HVERGELMER. This word is usually explain_The Younger Edda; Also called Snorre's Edda, or The Prose Edda

Hvergemler, which would then be derived from Hver and gamall (old) = the

old kettle; but Petersen shows that gelmir must be taken from galm,

which is still found in the Jutland dialect, and means a gale (compare

Golmstead = a windy place, and _golme_ = to roar, blow). Gelmer is then

the one producing galm, and Hvergelmer thus means the roaring kettle.

The twelve rivers proceeding from Hvergelmer are called the Elivogs

(Élivágar) in the next chapter. Éli-vágar means, according to Vigfusson,

ice-waves. The most of the names occur in the long list of river names

given in the Lay of Grimner, of the Elder Edda. Svol = the cool;

Gunnthro = the battle-trough. Slid is also mentioned in the Vala’s

Prophecy, where it is represented as being full of mud and swords. Sylg

(from _svelgja_ = to swallow) = the devourer; Ylg (from _yla_ = to roar)

= the roaring one; Leipt = the glowing, is also mentioned in the Lay of

Helge Hunding’s Bane, where it is stated that they swore by it (compare

Styx); Gjoll (from _gjalla_ = to glisten and clang) = the shining,

clanging one. The meaning of the other words is not clear, but they

doubtless all, like those explained, express cold, violent motion, etc.

The most noteworthy of these rivers are Leipt and Gjoll. In the Lay of

Grimner they are said to flow nearest to the abode of man, and fall

thence into Hel’s realm. Over Gjoll was the bridge which Hermod, after

the death of Balder, crossed on his way to Hel. It is said to be

thatched with shining gold, and a maid by name Modgud watches it. In the

song of Sturle Thordson, on the death of Skule Jarl, it is said that

“the king’s kinsman went over the Gjoll-bridge.” The farther part of the

horizon, which often appears like a broad bright stream, may have

suggested this river.

SURT means the swarthy or black one. Many have regarded him as the

unknown (dark) god, but this is probably an error. But there was some

one in Muspelheim who sent the heat, and gave life to the frozen drops

of rime. The latter, and not Surt, who is a giant, is the eternal god,

the mighty one, whom the skald in the Lay of Hyndla dare not name. It is

interesting to notice that our ancestors divided the evolution of the

world into three distinct periods: (1) a pre-chaotic condition

(Niflheim, Muspelheim and Ginungagap); (2) a chaotic condition (Ymer and

the cow Audhumbla); (3) and finally the three gods, Odin (spirit), Vile

(will) and Ve (sanctity), transformed chaos into cosmos. And away back

in this pre-chaotic state of the world we find this mighty being who

sends the heat. It is not definitely stated, but it can be inferred from

other passages, that just as the good principle existed from everlasting

in Muspelheim, so the evil principle existed co-eternally with it in

Hvergelmer in Niflheim. Hvergelmer is the source out of which all matter

first proceeded, and the dragon or devil Nidhug, who dwells in

Hvergelmer, is, in our opinion, the evil principle who is from eternity.

The good principle shall continue forever, but the evil shall cease to

exist after Ragnarok.

YMER is the noisy one, and his name is derived from _ymja_ = to howl

(compare also the Finnish deity Jumo, after whom the town Umea takes its

name, like Odinse).

AURGELMER, THRUDGELMER and BERGELMER express the gradual development

from aur (clay) to thrud (that which is compressed), and finally to berg

(rock).

VIDOLF, VILMEIDE and SVARTHOFDE are mentioned nowhere else in the

mythology.

BURE and BORE mean the bearing and the born; that is, father and son.

BOLTHORN means the miserable one, from bol = evil; and Bestla may mean

that which is best. The idea then is that Bor united himself with that

which was best of the miserable material at hand.

That the flood caused by the slaying of Ymer reminds us of Noah and his

ark, and of the Greek flood, needs only to be suggested.

CHAPTER IV.

ASK means an ash-tree, and EMBLA an elm-tree.

While the etymology of the names in the myths are very obscure, the

myths themselves are clear enough. Similar myths abound in Greek

mythology. The story about Bil and Hjuke is our old English rhyme about

Jack and Gill, who went up the hill to fetch a pail of water.

CHAPTER V.

In reference to the golden age, see Norse Mythology, pp. 182 and 197.

In the appendix to the German so-called Hero-Book we are told that the

dwarfs were first created to cultivate the desert lands and the

mountains; thereupon the giants, to subdue the wild beasts; and finally

the heroes, to assist the dwarfs against the treacherous giants. While

the giants are always hostile to the gods, the dwarfs are usually

friendly to them.

DWARFS. Both giants and dwarfs shun the light. If surprised by the

breaking forth of day, they become changed to stone. In one of the poems

of the Elder Edda (the Alvismál), Thor amuses the dwarf Alvis with

various questions till daylight, and then cooly says to him: With great

artifices, I tell you, you have been deceived; you are surprised here,

dwarf, by daylight! The sun now shines in the hall. In the Helgakvida

Atle says to the giantess Hrimgerd: It is now day, Hrimgerd! But Atle

has detained you, to your life’s perdition. It will appear a laughable

harbor-mark, where you stand as a stone-image.

In the German tales the dwarfs are described as deformed and diminutive,

coarsely clad and of dusky hue: “a little black man,” “a little gray

man.” They are sometimes of the height of a child of four years,

sometimes as two spans high, a thumb high (hence, Tom Thumb). The old

Danish ballad of Eline of Villenwood mentions a troll not bigger than an

ant. Dvergmál (the speech of the dwarfs) is the Old Norse expression for

the echo in the mountains.

In the later popular belief, the dwarfs are generally called the

subterraneans, the brown men in the moor, etc. They make themselves

invisible by a hat or hood. The women spin and weave, the men are

smiths. In Norway rock-crystal is called dwarf-stone. Certain stones are

in Denmark called dwarf-hammers. They borrow things and seek advice from

people, and beg aid for their wives when in labor, all which services

they reward. But they also lame cattle, are thievish, and will carry off

damsels. There have been instances of dwarf females having married and

had children with men. (Thorpe’s Northern Mythology.)

WAR. It was the first warfare in the world, says the Elder Edda, when

they pierced Gullveig (gold-thirst) through with a spear, and burned her

in Odin’s hall. Thrice they burned her, thrice she was born anew: again

and again, but still she lives. When she comes to a house they call her

Heide (the bright, the welcome), and regard her as a propitious vala or

prophetess. She can tame wolves, understands witchcraft, and delights

wicked women. Hereupon the gods consulted together whether they should

punish this misdeed, or accept a blood-fine, when Odin cast forth a

spear among mankind, and now began war and slaughter in the world. The

defenses of the burgh of the asas was broken down. The vans anticipated

war, and hastened over the field. The valkyries came from afar, ready to

ride to the gods’ people: Skuld with the shield, Skogul, Gunn, Hild,

Gondul and Geirr Skogul. (Quoted by Thorpe.)

CHAPTER VI.

In reference to Ygdrasil, we refer our readers to Norse Mythology, pp.

205-211, and to Thomas Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-worship.

A connection between the norns Urd, Verdande and Skuld and the weird

sisters in Shakspeare’s _Macbeth_ has long since been recognized; but

new light has recently been thrown upon the subject by the philosopher

Karl Blind, who has contributed valuable articles on the subject in the

German periodical “Die Gegenwart” and in the “London Academy.” We take

the liberty of reproducing here an abstract of his article in the

“Academy”:

* * * * * *

The fact itself of these Witches being simply transfigurations, or

later disguises, of the Teutonic Norns is fully established--as may

be seen from Grimm or Simrock. In delineating these hags, Shakspeare

has practically drawn upon old Germanic sources, perhaps upon

current folk-lore of his time.

It has always struck me as noteworthy that in the greater part of

the scene between the Weird Sisters, Macbeth and Banquo, and

wherever the Witches come in, Shakspeare uses the staff-rime in a

remarkable manner. Not only does this add powerfully to the archaic

impressiveness and awe, but it also seems to bring the form and

figure of the Sisters of Fate more closely within the circle of the

Teutonic idea. I have pointed out this striking use of the

alliterative system in _Macbeth_ in an article on “An old German

Poem and a Vedic Hymn,” which appeared in _Fraser_ in June, 1877,

and in which the derivation of the Weird Sisters from the Germanic

Norns is mentioned.

The very first scene in the first act of _Macbeth_ opens strongly

with the staff-rime:

_1st Witch_. When shall we three meet again--

In thunder, lightning or in rain?

_2d Witch_. When the hurly-burly’s done,

When the battle’s lost and won.

_3d Witch_. That will be ere set of sun.

_1st Witch_. Where the place?

_2d Witch_. Upon the heath.

