[1] Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
[2] Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.
[3] John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.
[4] Madras Mail, November, 1905.
[5] J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of
Manaar, 1905.
[6] Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.
[7] Notes from a Diary, 1881-86.
[8] Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.
[9] Nineteenth Century, 1898.
[10] Malay Archipelago.
[11] Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.
[12] Malabar Manual.
[13] Manual of the Coimbatore district.
[14] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.
[15] W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula,
1906.
[16] Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
[17] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[18] Manual of Malabar.
[19] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[20] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[21] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[22] A reddish formation found all over Southern India.
[23] Op. cit.
[24] Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.
[25] Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.
[26] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[27] Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
[28] For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.
[29] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[30] Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.
[31] Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which
councils are held.
[32] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[33] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[34] Setupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rajas of Ramnad.
[35] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[36] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[37] Manual of the Madura district.
[38] G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888-9.
[39] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[40] Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
[41] Madras Review, 1899.
[42] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[43] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[44] Op. cit.
[45] Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908,
Vellore.
[46] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.
[47] I am informed that only Mel-nadu, Sirukudi, Mella-kottai, and
Puramalai are endogamous.
[48] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[49] Manual of the Madura district.
[50] Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.
[51] The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.
[52] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[53] Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
[54] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[55] Madras Mail, 1908.
[56] Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
[57] A lakh = a hundred thousand.
[58] Compare the theft of Laban's teraphim by Rachel. Genesis,
XXXI, 19.
[59] Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
[60] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[61] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[62] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[63] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[64] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[65] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[66] Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.
[67] Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
[68] Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
[69] Mediæval Sinhalese Art.
[70] Maduraikanchi, Line 521.
[71] E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.
[72] Ibid. III, i, 47, 1899.
[73] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[74] Madras Census Report, 1871.
[75] New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.
[76] Madras Mail, 1907.
[77] Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some
of the proverbs quoted are taken.
[78] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[79] See the legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.
[80] Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
[81] Letters from Malabar.
[82] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[83] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[84] Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
[85] Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.
[86] Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.
[87] Unhusked rice.
[88] Manual of the South Canara district.
[89] Money-lender.
[90] Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.
[91] Indian Review, III, 1902.
[92] Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.
[93] According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of
a Tiyan.
[94] Malabar Manual.
[95] Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
[96] C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.
[97] Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.
[98] This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.
[99] Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.
[100] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[101] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[102] Historical Sketches, Mysore.
[103] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[104] Gazetteer of the Madura district.
[105] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[106] Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.
[107] Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.
[108] Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907.
[109] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[110] J. F. Kearns. Kalyana shatanku.
[111] Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.
[112] Illatakaru, a bride's father having no son, and adopting his
son-in-law.
[113] See further C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High
Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom
affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.
[114] Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
[115] Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.
[116] Madras Mail, 1905.
[117] Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
[118] Manual of the North Arcot district.
[119] Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
[120] Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.
[121] The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work
named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of
the leaf--petiole of the palmyra palm.
[122] Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.
[123] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[124] Manual of the Salem district.
[125] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[126] Manual of the Madura district.
[127] Manual of the Tanjore district.
[128] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[129] Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.
[130] Malabar Law and Custom.
[131] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[132] Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
[133] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[134] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.
[135] Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
[136] Indian Review, VII, 1906.
[137] See Ravi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.
[138] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[139] Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.
[140] Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900-1901.
[141] Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[142] Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
[143] Original Inhabitants of Bharathavarsha.
[144] The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes
into the right- and left-hand factions.
[145] The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts,
as contra-distinguished from the "Presidency" (Madras City).
[146] Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.
[147] Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359-82.
[148] Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.
[149] See Talboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49-89.
[150] See Tales of Komati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras,
1907.
[151] Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897. See also
C. Hayavadana Rao, op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.
[152] Madras Census Report, 1871.
[153] Gazetteer of the Godavari district.
[154] Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.
[155] Man. March 1902.
[156] G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.
[157] G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.
[158] Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.
[159] Madras Census Report, 1881.
[160] Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.
[161] Madras Mail, 1894.
[162] Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
[163] A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by
Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic
Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.
[164] The Golden Bough, 1900.
[165] Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human
Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.
[166] Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of
Khondistan.
[167] Manual of the Vizagapatam district.
[168] Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.
[169] Madras Mail, 1894.
[170] Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home
Department), V., 1845.
[171] J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.
[172] J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.
[173] Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.
[174] Loc. cit.
[175] Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.
[176] Madras Mail, 1896.
[177] Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.
[178] Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.
[179] Ibid.
[180] Madras Police Report, 1904.
[181] Madras Mail, 1894.
[182] Madras Mail, 1908.
[183] See G.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.
[184] Manual of the South Canara district.
[185] Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.
[186] Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali,
which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making
them rise and become very crisp when fried.
[187] Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.
[188] Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885-6.
[189] Ind. Ant. X, 1881.
[190] Manual of the South Canara district.
[191] Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.
[192] Manual of the South Canara district.
[193] Manual of the South Canara district.
[194] M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves.
[195] Madras Census Report, 1891.
[196] Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888-89.
[197] Tirumurukairuppadai.
[198] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[199] Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.
[200] Cyclopædia of India.
[201] Loc. cit.
[202] Note on Koravas, 1908.
[203] Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
[204] Forest Inspection Report, 1896.
[205] Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
[206] Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
[207] F. S. Mullaly. Op. cit.
[208] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.
[209] History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.
[210] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[211] Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
[212] This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in
the Aranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.
[213] M. Paupa Rao Naidu. Op. cit.
[214] Ibid.
[215] Police Report, 1902.
[216] Op. cit.
[217] A varaha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3-8-0.
[218] A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different
parts of the country.
[219] Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.
[220] J. F. Kearns, Kalyana Shatanku, 1868.
[221] Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
[222] Madras Census Report, 1871.
[223] Madras Census Report, 1901.
[224] India. Trübner. Oriental Series.
[225] Ind. Ant., III, 1874.
[226] Madras Mail, 1907.
[227] For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a
report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.
[228] Madras Mail, 1908.