high
for any chest voice; but he believes that the ancient
practical pitch was one third lower than that assigned to
the scale by the late theorists.
Here authorities, as we have seen, differ; and some make the scale to
be hypo-Dorian instead of Phrygian, and some say it is Dorian (_e_,
_f_, _g_, _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_) with _a_ as keynote. Mr. J. P.
Mahaffy goes on to state that
The time is given by the metre, which is pæonic—a long
syllable and three short (variously placed), or two long
and a short between them, in every case 5-8 in a bar: a
strange measure to us, and very difficult to observe.
As regards the accompaniment or harmonizing of the air,
their is none extant. We turn lastly to the melody,
which is far the most important item in giving us an
insight into an old Greek performance. I grieve to say
that, although there is rhythm and even a recurrence of
phrases to mark the close of the period nothing worthy
of being called melody in any modern sense is to be
found. The notation of Greek music is well established.
It consists of alphabetic letters with or without slight
modifications written over the text. Instrumental notes
are said to have been written under the text, and with a
distinct notation. The poet, tragic or lyric, was also
the composer, and set tunes to his odes.
The inscription dates from the third century B.C., and this hymn to
Apollo and the Muses consists of phrases equal to eighty bars in modern
reckoning.
Here then are a few bars of the melody given apart from the French
version harmonised by M.M. Fauré and Reinach, and these will
sufficiently indicate the character of the remaining portion, which the
student, if so inclined can easily obtain. My object in giving these is
in order that you may at the same time compare them with a similarly
brief example of the Chinese music to the Hymn of Confucius, which will
follow.
OPENING OF THE HYMN TO APOLLO.
The time of the blank spaces in the bars is filled by
notes sounded upon some instrument; a kithara, I believe.
[Illustration]
Of course, we ought not to introduce bars; but in default of
accentuation determined by the words, we have to avail ourselves of
these indications, imperfect as they must be. Our notation also is, in
some instances, only approximate, as both in the Greek and Chinese
systems the intervals vary from ours to the extent at times of a
quarter tone.
CONCLUDING STROPHES OF THE HYMN TO CONFUCIUS.
The rhythm of the hymn is constructed so as to have
four syllables to a line, and at the end of each line
in the verses (here occupying one bar), and one of the
instruments is appointed to sound three or six times a
sort of _interlude_ as in our recitatives. The music is
simple, as with the Greeks, merely indicated by letters
or signs associated with the words. The time taken very
slow, probably somewhat as our “Old Hundredth” is sung in
village churches according to ancient custom.
[Illustration]
Mr. Abdy Williams gives a fragment of a papyrus roll belonging to
the Augustan age, containing the music to chorus from the Orestes of
Euripides (about 408 B.C.), from which it appears that the player
extemporized a short interlude at the end of the verses. This is very
curious, and will not be without significance if we compare this with
the ancient Chinese custom which is so similar. The fragment consists
of many bars; but the whole amounts to little beyond repetitions of the
following, with now and then a slight variation.
[Illustration]
A second hymn (key of G, with C♯) travels very monotonously within
these limits.
[Illustration]
The compass of the Delphic Greek hymn is one octave and a fourth, and
it is curious that this is exactly the compass of the Chinese _Sheng_
organ. The pitch is an octave too high for men’s voices, even as we
find is the case with the original pitch of the Greek music.
Professor Jebb, in his address to the Hellenic Society, speaking of
this Delphian relic—this marble music, says:—
The fragments at Delphi were fourteen in number. The
principal one contained eighteen lines, and the musical
notes were fairly complete,—only nine being missing out
of two hundred and seven. The signs for the notes were
the ordinary letters of the Greek alphabet, sometimes
turned upside down or tilted. A key to them had been
given by a Greek writer, Olympios, of the time of the
Emperor Julian. He had written an introduction to music,
which was still extant, in which he gave a list of signs
representing notes. There were two distinct systems of
musical notation, for voices and for instruments. Nine of
the fourteen fragments were arranged for voices, and five
for instruments; these were the lyre and the flute, which
were named in the text. The instrumental and vocal music
was always in unison. There was never more than one note.
Many musical enthusiasts have a fancy for trying to prove that the
Greeks must have used harmony, because they possessed in their scale
the notes that would combine in chords; but all attempts in this
direction have been fruitless, and according to Greek scholars are
likely ever to be so. Grand effects can be obtained by unisonous
chant: and the Greek ear was satisfied. Let us be content to learn
what their music really was, and not import into it our supercivilized
requirements, assured that the dressing up of the antique in modern
clothes is alike repugnant to good taste and refined sentiment, and is
rejected by those who care for the verity of art.
In remarks on Greek music, Dr. C. Maclean said, “the classical period
of Greece has been called the adolescence of intellectual and modern
man, and a very beautiful adolescence it was. Unfortunately it has
departed,” and he quoted the saying of Goethe:—
“The May of Life blooms but once.”
a saying that comes home to the experience of all of us, but only do we
learn its truth when the May flowers that brought joy into our lives
have withered and fallen.
Hitherto the investigation in earliest music has proceeded upon
evidences of man’s concern with and interest in pipes to make music
with. Clearly at first such use of hollow reeds was the accident of the
day to any passer-by,—as imagined by Lucretius,
“Fond zephyrs playing on the hollow reeds
First taught the peasant how to use the pipe.”
Next came the constructive idea, purpose directed to an end in view,
and the development in a very primitive manner of a series of sounds
in some order or regularity of succession; for us this has been the
chief consideration fixing our attention, to trace the evolution of
system in the construction of instruments, therefrom deductively
seeking to arrive at the system of the music. With instruments of all
sorts collected with a view to antiquarian or archæological reference
and study, I have nothing to do, museums may be filled with them, but
unless they show us civilization effective nationally to advance some
musical system, to notice them would but encumber with useless matter
the enquiry such as I have proposed to myself.
Musical pipes we have traced through several phases of development,
from the simplest and earliest pipe up to the ultimate stage in the
many-ringed flute, as perfected in the hands of the Greek people.
Beyond that it is not necessary to go, because our objective is the
Greek system of music, as left to us to be the source of our own. The
stringed instruments will show a similar course of development from
the one-stringed to the many-stringed. The evidences of this progress
are very numerous, existing still, and I have no doubt that the
investigation will prove to be equally interesting, for it is with the
Greek Lyre that we shall arrive at the _method_ of the music.
Meantime ancient China claims attention, for the Chinese hold a
parallel course in time with the Egyptians. What has China to tell of
earliest music?