Palastu (Philistia), 341 (_see_ Pilišta)
Palestine, Egyptian successes in, 270;
Assyrian do., 329, 336, etc. (Amurrū, Ḫattî)
Pallukatu (the Pallacopas), 70
Pâlûma, a captive, 302
Panbesa, letter of, 305
Pantibiblon, supposed to be Sippar, 63
Paphos, 387
Pap-sukal, the god, 433
Papyri of Elephantine, the, 539-544
Paradise, the Babylonian, description of, 71, 72;
its inaccessibility, 72
Pariktum (canal), 167
Partnership, 183
Party-walls or fences, 190
Pasturing, 496, 497
_Patesi_ (priest-kings or viceroys), 126
Patinians, Kalparundu of the, 334
Patriarchs before Abraham, 141 ff.
Paura (Pauru, Puuru), the king’s commissioner, 297, 298
Peek, Sir Cuthbert, 179
Pekah, 352-355
Pekod, 458
Pekodites, the, 347
Peleg, 145, 552
" 544 (note to p. 145)
Pelusium besieged, 378, 381
Penalties, for changing the words of a contract, 174;
for divorcing a wife, or denying a husband, and denying sisterhood (by
adoption), 175;
for denying an adopted son, an adopted father, 176, 177;
for denying a mistress (by a female slave), 185;
_see also_ 190, 191
Peniel or Penuel, 547
Pen-nekheb, officer of Thothmes I., 270
Pentaur, Egyptian poet, 304
People, the, in early Babylonia, 169-191
Persian rule in Babylonia, 423 ff.
Pethor (Pitru), 329
Petrie, Prof. Flinders, 250, 253, 274, 275, 292, 293, 297, 303, 312, 313;
upon the revival of native Egyptian power, 269;
on Amenophis II., 273;
monolith found by, 305
Pharaoh not drowned in the Red Sea, 307
Philistia (Pilišta, Palastu), 341, 352, 353, 361, 370
Phœnicia, 272, 360
Phœnix, the, 265
Physicians’ fees and liabilities, 510, 511
Pi-Beseth (Pi-Bast, Bubastis), 263
Piercing of Rahab, the, 530
Pilinussu, general of Hyspasines, 483
Pilišta (Philistia), 352, 353, 361
Pilot or boatman (of Gilgameš), 99;
(of the ship or ark), 104, 116
_Pirke di Rabbi Eliezer_, 307
Pir-napištim, the Babylonian Noah, 73;
Gilgameš sees him afar off, 99;
they converse, 100;
tells Gilgameš the story of the Flood, 101-108;
directs his wife to cure Gilgameš, 108;
tells him of a wonderful plant, 109;
he was a worshipper of Ea (Aê, Aa), 113, 114;
and was called also Atra-ḫasis, 107, 112, 117;
his faithfulness to the old deity Aê, 114;
his name probably Ut-napištim, 547
Pir’u of Musuri or Musri, 366, 370;
one of the kings of the sea-coast and the desert, 368
Pishon, river, 69, 70
Pisiris of Carchemish, 350, 367
Pithom, 305
Pittit, an Elamite, 483
Place of fate, the, 472
Plague of darkness, the, 309
Plantation, concerning a, 456, 457
Planting and plantations, 497
Plant making the old young, the, 75
Plants, Merodach creates, 40
Pliny, his reference to king Horus, 124
Polyhistor, 393
Polytheism, the difficulty of escaping it, 246
Potiphar, 255;
the name, 258
Poti-phera, meaning of, 258
Prayer to be freed from sin, 50-52
Presents, interchange of, 276
Priestesses and votaries, privileges of, 507, 508, 546 (180)
Priest of Nebo marries the daughter of Neriglissar, 442
Priests of On, the, 265
Primæval Ocean, the, 16
Principal cities, the, of Babylonia, 124
Procession-street at Babylon, the, 552
Profaning herself, of a temple-devotee, 499, 521
Property of officials, 493-495
Prostitution probably not compulsory, 443
Protection of caravans, the, 282
Prove purchase and gift, contracts to, 438, 439, 458
Ptolemy, 357, 358
Pul (= Pûlu, Poros), 357, 358
Pulug, Pulukku, or Peleg, 544
Pura-nunu (the Euphrates), 158
Purattu (Phuraththu), the Euphrates, 158
Purchase of a house, 460
Qarqara, royal city, 329, 330, 363;
the battle there, 556 ff.
Qatna, 290, 317
Qauš-gabri of Edom, 386
Quê, 371
Qutite, Qutites, 123, 170
Qutû, the land of, 420, 422;
old lamentation referring to the, 477.
_See_ Qutite
Râ or Rê, the Egyptian Sun-god, 254, 264
Râ-’Apop’i and the king of the south, 254
Rabbātum, land of, 224
Rabi-mur of Gebal, 288
Rab-mag (? = Rab-mugi), 408
Races, many, in Babylonia, 119, 169, 170, 541, 542
Rahab, 68, 530
Râ-Harmachis, 264
“Raian ibn el-Walid,” pharaoh, 263
Raising the spirit of Ea-banî, 110
Rameses I., 303
Rameses II., the pharaoh of the Oppression, 269, 304, 305, 307, 537
Rammānu (Rimmon), 160, 277
Ramoth-Gilead, 338
Ranke, Dr. Hermann, 148, 154 _n._
Raphia (Rapiḫu), 363
Râ-seqenen (Seqenen-Rê) III., 261
Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd, 38;
finds the gates of Balawat, 405, 556;
his reference to the Nahr-Malka, 159;
finds bas-relief and inscription of Ḫammurabi, 215;
cylinder of Cyrus, 411, 419;
his family in the East, 394
Raven, sending forth of the, 106
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, recognizes Eridu as a type of Paradise, 71;
his identification of Ur (Mugheir), 193;
and Kudur-mabuk, 222
Reaper, hire of a, 168
Receiver, liabilities of a, 492, 520
Rehoboth, Rehoboth-Ir, built by Asshur, 118, 127
Reisner, Dr. G. A., 156
Religion of the Western states, 277-279
Religious element, the, 159 ff.
Rent, 448
Reproaching the Amorite, 300
Repudiation of master by slave, 515 (law 282)
Resen, its origin, 126, 127
Respect for parents, 509, 522
Retaliation, the law of, 509, 510
Rezin, Rezon (Rasunnu), 350, 353, 355
Ria (the Egyptian Râ or Rê), 254
Rianappa, the representative of Egypt, 287
Rib-Addi of Gebal, etc., 293, 313
Rieu, Dr., 263
Right of way, tablet concerning, 459
Rim-Anu, king, 217
Rimmon (or Hadad), god of the atmosphere, identified with Merodach, 58;
in the Flood-story, 104, 277 (Addu, Rammānu)
Rîm-Sin, 164;
connection of this name with Eri-Aku, 216, 217;
capture of, 213, 214, 217;
inscription of, 220, 221
Rivers, the mouths of [which are on] both sides, 73;
the place of the Babylonian Paradise, 71, 72
Rost, Dr. P., 347, 348, 352
Royal family, the, among the people, 166-168
Royal letters, 165
Rubenstein, Dr. Otto, 544
Rubute, city, 299
Rûkipti of Askelon, 355, 356
Rutennu (Syrians), 303;
the Upper, 274;
Upper and Lower, 304;
conquered by Thothmes I., 270
Sabbath, the Babylonian, 27, 527, 528, pl. ii.
Sabeans, the, 203, 363
Sachau, Prof. E., 539 ff., 542
Sacrifice, the, on coming out of the ship (ark), 106
Sacrilegious theft, the punishment of, 553
Sadi-Tesub, son of Hattu-šar, 320
_Šadû_, _Šaddu_, “mountain,” “lord,” “commander,” 248
SA-GAS = _ḫabatu_, _ḫabbatu_, 291, 292, 538
Ša-imērišu, Imērisu (Syria of Damascus), 329, 334, 336, 337, 341, 354, 356
Sajur (river), 329
Šala, consort of Rimmon or Hadad, 212
Salatis, Hyksos king, 251
Salem, 239-241
Sale of a son by his parents, 435, 436
Sales of land, 237, 238;
slaves, 466, 559 ff.
