OF PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVE FORMS.[46]--No apostrophe is used in forming the possessive
case of personal pronouns. We write "ours," "yours," "hers," "its,"
"theirs." "It's" is a contraction for "it is."
[46] "Foundations," p. 60.
EXERCISE XXVI.
_Write from dictation_--
1. John's hat is old, yours is new.
2. The bear was lying on its side, dead.
3. The Browns' house is larger than ours, but ours is more convenient than
theirs.
4. Yours very respectfully, John Smith.
5. See the yacht! it's coining into the harbor under full sail.
6. Show Mary your doll; it should not grieve you that yours is not so
pretty as hers.
7. That fault was not yours.
8. Helen's eyes followed the direction of hers.
NOMINATIVE OR OBJECTIVE CASE.[47]--There are only seven words in the
English language that now have different forms for the nominative and
objective cases; therefore it is only in the use of these words that we
need to observe any rules about "nominative" or "objective." Since,
however, these seven words are more frequently used than any other words,
the possibilities of error in choosing between the nominative and the
objective are many. Mistakes of this kind are common, and produce a very
unpleasant effect on cultivated people. The seven words that have
different forms for the nominative and objective cases are the following
pronouns[48]:--
_Nominative. Objective._
I me
we us
thou thee
he him
she her
they them
who whom
It is taken for granted that the student has already learned the following
principles of syntax:--
1. _Words used absolutely_ and the _subjects of finite verbs_ should in
English be put in the NOMINATIVE form.
2. The _subjects of infinitives_ and the _objects_ of verbs and
prepositions should be in the OBJECTIVE form.
3. Words in _apposition_ should be in the same case.
4. The verb "_to be,"_ or any of its forms _(am, is, are, were,_ etc.),
does not take an object, but, being equivalent in meaning to the symbol
"=," takes the same case after it as before it: the nominative,
if the form is "finite"; the objective, if the form is "infinitive" and
has a subject of its own. "I know it is _he_," "I know it to be _him,"_
and "The stranger is thought to be _he_" are grammatically correct.
Sentences like "She invited Mrs. R. and _I_ to go driving" are common,
even among people generally well-informed. Such mistakes will be avoided
if the speaker stops to think what the form would be if the pronoun were
not coupled with a noun. No one would think of saying, "She invited _I_ to
go driving."
Persons who are in doubt as to which form of the pronoun to use often try
to avoid the difficulty by using one of the pronouns ending in
"-self"--pronouns which have the same form for both the nominative and the
objective case. Thus many persons, uncertain whether to use "I" or "me" in
the sentence quoted above, would say instead, "She invited Mrs. R. and
_myself_ to go driving." This is no better than "Mrs. R. and _I_," or
"her and _I_." The pronouns in "-self" are properly used only for emphasis
or in a reflexive sense.[49] It is right to say: "I will go _myself_";
"Carrie _herself_ went to the door"; "God helps those who help
_themselves_." It would be wrong to say, "Harry and _myself_ have bought a
horse together."
When a pronoun in "-self" is used reflexively, it refers to the subject of
the clause in which it stands.
In sentences like "This advice is free to _whoever_ will take it," the
word ending in "-ever" is the subject of the verb "will take," not the
object of the preposition "to." The right form, therefore, is "whoever,"
not "whomever." The object or, better, the "base" of the preposition "to"
is the whole clause, "whoever will take it."
[47] Ibid., pp. 61-62.
[48] I omit _ye, you,_ because they are used interchangeably. I omit also
compounds of _who, whom._
[49] "Foundations," p. 64.
EXERCISE XXVII.
_Insert the proper form of pronoun in each blank, and give the reason for
your choice:--_
I
I, ME, MYSELF.
1. Taking a carriage, my brother and--drove to the east end of Cape
Elizabeth.
2. Mr. C. and--walked around the lake by moonlight.
3. The walk gave pleasure to both Mr. C. and--.
4. Between you and--, affairs look dark.
5. The _Star_ contains a paper on "Our Streets," which was written by--. >
6. He is taller than--.[50]
7. There is, you remember, an old agreement between you and--
8. May John and--go to the ball-game?
9. Please let John and--go to the ball-game.
10. They met Robert and--in the village.
11. Who is there? Only--.
12. To send--away, and for a whole year, too,--, who had never been away
from home, was not easy for mother.