_3d Witch_. There to meet with Macbeth.

_1st Witch_. I come, Graymalkin!

_All_. Paddock calls. Anon.

Fair is foul, and foul is fair.

Hover through the fog and filthy air.

Not less marked is the adoption of the fullest staff-rime--together

(as above) with the end-rime--in the third scene, when the Weird

Sisters speak. Again, there is the staff-rime when Banquo addresses

them. Again, the strongest alliteration, combined with the end-rime,

runs all through the Witches’ spell-song in Act iv, scene 1. This

feature in Shakspeare appears to me to merit closer investigation;

all the more so because a less regular alliteration, but still a

marked one, is found in not a few passages of a number of his plays.

Only one further instance of the systematic employment of

alliteration may here be noted in passing. It is in Ariel’s songs in

the _Tempest_, Act i, scene 2. Schlegel and Tieck evidently did not

observe this alliterative peculiarity. Their otherwise excellent

translation does not render it, except so far as the obvious

similarity of certain English and German words involuntarily made

them do so. But in the notes to their version of _Macbeth_ the

character of the Weird Sisters is also misunderstood, though

Warburton is referred to, who had already suggested their

derivations from the Valkyrs or Norns.

It is an error to say that the Witches in _Macbeth_ “are never

called witches” (compare Act i, scene 3: “‘Give me!’ quoth I.

‘A-roint thee, _witch_!’ the rump-fed ronyon cries”). However, their

designation as Weird Sisters fully settles the case of their

Germanic origin.

This name “Weird” is derived from the Anglo-Saxon Norn Wyrd (Sax.

_Wurth_; O.H. Ger. _Wurd_; Norse, _Urd_), who represents the Past,

as her very name shows. Wurd is _die Gewordene_--the “Has Been,” or

rather the “Has Become,” if one could say so in English.

* * * * * *

In Shakspeare the Witches are three in number--even as in Norse,

German, as well as in Keltic and other mythologies. Urd, properly

speaking, is the Past. Skuld is the Future, or “That Which shall

Be.” Verdandi, usually translated as the Present, has an even deeper

meaning. Her name is not to be derived from _vera_ (to be), but from

_verda_ (Ger. _werden_). This verb, which has a mixed meaning of “to

be,” “to become,” or to “grow,” has been lost in English. Verdandi

is, therefore, not merely a representative of present Being, but of

the process of Growing, or of Evolution--which gives her figure a

profounder aspect. Indeed, there is generally more significance in

mythological tales than those imagine who look upon them chiefly as

a barren play of fancy.

Incidentally it may be remarked that, though Shakspeare’s Weird

Sisters are three in number--corresponding to Urd, Verdandi and

Skuld--German and Northern mythology and folk-lore occasionally

speak of twelve or seven of them. In the German tale of

_Dornröschen_, or the Sleeping Beauty, there are twelve good fays;

and a thirteenth, who works the evil spell. Once, in German

folk-lore, we meet with but two Sisters of Fate--one of them called

_Kann_, the other _Muss_. Perhaps these are representatives of man’s

measure of free will (that which he “can”), and of that which is his

inevitable fate--or, that which he “must” do.

Though the word “Norn” has been lost in England and Germany, it is

possibly preserved in a German folk-lore ditty, which speaks of

three Sisters of Fate as “Nuns.” Altogether, German folk-lore is

still full of rimes about three Weird Sisters. They are sometimes

called Wild Women, or Wise Women, or the Measurers

(_Metten_)--namely, of Fate; or, euphemistically, like the

Eumenides, the Advisers of Welfare (_Heil-Räthinnen_), reminding us

of the counsels given to Macbeth in the apparition scene; or the

Quick Judges (_Gach-Schepfen_). Even as in the Edda, these German

fays weave and twist threads or ropes, and attach them to distant

parts, thus fixing the weft of Fate. One of these fays is sometimes

called Held, and described as black, or as half dark half

white--like Hel, the Mistress of the Nether World. That German fay

is also called Rachel, clearly a contraction of Rach-Hel, i.e. the

Avengeress Hel.

Now, in _Macbeth_ also the Weird Sisters are described as “black.”

The coming up of Hekate with them in the cave-scene might not

unfitly be looked upon as a parallel with the German Held, or

Rach-Hel, and the Norse Hel; these Teutonic deities being originally

Goddesses of Nocturnal Darkness, and of the Nether World, even as

Hekate.

In German folk-lore, three Sisters of Fate bear the names of Wilbet,

Worbet and Ainbet. Etymologically these names seem to refer to the

well-disposed nature of a fay representing the Past; to the warring

or worrying troubles of the Present; and to the terrors (_Ain_ =

_Agin_) of the Future. All over southern Germany, from Austria to

Alsace and Rhenish Hesse, the three fays are known under various

names besides Wilbet, Worbet, and Ainbet--for instance, as Mechtild,

Ottilia, and Gertraud; as Irmina, Adela, and Chlothildis, and so

forth. The fay in the middle of this trio is always a good fay,

a white fay--but blind. Her treasure (the very names of Ottilia and

Adela point to a treasure) is continually being taken from her by

the third fay, a dark and evil one, as well as by the first. This

myth has been interpreted as meaning that the Present, being blinded

as to its own existence, is continually being encroached upon,

robbed as it were, by the dark Future and the Past. Of this

particular trait there is no vestige in Shakspeare’s Weird Sisters.

They, like the Norns, “go hand in hand.” But there is another point

which claims attention Shakspeare’s Witches are bearded. (“You

should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you

are so.” Act i, scene 3.)

It need scarcely be brought to recollection that a commingling of

the female and male character occurs in the divine and semi-divine

figures of various mythological systems--including the Bearded

Venus. Of decisive importance is, however, the fact of a bearded

Weird Sister having apparently been believed in by our heathen

German forefathers.

Near Wessobrunn, in Upper Bavaria, where the semi-heathen fragment

of a cosmogonic lay, known as “Wessobrunn Prayer,” was discovered,

there has also been found, of late, a rudely-sculptured three-headed

image. It is looked upon as an ancient effigy of the German Norns.

The Cloister of the three Holy Bournes, or Fountains, which stands

close by the place of discovery, is supposed to have been set up on

ground that had once served for pagan worship. Probably the later

monkish establishment of the Three Holy Bournes had taken the place

of a similarly named heathen sanctuary where the three Sisters of

Fate were once adored. Indeed, the name of all the corresponding

fays in yet current German folk-lore is connected with holy wells.

This quite fits in with the three Eddic Bournes near the great Tree

of Existence, at one of which--apparently at the oldest, which is

the very Source of Being--the Norns live, “the maidens that over the

Sea of Age travel in deep foreknowledge,” and of whom it is said

that:

They laid the lots, they ruled the life

To the sons of men, their fate foretelling.

Now, curiously enough, the central head of the slab found near

Wessobrunn, in the neighborhood of the Cloister of the Three Holy

Bournes, is _bearded_. This has puzzled our archæologists. Some of

them fancied that what appears to be a beard might after all be the

hair of one of the fays or Norns, tied round the chin. By the light

of the description of the Weird Sisters in Shakspeare’s _Macbeth_

we, however, see at once the true connection.

In every respect, therefore, his “Witches” are an echo from the

ancient Germanic creed--an echo, moreover, coming to us in the

oldest Teutonic verse-form; that is, in the staff-rime.

KARL BLIND.

ELVES. The elves of later times seem a sort of middle thing between the

light and dark elves. They are fair and lively, but also bad and

mischievous. In some parts of Norway the peasants describe them as

diminutive naked boys with hats on. Traces of their dance are sometimes

to be seen on the wet grass, especially on the banks of rivers. Their

exhalation is injurious, and is called _alfgust_ or _elfblæst_, causing

a swelling, which is easily contracted by too nearly approaching places

where they have spat, etc. They have a predilection for certain spots,

but particularly for large trees, which on that account the owners do

not venture to meddle with, but look on them as something sacred, on

which the weal or woe of the place depends. Certain diseases among their

cattle are attributed to the elves, and are, therefore, called elf-fire

or elf-shot. The dark elves are often confounded with the dwarfs, with

whom they, indeed, seem identical, although they are distinguished in

Odin’s Raven’s Song. The Norwegians also make a distinction between

dwarfs and elves, believing the former to live solitary and in quiet,

while the latter love music and dancing. (Faye, p. 48; quoted by

Thorpe.)

The fairies of Scotland are precisely identical with the above. They are

described as a diminutive race of beings of a mixed or rather dubious

nature, capricious in their dispositions and mischievous in their

resentment. They inhabit the interior of green hills, chiefly those of a

conical form, in Gaelic termed _Sighan_, on which they lead their dances

by moonlight; impressing upon the surface the marks of circles, which

sometimes appear yellow and blasted, sometimes of a deep green hue, and

within which it is dangerous to sleep, or to be found after sunset.