_Šalim_, _šalimmu_, _Šulmanu_ (_Salmanu_), _Šalmanu nunu_, _šalāmu_,
239-241
Salmayātu, worshipped at Tyre, 278
Salvation, Babylonian desire for, 52
Samaria, 322;
Ben-Hadad’s attempts upon, 330, 333, 338;
Pekah’s flight from, 354, 355;
revolts, 363;
Menahem of, 350
Samarians, city of the, 350
Šamaš, the Sun-god, 77;
identified with Merodach, 58;
monsters guard him, 98;
appoints the time for the coming of the Flood, 103, 104, 115;
in Mitanni, 278
Šamaš-šum-ukîn, king of Babylon, 388
Sammu-ramat (Semiramis), 342, 343
Samsê, Samsi, queen of Arabia, 354, 363
Samsi-Adad III., king, 339
Samsimuruna, city, 386
Samsimurunâa, Menahem, the, 374
Samsu-iluna (king), 142;
length of his reign, 153;
tablets dated therein, 179, 180, 187, 188
Samsu-ṭitana, king, 153
Sân (deity), 156
Sân (Zoan), 263;
the inhabitants said to be of a different type from those of other
places in Egypt, 266
Sanaballat (Sinuballiṭ), governor of Samaria, 541, 543
Sanacharib (Sennacherib), 378, 381
Sangara of Carchemish, 329, 334;
called king of the Hattê, 321
Šaniāwa, name, 458
Saniru (Shenir), 336
Saosduchinos (Samaš-šum-ukîn), 388;
refuses to acknowledge his brother’s suzerainty, 391
Sapîa, city, 357
Saracos (Sin-šarra-iškun), 392, 396
Sarah, 148
Sarasar (Shareser), 378
Sardurri of Ararat, 347
Šargani (Sargon of Agadé), 124
Sargon of Agadé, 124, 313;
ruler of Amurrū, 215;
period and extent of his rule, 150;
_see also_ 549 ff.
Sargon (Sargina) the later, the Arkeanos of Ptolemy, 362;
his annals, 367;
his conquests, 322, 363-372;
his death, 372
Sarḫa (Zorah), 280
Sar-îli, name, 157, 245
Šarru and Šullat, foundation of a temple to, 162
Šarru, a captive, 302
Sarru-dûri, one of Darius’s captains, 456
Šarru-îlûa, servant of Neriglissar, 439
Šarru-lû-dâri of Askelon, 374
Šarru-lû-dâri of Zoan, 389 _n._
Sauê mountains, 349
Sayce, Prof., 14;
identifies the Babylonian story of Paradise, 71; 124;
researches in Hittite, 140, 318;
upon the Amorites and Tidalum, 311, 312;
his analysis of a Hittite name, 321;
see also 283 _n._, 332, 539 _n._
Scape-goat, Babylonian parallel to the, 53
Scheil, the Rev. V., 117, 487 ff., 536, 549, 558
Schrader, Prof. Eberhard, 143;
identifies Amraphel with Ḫammurabi, 209;
_see also_ 341, 342
Sea, the, personified by Tiamtu, 16, 67;
the abode of the god of knowledge, 62
Sea-coast, kings of the, 334, 335, 340
Seir, 296
Seizing the person for debt, 500, 521
Seleucia upon the Tigris, 476, 483, 484
Seleucus and the Babylonians, 476;
Seleucus and Antiochus, tablet dated in the reign of, 477, 478
Sellas river. _See_ Ṣilḫu
Semiramis, 342, 344
Semitic names replace the Akkadian, 125;
Semitic inscriptions more numerous, 119
Sennacherib, 129, 372, 373-384;
in Armenia, against Merodach-baladan, the Cosseans and Yasubigalleans,
Ḫatti (Sidon, Ekron, Hezekiah, etc.), 373-376;
before Lachish, 377, 382;
in Babylonia, 379;
Elam, 380;
against Egypt, 381;
his treatment of the Babylonians, 396;
his death, 383, 384, 550
Seqnen-Rê, the death of, 255 _n._
Šêri (Seir), 296
Serpent and magic plant, 109;
serpent-god and the abode of life, 532;
serpent-tempter, the 531
Serû-êṭirat, princess, 392
Sethos and Hephaistos, 549 (381)
Seti I., Meneptah, 304
“Seven” a round number, 263
Seven kings of Cyprus send tribute, 372
Seventh day, the Flood stops on the, 105;
the birds sent forth seven days later, 106;
duties of the, 528 (_see_ Sabbath)
Shaaraim, 297
Shaddai, a possible etymology of, 248
Shalam (Salamis), 305
Shalman, 239
Shalmaneser II., his accession, 328;
refers to Ahab and Ben-Hadad, 331 ff.;
Jehu son of Omri, 332, 337-339;
his death, 339
Shalmaneser III., his accession and expeditions, 344
Shalmaneser IV., his accession and expeditions, 357, 358-362
Share of the cultivator, the, 495, 525
Shareser, Sarasar, 378, 384, 385
Shasu Bedouin, the, 271, 304
Shaving the head in Egypt and Western Asia, 257
Sheep, the, of Neriglissar’s servant, 438
Shelemiah, son of Sauballaṭ, 541
Shem, 141
Shepherd kings, the, in Egypt, 251, 252 ff.
Shepherd loved by Ištar, her treatment of him, 96, 97
Sheshonq of Busiris, 389 _n._
Shinar (Babylonia), 118;
regarded as equivalent to Sumer, 119, 134;
its etymology, 548 ff.
Ship, Gilgameš and Ur-Šanabi embark in a, 99;
Gilgameš lies down in its “enclosure,” 108
Ship, Pir-napištim commanded to build one to escape the Flood, 102, 113;
its building and provisionment, 103, 114;
the embarkation, 103, 104, 115;
the pilot, 104, 116;
the god Uragala, 104;
Pir-napištim looks forth, 105;
the mountain of Niṣir, and the sending of the birds, 105;
Ellila’s anger and Aê’s kindness, 106, 107
Shrine of Râ at On, 265
Shrines of the gods at Babylon, 472
Shuhites, 319
_Shulchan Aroch_, the, 306
Sibitti-bi’ili of Gebal, 350
Sickness of the head, incantation against, 55, 56
Sidon in the Tel-el-Amarna tablets, 277, 300;
its tribute to Shalmaneser II. (337), 338, 339;
conquered by Adad-nirari, 341;
Tiglate-pileser III., 360;
Sennacherib, 373;
Esarhaddon, 386;
Great and Little Sidon, 374
Sidonians (Ṣidunâa), 328, 337, 374
Ṣidqâ of Askelon, 374
Siduri, goddess, consulted by Gilgameš, 99
Sihon, 313
Ṣilḫu, river (the Sellas ?), 484, 561
Ṣili-Ištar and Iribam-Sin, their dissolution of partnership and the
lawsuit following, 183-185
Silili, mother of the horse beloved of Ištar, 96
Ṣilli-bêl of Gaza, 376, 386
Siluna, country of, 340
Similes, Babylonian, 52
Ṣimirra (Simyra), 348, 351
Simti-Šilhak, king, 219
Simyra (Ṣimirra, Ṣumuru), 277, 293, 313, 348, 351, 363
Sin, the Moon-god, identified with Merodach, 58;
worshipped at Ur and Sippar, 160, 194, 195;
also at Haran, 201, 202, 411
Sin-idinnam of Larsa, 165, 169, 218
Sinjar, 304
Sin-mâr-šarri-uṣur, servant of one of Nebuchadnezzar’s sons, 435
Sin-mubaliṭ, king, 153;
tablets of his reign, 178, 179, 180, 181
Sin-šarra-iškun (Saracos), the last king of Assyria, 392, 396
Sippar or Sippara (now Abu-Habbah), discovered by H. Rassam, 394;
its four names, 70;
supposed to be Sepharvaim, 158;
dated tablets from, 211;
captured by Tiglath-pileser, 347;
by Cyrus, 415, 416;
its gods, 415;
_see also_ 38, 63, 484
Sippara of Eden, 70
Sippar-Amnanu(m), 161, 552 ff.
Sippar-Ya’ruru (Aruru), 161, 165, 553
Sirara, forests of, 387
Sir’ilites (Sir’ilâa, Israelites), 329, 330, 332, 335, 337
Sirku, a Babylonian magnate, 454, 467 ff.