13. Will you let Brown and--have your boat?
14. Dr. Holmes shook hands with the girls,--among the rest.
15. Next month my brother and--are going to Bar Harbor.
16. It was--who called to you.
17. I was beside--.
18. Would you go, if you were--?
19. Father bought brother and--tickets for the concert.
20. He said he would bring some flowers to Frances and--.
21. You suffer from headache more than--.
22. We shall soon see which is the better boxer, you or--.
23. Who rang the bell?--.
24. The taller man was supposed to be--.
25. Every one has gone except you and--.
26. The world will rest content with such poor things as you and--.
27. He was a sublimer poet than--.
28. Was it--that you saw?
29. How can you thus address me,--, who am your friend?
30. Let you and--go for berries alone, if he will not go with us.
31. There is no one here but you and--.
32. Is it--you wish to see?
33. He said that you and--might ao.
34. Oh, no; it couldn't have been--.
35. Harry left word for you and--to come to his room.
36. Other girls have books as well as--.
37. Its being--should make no difference.
38. Young Macdonald and--went to New York last Thursday.
39. She knew it to be--by my gait.
[50] In sentences like this the correct form will become evident if the
speaker mentally completes the sentence thus: He is taller than--_am._ The
greater part of the clause after "than" or "as" is generally omitted.
II.
We, us, ourselves.
1. Our friends and--are going out to-night.
2. He has come to take our friends and--driving.
3. They are wiser than--, since they are older.
4. They will lose more than--by the failure of the bank.
5. The Germans are better plodders than--.
6. It may have been--who (whom) you saw.
7.--boys are having a fine time.
8. Have you seen the picture of--three girls in a boat, taken by Mr. B.?
9. There are five hundred miles between father and--.
10. They know that as well as--.
11. They don't succeed any better than--.
12. They as well as--were disappointed.
13. --ought not to get angry when others criticise--for faults
which--freely acknowledge.
14. "It is not fit for such as --
To sit with rulers of the land."
III.
Thou, thee, thyself.
1. I will not learn my duty from such as ----.
2. If they rob only such as ----, I hold them right honest folk.
3. Love ---- last.
4. "The nations not so blest as ----
Must in their turn to tyrants fall."
5. "Wife, dost ---- know that all the world seems queer except ---- and
me; and sometimes I think even ---- art a little queer?"
6. "Hail to ----, blithe spirit;
Bird ---- never wert."
IV.
He, him, himself.
1. There is a difference between an employer and--who (whom) he employs.
2. John ---- wrote that letter.
3. You are nearly as tall as ----.
4. All wore dress suits except Charles and--.
5. I know that it was ----.
6. I knew it to be ----.
7. ---- being young, they tried to deceive him.
8. It was either ---- or his brother that called.
9. What were you and ---- talking about?
10. I can run as fast as ----.
11. ---- who had always protected her, she now saw dead at her feet.
12. ---- and his father are in business together.
13. She is as good as ----.
14. I should never have imagined it to be ----.
15. Boys like you and ---- are expected to do what is right without being
told.
16. Yes, I told them what you said, ---- among the rest.
17. I did as well as ----.
18. It was Joseph, ---- whom Pharaoh made prime-minister.
19. Let ---- who made thee answer that.
20. Whom can I trust, if not ----?
V.
SHE, HER, HERSELF.
1. Before leaving Mary we saw ---- and her baggage safe on the train.
2. ---- and her two cousins have been visiting us.
3. I would not go to town alone, if I were ----.
4. It was not ---- but her sister that you met yesterday.
5. You are as old as ----.
6. ---- and I are not in the same class.
7. Was it ---- that did it?
8. I cannot let you and ---- sit together.
9. You play the violin better than ----.
10. Such girls as ---- are not good companions.
11. I am certain that it was ----.
12. Girls like ---- are not good company.
13. If any one is embarrassed, it will not be ----.
14. If any one is late it will be sure to be ----.
VI.
THEY, THEM, THEMSELVES.
1. ---- and their children have left town.
2. We shall soon be as poor as ----.
3. Yes, it was ----.
4. I do not know whether the Macdonalds are Scotch or Irish but I thought
the Scotch family alluded to might be ----.