Cattle which are suddenly seized with the cramp, or some similar

disorder, are said to be _elf-shot_. (Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish

Border; quoted by Thorpe.)

Of the Swedish elves, Arndt gives the following sketch: Of giants, of

dwarfs, of the alp, of dragons, that keep watch over treasures, they

have the usual stories; nor are the kindly elves forgotten. How often

has my postillion, when he observed a circular mark in the dewy grass,

exclaimed: See! there the elves have been dancing. These elf-dances play

a great part in the spinning-room. To those who at midnight happen to

enter one of these circles, the elves become visible, and may then play

all kinds of pranks with them; though in general they are little, merry,

harmless beings, both male and female. They often sit in small stones,

that are hollowed out in circular form, and which are called elf-querns

or mill-stones. Their voice is said to be soft like the air. If a loud

cry is heard in the forest, it is that of the Skogsrå (spirit of the

wood), which should be answered only by a _He!_ when it can do no harm.

(Reise durch Sweden; quoted by Thorpe.)

The elf-shot was known in England in very remote times, as appears from

the Anglo-Saxon incantation, printed by Grimm in his Deutsche

Mythologie, and in the appendix to Kemble’s Saxons in England: Gif hit

wœre esa gescot oððe hit wœre ylfa gescot; that is, if it were an

asa-shot or an elf-shot. On this subject Grimm says: It is a very old

belief that dangerous arrows were shot by the elves from the air. The

thunder-bolt is also called elf-shot, and in Scotland a hard, sharp,

wedge-shaped stone is known by the name of elf-arrow, elf-flint,

elf-bolt, which, it is supposed, has been sent by the spirits. (Quoted

by Thorpe.)

CHAPTER VII.

Our ancestors divided the universe into nine worlds, and these again

into three groups:

1. Over the earth. Muspelheim, Ljosalfaheim and Asaheim.

2. On the earth. Jotunheim, Midgard and Vanheim.

3. Below the earth. Svartalfaheim, Niflheim and Niflhel.

The gods had twelve abodes:

1. THRUDHEIM. The abode of Thor. His realm is Thrudvang, and his palace

is Bilskirner.

2. YDALER. Uller’s abode.

3. VALASKJALF. Odin’s hall.

4. SOKVABEK. The abode of Saga.

5. GLADSHEIM, where there are twelve seats for the gods, besides the

throne occupied by Alfather.

6. THRYMHEIM. Skade’s abode.

7. BREIDABLIK. Balder’s abode.

8. HIMMINBJORG. Heimdal’s abode.

9. FOLKVANG. Freyja’s abode.

10. GLITNER. Forsete’s abode.

11. NOATUN. Njord’s abode.

12. LANDVIDE. Vidar’s abode.

According to the Lay of Grimner, the gods had twelve horses, but the

owner of each horse is not given:

(1) Sleipner (Odin’s), (2) Goldtop (Heimdal’s), (3) Glad, (4) Gyller,

(5) Gler, (6) Skeidbrimer, (7) Silvertop, (8) Siner, (9) Gisl, (10)

Falhofner, (11) Lightfoot, (12) Blodughofdi (Frey’s).

The owners of nine of them are not given, and, moreover, it is stated

that Thor had no horse, but always either went on foot or drove his

goats.

The favorite numbers are three, nine and twelve. Monotheism was

recognized in the unknown god, who is from everlasting to everlasting.

A number of trinities were established, and the nine worlds were

classified into three groups. The week had nine days, and originally

there were probably but nine gods, that is, before the vans were united

with the asas. The number nine occurs where Heimdal is said to have nine

mothers, Menglad is said to have nine maid-servants, Æger had nine

daughters, etc. When the vans were united with the asas, the number rose

to twelve:

(1) Odin, (2) Thor, (3) Tyr, (4) Balder, (5) Hoder, (6) Heimdal, (7)

Hermod, (8) Njord, (9) Frey, (10) Uller, (11) Vidar, (12) Forsete.

If we add to this list Brage, Vale and Loke, we get fifteen; but the

Eddas everywhere declare that there are twelve gods, who were entitled

to divine worship.

The number of the goddesses is usually given as twenty-six.

CHAPTER VIII.

Loke and his offspring are so fully treated in our Norse Mythology, that

we content ourselves by referring our readers to that work.

CHAPTER IX.

Freyja’s ornament Brising. In the saga of Olaf Tryggvason, there is a

rather awkward story of the manner in which Freyja became possessed of

her ornament. Freyja, it is told, was a mistress of Odin. Not far from

the palace dwelt four dwarfs, whose names were Alfrig, Dvalin, Berling

and Grer; they were skillful smiths. Looking one day into their stony

dwelling, Freyja saw them at work on a beautiful golden necklace, or

collar, which she offered to buy, but which they refused to part with,

except on conditions quite incompatible with the fidelity she owed to

Odin, but to which she, nevertheless, was tempted to accede. Thus the

ornament became hers. By some means this transaction came to the

knowledge of Loke, who told it to Odin. Odin commanded him to get

possession of the ornament. This was no easy task, for no one could

enter Freyja’s bower without her consent. He went away whimpering, but

most were glad on seeing him in such tribulation. When he came to the

locked bower, he could nowhere find an entrance, and, it being cold

weather, he began to shiver. He then transformed himself into a fly and

tried every opening, but in vain; there was nowhere air enough to make

him to get through [Loke (fire) requires air]. At length he found a hole

in the roof, but not bigger than the prick of a needle. Through this he

slipt. On his entrance he looked around to see if anyone were awake, but

all were buried in sleep. He peeped in at Freyja’s bed, and saw that she

had the ornament round her neck, but that the lock was on the side she

lay on. He then transformed himself to a flea, placed himself on

Freyja’s cheek, and stung her so that she awoke, but only turned herself

round and slept again. He then laid aside his assumed form, cautiously

took the ornament, unlocked the bower, and took his prize to Odin. In

the morning, on waking, Freyja seeing the door open, without having been

forced, and that her ornament was gone, instantly understood the whole

affair. Having dressed herself, she repaired to Odin’s hall, and

upbraided him with having stolen her ornament, and insisted on its

restoration, which she finally obtained. (Quoted by Thorpe.)

Mention is also made of the Brósinga-men in the Beowulf (verse 2394).

Here it is represented as belonging to Hermanric, but the legend

concerning it has never been found.

CHAPTER X.

This myth about Frey and Gerd is the subject of one of the most

fascinating poems in the Elder Edda, the Journey of Skirner. It is, as

Auber Forestier, in Echoes from Mistland, says, the germ of the Niblung

story. Frey is Sigurd or Sigfrid, and Gerd is Brynhild. The myth is also

found in another poem of the Elder Edda, the Lay of Fjolsvin, in which

the god himself--there called Svipday (the hastener of the

day)--undertakes the journey to arouse from the winter sleep the cold

giant nature of the maiden Menglad (the sun-radiant daughter), who is

identical with Freyja (the goddess of spring, promise, or of love

between man and woman, and who can easily be compared with Gerd). Before

the bonds which enchain the maiden can in either case be broken, Bele

(the giant of spring storms, corresponding to the dragon Fafner in the

Niblung story,) must be conquered, and Wafurloge (the wall of bickering

flames that surrounded the castle) must be penetrated. The fanes

symbolize the funeral pyre, for whoever enters the nether world must

scorn the fear of death. (Auber Forestier’s Echoes from Mistland;

Introduction, xliii, xliv.) We also find this story repeated again and

again, in numberless variations, in Teutonic folk-lore; for instance,

in The Maiden on the Glass Mountain, where the glass mountain takes the

place of the bickering flame.

CHAPTER XI.

The tree Lerad (furnishing protection) must be regarded as a branch of

Ygdrasil.

CHAPTER XII.

In Heimskringla Skidbladner is called Odin’s ship. This is correct. All

that belonged to the gods was his also.

CHAPTER XIII.

For a thorough analysis of Thor as a spring god, as the god who dwells

in the clouds, as the god of thunder and lightning, as the god of

agriculture, in short, as the god of culture, we can do no better than

to refer our readers to Der Mythus von Thor, nach Nordischen Quellen,

von Ludwig Uhland, Stuttgart, 1836; and to Handbuch der Deutschen

Mythologie, mit Einschluss der Nordischen, von Karl Simrock, Vierte

Auflage, Bonn, 1874.

CHAPTER XIV.