Širru, land of, 206, 207
Sirû, land of, 206, 207
Sisters, the, of Belshazzar, 450, 451
Slander, 504 (law 161)
Slavery, 182, 185-187, 515
Small Hittite states, 322
Smerdis, 424
Smith, George, publishes the Babylonian Creation-story, 14;
the original of Berosus’ Canon, 84; the Gilgameš-series, 90;
conducts the _Daily Telegraph_ expedition, 90;
and finds a fragment of the second Flood-story, 117;
arranges the series, 91, 93, 95;
identifies Arioch, 209;
concerning Shalmaneser IV., 359, 362
Smiting a father, 509 (law 195)
So, king of Egypt, 359, 365, 366
“Son of his God,” the, 86
“Sons of God,” the, 85
Sons of Syrian chiefs educated in Egypt, 274
Sons, the, of Yakinlû of Arvad, 390
Sothis period, 307
Spells, 491 (laws 1 and 2)
Sphinxes, Hyksos, 264
Spiegelberg upon the stele of Meneptah II., 306
Spirit of Ea-banî, the raising of, 110
Spirits of heaven and earth, invocation of, 56
Spirits of the departed, their lot, 111
Stars, creation of, 27
States regarded by the Assyrians as Hittite, 322
Steindorff’s translation of Zaphnath-paaneah, 257
Stele of Meneptah II., extract from the, 306
Stephen, Saint, 192
Storage and deposit, 500 (laws 120 ff.)
Storm at the coming of the Flood, description of the, 104, 105
Streets of Babylonian cities, 188, 189
Šu-anna (Su-ana), a part of Babylon, foreign gods taken thither, 414, 420;
Cyrus enters and receives tribute there, 420, 422;
_see also_ 433
Šu-ardatum, 299
Ṣuba’ or Ṣuma’, city of the land of, tablet dated at, 457
Subarte, 318
Šubbiluliuma, Hittite king, 537
Sūḫu and Maër, states, 319, 556
Šulmanu-ašarid (Shalmaneser), 239
Ṣuma’, land of. _See_ Ṣuba’
Šum-Addu (Šamu-Addu) of Šam-ḫuna, 279
Suma-îlu, king, 162, 163
Šumer (= Kengi), Sumerian, 119, 134;
texts (incantations), 39 ff., 55, 86, 120, 121
Šumer and Akkad, 541;
mentioned by Cyrus, 420;
in titles, 347, 421
Sumero-Akkadian, its nature, 120, 121;
early period, 552
Sumu, apparently a deity, 142;
names compounded with his, 142
Sumu-âbi, king, 153, 154
Sumu-Dagan, name, 142
Sumu-la-îli (king), his name, 142, 153, 154;
tablet dated in his reign, 173, 174;
(Sumulel), 181
Sumulel (= Sumu-la-îli), 181
Šumu-libšî, a witness, 167
Sun, a title of the kings of Egypt, 284, 286, 287, 289, 295
Sun, the city of the, 446
Sun the indicator of the seasons, 115
Sun-devotees, Babylonian, 161, 168
Sun-god, the, 58, 77, 92, 103, 115;
(_see_ Šamaš), worshipped at Sippar and Larsa, 160;
the centre of his worship in Egypt, 258
Sûqâain, tablet dated at, 457
Surgeons’ fees and penalties, 510
Surippak, where the gods decided to make a flood, 101;
the native place of Pir-napištim, 102
Suri or North Syria, the king of, 347
Sur-Šanabi (Ur-Šanabi), 540
Suru, land of, 206, 207
Susa, city of, 422
Susanchites, the, 391
Šûta, royal commissioner, 296
Šutadna of Akka (Accho), 281
Sutekh, the god of the Hyksos, 254
Sutî (Sutite, Sutites), 123, 158, 170, 291, 292, 368;
brigands, 283
Šûzubu (Nergal-usêzib), 380
Swallow, the, sent forth, 106
Swearing by the gods and the king, 162, 163, 174 ff.
Syncellus, 393
Syria, Egyptian successes in, 270, 271;
(Rameses II.), 304;
Syria in the time of Amenophis III., 274;
on the stele of Meneptah, 306;
Shalmaneser II. there, 336 ff.;
Adad-nirari, 341;
Shalmaneser III., 344;
Tiglath-pileser, 347, 351;
Sargon, 367;
Sennacherib, 373 ff.
Syrian campaigns, Thothmes I., 270
Tabal (Tubal), 367
Tablet of Good Wishes, the, 81
Tablets of Fate given to Kingu, 19;
taken by Merodach, who presses his seal upon them, 25
Tablets referring to Chedorlaomer, Tidal, and Arioch, 223 ff.
Tâdu-hêpa, princess of Mitanni, asked in marriage (? for Amenophis IV.),
276
Takhsi, near Aleppo, 273
Takrēta_in_ (?), tablet dated at, 439
Talents, parable of the, 525
Talmud, the, 195 _n._, 203
Tamessus, 387
Tamar, the case of, 525
Tammuz, in Akk. Dumu-zi or Du-mu-zida, 72, 82;
his names, 539;
possible parallel to the story of Cain and Abel, 83;
his wife, Ištar, causes him grief, 96;
his temple-tower at Agadé (Akkad), 136;
worshipped also at Eridu, 160;
in the west, 279;
early date of his worship, 555;
_see also_ 547
Tammuz of the Abyss, 43, 63, 65
Tâmtu, the coast-land, 122, 123
Tanis (Zoan), 264.
_See_ Sân
Taribu, queen, 173
Tarpelites, the, 391
Tašmêtum, spouse of Nebo, 213
Tauthé (= Tiamtu), 16, 67
Taylor Cylinder, 373
Teie (Teyi), the first wife of Amenophis III., 275, 276
Tel-Aššur (Til-Ašurri), 388
Tel-Basta (Bubastis), 264
Tel-el-Amarna tablets, 249, 275-302
Tel-Sifr ruin-mound, 176, 211, 214
Temâ, Babylonian city, 412
Temeni, land of, 343
Temple, gift of a, 162
Temple (Jewish) at Elephantine, 539 ff.;
destroyed, 540
Temple of Belus, the, 552
Temple of the Sun-god, declaration made in the, 184
Temples restored by the early kings, 161, 162;
benefited by Ḫammurabi, 489-491
Temple-towers, Babylonian, 136 ff.
Tenneb (Tunep, Dunip), 277;
its government, 280
Terah, traditions concerning, 146;
stated to have been an idolater, 147, 195;
his journey from Ur to Haran, 192, 195, 196;
his name compared, 544
Teraphim, the, 246, 524
Tešupa or Tešub, Hadad of Mitanni, 277
Teuwatti of Lapana, 289
Thargal, for Thadgal = Tidal, 232.
_See_ Tudḫula
Thebais, kings of, 252
Thebes and the Thebans, their aid in expelling the Hyksos, 269, 270;
the birthplace of Thothmes III., 271;
stronghold of Tirhakah, 389
Theft (death-penalty for), 491, 492;
by an _employé_, 513;
of things deposited, 501, 521;
_see also_ 520, 561
Thompson, Prof. Campbell, 559
Thoth, 264
Thothmes I., 270
Thothmes II., 271
Thothmes III., 271, 316
Thothmes IV., 274, 316
“Throne-bearers” of the gods, 82
Thureau-Daugin, Morsiem F., 218
Tiamat, 67. _See_ Tiamtu
Tiamtu or Tiawthu (= Tauthé), 16, 17, 33;
being joined by certain gods, prepares to fight, 18 ff.;
her husband Kingu, 19, 20;
terrifies the gods Anu and Nudimmud, 21;
caught by Merodach, 24, 131;
conquered, 25;
cut asunder, 26;
her head pierced, 31;
meaning of her name, 33, 67;
why applied, 68;
her desire to be the creator or producer, 34, 35;
how typified in the O. T., 68
Tiamtu, the sea-coast, 230
Tidal, 222.
_See_ Tudḫula
Tidalum = Tidnu = Amurrū, 312
Tidnu, the Akkadian name of Amurrū (the land of the Amorites), 206, 208,
312;
ideograph for, 312
Tiglath-pileser I., 129;
kills elephants in Mesopotamia and Lebanon, 200, 201;
attacks the Hittites, 318
Tiglath-pileser III., 346;
“king of Sumer and Akkad,” 347;
captures Arpad, 347;
Kullanû, etc., 348;
tribute from Syria, 350;
marches to Madâa, Nal, and Ararat, 351;
takes Gaza, 352;
marches to Damascus, helps Ahaz, 353;
describes the flight of the Syrian king, 354;
his conquests, 355, 356;
submission of Chaldean tribes, entry into Babylon, death, 357;
= Pul, 357, 358
Tigris and Euphrates, creation of, 40;
mentioned in Gen. i., 69;
rivers of the district of Sippar, 158;
and of Babylon, 471
Tigris, the, flows close to Nineveh, 393;
Cyrus and the districts of, 422;
Elamite incursions thither, 483.