5. The mischievous boys you speak of could not have been ---- for ---- were
at home.
VII.
WHO, WHOM, WHOEVER, WHOMEVER.
1. ---- are you going to give that to?
2. ---- do men say that I am?
3. ---- do men think me to be?
4. ---- am I supposed to be?
5. ---- do you think will be elected?
6. ---- do you think they will select?
7. I do not know ---- to compare him to.
8. Tell me in sadness ---- is she you love?
9. ---- are you going to call on next?
10. How can we tell ---- to trust?
11. ---- is that for?
12. Elect ---- you like.
13. ---- did you see at the village?
14. ---- did you say went with you?
15. Do you know ---- you can get to take my trunk?
16. ---- were you talking to just now?
17. I do not know ---- you mean.
18. Do you remember ---- he married?
19. We will refer the question to ---- you may select as arbitrator.
20. ---- can this letter be from?
21. He is a man ---- I know is honest.[51]
22. He is a man ---- I know to be honest.[51]
23. ---- do you take me to be?
24. ---- did you expect to see?
25. Can't you remember ---- you gave it to?
26. I saw a man ---- I have no hesitation in saying was Julian H.
27. We like to be with those ---- we love and ---- we know love us, let
them be ---- they may.
28. ---- do you think it was that called?
29. He confided his plan to those ---- he thought were his friends.
30. He confided his plan to those ---- he thought he could trust.
31. We recommend only those ---- we think can pass the examinations, and
---- we know will do their best.
32. ---- do you think she looks like?
33. One letter was from an applicant ---- I afterwards learned had been
out of a position for two years.
34. ---- did you suppose it was?
35. Opposite him was a handsome man--John knew must be Kathleen's uncle.
36. A witness ---- the counsel for the defence expected would be present
was kept away by illness.
37. A witness ---- the counsel expected to be present was kept away.
38. Give it to ---- seems to need it most.
39. ---- does he think it could have been?
40. They have found the child ---- they thought was stolen.
41. Mr. Morton, ----, it is announced, the President has appointed minister
to France, has a house at Saratoga.
42. Miss C. married an old gentleman ---- they say is very wealthy.
43. The king offered to give his daughter in marriage to ---- would kill
the terrible monster.
44. ---- do you think I saw in Paris?
45. ---- are you going to vote for?
46. They left me ignorant as to ---- it was.
47. We were betrayed by those ---- we thought would die for us.
48. I don't know ---- to ask for.
49. I know ---- it is I serve.
50. The President has appointed Mr. L., ---- he thinks will show himself
well fitted for the position.
51. One member of the committee was absent ----, it was asserted by the
minority, would have voted in the negative.
52. The officer addressed the woman, ---- he plainly saw to be very much
out of place there.
53. ---- did he refer to, he (him) or I (me)?
54. Ariel was a spirit ---- a certain witch had shut up in a tree.
55. If she did not take after Anne, ---- did she take after?
PRONOUNS BEFORE VERBAL NOUNS.[52]--Grammarians distinguish three kinds
of words formed from verbs by the adding of "-ing."
1. "We found Katharine _singing_ a merry song." In this sentence
"singing"--equivalent to "who was singing"--describes Katharine, and is
therefore used as an adjective; but it also partakes of the nature of a
verb, for it has a direct object, "song." Such words, partaking of the
nature of both adjective and verb, are called PARTICIPLES.
2. "Blithely _singing_ pretty songs keeps one's spirits up."
Here "singing" is a noun, the subject of the sentence; yet it has a direct
object, "songs," and is modified by the adverb "blithely." Such words,
partaking of the nature of both noun and verb, are called GERUNDS.
A noun or a pronoun used before a gerund to denote the subject of the
action should be put in the possessive case. The reason for this becomes
evident if, in the sentence "Do you remember _Katharine (Katharine's)
singing?"_ we substitute for the noun "singing" another noun, "song;"
thus, "Do you remember _Katharine (Katharine's) song?"_ The direct object
of "remember" is "singing," which is described by the possessive
"Katharine's."
3. "Katharine's blithe _singing_ of merry songs helps to make home happy."