The death of Balder is justly regarded as the most beautiful myth in

Teutonic mythology. It is connected with the Lay of Vegtam in the Elder

Edda. Like so many other myths (Frey and Gerd, The Robbing of Idun,

etc.) the myth symbolizes originally the end of summer and return of

spring. Thus Balder dies every year and goes to Hel. But in the

following spring he returns to the asas, and gladdens all things living

and dead with his pure shining light. Gradually, however, the myth was

changed from a symbol of the departing and returning summer, and applied

to the departing and returning of the world year, and thus the death of

Balder prepares the way for Ragnarok and Regeneration. Balder goes to

Hel and does not return to this world. Thokk refuses to weep for him.

His return is promised after Ragnarok. The next spring does not bring

him back, but the rejuvenated earth. Thus the death of Balder becomes

the central thought in the drama of the fate of the gods and of the

world. It is inseparably connected with the punishment of Loke and the

twilight of the gods. The winter following the death of Balder is not an

ordinary winter, but the Fimbul-winter, which is followed by no summer,

but by the destruction of the world. The central idea in the Odinic

religion, the destruction and regeneration of the world, has taken this

beautiful sun-myth of Balder into its service. Balder is then no more

merely the pure holy light of heaven; he symbolizes at the same time the

purity and innocence of the gods; he is changed from a physical to an

ethical myth. He impersonated all that was good and holy in the life of

the gods; and so it came to pass that when the golden age had ceased,

when thirst for gold (Gulveig), when sin and crime had come into the

world, he was too good to live in it. As in Genesis fratricide (Cain and

Abel) followed upon the eating of the forbidden fruit, and the loss of

paradise; so, when the golden age (paradise) had ended among the asas,

Loke (the serpent) brought fratricide (Hoder and Balder) among the gods;

themselves and our ancestors regarded fratricide as the lowest depth of

moral depravity. After the death of Balder

Brothers slay brothers,

Sisters’ children

Shed each other’s blood,

Hard grows the world,

Sensual sin waxes huge.

There are sword-ages, ax-ages--

Shields are cleft in twain,--

Storm-ages, murder-ages,--

Till the world falls dead,

And men no longer spare

Or pity one another.

Upon the whole we may say that a sun-myth first represents the death of

the day at sunset, when the sky is radiant as if dyed in blood. In the

flushing morn light wins its victory again. Then this same myth becomes

transferred to the death and birth of summer. Once more it is lifted

into a higher sphere, while still holding on to its physical

interpretation, and is applied to the world year. Finally, it is clothed

with ethical attributes, becomes thoroughly anthropomorphized, and

typifies the good and the evil, the virtues and vices (light and

darkness), in the character and life of gods and of men. Thus we get

four stages in the development of the myth.

CHAPTER XV.

RAGNAROK. The word is found written in two ways, Ragnarok and ragnarökr.

Ragna is genitive plural, from the word regin (god), and means of the

gods. Rok means reason, ground, origin, a wonder, sign, marvel. It is

allied to the O.H.G. _rahha_ = sentence, judgment. Ragnarök would then

mean _the history of the gods_, and applied to the dissolution of the

world, might be translated _the last judgment_, _doomsday_, _weird of

gods and the world_. Rokr means _twilight_, and Ragnarokr, as the

Younger Edda has it, thus means _the twilight of the gods_, and the

latter is adopted by nearly all modern writers, although Gudbr.

Vigfusson declares that Ragnarok (doomsday) is no doubt the correct

form. And this is also to be said in favor of doomsday, that Ragnarok

does not involve only the _twilight_, but the whole _night_ of the gods

and the world.

THE NIFLUNGS AND GJUKUNGS.

This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_ contains much valuable material for a

correct understanding of the Nibelungen-Lied, especially as to the

origin of the Niblung hoard, and the true character of Brynhild. The

material given here, and in the Icelandic Volsunga Saga, has been used

by Wm. Morris in his Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs.

In the Nibelungen-Lied, as transposed by Auber Forestier, in Echoes from

Mist-Land, we have a perfect gem of literature from the middle high

German period, but its author had lost sight of the divine and mythical

origin of the material that he wove into his poem. It is only by

combining the German Nibelungen-Lied with the mythical materials found

in Norseland that our national Teutonic epic can be restored to us.

Wagner has done this for us in his famous drama; Jordan has done it in

his Sigfrid’s saga; Morris has done it in the work mentioned above; but

will not Auber Forestier gather up all the scattered fragments relating

to Sigurd and Brynhild, and weave them together into a prose narrative,

that shall delight the young and the old of this great land?

We are glad to welcome at this time a new book in the field of Niblung

literature. We refer to Geibel’s Brunhild, translated, with introduction

and notes, by Prof. G. Theo. Dippold, and recently published in Boston.

MENJA AND FENJA.

This is usually called the peace of Frode, which corresponds to the

golden age in the life of the asas. Avarice is the root of crime, and

all other evils. Avarice is at the bottom of all the endless woes of the

Niblung story. The myth explaining why the sea is salt is told in a

variety of forms in different countries. In Germany there are several

folk-lore stories and traditions in regard to it. In Norway, where

folk-lore tales are so abundant, we find the myth about Menja and Fenja

recurring in the following form:

WHY THE SEA IS SALT.

Long, long ago there were two brothers, the one was rich and the other

was poor. On Christmas eve the poor one had not a morsel of bread or

meat in his house, and so he went to his brother and asked him for

mercy’s sake to give him something for Christmas. It was not the first

time the brother had had to give him, and he was not very much pleased

to see him this time either.

“If you will do what I ask of you, I will give you a whole ham of pork,”

said he.

The poor man promised immediately, and was very thankful besides.

“There you have it, now go to hell,” said the rich one, and threw the

ham at him.

“What I have promised, I suppose, I must keep,” said the other. He took

the ham and started. He walked and walked the whole day, and at twilight

he came to a place where everything looked so bright and splendid.

“This must be the place,” thought the man with the ham.

Out in the wood-shed stood an old man with a long white beard, cutting

wood for Christmas.

“Good evening,” said the man with the ham.

“Good evening, sir. Where are you going so late?” said the man.

“I am on my way to hell, if I am on the right road,” said the poor man.

“Yes, you have taken the right road; it is here,” said the old man. “Now

when you get in, they will all want to buy your ham, for pork is rare

food in hell; but you must not sell it, unless you get the hand-mill

that stands back of the door for it. When you come out again I will show

you how to regulate it. You will find it useful in more than one

respect.”

The man with the ham thanked the old man for this valuable information,

and rapped at the devil’s door.

When he came in it happened as the old man had said. All the devils,

both the large ones and the small ones, crowded around him like ants

around a worm, and the one bid higher than the other for the ham.

“It is true my wife and I were to have it for our Christmas dinner, but,

seeing that you are so eager for it, I suppose I will have to let you

have it,” said the man. “But if I am to sell it, I want that hand-mill

that stands behind the door there for it.”

The devil did not like to spare it, and kept dickering and bantering

with the man, but he insisted, and so the devil had to give him the

hand-mill. When the man came out in the yard he asked the old

wood-chopper how he should regulate the mill; and when he had learned

how to do it, he said “thank you,” and made for home as fast as he

could. But still he did not reach home before twelve o’clock in the

night Christmas eve.

“Why, where in the world have you been?” said the woman. “Here I have

been sitting hour after hour waiting and waiting, and I haven’t as much

as two sticks to put on the fire so as to cook the Christmas porridge.”

“Oh, I could not come any sooner. I had several errands to do, and I had

a long way to go too. But now I will show you,” said the man. He set the

mill on the table, and had it first grind light, then a table-cloth,

then food and ale and all sorts of good things for Christmas, and as he

commanded the mill ground. The woman expressed her great astonishment

again and again, and wanted to know where her husband had gotten the

mill, but this he would not tell.

“It makes no difference where I have gotten it; you see the mill is a

good one, and that the water does not freeze,” said the man.

Then he ground food and drink, and all good things, for the whole

Christmas week, and on the third day he invited his friends: he was

going to have a party. When the rich brother saw all the nice and good

things at the party, he became very wroth, for he could not bear to see

his brother have anything.

“Christmas eve he was so needy that he came to me and asked me for

mercy’s sake to give him a little food, and now he gives a feast as

though he were both count and king,” said he to the others.

“But where in hell have you gotten all your riches from?” said he to his

brother.

“Behind the door,” answered he who owned the mill. He did not care to

give any definite account, but later in the evening, when he began to

get a little tipsy, he could not help himself and brought out the mill.

“There you see the one that has given me all the riches,” said he, and

then he let the mill grind both one thing and another. When the brother

saw this he was bound to have the mill, and after a long bantering about

it, he finally was to have it; but he was to pay three hundred dollars

for it, and his brother was to keep it until harvest.

“When I keep it until then, I shall have ground food enough to last many

years,” thought he.