_See_ Seleucia
Ti’imūṭusu, son of Aspāsinē, 483
Til-barsip, 328
Til-garimme (Togarmah), 271, 368
Tilla (= Ararat), 122, 208
Timašgi (regarded as Dimaški = Damascus), 290
Timnah (Tamnâ), 375
Tindir (Babylon), 420, 421
el-Tireh, 293
Tirhakah, 383, 388, 389
Tithes, payments of, 434
Title of the Gilgameš legend, 91
Togarmah (Tilgarimme), 271, 368
“Tooth for tooth,” 509
Topography of Babylon, 552
Tower of Babel, the Mohammedan legend of the, 551
Transcription of lines referring to Antiochus’s rule in Babylonia, 553
Tree-felling, 497 (law 59)
Towns in the ancient East, 188
Trade between Canaan and Babylonia, 281
Translation of the hero of the Flood, 108, 116
Translation, Semitic, inserted in the divided Akkadian lines, 38
“Tree of the drink of life” = the vine, 75
“Tree of knowledge,” 73;
the Babylonian parallel of the, 77
“Tree of life,” 73;
a Babylonian parallel of the, 75
Trees, sacred, of the Babylonians and Assyrians, 74-77, pl. III.
Tribes classed as Amorites, 311
Tribute of Carchemish of the Hittites, 321
Tubal, 367, 390
Tuckwell, the Rev. J., 551
Tudḫula, the probable Babylonian form of Tidal, 222, 223, 224, 227, 231,
232, 537, 554
Tukulti-Ninip I. annexes Babylonia, 327, 371
Tum or Tmu, 264
Tunep, Syrian town, 272;
its resistance, 305
(Dunip, Tenneb)
Ṭpašu, canal, 468
Turbazu killed, 296
Tušamilki of Muṣur, 390
Tutamû, king of Unqu, 348
Tutu, a name of Merodach, 30;
the explanation given, 45
Tûya, a captive, 302
Two wives, marriage-contracts for, 174, 175
Ty, Ay’s queen, 303
Tyre (Ṣurru), 277, 338, 339, 360, 373, 386, 400;
blockaded by Nebuchadnezzar, 490;
Ṣûru =? Tyre, 401;
contract dated at, 401
Tyre, the land of, conquered by Adad-nirari, 341
Tyre, Old (Palaetyrus), 360
Tyrians, the land of the, pays tribute, 328, 337, 350;
resists Shalmaneser IV., 360
Ube, Syria of Damascus, 290
Udumu, 310;
(Edom), 322, 341, 370, 374, 386
Ugga, the god of Death, 36
Ukabu’šama, daughter of Nabonidus, 451
Ukîn-zēr (Chinzeros), 356, 357
Ukka, 127
Ukus, patesi, 124
Ul-Šamaš, city, 213
Umbara-Tutu, father of Pir-napištim, 102
Ummanaldas of Elam, 391
Umman-manda, the, 230, 392
Ummu Ḫubur, a designation of Tiamtu, 18
Unknown tongue, an, 140
Unlawful pasturing, 496, 521
Unqu, 348
Unskilful surgical treatment, penalties for, 510, 511
Unug, Akkadian form of the name of Erech, 84
Upaḫḫir-bêlu, eponymy of, 372
Upê, Upia (Opis), 439, 458, 459
Upê-rabi, “Opis is great,” name, 182
Upšukenaku, the place of assembly of the gods, 21
Ur (of the Chaldees), 124;
its temple-tower, 136, 193-195;
= Urie or Camarina, 146, 147, 196, 197;
identified with Mugheir, 193;
possibly really Uri or Ura (Akkad), 197;
rebels against Assyria, 386;
Nabonidus’s inscriptions at, 414, 415;
name of its wall or fortification, 220
Ura, god of pestilence, 107;
legend of Ura, 122;
“Ura the unsparing,” 228;
invoked by Evil-Merodach, 409
Ura-gala and the ship (ark), 104
Urarṭu (Ararat), 127.
_See_ Urtū
Uraš, god of Dailem, 279;
the great gate of, 468
Urbi, the, 376, 557
Urdamanê, son of Sabaco, 389
Urfa (Orfa), the traditional Ur of the Chaldees, 192, 193
Uri or Ura = Akkad, 122, 134
Urie (Ur of the Chaldees), 146;
a centre of lunar worship, 147
Urikku of the Kûites, 350
Uriwa, the Akkadian form of Ur (Mugheir), 193 ff.
Ur-kasdim (Ur of the Chaldees), 193.
_See_ Ur of the Chaldees
Urraḫinaš, Hittite city, 320
Ursalimmu (Jerusalem), 375, 376
Ur-Šanabi, the pilot or boatman, accompanies Gilgameš to see Pir-napištim,
99;
takes the hero to be cleansed, 109;
returns with him to Erech, 109, 110;
Sur-Šanabi, 548
Urṭū (apparently short for Urarṭu), Ararat, 122, 208
Uru (in Uru-salim), probably from the Akkadian, 241
Uru-gala, the image of, 480, 561
_Uruk supuri_, “Erech the walled,” 91
Uru-ku, the dynasty of, 154
Urumaians (Hittites), 318
Uru-milki of Gebal, 374
Uru-salim (Jerusalem), 234, 239
Uruwuš (king), 124
Usertesen I., 261
Uštan(n)u (Ostanes), 543 ff.
Ut-napištim, 548
Van, 127, 367
Vannites, 391
Venus, 203.
_See_ Istar
Veterinary surgeons’ fees and penalties, 511
Vicious cattle, laws concerning, 512, 523
Village settlements, growth of, 171
Vine, the, 75
Vine of the Babylonian Paradise, 71
Violation, penalty for, 501, 521
Virgins, priestesses, and hierodules, 508
Vowel-changes in the Akkadian dialects, 241
Waidrang, governor of Elephantine, 539
Wall built at Ur (Uriwa) by Eri-Aku, 220
Ward, Dr. W. Hayes, conductor of the Wolfe expedition, 70
“Warehouse of the king’s gifts,” the, 445
Water, concerning the king’s, etc., 446
“Waters of death,” the, 99
Way, the Rev. Dr. J. P., 155
Weissbach, Dr., 556, 558
Wedding-gift, the bridegroom’s, 553
West called Amurrū (Amoria, the land of the Amorites), 205
West-land, no record of an expedition to, in the reign of Ḫammurabi, 214,
215;
his claim to this tract, 215
West-Semitic deities, 156;
names, 157
Whitehouse, Mr. F. Cope, 263
Wiedemann, Prof., 253
Wife of Pir-napištim prepares the magic food, 108, 109
Wife-seeking, Abraham’s, for his son, parallels to, 524
Wild animals damage by, 512, 523
Winckler, Dr. Hugo, 235, 297, 537, 538
Wine-women, 499 (laws 108 ff.)
Wišyari, a captive, 302
Witnesses necessary, 500, 501;
names of, 162, 237, 238, etc.
Working an ox unlawfully, 512, 523
Working-off debt, 500 (law 117)
Workmen, hire of, 188, 514
Worship, lines upon, 49
Xenophon, 422
Xerxes, forms of his name, 428
Yaana or Yawani, a Hittite, 369, 370
Yaanana. _See_ Yatnana.
Yâ, Ya’u, Au, Aa, names containing, 59
Yâ-abî-ni, name, 60
Yabitiri, governor of Gaza and Jaffa, 279;
to the king of Egypt, 284
Yabušu, name, 324
Ya-Dagunu, name, 59
Ya’enḫamu (Yanḫamu), 298
Yahu (Jah, Jehovah), temple of, at Elephantine, 539 ff., 544
Yahwah, 342.
_See_ -yāwa
Yakinlû of Arvad, 389;
sends his sons to Assur-banî-âpli, 390
_Yakubu_, _Yakubi_, _Yakub-îlu_, _Ya’kubi-îlu_ (Jacob, Jacob-el), and
other similarly-formed names, 157, 183, 243-245, 554
Yamutbālu, Emutbālu, conquered by Ḫammurabi, 211, 212, 214, 216
Yanḫamu, an Egyptian official, 285, 295, 298
Yanzû, king of Na’iri or Mesopotamia, 367
Yapa-Addu, 293
Yapti’-Addu killed, 296
Yapu, Yappu (Jaffa), 285, 375
Yaraqu traversed by Shalmaneser, 334, 349
Yasubigalleans, 373
_Yašupum_, _Yašup-îlu_ (Joseph, Joseph-el), and other similarly-formed
names, 157, 243
Yatnana (Yaanana), Cyprus, 387
Ya’u, Yaum, etc., 535, 536;
suggested etymology of, 113;
supposed to have been identified with Aa or Ea, 18
Yaua (Jehu), 337, 339
Yau-bi’idi (= Ilu-bi’idi) of Hamath, 322, 363, 366
Yaudu, Yaudi (Judah), 370, 386, 389
Yaum-îlu, name, meaning “Jah is God” (Joel), 199 _n._
Ya’wa, Yâwa, 535
-yāwa, names ending in, 458, 465, 470, 471
Ya(’)we-îlu, name, 535
Yeb (Elephantine), 539 ff.;
meaning of the name, 544
Yedoniah of Elephantine, 539 ff.