Here, too, "singing" is a noun; but now its verbal character has
disappeared, for it is modified by an adjective "blithe," and instead of a
direct object we have the prepositional phrase "of merry songs." Such
words derived from verbs are ABSTRACT VERBAL NOUNS.
When a word in "-ing" is modified by "the" or some other adjective, it is
an abstract verbal noun, and cannot have an object. Conversely, if it, is
followed by "of" and a noun instead of by a direct object, it should be
modified by "the" or some other adjective.
[51] In the first of these sentences the pronoun to be supplied is the
subject of "is honest," and "I know" is parenthetical. In the second
sentence, the pronoun to be supplied is the subject of "to be honest,"
which is the complement of "I know."
[52] "Foundations," pp. 62-64.
EXERCISE XXVIII.
_Which of the following forms is preferable? Give the reason:_--
1. I heard of him (his) coming home.
2. What do you think of Marguerite (Marguerite's) studying Latin?
3. Have you any doubt of Kathleen (Kathleen's) being happy?
4. We saw the lady (lady's) crossing the street.
5. Do you remember my (me) speaking to you about your penmanship?
6. We saw the old miser (miser's) sitting alone in front of his hut.
7. What is the good of your (you) going now?
8. There was no doubt of him (his) being promoted.
9. Trust to me (my) being on time.
10. Are you surprised at it (its) being him (he)?
11. No doubt his example will be followed by others, with the consequence
of the country (country's) being overrun by tramps.
12. Look at him (his) reading a book.
13. The delay was caused by us (our) missing the train.
14. I found him (his) reading Idyls of the King.
15. This may lead to Harry (Harry's) getting a position.
16. We did not see the house (house's) burning.
17. You (your) writing the letter so neatly secured for you the position.
18. The man's (man) breaking jail is evidence of his guilt.
19. What do you think about this cloth (cloth's) wearing well?
20. We must insist upon every man (man's) doing his duty.
21. Mr. R.'s (Mr. R.) having come to town will soon be known.
22. There is prospect of the Senate (Senate's) passing the tariff bill.
23. What use is there in a man (man's) swearing?
24. His parents are opposed to him (his) playing football.
25. No one ever saw fat men (men's) heading a riot.
26. A fierce struggle ensued, ending in the intruder (intruder's) being
worsted.
27. Professor C. relies on us (our) passing our examinations.
28. I felt my heart (heart's) beating faster.
29. There is no use in me (my) trying to learn Hebrew.
30. I enjoy nothing more than the sight of a yacht (yacht's) sailing in a
stiff breeze.
31. Brown (Brown's) being a manufacturer prevented his election.
EXERCISE XXIX.
_Distinguish in meaning between the following sentences:_--
1. The man (man's) asking to be allowed to vote started a quarrel.
2. Did you see him (his) riding?
3. I had to laugh at John (John's) riding a bicycle.
4. Think of me (my) eating frogs' legs.
5. Much depends on the teacher (teacher's) correcting the papers.
6. Did you watch him (his) entering the room?
7. Did you hear Ruth (Ruth's) singing?
8. No one ever heard of that man (man's) running for office.
EXERCISE XXX.
_Explain the faults in the following sentences and correct them in several
ways:--_
1. He read the parable about the sowing the seed.
2. Good writing depends on reading of good books.
3. Youth is the time for the forming the character.
4. "In building of chaises, I tell you what,
There is always somewhere a weakest spot."
5. He would not aid me so much as by the lifting a hand.
6. Groaning of prisoners and clanking of chains were heard.
7. By the obtaining wisdom you will command esteem.
8. By reading of good books his style was improved.
9. The taking things by force is apt to make trouble.
10. A more careful guarding the prisoners would have prevented
this accident.
CHOICE OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS.[53]--_Who_ is now used only of persons;
_which_, of things; _that_, of either persons or things. As a rule,
euphony decides between _who_ or _which_ and _that_.