Of course the mill got no chance to grow rusty during the next six

months, and when harvest-time came, the rich brother got it; but the

other man had taken good care not to show him how to regulate it. It was

in the evening that the rich man brought the mill home, and in the

morning he bade his wife go and spread the hay after the mowers,--he

would get dinner ready, he said. Toward dinner he put the mill on the

table.

“Grind fish and gruel: Grind both well and fast!” said the man, and the

mill began to grind fish and gruel. It first filled all the dishes and

tubs full, and after that it covered the whole floor with fish and

gruel. The man kept puttering and tinkering, and tried to get the mill

to stop; but no matter how he turned it and fingered at it, the mill

kept on, and before long the gruel got so deep in the room that the man

was on the point of drowning. Then he opened the door to the

sitting-room, but before long that room was filled too, and the man had

all he could do to get hold of the door-latch down in this flood of

gruel. When he got the door open he did not remain long in the room. He

ran out as fast as he could, and there was a perfect flood of fish gruel

behind, deluging the yard and his fields.

The wife, who was in the meadow making hay, began to think that it took

a long time to get dinner ready. “Even if husband does not call us, we

will have to go anyway. I suppose he does not know much about making

gruel; I will have to go and help him,” said the woman to the mowers.

They went homeward, but on coming up the hill they met the flood of fish

and gruel and bread, the one mixed up with the other, and the man came

running ahead of the flood.

“Would that each one of you had an hundred stomachs, but have a care

that you do not drown in the gruel flood,” cried the husband. He ran by

them as though the devil had been after him, and hastened down to his

brother. He begged him in the name of everything sacred to come and take

the mill away immediately.

“If it grinds another hour the whole settlement will perish in fish and

gruel,” said he.

But the brother would not take it unless he got three hundred dollars,

and this money had to be paid to him.

Now the poor brother had both money and the mill, and so it did not take

long before he got himself a farm, and a much nicer one than his

brother’s. With his mill he ground out so much gold that he covered his

house all over with sheets of gold. The house stood down by the

sea-shore, and it glistened far out upon the sea. All who sailed past

had to go ashore and visit the rich man in the golden house, and all

wanted to see the wonderful mill, for its fame spread far and wide, and

there was none who had not heard speak of it.

After a long time there came a sea-captain who wished to see the mill.

He asked whether it could grind salt.

“Yes, it can grind salt,” said he who owned the mill; and when the

captain heard this, he was bound to have it, let it cost what it will.

For if he had that, thought he, he would not have to sail far off over

dangerous waters after cargoes of salt. At first the man did not wish to

sell it, but the captain teased and begged and finally the man sold it,

and got many thousand dollars for it. When the captain had gotten the

mill on his back, he did not stay there long, for he was afraid the man

might reconsider the bargain and back out again. He had no time to ask

how to regulate it; he went to his ship as fast as he could, and when he

had gotten some distance out upon the sea, he got his mill out.

“Grind salt both fast and well,” said the captain. The mill began to

grind salt, and that with all its might. When the captain had gotten the

ship full he wanted to stop the mill; but no matter how he worked, and

no matter how he handled it, the mill kept grinding as fast as ever, and

the heap of salt kept growing larger and larger, and at last the ship

sank. The mill stands on the bottom of the sea grinding this very day,

and so it comes that the sea is salt.

VOCABULARY.

ADILS. A king who reigned in Upsala.

AE. A dwarf.

ÆGER. The god presiding over the stormy sea.

ALF. A dwarf.

ALFATHER. A name of Odin.

ALFHEIM. The home of the elves.

ALFRIG. A dwarf.

ALSVID. One of the horses of the sun.

ALTHJOF. A dwarf.

ALVIS. A dwarf.

AMSVARTNER. The name of the lake in which the island was situated where

the wolf Fenrer was chained.

ANDHRIMNER. The cook in Valhal.

ANDLANG. The second heaven.

ANDVARE. A dwarf.

ANDVARE-NAUT. The ring in the Niblung story.

ANGERBODA. A giantess; mother of the Fenris-wolf.

ANNAR. Husband of Night and father of Jord.

ARVAK. The name of one of the horses of the sun.

ASAHEIM. The home of the asas.

ASALAND. The land of the asas.

ASAS. The Teutonic gods.

ASA-THOR. A common name for Thor.

ASGARD. The residence of the gods.

ASK. The name of the first man created by Odin, Honer and Loder.

ASLAUG. Daughter of Sigurd and Brynhild.

ASMUND. A man visited by Odin.

ASYNJES. The Teutonic goddesses.

ATLE. Gudrun’s husband after the death of Sigurd.

ATRID. A name of Odin.

AUD. The son of Night and Naglfare.

AUDHUMBLA. The cow that nourished the giant Ymer.

AUDUN. A name derived from Odin.

AURGELMER. A giant; grandfather of Bergelmer; the same as Ymer.

AURVANG. A dwarf.

AUSTRE. A dwarf.

BAFUR. A dwarf.

BALDER. Son of Odin and Frigg, slain by Hoder.

BALEYG. A name of Odin.

BAR-ISLE. A cool grove in which Gerd agreed with Skirner to meet Frey.

BAUGE. A brother of Suttung. Odin worked for him one summer, in order to

get his help in obtaining Suttung’s mead of poetry.

BEIGUD. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.

BELE. A giant, brother of Gerd, slain by Frey.

BERGELMER. A giant; son of Thrudgelmer and grandson of Aurgelmer.

BERLING. A dwarf.

BESTLA. Wife of Bure and mother of Odin.

BIFLIDE. A name of Odin.

BIFLINDE. A name of Odin.

BIFROST. The rainbow.

BIFUR. A dwarf.

BIKKE. A minister of Jormunrek; causes Randver to be hanged, and

Svanhild trodden to death by horses.

BIL. One of the children that accompany Moon.

BILEYG. A name of Odin.

BILSKIRNER. Thor’s abode.

BLAIN. A dwarf.

BLODUGHOFDE. Frey’s horse.

BODN. One of the three jars in which the poetic mead is kept.

BODVAR BJARKE. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.

BOL. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.

BOLTHORN. A giant; father of Bestla, mother of Odin.

BOLVERK. A name of Odin.

BOMBUR. A dwarf.

BOR. Son of Bure; father of Odin.

BRAGE. A son of Odin; the best of skalds.

BREIDABLIK. The abode of Balder.

BRIMER. One of the heavenly halls after Ragnarok.

BRISING. Freyja’s necklace.

BROK. A dwarf.

BRYNHILD. One of the chief heroines in the Niblung story.

BUDLE. Father of Atle and Brynhild.

BUE. A son of Vesete, who settled in Borgundarholm.

BURE. Grandfather of Odin.

BYLEIST. A brother of Loke.

BYRGER. A well from which Bil and Hjuke were going when they were taken

by Moon.

DAIN. A dwarf.

DAIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.

DAINSLEIF. Hogne’s sword.

DAY. Son of Delling.

DAYBREAK. The father of Day.

DELLING. Daybreak.

DOLGTHVARE. A dwarf.

DORE. A dwarf.

DRAUPNER. Odin’s ring.

DROME. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.

DUF. A dwarf.

DUNEY. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.

DURATHRO. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.

DURIN. A dwarf.

DVALIN. One of the stags that bite the leaves of Ygdrasil.

DVALIN. A dwarf.

EIKINSKJALDE. A dwarf.

EIKTHYRNER. A hart that stands over Odin’s hall.

EILIF. Son of Gudrun; a skald.

EIMYRJA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.

EINDRIDE. A name of Thor.

EIR. An attendant of Menglod, and the best of all in the healing art.

EKIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.

ELDER. A servant of Æger.

ELDHRIMNER. The kettle in which the boar Sahrimner is cooked in Valhal.

ELIVOGS. The ice-cold streams that flow out of Niflheim.

ELJUDNER. Hel’s hall.

ELLE. An old woman (old age) with whom Thor wrestled in Jotunheim.

EMBLA. The first woman created by Odin, Honer and Loder.

ENDIL. The name of a giant.

ERP. A son of Jonaker, murdered by Sorle and Hamder.

EYLIME. The father of Hjordis, mother of Volsung.

EYSA. One of the daughters of Haloge and Glod.

FAFNER. Son of Hreidmar, killed by Sigurd.

FAL. A dwarf.

FALHOFNER. One of the horses of the gods.

FARBAUTE. The father of Loke.

FARMAGOD. One of the names of Odin.

FARMATYR. One of the names of Odin.

FENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode’s mill.

FENRIS-WOLF. The monster wolf, son of Loke.

FENSALER. The abode of Frigg.

FID. A dwarf.

FILE. A dwarf.

FIMAFENG. Æger’s servant.

FIMBUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

FIMBULTHUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

FIMBUL-TYR. The unknown god.

FIMBUL-WINTER. The great and awful winter of three years duration

preceding Ragnarok.

FINNSLEIF. A byrnie belonging to King Adils, of Upsala.

FJALAR. A dwarf.

FJOLNER. A name of Odin.

FJOLSVID. A name of Odin.

FJORGVIN. The mother of Frigg and of Thor.

FJORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

FOLKVANG. Freyja’s abode.

FORM. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

FORNJOT. The ancient giant; the father of Æger.

FORSETE. The peace-maker; son of Balder and Nanna.

FRANANGER FORCE. The waterfall into which Loke cast himself in the

likeness of a salmon.

FREKE. One of Odin’s wolves.

FREY. Son of Njord and husband of Skade.

FREYJA. The daughter of Njord and sister of Frey.

FRIDLEIF. A son of Skjold.

FRIGG. Wife of Odin and mother of the gods.

FRODE. Grandson of Skjold.

FROSTE. A dwarf.

FULLA. Frigg’s attendant.

FUNDIN. A dwarf.

FYRE. A river in Sweden.

GAGNRAD. A name of Odin.

GALAR. A dwarf.

GANDOLF. A dwarf.

GANG. A giant.

GANGLARE. A name of Odin.

GANGLATE. Hel’s man-servant.

GANGLERE. A name of Odin.

GANGLOT. Hel’s maid-servant.

GANGRAD. A name of Odin.

GARDROFA. A horse.

GARM. A dog that barks at Ragnarok.

GAUT. A name of Odin.

GEFJUN. A goddess; she is present at Æger’s feast.

GEFN. One of the names of Freyja.

GEIRAHOD. A valkyrie.

GEIRROD. A giant visited by Thor.

GEIR SKOGUL. A valkyrie.

GEIRVIMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

GELGJA. The fetter with which the Fenris-wolf was chained.

GERD. A beautiful giantess, daughter of Gymer.

GERE. One of Odin’s wolves.

GERSAME. One of the daughters of Freyja.

GILLING. Father of Suttung, who possessed the poetic mead.

GIMLE. The abode of the righteous after Ragnarok.

GINNAR. A dwarf.

GINUNGAGAP. The premundane abyss.

GIPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

GISL. One of the horses of the gods.

GJALLAR-BRIDGE. The bridge across the river Gjol, near Helheim.

GJALLAR-HORN. Heimdal’s horn.

GJALLAR-RIVER. The river near Helheim.

GJALP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.

GJUKE. A king in Germany, visited by Sigurd.

GLADSHEIM. Odin’s dwelling.

GLAM. The name of a giant.

GLAPSVID. A name of Odin.

GLASER. A grove in Asgard.

GLEIPNER. The last fetter with which the wolf Fenrer was bound.

GLENER. The husband of Sol (sun).

GLER. One of the horses of the gods.

GLITNER. Forsete’s hall.

GLOIN. A dwarf.

GNA. Frigg’s messenger.

GNIPA-CAVE. The cave before which the dog Garm barks.

GNITA-HEATH. Fafner’s abode, where he kept the treasure of the Niblungs.

GOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.

GOL. A valkyrie.

GOLDFAX. The giant Hrungner’s horse.

GOMUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

GONDLER. One of the names of Odin.

GONDUL. A valkyrie.

GOPUL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

GOT. A name of Odin.

GOTE. Gunnar’s horse.

GOTHORM. A son of Gjuke; murders Sigurd, and is slain by him.

GRABAK. One of the serpents under Ygdrasil.

GRAD. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

GRAFVITNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.

GRAFVOLLUD. A serpent under Ygdrasil.

GRAM. Sigurd’s sword.

GRANE. Sigurd’s horse.

GREIP. One of the daughters of Geirrod.

GRID. A giantess visited by Thor.

GRIDARVOL. Grid’s staff.

GRIM. A name of Odin.

GRIMHILD. Gjuke’s queen.

GRIMNER. One of the names of Odin.

GRJOTTUNGARD. The place where Thor fought with Hrungner.

GROA. A giantess, mother of Orvandel.

GROTTE. The name of King Frode’s mill.

GUD. A valkyrie.

GUDNY. One of the children of Gjuke.

GUDRUN. The famous daughter of Gjuke.

GULLINBURSTE. The name of Frey’s boar.

GULLINTANNE. A name of Heimdal.

GULLTOP. Heimdal’s horse.

GULLVEIG. A personification of gold; she is pierced and burnt.

GUNGNER. Odin’s spear.

GUNLAT. The daughter of the giant Suttung.

GUNN. A valkyrie.

GUNNAR. The famous son of Gjuke.

GUNTHRAIN. One of the rivers flowing from Hvergelmer.

GWODAN. An old name for Odin.

GYLFE. A king of Svithjod, who visited Asgard under the name of

Ganglere.

GYLLER. One of the horses of the gods.

GYMER. Another name of the ocean divinity Æger.

HABROK. A celebrated hero.

HALLINSKIDE. Another name of Heimdal.

HALOGE. A giant, son of Fornjot; also called Loge.

HAMDER. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun, incited by his mother to avenge his

sister’s death.

HAMSKERPER. A horse; the sire of Hofvarpner, which was Gna’s horse.

HANGAGOD. A name of Odin.

HANGATYR. A name of Odin.

HAPTAGOD. A name of Odin.

HAR. The High One; applied to Odin.

HARBARD. A name assumed by Odin.

HATE. The wolf bounding before the sun, and will at last catch the moon.

HEIDE. Another name for Gullveig.

HEIDRUN. A goat that stands over Valhal.

HEIMDAL. The god of the rainbow.

HEIMER. Brynhild’s foster-father.

HEL. The goddess of death; daughter of Loke.

HELBLINDE. A name of Odin.

HELMET-BEARER. A name of Odin.

HENGEKJAPT. The man to whom King Frode gave his mill.

HEPTE. A dwarf.

HERAN. A name of Odin.

HERFATHER. A name of Odin.

HERJAN. A name of Odin.

HERMOD. The god who rode on Sleipner to Hel, to get Balder back.

HERTEIT. A name of Odin.

HILD. A valkyrie.

HILDESVIN. A helmet, which King Adils took from King Ale.

HIMINBJORG. Heimdal’s dwelling.

HINDFELL. The place where Brynhild sat in her hall, surrounded by the

Vafurloge.

HJALMBORE. A name of Odin.

HJALPREK. A king in Denmark; collects a fleet for Sigurd.

HJATLE THE VALIANT. One of Rolf Krake’s berserks.

HJORDIS. Married to Sigmund, and mother of Sigurd.

HJUKE. One of the children that accompany Moon.

HLEDJOLF. A dwarf.

HLER. Another name of Æger.

HLIDSKJALF. The seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the world.

HLIN. One of the attendants of Frigg; Frigg herself is sometimes called

by this name.

HLODYN. Thor’s mother.

HLOK. A valkyrie.

HLORIDE. A name of Thor.

HNIKER. A name of Odin.

HNIKUD. A name of Odin.

HNITBJORG. The place where Suttung hid the poetic mead.

HNOS. Freyja’s daughter.

HODER. The slayer of Balder; he is blind.

HODMIMER’S-HOLT. The grove where the two human beings, Lif and

Lifthraser, were preserved during Ragnarok.

HOFVARPNER. Gna’s horse.

HOGNE. A son of Gjuke.

HONER. One of the three creating gods; with Odin and Loder he creates

Ask and Embla.

HOR. A dwarf.

HORN. A name of Freyja.

HRASVELG. A giant in an eagle’s plumage, who produces the wind.

HREIDMAR. The father of Regin and Fafner.

HRIB. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

HRIMFAXE. The horse of Night.

HRINGHORN. The ship upon which Balder’s body was burned.

HRIST. A valkyrie.

HRODVITNER. A wolf; father of the wolf Hate.

HRON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

HROPTATYR. A name of Odin.

HROTTE. Fafner’s sword.

HRUNGNER. A giant; Thor slew him.

HRYM. A giant, who steers the ship Naglfar at Ragnarok.

HVERGELMER. The fountain in the middle of Niflheim.

HUGE. A person (Thought) who ran a race with Thjalfe, in Jotunheim.

HUGIST. One of Odin’s ravens.

HUGSTORE. A dwarf.

HYMER. A giant with whom Thor went fishing when he caught the

Midgard-serpent.

HYNDLA. A vala visited by Freyja.

HYRROKEN. A giantess who launched the ship on which Balder was burned.

IDA. A plain where the gods first assemble, and where they assemble

again after Ragnarok.

IDAVOLD. The same.

IDE. A giant, son of Olvalde.

IDUN. Wife of Brage; she kept the rejuvenating apples.