Yehohanan (Johanan or John), 540, 542
Yidia of Askelon to the king of Egypt, 286, 287
Yoke of Assyria thrown off by Nabopolassar, 550
Young, plant to make the old, 109
Zabibé, queen of Arabia, 350
Zabû, Zabium (king), 153;
tablets dated in his reign, 174, 183, 237
Zagaga, god of battle, identified with Merodach, 58;
temple of, at Kiš, 213, 214, 415, 489
Zahi (Phœnicia), 270
Zaphnath-paaneah, Steindorff’s translation of, 257
Zarephath (Sareptu), 374
Zedekiah, captured, 400.
_See_ Mattaniah
Zelah, 297
Zēru-kênu-lîsir, son of Merodach-baladan, 386
Zēr-panitum, consort of Merodach, 160, 212;
swearing by, 433;
invocation of, 466;
_see also_ 472, 479
Zērû-Bâbîli (Zerubbabel, better Zeru-Babel), a frequent name, 425, 441,
559
Zeus (Belos), 137
_Zikurat Babili_, 139
Zilû city, 296
Zimmern, Prof. H., 68, 536, 546
Zimrêda of Sidon, hostile to Egypt, 293;
Zimrêda of Lachish, threatened, 296;
another Z., 556
Ziri-Bašani (field of Bashan), 277
Zoan, supposed place where Joseph met Pharaoh, 253
Zubuduru, messenger of Nebuchadnezzar’s son, 434
FOOTNOTES
1 Written on the edge of the tablet in the Assyrian copy.
2 Cf. the royal names, Anman-ila, Buntaḫtun-ila, etc., in the
so-called Arabic Dynasty of Babylon. (P. 154.)
3 Literally “he who feareth not his god.”
4 The Akkadian line has “the sickness (disease) of the head.”
_ 5 Cuneiform Inscriptions and the O.T._, 2nd edit. vol. i. p. 28.
6 A later explanation by Prof. Sayce is, that Enoch may be Ḫana, “on
the east side of Babylonia,” with the determinative suffix _ki_
(making Ḫanaki) added. See _Expository Times_, Jan. 1902, p. 179.
7 In this description of the contents of the 12 tablets referring to
Gilgameš, the common reading of the name of his friend and companion
has been retained, partly to keep a form which was more or less
familiar, and partly because the reading is doubtful. From the new
text discovered by Meissner, however, the name would seem not to be
Êa-bani, but Êa-du or Enki-du. Future discoveries may ultimately
give us the true reading.
8 Variant, “with loud voice.”
9 Variant, “Maḫ.”
10 Compare the story of Aesculapius, who, when in the house of Glaucus,
killed a serpent, upon which another of these reptiles came with a
herb in its mouth, wherewith it restored its dead companion to life.
Aesculapius was to all appearance luckier than Gilgameš, for it was
with this herb that he restored the sick and dead, whereas the
Babylonian hero seems to have lost the precious plant.
11 Apparently meaning the same as if the word “artificers” only had
been used. Compare the expression “a son of Babylon” for “a
Babylonian.”
12 Marshall Brothers, Paternoster Row.
13 The Assyrians, when referring to Babylonia, generally call it
“Akkad,” which ought rather, therefore, to be the district nearest
to them—that is, the northern part of the country, immediately south
of their own borders. They also called this part Karduniaš, one of
the names by which it was known in Babylonia.
14 See p. 122.
15 Other possible instances of the occurrence of this element in names
of this time are Zumu-rame, Šumu-ḫammu (apparently for Sumu-ḫammu),
Sumu-ḫala, Samu-abum, Samukim, Sumu-entel (so probably to be read
instead of Sumu-ente-al), Sumu-ni-Ea, “Our Shem is Ea,” and in all
probability many others could be found. (See Hommel, _Ancient Hebrew
Tradition_.)
16 For further information upon Babylonia and Egypt, compare Prof. F.
Hommel’s “Der babylonische Ursprung der ägyptischen Kultur,”
München, G. Franz, 1892. A new etymology of Arpachshad, very similar
to that of Prof. Schrader, has, however, lately been suggested by
Prof. Sayce, and afterwards by Prof. Hommel, who has apparently
abandoned that given above.
17 See the tablet translated on pp. 182-183, and compare the documents
quoted on pp. 174, 178 ff., 180, 184, 185, 186-7.
18 In consequence of variations in the lists, there is doubt as to the
total of the reigns of the above kings. The shorter indications have
been given above, as far as the reign of Samsu-iluna. A small tablet
from Babylon (Rassam excavations) gives Sumu-abi 15, Sumu-la-ila 35,
Zabû 14, Abil-Sin 18, Sin-mubaliṭ 30, Ḫammurabi 55, and Samsu-iluna
35—total, with the others, 304 years instead of 285. Perhaps there
were usurpers, whose reigns have not been included. There seems to
have been an interregnum after the reign of Samu-abi (_Proceedings
of the Society of Biblical Archæology_, 1899, p. 161).
19 Or _Buntaḫtun-ila_, in an inscription published by Hermann Ranke
(_Pennsylvania Expedition_, vol. VI., part 1, 1906).
20 The name really seems, however, to be Sumuenteal, probably a
scribe’s error.
21 Or “heroic son”—_dumu ursa[ga?]_.
22 The Ebišum of the chronological lists.
23 Yosephia and Habe-Ibraheem.
24 See the _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund,
July 1900, pp. 262, 263.
25 An interesting commentary on this is furnished by the British Museum
tablet K, 2100, which informs us that the god Rimmon or Hadad was
called _Addu_ or _Dadu_ in Amorite, _Tešsub_ in the language of _Su_
(Mesopotamia), _Maliku_ in the language of _Suḫ_, (the Shuites),
_Kunzibami_ in Elamite, and _Buriaš_ in Kassite. The same
inscription also states that the word for “God” was _ene_ in _Su_,
_nab_ in Elamite, _malaḫum_ in Amorite, _kiurum_ in Lulubite,
_mašḫu_ in Kassite, and gives the additional synonyms (? in
Babylonian) _qadmu_, “he who was first,” _digirū_ (from the Akkadian
_dingir_, “god”), and also, seemingly, _ḫilibu._
26 To all appearance letters were originally read out to the person
addressed by a professional reader.
27 This often happens, the most interesting case being the tablets
referring to Bunanitum, four in number, acquired in 1876, 1877, and
a year or two later. Another of the series is in New York. Cf. pp.
459-465.
28 I have purposely given the translation of the inner tablet, that of
the envelope being less simply worded, and therefore not quite so
easy to understand. The list of witnesses, however, is from the
envelope, this being much more satisfactory in that it gives the
father’s name and the title of the person in some cases.
29 The envelope here adds: “At no future time shall he make a claim.”
30 This is apparently an expression taken from the contracts referring
to the purchase of houses, in which the same set phrases were used.
31 In the list of household goods inscribed on the tablet Bu. 91-5-9,
337, are enumerated 1 bed, 1 couch, 2 tables, other objects, mostly
of wood, to the number of 42; 7 pots, 1 chair, 4 _ušratum_ (probably
vessels containing the tenth part of some measure), 5 _hamsatum_
(probably vessels containing the fifth part of a measure), 31 _qa_
of sesame, and a few other things.
32 Generally read Ê-giš-šir-gal.
33 Probably the first line of the next tablet.
34 The Talmud says that Terah worshipped twelve divinities, one for
each month of the year.
35 There was a temple of the sun and the moon at a town at no great
distance from Ur [Mugheir], now represented by the mounds of
Tel-Sifr, where a number of tablets with envelopes were found.
36 One of the most interesting names found in the texts of this period
is that of Yaum-îlu, “Jah is God,” occurring in a letter. Yau (Jah)
was one of the Babylonian words indicating the Supreme God, only
used, however, in special cases. (Cf. pp. 58 ff.)