"_Who_ is used chiefly of persons (though also often of the higher
animals), _which_ almost only of animals and things (in old English also
of persons), and _that_ indifferently of either, except after a
preposition, where only _who_ [_whom_] or _which_ can stand. Some recent
authorities teach that only _that_ should be used when the relative clause
is limiting or defining: as, the man _that_ runs fastest wins the race;
but _who_ or _which_ when it is descriptive or co-ordinating: as, this
man, _who_ ran fastest, won the race; but, though present usage is perhaps
tending in the direction of such a distinction, it neither has been nor is
a rule of English speech, nor is it likely to become one, especially on
account of the impossibility of setting _that_ after a preposition; for to
turn all relative clauses into the form 'the house _that_ Jack lived _in_'
(instead of 'the house _in which_ Jack lived') would be intolerable. In
good punctuation the defining relative is distinguished (as in the
examples above) by never taking a comma before it, whether it be _who_ or
_which_ or _that_. Wherever _that_ could be properly used, but only there,
the relative may be, and very often is, omitted altogether; thus, the
house Jack built or lived in; the man he built it for."[54]
When the antecedent includes both persons and things,
_that_ is preferable to _who_ or _which_.
"When the antecedent is a neuter noun not personified, a writer should
prefer _of which_ to _whose_, unless euphony requires the latter."[55]
_What_, as a relative pronoun, is equivalent to "that which." It is never
used with an antecedent, since the antecedent is included in the meaning
of the word.
The word _as_ is a relative pronoun only after "such" or "same." After
"such" the proper relative is "as"; after "same" it is "as" or "that."
"_Same as_ usually expresses identity of kind, _same that_ absolute
identity, except in contracted sentences where _same as_ is alone found:
cf. 'he uses the same books _as_ you do,' 'he uses the same books _that_
you do,' he uses the same books as you.'"[56]
[53] "Foundations," pp. 60, 65, 67-69.
[54] The Century Dictionary.
[55] "Foundations," p. 68.
[56] Murray's Dictionary.
EXERCISE XXXI.
_Insert the proper relative pronoun in the blanks in the following
sentences, giving the reason for your choice:--_
1. Man is the only animal ---- can talk.
2. There are many persons ----, though they be starving, will not beg.
3. This is the malt ---- lay in the house ---- Jack built.
4. I will have no such son-in-law ---- thinks himself better than
I (me).[57]
5. Tennyson, ---- was the foremost poet of England, died in 1892.
6. Time ---- is lost is never found again.
7. There are many ---- saw him fall.
8. The soldiers and cannon ---- you saw belong to the French army.
9. Who ---- hears Professor C. read the court scene from "Pick wick" does
not go away delighted?
10. She is the same girl since her marriage ---- she was before it.
11. The dog dropped the bone, ---- then fell into the water.
12. He ---- does all ---- he can does all ---- can be expected.
13. Her hair, ---- was dark brown, was gathered in a Grecian knot.
14. Tears, such ---- angels weep, burst forth.
15. I have a water spaniel, ---- follows me everywhere.
16. The horse ---- ran away with Harry belonged to Mr. H.
17. Such ---- I have I give you.
18. This is the same man ---- I spoke of.
19. The diamond, ---- is so highly prized, is pure carbon, ---- in the
form of charcoal is familiar to all.
20. All the men and horses ---- were on the transports were drowned when
the vessels sank.
21. The murdered innocents at Bethlehem were martyrs ---- died for a king
---- they had never seen.
22. What pleased me most, and ---- has been most frequently mentioned
by visitors to the fair, was the beauty of the buildings.
23. I trusted to my dog, ---- knew the way better than I did.
24. Dr. A.'s report shows the same record of efficiency ---- has always
characterized his conduct.
25. Shakespeare was the greatest poet ---- the English race has produced.
26. He spends all ---- he earns.
27. The review of the National Guard of Pennsylvania by Sheridan was the
largest military display ---- I have seen.
28. Was it you or the wind ---- made those noises?
29. We have invited the same girls ---- were here yesterday.
30. It was the cat, not I or the wind, ---- frightened you.
31. The dog ---- my brother gave me ran away.
32. Do you know that man ---- is just entering the car?
33. Such eloquence ---- was heard in the Senate in those days!
34. He held the same political opinions ---- his illustrious friend.
35. "Nature ever faithful is
To such ---- trust her faithfulness."
36. Is this a dagger ---- I see before me?
37. We saw the men and arms ---- were captured.
EITHER or ANY ONE, NEITHER or NO ONE.[58]--_Either_ means
"one of the two"; _neither_, "no one of the two." When more than two
persons or things are spoken of, "any one" is preferable to "either," and
"no one" to "neither."