IRONWOOD. The abode of giantesses called Jarnveds.

IVA. A river in Jotunheim.

IVALD. The father of the dwarfs that made Sif’s hair, the ship

Skidbladner, and Odin’s spear Gungner.

JAFNHAR. A name of Odin.

JALG. A name of Odin.

JALK. A name of Odin.

JARNSAXA. One of Heimdal’s nine giant mothers.

JARNVED. The same as Ironwood.

JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.

JORD. Wife of Odin, mother of Thor.

JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.

JORMUNREK. King of Goths, marries Svanhild.

JORUVOLD. The country where Aurvang is situated. Thence come several

dwarfs.

JOTUNHEIM. The home of the giants.

KERLAUGS. The rivers that Thor every day must cross.

KILE. A dwarf.

KJALER. A name of Odin.

KORMT. A river which Thor every day must cross.

KVASER. The hostage given by the vans to the asas; his blood, when

slain, was the poetical meed kept by Suttung.

LADING. One of the fetters with which the Fenris-wolf was bound.

LANDVIDE. Vidar’s abode.

LAUFEY. Loke’s mother.

LEIPT. One of the rivers flowing out of Hvergelmer.

LERAD. A tree near Valhal.

LETFET. One of the horses of the gods.

LIF. } The two persons preserved in Hodmimer’s-holt during

LIFTHRASER.} Ragnarok.

LIT. A dwarf.

LJOSALFAHEIM. The home of the light elves.

LODER. One of the three gods who created Ask and Embla.

LOFN. One of the asynjes.

LOGE. A giant who tried his strength at eating with Loke in Jotunheim.

LOKE. The giant-god of the Norse mythology.

LOPT. Another name for Loke.

LOVAR. A dwarf.

LYNGVE. The island where the Fenris-wolf was chained.

MAGNE. A son of Thor.

MANNHEIM. The home of man; our earth.

MARDOL. One of the names of Freyja.

MEGINGJARDER. Thor’s belt.

MEILE. A son of Odin.

MENGLAD. Svipdag’s betrothed.

MENJA. A female slave who ground at Frode’s mill.

MIDGARD. The name of the earth in the mythology.

MIDVITNE. A giant.

MIMER. The name of the wise giant; keeper of the holy well.

MIST. A valkyrie.

MJODVITNER. A dwarf.

MJOLNER. Thorn’s hammer.

MJOTUD. A name of Odin.

MODE. One of Thor’s sons.

MODGUD. The may who guards the Gjallar-bridge.

MODSOGNER. A dwarf.

MOIN. A serpent under Ygdrasil.

MOKKERKALFE. A clay giant in the myth of Thor and Hrungner.

MOON, brother of Sun. Both children of Mundilfare.

MOONGARM. A wolf of Loke’s offspring; he devours the moon.

MORN. A troll-woman.

MUNDILFARE. Father of the sun and moon.

MUNIN. One of Odin’s ravens.

MUSPEL. The name of an abode of fire.

MUSPELHEIM. The world of blazing light before the creation.

NA. A dwarf.

NAGLFAR. A mythical ship made of nail-parings; it appears in Ragnarok.

NAIN. A dwarf.

NAL. Mother of Loke.

NANNA. Daughter of Nep; mother of Forsete, and wife of Balder.

NARE. Sod of Loke; also called Narfe.

NARFE. _See_ Nare.

NASTRAND. A place of punishment for the wicked after Ragnarok.

NEP. Father of Nanna.

NIBLUNGS. Identical with Gjukungs.

NIDA MOUNTAINS. A place where there is, after Ragnarok, a golden hall

for the race of Sindre (the dwarfs).

NIDE. A dwarf.

NIDHUG. A serpent in the nether world.

NIFLHEIM. The world of mist before the creation.

NIFLUNGS. Identical with Niblungs.

NIGHT. Daughter of Norfe.

NIKAR. A name of Odin.

NIKUZ. A name of Odin.

NIPING. A dwarf.

NJORD. A van; husband of Skade, and father of Frey and Freyja.

NOATUN. Njord’s dwelling.

NON. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

NOR. The man after whom Norway was supposed to have been named.

NORDRE. A dwarf.

NORFE. A giant, father of Night.

NORNS. The weird sisters.

NOT. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

NY. A dwarf.

NYE. A dwarf.

NYRAD. A dwarf.

ODER. Freyja’s husband.

ODIN. Son of Bor and Bestla; the chief of Teutonic gods.

ODRARER. One of the vessels in which the poetic mead was kept.

OFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.

OIN. A dwarf.

OKU-THOR. A name of Thor.

OLVALDE. A giant; father of Thjasse, Ide and Gang.

OME. A name of Odin.

ONAR. A dwarf.

ORBODA. Wife of the giant Gymer.

ORE. A dwarf.

ORMT. One of the rivers that Thor has to cross.

ORNER. The name of a giant.

ORVANDEL. The husband of Groa, the vala who sang magic songs over Thor

after he had fought with Hrungner.

OSKE. A name of Odin.

OTTER. A son of Hreidmar; in the form of an otter he was killed by Loke.

QUASER. _See_ Kvaser.

RADGRID. A valkyrie.

RADSVID. A dwarf.

RAFNAGUD. A name of Odin.

RAGNAROK. The last day; the dissolution of the gods and the world; the

twilight of the gods.

RAN. The goddess of the sea; wife of Æger.

RANDGRID. A valkyrie.

RANDVER. A son of Jormunrek.

RATATOSK. A squirrel in Ygdrasil.

RATE. An auger used by Odin in obtaining the poetic mead.

REGIN. Son of Hreidmar.

REGINLEIF. A valkyrie.

REIDARTYR. A name of Odin.

REK. A dwarf.

RIND. Mother of Vale.

ROGNER. A name of Odin.

ROSKVA. Thor’s maiden follower.

SAHRIMNER. The boar on which the gods and heroes in Valhal live.

SAD. A name of Odin.

SAGA. The goddess of history.

SAGER. The bucket carried by Bil and Hjuke.

SANGETAL. A name of Odin.

SEKIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

SESSRYMNER. Freyja’s palace.

SIAR. A dwarf.

SID. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.

SIDHOT. A name of Odin.

SIDSKEG. A name of Odin.

SIF. Thor’s wife.

SIGFATHER. A name of Odin.

SIGFRID. The hero in the Niblung story; the same as Sigurd.

SIGMUND. Son of Volsung. Also son of Sigurd and Gudrun.

SINDRE. A dwarf.

SIGTYR. A name of Odin.

SIGYN. Loke’s wife.

SIGURD. The hero in the Niblung story; identical with Sigfrid.

SILVERTOP. One of the horses of the gods.

SIMUL. The pole on which Bil and Hjuke carried the bucket.

SINFJOTLE. Son of Sigmund.

SINER. One of the horses of the gods.

SJOFN. One of the asynjes.

SKADE. A giantess; daughter of Thjasse and wife of Njord.

SKEGGOLD. A valkyrie.

SKEIDBRIMER. One of the horses of the gods.

SKIDBLADNER. Frey’s ship.

SKIFID. A dwarf.

SKIFIR. A dwarf.

SKILFING. A name of Odin.

SKINFAXE. The horse of Day.

SKIRNER. Frey’s messenger.

SKOGUL. A valkyrie.

SKOL. The wolf that pursues the sun.

SKRYMER. The name assumed by Utgard-Loke; a giant.

SKULD. The norn of the future.

SLEIPNER. Odin’s eight-footed steed.

SLID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

SLIDRUGTANNE. Frey’s boar.

SNOTRA. One of the asynjes.

SOKMIMER. A giant slain by Odin.

SOKVABEK. A mansion, where Odin and Saga quaff from golden beakers.

SOL. Daughter of Mundilfare.

SON. One of the vessels containing the poetic mead.

SORLE. Son of Jonaker and Gudrun; avenges the death of Svanhild.

SUDRE. A dwarf.

SUN. Identical with Sol.

SURT. Guards Muspelheim. A fire-giant in Ragnarok.

SUTTUNG. The giant possessing the poetic mead.

SVADE. A giant.

SVADILFARE. A horse, the sire of Sleipner.

SVAFNER. A serpent under Ygdrasil.

SVANHILD. Daughter of Sigurd and Gudrun.

SVARIN. A dwarf.

SVARTALFAHEIM. The home of the swarthy elves.

SVARTHOFDE. The ancestor of all enchanters.

SVASUD. The name of a giant; father of summer.

SVIAGRIS. A ring demanded by the berserks for Rolf Krake.

SVID. A name of Odin.

SVIDAR. A name of Odin.

SVIDR. A name of Odin.

SVIDRE. A name of Odin.

SVIDRIR. A name of Odin.