37 See the inscription translated on p. 155.
38 In inscriptions referring to Haran the Moon-god bears this name.
39 Apparently the god Sin, through the priest, his representative. For
Esarhaddon’s successes in Egypt, see p. 388.
40 The _ayin_ of the second element must have been pronounced like the
Arabic _ghain_, making ’Atar-ghata, which would probably be a better
transcription.
41 A corrupt form of the same name.
42 This is probably not the land of Ḫana referred to on p. 84, note,
which was apparently a Babylonian principality, and retained its
independence to a comparatively late date. It was a district which
had especially skilful stone- and metal-workers.
43 A doubtful rendering.
44 Or “Year of the images of the 7 gods.”
45 Or “Year of (the temple) Ê-namḫe.”
46 It may just be mentioned that date 30, “Year of the army of Elam,”
if correctly rendered, may refer to the Elamite expedition to the
West, but it seems more likely that it records a disaster to the
Elamite arms, which enabled Ḫammurabi to overthrow Rîm-Sin of
Emutbālu next year.
47 A deity, probably the god of destruction.
48 Further details will be found in the paper, _Certain Inscriptions
and Records_, etc. in the _Journal of the Victoria Institute_,
1895-96, pp. 43-90. Published also separately.
49 The word _ḳâtu_, “hand,” in Semitic Babylonian, means also “power,”
and as an explanatory gloss, the scribe has introduced the Hebrew
זרוע or עורז, _zuruḫ_ in Assyrian transcription, meaning “arm,” or,
here, “power.” Apparently he was afraid that _ḳâtu_ would not be
understood.
50 In this connection Maspero’s remarks upon this fragment (_Records of
the Past_, 2nd series, vol. ii. p. 43) are worth repeating. He
points out that there were three Pharaohs named Soqnun-rî (=
Seqnen-Rê), and he implies that it was in all probability the last
of these which is referred to. He perished by a violent death,
perhaps in battle against the Hyksos themselves. “He had shaved his
head the morning before, ‘arraying himself for the combat like the
god Montu,’ as the Egyptian scribes would say. His courage led him
to penetrate too far into the ranks of the enemy; he was surrounded
and slain before his companions could rescue him. The blow of an axe
removed part of his left cheek and laid bare the teeth, striking the
jaw and felling him stunned to the ground; a second blow entered far
within the skull, a dagger or short lance splitting the forehead on
the right side a little above the eye. The Egyptians recovered the
body and embalmed it in haste, when already partly decomposed,
before sending it to Thebes and the tomb of his ancestors.... The
author of the legend may probably have continued the story down to
the tragic end of his hero. The scribe to whom we owe the papyrus on
which it is inscribed must certainly have intended to complete the
tale; he had recopied the last lines on the reverse of one of the
pages, and was preparing to continue it when some accident
intervened to prevent his doing so.... It is probable, however, that
it went on to describe how Soqnun-rî, after long hesitation,
succeeded in escaping from the embarrassing dilemma in which his
powerful rival had attempted to place him. His answer must have been
as odd and extraordinary as the message of ’Apôpi, but we have no
means even of conjecturing what it was.”
51 Compare the name of the well near which Hagar the Egyptian woman
fell down exhausted when fleeing from Sarai, Abraham’s wife: “The
well of _the living one_ who seeth me.”
52 Driver, in Hastings’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, under Joseph.
53 Or “to each hungry person.”
54 This and other transcriptions of the name into cuneiform character
suggests that it was generally pronounced Neb-mu’a-Re’a.
55 Another god of Mitanni seems to have been Eaašarri, probably from
the Babylonian _Êa šarru_, “Êa (Aê) the king.” Other Mitannian
deities are Šimîgi and Sušbi.
56 Compare the Arabic _eshāra_, “sign.”
57 Nin-urmuru (?) is only a provisional transcription, being at least
partly Akkadian. Her name in all probability began with _Bêlit_,
“lady of” = _Bâalat_. As the name ends with the plural sign, the
question naturally arises whether it may not be practically a
title—“Lady of the Urmuru” (?), or something of the kind.
_ 58 I.e._ to king Amenophis, to whom he was writing.
59 In all probability this is metaphorically spoken, and means simply
that he captured him. The feet of those vanquished in battle were
sometimes cut off, but it is hardly likely that a man would survive
this without medical treatment.
60 Lit. “stood before him.”
61 Lit. “a servant of faithfulness.”
62 Lit. “I look thus, and I look thus.”
63 It is doubtful whether the full form of the name is preserved, the
tablet being broken at this point.
64 Ḫani-galbat is identified with northern Mesopotamia (Aram-Naharaim),
and was the land ruled over by Dušratta, king of Mitanni, a synonym
of which, at least in part, the district known as Ḫani-galbat was.
Ḫana-galbat is apparently a variant spelling.
65 Or “the keeper of thy horses.” The dual sign before the word
“horses” suggests that “attendant,” “guardian,” or “driver” of the
two horses of the king’s chariot is meant. The expression is
apparently intended merely to indicate the writer’s position as
vassal.
66 Lit. “to whose head,” apparently meaning “to whose self” = “to
whom.”
67 Thus in the original—apparently Abdi-ṭâba thought that “they
backbite” (_îkalu karsi_) might not be understood.
68 The name is lost.
69 The number is lost.
70 This number is incomplete.
71 Lit. “taken hostility against me.”
72 Lit. “there is alliance to all the governors.”
73 The scribe has left out a wedge in the middle character, making the
name _Kapasi_.
74 Apparently meaning that Milki-îli, pretending to be faithful to the
king of Egypt, intended to ask him, later on, for the territory
governed by Lab’aya and Arzawa, in order to give it back to them,
they having forfeited it by their rebellion.
75 So Naville and others.
76 Sothis rose heliacally on the 9th of Epiphi of the 9th year (1545
B.C.) of Amenophis I. Amosis, his predecessor, ruled twenty-two
years, so that his first year must be 1575 B.C. Subtract 240 years,
the period of oppression, from 1575, and we obtain 1335 as the date
of the Exodus.
77 Mahler suggests that it was one of the sons of Rameses II. who met
with his death in the Red Sea when pursuing the departing
Israelites.
78 Also Abdi-Aširta, Abdi-Ašratum.
79 Lit. “chariots of the harness of their yoke.”
80 Prof. Sayce translates “like moon-stone I laid low.”
81 Or “fear which dreaded.”
82 These words _(ša mât Ḫat-ta-a-a_) are inserted in this place in
squeeze 84.
83 See the list, p. 374 (with 373 and 378). Amurrū (Amoria, p. 374)
appears as in Ḫatti (p. 373), or synonymous with it.
84 Lit. “of his decision.”
85 See p. 224.
86 The land of the Amorites.
87 Or Šizanians.
88 Only eleven are mentioned.
89 The god of death and battle.
90 Thus in the inscription, but translators generally read _Gilzanu_.
_ 91 Guide to the Nimroud Central Saloon_, p. 31. This rendering is
based on a careful comparison of the inscription with the
bas-relief.
92 “Son of Ê-saggil” means that he was one of the deities worshipped in
the temple bearing that name. The god Ninip is called “son of
E-sarra,” for the same reason. Nebo was especially worshipped,
however, at Ê-zida.
93 “The broad (land of) ... li,” however, occurs, and, as Professor
Hommel actually suggests, may be a reference to _Nap-ta-li_ or
Naphtali.
_ 94 I.e._ like the ruins of cities which had been swept away by a
flood. In both Assyria and Babylonia floods were common things, and
the devastation they caused naturally gave rise to the simile.
95 According to Fried. Delitzsch, this is incorrectly given for Sewe,
the Sib’e of the Assyrian inscriptions.
96 If it be Sargon, then it was naturally he who carried Israel captive
to Assyria, placing them in Halah, Habor, and the cities of the
Medes.
_ 97 I.e._ those of the island of Tyre, which still held out.
98 Lit. “I smote their overthrow.”
99 See the chapter upon the Tel-el-Amarna letters (p. 281 ff.).
100 It is noteworthy, however, that Sabaco is elsewhere called Sabaku
(see below, p. 389).
101 “The two borders,” see Sayce. The Assyrian form is singular, as is
also the Babylonian Miṣir, which has _i_ for _u_ in both syllables.
The Arabic form is Miṣr. Muṣur(u), Misir(u), Miṣraim, and Misr are
all forms of the same name.