[57] See note, p. 45.
[58] "Foundations," pp. 69-70.
EXERCISE XXXII.
_Insert the proper word or words ("either," "neither," "any one," "no
one") in each blank in the following sentences:--_
1. Only three persons saw the fight, and ---- of them would testify.
2. Has ---- of you two gentlemen a fountain-pen?
3. I defy any candid and clear thinker to deny in the name of
inductive science ---- of these six propositions.
4. When two persons disagree, it is not likely that ---- is altogether
wrong.
5. Has ---- of you who have just come from the ball-field seen Julian?
6. I have several histories of France, ---- of which will give you the
information.
7. Here come Harry and Arthur; ---- will go to get it for you.
8. Give it to the six successful students or to ---- of them.
EACH or ALL.[59]--_Each_ denotes every one of any number taken
one by one; _all_ denotes the entire number taken together.
[59] "Foundations," p. 70.
EXERCISE XXXIII.
_Insert the proper word ("each," "all") in each blank:--_
1. ---- gave me his (their) hand(s).
2. ---- of the workmen received two dollars a day.
3. ---- of the children has (have) his (their) peculiar traits.
4. ---- of the members is (are) entitled to a vote.
5. He gave an apple to ---- of us.
6. Did your father bring the boat to Harry? No, he brought it to ---- of
us.
7. ---- of them did his (their) duty.
CHANGE OF PRONOUN.[60]--In referring to the same person or thing a
writer should not change from one pronoun to another.
The possessive of "one" is "one's" (not "his"), except in such
expressions as "every one," "no one," "many a one." The reflexive is
"one's self."
It is a common but serious fault to begin to write in the third person,
and then to change to the first or second.
[60] Ibid., pp. 72-74.
EXERCISE XXXIV.
_Fill the blanks with the proper pronouns:--_
1. The Second Regiment of the National Guard, ---- was sent to Pittsburg
during the strike, and ---- is now in camp at Gettysburg, has six
hundred members.
2. John started to school last Monday; we wish ---- success.
3. Proud damsel, ---- shalt be proudly met. I withdraw my pretensions
to ---- hand until I return from the war.
4. As ---- hast said, ---- lands are not endangered. But hear me before I
leave ----.
5. The cat was crouching on the piazza and we were watching ----.
Suddenly ---- tail twitched nervously and ---- prepared to spring.
6. "Ere you remark another's sin,
Bid ---- conscience look within."
7. At first one is likely to wonder where the boats are, since on entering
the grove ---- is (are) able to see only a small cabin.
8. Dost ---- talk of revenge? ---- conscience, it seems, has grown dull.
9. As a Christian ---- art obliged to forgive ---- enemy.
10. Did you never bear false witness against ---- neighbor?
11. The shepherd ran after a sheep and caught ---- just as ---- was
jumping over a hedge.
12. The hen gathered ---- brood under ---- wing.
13. This is a book which I have never read, but one ---- is recommended by
Mrs. M.
EXERCISE XXXV.
1. Write the following note in clear and correct form, using the
third person:--
"Mr. Smith presents his compliments to Mr. Jones, and finds he has a cap
which isn't mine. So, if you have a cap which isn't his, no doubt they are
the ones."[61]
2. Write a formal note in the third person, asking an acquaintance to dine
with you at a certain hour in order that you may consult with him about
some matter of importance.
3. Write a note in the third person accepting or declining this
invitation.
4. Write a formal note in the third person to some gentleman to
whom you have a letter of introduction, asking when it will be
convenient to have you call.
5. Write a notice in the third person offering a reward for the recovery
of a lost article.
SINGULAR or PLURAL PRONOUNS.[62]--The rule that a pronoun should
be in the same number as its antecedent is violated most commonly in
connection with such expressions as "any one," "each," "either," "every,"
"man after man," "neither," "nobody." Grammatically such expressions are
singular.
"He" ("his," "him") may stand for mankind in general and include women as
well as men.
[61] Quoted in "Foundations," p. 74.
[62] "Foundations," pp. 75-76.
EXERCISE XXXVI.