102 Compare p. 366, where the earlier payment of tribute is referred to.
103 See pp. 283, 291, 292.
104 The land of Heth, Syria in general.
105 Lit. “wrought anew.”
106 Or Ya(w)anana. (This is added from the bull-inscription.)
107 Or _Ṣidqaa_ (for _Ṣidqaia = Zedekiah_).
108 Unknown objects—perhaps gold bangles or similar things.
109 Lit. “whatever its name.”
110 Or “I.”
111 Elibus in Alexander Polyhistor, as quoted by Eusebius, _Armenian
Chronicle_, 42.
112 It is impossible, with our present knowledge, to determine the date
of Merodach-baladan’s envoy to Hezekiah (2 Kings xx. 12), but if at
the late period indicated, he must have been in hiding, and waiting
for the chance to mount the throne again.
113 This, together with Nagitu, and Nagitu-di’ibina, are apparently
different from the Nagite-raqqi or Nagitu-raqqu mentioned above.
Apparently Merodach-baladan had fled from the Nagitu “within the
sea” to the mainland.
114 The Babylonian Chronicle claims victory for the allies, and
Sennacherib for the Assyrians. The sequel implies that the latter is
the more trustworthy.
_ 115 I.e._ Mer-en-Ptah, Seti I. As, however, this king reigned as early
as 1350 B.C., Herodotus must have been misinformed. Tirhakah, “king
of Ethiopia,” was Sennacherib’s opponent at the period of the siege
of Jerusalem (2 Kings xix. 9).
116 Tel-Assar (Isaiah xxxvii. 12)—Assar probably = Asari (p. 54).
117 There were twenty provinces in all, including those of Nikû, king of
Mempi and Sâa (Necho of Memphis and Sais); Šarru-lû-dâri (an
Assyrian name), king of Ṣi’anu (Zoan or Tanis), Susinqu (Sheshonq),
king of Buširu (Busiris), and many others.
118 “To the long chariot, the vehicle of my royalty.”
119 As pointed out by Commander Jones in 1852, the river responsible for
the disaster was not the Tigris, but must have been the Khosr, which
flows through Nineveh from the N.E., and runs into the Tigris W.S.W.
of the village of Armushieh.
120 Apparently Duwair, S.S.E. of Babylon. This, however, is probably not
a real place-name, the word really meaning “mound.”
121 A part of Babylon.
122 Lit. “like as a corpse.”
123 Lit. “went round” or “about.”
124 Probably meaning Asiatics, in contradistinction to the fair
inhabitants of Europe.
125 The old name of Babylon as “the seat of life” = old Babylon.
126 Lit. “their number cannot be announced.”
127 Lit. “of the land of Amoria.”
128 The old capital of Assyria.
129 An addition by the scribe of the first tablet (the more correct
copy), seemingly partly erased.
130 The second copy (the less correct) has, instead of “who is over the
city,” the words “the son of the king ...,” which (judging from the
word for “man” before “king”) the scribe must have read into the
traces which he saw.
131 This must be another Marduka—it is most unlikely that it is the son
of Adi’îlu and Ḫulîtu, concerning whom the document was written.
132 Variant, Adi’îlu, possibly the seller of Marduka, and if so,
Ukîn-zēra must have been the brother of the man sold.
133 See above, p. 445, where the husbandmen are referred to.
134 Probably = “under.”
135 Apparently from the root _par_, “to be bright.” These stones were
probably sacred to the Sun-god.
136 Or “the woollen stuffs.”
137 Lit. “thou (art) in thy house, in thy heart (there is) good to
thee.”
138 It seems to have been sometimes the custom for a man to be known by
more than one name.
139 Lit. “gardenership.”
140 This may mean “the Egyptian,” but as there were more than one Miṣir,
this is doubtful.
141 Nabonidus.
142 Or, perhaps, “(in) the plantation-territory.”
143 Or, perhaps, “the territory of the great farther side.”
144 As the Babylonians had no means of indicating the sound of _o_,
characters containing _u_ had to be used in such words as these. The
Babylonian pronunciation of the Greek πολίτης was, therefore,
_poliṭē_. Another form of this plural word, namely, _puliṭannu
(poliṭānu)_, also occurs.
145 In 1890, when this inscription was copied, it was in the possession
of Mr. Lucas, who kindly gave me permission to publish it. I do not
know who possesses the tablet at present. The seal-impression at the
end is exceedingly indistinct.
146 The spirits of the earth.
147 The Sungod was the god of justice, hence this comparison.
148 The inhabitants of the land.
149 The temple-tower of Niffur.
150 The temple of Bel at Niffur.
151 The temple of Eridu.
152 The temple of Bel at Babylon.
153 See p. 193.
154 The temple of Ur—see p. 194 ff.
155 The moon-goddess of Sippar.
156 The temple of the sun at Sippar.
157 Ellasar.
158 The temple of the sun at Larsa (Ellasar).
159 The god and goddess of Ê-anna, the temple of Erech.
160 The temple of Isin or Nisin.
161 The temple of Kiš.
162 Apparently a conflict had taken place here, and the success of the
Babylonian arms was attributed to the god of the place.
163 The temple of Cuthah.
164 Merodach—see p. 30 ff.
165 The temple of Borsippa.
166 The modern Dailem.
167 The god of Dilmu.
168 The temple at Lagas.
169 Goddess of Ḫallabu.
170 Lit.: “the raising of the hand.”
171 Hadad.
172 Or, with Scheil: who has rectified the course of the Tigris. As,
however, the sign for “river” is wanting, the meaning “family,”
“race,” which this word has, is to be preferred.
173 The temple of Ištar of Nineveh, later called E-masmas.
174 Lit.: “to the river-god,” and so throughout the clause.
175 A matter of life and death.
176 Lit.: “which is in that judgment.”
177 Cf. 126, 131.
178 Lit.: “a period to the sixth month.”
179 Lit.: “in the sixth month.”
180 Lit.: “shall call upon the spirit of God.”
181 Lit.: “In the house of a man fire has been kindled.”
182 Lit.: “a man of substitution.”
183 The officer, etc.
184 Lit.: “for opening.”
185 Lit.: “the god Hadad.”
186 Or, “did not cover the cost.”
187 Lit.: “the god Hadad.”
188 Lit.: “the lord of the interest.”
189 Lit.: “profit.”
190 Or, “its interest.”
191 Lit.: “sons,” or “children.”
_ 192 I.e._ in the same proportion.
193 Lit.: “in days not full.”
194 In the British Museum fragment 80-11-12, 1235, found by Mr. Rassam
in Babylonia, 100 and 101 form a single section, the last one of the
5th tablet.
195 Lit.: “invoke the spirit of God.”
196 In other words, “he shall take a receipt for the amount.”
197 Probably = “shall not be placed to his credit.”
198 Lit.: “dwells on the road.”
199 Lit.: “the possessions of his hand.”
200 Lit.: “and to whatever its name, as much as he gave, he shall
renounce.”
201 Lit.: “the distraint.”
202 Apparently the agent who lent him the money, and who is called “the
distrainer” in the foregoing lines.
203 Has not made a contract for her.
204 Lit.: “If the wife of a man her husband accuse her.”
205 Lit.: “she shall invoke the spirit of God.”
206 The original text adds “before him,” probably meaning “before he
left.”
207 Or “may.”
208 Lit.: “after him.”
209 Or “need.”
210 Lit.: “she may take the husband of her heart.”
211 Lit.: “take.”
212 Or “a chain.”
213 Lit.: “her after (property).”
214 Lit.: “a lord of interest.”
215 Lit.: “set her upon a stake.”
216 There is a mistake in the text here, the most probable reading being
“cast _him_ into the water.”
217 Lit.: “movable(s),” French _du meuble_.
218 Perhaps “shall add to it an equal amount,” as a kind of
compensation. Scheil has “il égalera.”
219 That is, to the man himself.
220 In all probability it is an adopted son who is meant—it is doubtful
whether a man could do more than disinherit his own child.
_ 221 I.e._ decide to marry again.
222 Lit.: “her sonhood, of her brothers it is.”
223 The same word is used as in the case of a marriage-gift.
224 The same word is used as in the case of a marriage-gift.
225 That is, she must content herself with the marriage-gift.
226 Lit.: “taken to childship.”
227 Or “in his name.”
228 These were in the position of orphans, having no proper home.
229 Lit.: “the son of a worker.”
230 Or “as a foster-child.”
231 Here the term would seem to be equivalent to “apprentice.”
232 Evidently such a denial on the child’s part was regarded as the
height of ingratitude (see the footnote to § 187).
233 In the original “his eye.”
234 Lit.: “price.”
235 Or “skull,” Scheil: “cerveau.” Peiser’s rendering, “cheek” (Backe),
seems to be the best. (This applies to laws 203-205 as well.)
236 According to Winckler, this expression (“son of a man”) means “a
free-born man.”
237 Lit.: “slave like slave.”
238 Lit.: “the silver of half his price.”
239 Lit.: “lord of the injury.”
240 This was regarded as a fraud, and punished as such.
241 Or “the boatman shall repair that vessel, and strengthen (it) with
his own capital, and give the strengthened vessel (back) to the
owner of the vessel.”
242 Lit.: “price.”
243 Lit.: “ox like ox.”
244 Such is the general translation. An injury of this kind would render
the animal useless, as it would be unable to bear the yoke, hence
this enactment.
245 Or “slit.”
246 Lit.: “shall invoke the spirit of God.”
247 As the dog his first bite, so the bull was allowed his first toss
free.
248 Or “failing,” “defect.”
249 Or “weakened,” “starved.”
250 Lit.: “given.”
251 Lit.: “it is good to his heart.”
252 Lit.: “the fate,” _i.e._, divine decree concerning them.
253 Lit.: “of.”
254 The character used is the same as that for grain (wheat, etc.), but
the weight is unknown.
255 Winckler: “potter.”
256 Lit.: “man of linen.” Scheil, Winckler, and Johns translate
“tailor.”
257 A part only of the word is preserved.
258 Lit.: “he has had a claim.”
259 Lit.: “shall answer the claim.”
260 Lit.: “he shall make their freedom without silver.” This law seems
to indicate that neither owner was regarded as having a right to
them.
261 Lit.: “silver.”
262 The people.
263 The Ninevite duplicate has a different reading.
264 Probably = “north and south,” or “in mountain and valley.”
265 Winckler: “put an end to battles.”
266 Lit.: “proclaimed.”
267 Apparently meaning the head of the stone bearing this inscription.
268 The Nineveh duplicate has: “by the command of Šamaš and Hadad,
judges of justice, deciders of decisions, may justice have power.”
269 Lit.: “a word.”
270 Lit.: “good flesh.”
271 Lit.: “thoughts.”
272 Lit.: “the going forth.”
273 Lit.: “his dark of head.”
274 Scheil: “given rectitude.”
275 The future king.
276 Lit.: “cause another to take (this responsibility).”
277 Lit.: “whose name has been proclaimed.”
_ 278 I.e._, his throne.
279 Lit.: “honourable.”
280 Lit.: “go before.”
281 Lit.: “ear.”
282 Or “oblivion.”
283 Or “visions.”
284 Lit.: “spirits” (_utukke_). Perhaps the “soul” and “spirit” are
meant, the plural being indicated by writing the character twice,
though nothing certain can be deduced from this.
285 Scheil and Winckler: “sickle” (= crescent), but this seems to be a
different word.
286 Scheil: “is in conflict.”
287 Mounds of an inundation, such as the great Flood was supposed to
have produced.
288 Probably repeated by an error of the stone-cutter.
289 The Nineveh duplicate has: “whose battle has no equal.”
290 Or “bind.”
291 Or “strength,” apparently meaning the imperfectness of that quality.
292 Generally referred to under the fuller form Anunnaki.
293 Or “temple,” either that of Merodach at Babylon, or Ê-babbara.
294 The temple of the Sun at Sippar or at Larsa—probably the former.
295 In Ex. xxi. 8 it is presumed that the master of the girl betrothed
her to himself, as in the case of Šamaš-nûri (p. 185), who, however,
could be sold as a slave if she denied her mistress.
296 The old Sumerian law referring to injuries to slaves (p. 191)
inflicts a fine on the _hirer_, not on the owner.
297 Isaiah xlv. 20: “They have no knowledge that carry the wood of their
graven images.” R. V.
298 Num. vi. 26: “The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee,”
equivalent to “to raise the eyes” in Assyro-Babylonian.
299 Lit.: “shall not bring his hand to the sick.”
300 Lit.: “the raising of his hands.”
301 This form is due to a false etymology, but it is used by Delitzsch
as a very convenient compound word.
302 The word may also be translated “inhabiting,” but this does not seem
to be so good.
303 Lit.: “ill.”
304 For parallels to the Babylonian legend of Tiamtu in the Talmud and
Midrash, see S. Daiches in the _Zeitschrift für Assyriologie_, xvii.
(1903), pp. 394-399.
305 Similar figures are shown on the slabs in the British Museum
(Nimroud Gallery) standing before the sacred tree.
_ 306 The Religious Ideas of the Babylonians_, in the Journal of the
Transactions of the Victoria Institute, 1895.
307 P. 181.
308 P. 183, where the reading is Ibsina-ili.
309 P. 184.
310 For a list of these, see “Observations sur la Religion des
Babyloniens 2000 ans avant Jésus-Christ,” by Th. G. Pinches, in the
_Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, 1901.
311 See Hugo Winckler, _Die im Sommer 1906 in Kleinasien ausgeführten
Ausgrabungen_, Orientalische Literatur-Zeitung, Dec. 15, 1906;
_Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-Köi im
Sommer 1907_, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, Dec.
1907 (No. 35).
312 See pp. 297, 298, where Cassites (_Kâsi_) are referred to. The
Kassites east of Babylonia were the Cosssæans of the Greeks. (Cf.
pp. 122, 140, 170.)
313 See pp. 275 ff.
314 See pp. 222 ff.
315 It will be noticed that the Hittite-Babylonian transcription is of
considerable value for the pronunciation of Egyptian.
316 See p. 232.
_ 317 Aramaic Papyri discovered at Assuan_, edited by A. H. Sayce and A.
E. Cowley. London, 1906.
318 Lit.: “they shall remove.”
319 Sachau suggests that this may be gentilic, and mean “the Lachite.”
320 Possibly “companions” (Sachau).
321 Variant: “the 7 great doors.”
_ 322 QYMu_, a word of doubtful meaning.
323 Or “bronze.”
324 Sachau suggests that this may be the name of Waidrang’s tribe—that
of Caleb, or the like.
325 Possibly signs of dignity or wealth, made of some precious metal.
326 In the original _Ostan âḫûhi zi ’Anani_, a construction which
reminds us of the Babylonian _âbli-šu ša_, “son of.” May we,
therefore, read “Ostanes, brother of ’Anani?”
327 That is, the receivers of Bagohi’s benefits.
328 As such a reward would be much too small, Sachau suggests that the
_kinkar_ (? talent) was much below the value of an ordinary talent.
329 See page 539.
330 Chnub, the Greek _Chnubis_, _Knuphis_, or _Kneph_.
331 If this be the case, _Waidareng_ is also a possible reading.
332 Sanballat in Nehemiah. The transcription here used is that of the
Septuagint, but the vocalization is in both cases incorrect—it
should be Sin-uballiṭ. This name, which is Babylonian, means “the
moon-god has given life.” He is called a Horonite in Neh. ii. 10,
19.
333 Lit.: “going.”
334 See the Author’s _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_ (A. Constable &
Co., 1906), pp. 43-44.
_ 335 Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1902, I.: _Ein
Altbabylonisches Fragment des Gilgamosepos_, von Bruno Meissner.
Berlin, Wolf Peiser Verlag.
336 Oriental Translation Fund, New Series, I. _The Rauzat-us-Safa; or
Garden of Purity_, by Mirkhond. Translated by E. Rehatsek. Royal
Asiatic Society, 1891.
_ 337 The Babylonian Excavations and Early Bible History_, by Prof.
Kittel, translated by Edmund McClure, M.A., with a preface by Henry
Wace, D.D. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1903.
_ 338 Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, vol. v., pl. 2, l. 40, and
_Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets_, part xii., pl. 6. Cf. p.
144.
339 Probably illustrating the Sumerian Laws.
340 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1897.
_ 341 The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates of Balawat_, with an
introduction by Walter de Gray Birch, and descriptions and
translations by Theophilus G. Pinches. Published at the Offices of
the Society of Biblical Archæology, Bloomsbury, W.C.
342 Or “images.”
343 Assyria.
344 See p. 207, upper part.
345 That is, Babylonia.
_ 346 Collection de Clercq. Catalogue méthodique et raisonné_, par M. de
Clercq, avec la collaboration de M. J. Menant. Paris, Leroux, 1885,
etc.