_Fill the blanks with the proper pronouns:_--
1. Many a brave man met ---- death in the war.
2. Has everybody finished ---- exercise?
3. If any one has not finished let ---- hold up ---- hand.
4. It is true that this is a free country; but that does not mean that
every one may do as ---- please (pleases).
5. Either John or Harry will let you look on ---- book.
6. Let each take ---- turn.
7. If anybody but John had come, we would not have admitted ----.
8. Any one who wishes may have a ribbon to wear in ---- button-hole.
9. Neither Bois-Guilbert nor Front de Boeuf found himself (them selves) a
match for the unknown knight who challenged ----.
10. Every kind of animal has ---- own proper food.
11. Not an officer, not a private escaped getting ---- clothes wet.
12. The Senate has (have) instructed ---- conferees to yield to the demand
of the conferees of the House of Representatives.
13. Everybody has possessions of some kind which ---- prize (prizes)
highly.
14. It is a shame that each of the men, when ---- draw (draws) ---- pay,
take (takes) it to the tavern.
15. Will either of you gentlemen lend me ---- (third person) pencil?
16. Two men saw the deed; but neither would tell what ---- saw.
17. Every one should be careful of the feelings of those around ----.
18. Each of the pupils has (have) ---- own dictionary.
19. Nobody went out of ---- way to make her feel at home.
20. Neither Charles nor his brother ate ---- breakfast this morning.
21. Everybody goes to bed when ---- please (pleases).
22. The committee has handed in ---- report.
23. The senior class has elected ---- class-day speakers.
24. If any one wishes to see me let ---- call at my office.
25. Either Florence or Grace will lend you ---- fan.
26. Every one must judge of ---- own feelings.
27. Whoever loves ---- school should do ---- best to elevate the school
tone.
28. A person who is rude in ---- table manners will be disliked.
29. Nobody in ---- senses ever thinks of doing that.
30. Each one as before will chase ---- favorite phantom.
31. She laughs like one out of ---- mind.
32. Everybody was on deck amusing ----self (selves) as best ---- could.
33. No one should marry unless ---- has (have) the means of supporting ----
self (selves) and ---- family.
34. Probably everybody is eloquent at least once in ---- life.
35. Everybody rises early and goes on deck, where ---- inhale (inhales) the
fresh salt air.
36. Bach of the gentlemen offered ---- assistance.
37. Nobody but a fool would have left ---- money in such a place.
38. Anybody wishing to sell ---- bicycle will please call at No. 267.
39. Franklin and Collins started off together, each with very little money
in ---- pockets.
40. In the time of Franklin's great-great-grandfather, if a person was
caught using an English Bible ---- was (were) treated as a heretic.
41. Nobody should praise ----self (selves).
42. Neither the merchant nor the lawyer made ----self (selves) rich.
43. Every man and every boy received ---- wages.
44. When the carnival comes off everybody who owns a boat, or who can
borrow one, decorates it as best ---- can with lanterns and trimmings.
45. Every cowboy carries a pistol and knows how to use it very quickly;
---- also has (have) a knife stuck in ---- belt, in the use of which
---- is (are) very expert.
46. Everybody's heart is open, you know, when ---- has (have) recently
escaped from severe pain.
OMITTED PRONOUNS.[63]--The omission of necessary pronouns--an
omission especially common in business letters--cannot be justified on
the ground of brevity.
[63] "Foundations," pp. 77, 78.
EXERCISE XXXVII.
_Insert the omitted pronouns in_--
1. After twenty-two years' experience announce the opening of my new
store. Hope to serve the public better by presenting new ideas. Would
invite inspection.
2. Have received manuscript, but not had time to examine. Will take up in
a few days. If good, will publish.
3. Dr. Jones and wife occupy the front room.
4. My inability to get employment, and destitute condition, depressed me.
5. She didn't trouble to make any excuse to her husband.
6. Accept thanks for lovely present. Hope we may have the pleasure of
using together in the near future.
REDUNDANT PRONOUNS.--A vulgarism not often seen in writing, but
common in conversation, consists in the use of an unnecessary pronoun
after the subject of a sentence. Thus,
_Teacher_: Who was Benjamin Franklin?
_Pupil_: Benjamin Franklin, _he_ was a great American philosopher and
statesman.