SVIDUR. A name of Odin.

SVIPDAG. The betrothed of Menglad.

SVIPOL. A name of Odin.

SVOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

SVOLNE. A name of Odin.

SYLG. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.

SYN. A minor goddess.

SYR. A name of Freyja.

TANGNJOST. } Thor’s goats.

TANGRISNER. }

THEK. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.

THJALFE. The name of Thor’s man-servant.

THJASSE. A giant; the father of Njord’s wife, Skade.

THJODNUMA. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

THOK. Loke in the disguise of a woman.

THOL. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

THOR. Son of Odin and Fjorgyn. The god of thunder.

THORIN. A dwarf.

THORN. A giant.

THRIDE. A name of Odin.

THRO. A dwarf; also a name of Odin.

THROIN. A dwarf.

THROR. A name of Odin.

THRUD. A valkyrie.

THUD. A name of Odin.

THUL. A stream flowing from Hvergelmer.

THUND. A name of Odin.

THVITE. A stone used in chaining the Fenris-wolf.

THYN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

TYR. The one-armed god of war.

UD. A name of Odin.

UKKO. The god of thunder in Tshudic mythology.

UKKO-THOR. A name for Thor.

ULLER. Son of Sif and step-son of Thor.

URD. The norn of the past.

UTGARD. The abode of the giant Utgard-Loke.

UTGARD-LOKE. A giant visited by Thor; identical with Skrymer.

VAFTHRUDNER. A giant visited by Odin.

VAFUD. A name of Odin.

VAFURLOGE. The bickering flame surrounding Brynhild on Hindfell.

VAK. A name of Odin.

VALASKJALF. One of Odin’s dwellings.

VALE. Brother of Balder; kills Hoder.

VALFATHER. A name of Odin.

VALHAL. The hall to which Odin invites those slain in battle.

VANADIS. A name of Freyja.

VANAHEIM. The home of the vans.

VAR. The goddess of betrothals and marriages.

VARTARE. The thread with which the mouth of Loke was sewed together.

VASAD. The grandfather of Winter.

VE. A brother of Odin. (Odin, Vile and Ve).

VEDFOLNER. A hawk in Ygdrasil.

VEGSVIN. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

VEGTAM. A name of Odin.

VERATYR. A name of Odin.

VERDANDE. The norn of the present.

VESTRE. A dwarf.

VID. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

VIDAR. Son of Odin and the giantess Grid.

VIDBLAIN. The third heaven.

VIDFIN. The father of Bil and Hjuke.

VIDOLF. The ancestor of the valas.

VIDRER. A name of Odin.

VIDUR. A name of Odin.

VIG. A dwarf.

VIGRID. The field of battle where the gods and the hosts of Surt meet in

Ragnarok.

VILE. Brother of Odin and Ve.

VILMEIDE. The ancestor of all wizards.

VIMER. A river that Thor crosses.

VIN. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.

VINA. A river that flows from Hvergelmer.

VINDALF. A dwarf.

VINDLONG. One of the names of the father of winter.

VINDSVAL. One of the names of the father of winter.

VINGNER. A name of Thor.

VINGOLF. The palace of the asynjes.

VINGTHOR. A name of Thor.

VIRFIR. A dwarf.

VIT. A dwarf.

VOLSUNGS. The descendants of Volsung.

VON. A river formed by the saliva running from the mouth of the chained

Fenris-wolf.

VOR. One of the asynjes.

WODAN. A name of Odin.

YDALER. Uller’s dwelling.

YG. A name of Odin.

YGDRASIL. The world-embracing ash-tree.

YLG. One of the streams flowing from Hvergelmer.

YMER. The huge giant out of whose body the world was created.

INDEX.

[Transcriber’s Note:

Page references in the 5-10 range do not correspond reliably to actual

citations; pages 5 and 6 do not exist at all. It is possible that the

Preface was rewritten and repaginated between 1879 (the original date

of the book) and 1901 (the date of the printing used as the basis for

this e-text).]

Abel, 265.

Academy (London), 252.

Achilleus, 167, 168.

Adam, 33.

Adela, 255.

Adils, 215, 217.

Ae, 71.

Æger, 153, 154, 159, 160, 162, 164, 169, 176-189, 196, 240, 260.

Æneas, 168, 221-224, 229, 242.

Africa and Africans, 36, 38, 225.

Ainbet, 255.

Ainos, 221.

Aldafather, 246.

Ale, 89, 168, 215.

Alf, 71.

Alfather, 65, 69, 72, 77, 80, 81, 92, 94, 98, 106, 245, 246, 259.

Alfheim, 77, 183.

Alfrig, 261.

Alsace, 255.

Alsvid, 66.

Althjof, 70.

Alvis, 251.

America, 30, 244.

Amsvartner, 94.

Anchises, 223, 229.

Andhrimner, 104.

Andlang, 78.

Andvare, 71, 194, 195, 199-201.

Andvarenaut, 200.

Angerboda, 91.

Anglo-Saxon, 258.

Annan, 45.

Annar, 65.

Argulos, 41.

Ariadne, 29.

Ariel, 253.

Ark, 33.

Arndt, 257, 258.

Arvak, 66.

Asaheim, 226, 259.

Asaland, 226, 234.

Asas, 79-90.

Asa-Thor, 241.

Asburg, 226.

Asgard, 6, 7, 51, 54, 64, 65, 69, 133, 136, 148, 153, 156-158, 164,

168-176, 181, 189, 191, 224, 226, 228, 230, 237.

Asia, 38, 43, 166, 225-229.

Asiamen, 46, 48.

Ask, 5, 64, 243, 250.

Aslaug, 204.

Asmund, 245, 246.

Aspargum, 226.

Asov, 225.

Assor, 229.

Asynjes, 97-100.

Assyrians, 37, 40, 225.

Atlas, 226.

Atle, 198-202, 251.

Atra, 45.

Atrid, 81, 245.

Aud, 65.

Audhumbla, 59, 246.

Audun, 235.

Aurgelmer, 58, 250.

Aurvang, 71.

Austre, 61, 70.

Austria, 255.

Baal, 37.

Babylon, 39.

Bafur, 70.

Balder, 6, 7, 8, 46, 83, 84, 89, 131-136, 148, 158, 175, 232, 249, 259,

260, 264, 265.

Baleyg, 81, 245, 247.

Baltic, 223, 231.

Banquo, 253.

Bar, 61, 64, 250.

Bar-Isle, 102.

Bauge, 162, 163.

Bavaria, 256.

Bedvig, 45.

Beigud, 215.

Bel, 37.

Beldegg, 46.

Bele, 102, 103, 145, 175, 262.

Beowulf, 262.

Bergelmer, 60, 250.

Bergmann, Fr., 18, 221.

Berling, 261.

Bestla, 60, 250.

Biflide, 54.

Biflinde, 54, 81, 245.

Bifrost, 68, 73, 74, 77, 88, 108, 142.

Bifur, 70.

Bikke, 202, 203.

Bil, 66, 99, 250.

Bileyg, 81, 245.

Bilskirner, 82, 259.

Bjaf, 45.

Bjalfe, 233.

Bjar, 45.

Bjarnhedinn, 233.

Black Sea, 225, 229.

Blackwell, W. L., 15, 18.

Blain, 70.

Blind, Karl, 252-256.

Blodughofde, 260.

Blueland, 225, 226.

Bodn, 160-165.

Bodvar Bjarke, 215.

Bol, 106.

Bolthorn, 60, 250.

Bolverk, 81, 162, 163, 245.

Bombur, 70.

Bor, 50, 61, 64, 250.

Borgundarholm, 240.

Bornholm, 240.

Bothnia, 240.

Brage, 6, 9, 16, 25, 50, 87, 108, 153, 154, 159, 160, 164, 166, 169,

184, 187, 189, 205, 231, 260.

Brander, 46.

Breidablik, 77, 84, 232, 259.

Brimer, 147, 166.

Brising, 97, 186, 261, 262.

Britain, 230.

Brok, 190-192.

Brynhild, 198-201, 262, 267.

Budd, 244.

Buddha, 244.

Budle, 198, 201.

Bue, 240.

Bugge, Sophus, 18.

Bure, 5, 60, 250.

Byleist, 91, 144.

Byrger, 66.

Cæsar, 233.

Cain, 265.

Carlyle, Sir Thomas, 22, 252.

Carthage, 31, 242.

Cato, the Elder, 31.

Caucasian, 226.

Celtic, 239, 240, 244.

Cerberos, 41.

Chaldeans, 40.

Chasgar, 226.

China, 28.

Chlotildis, 255.

Christ, 201, 221, 223.

Cicero, 229.

Columbus, 30.

Cottle, A. S., 15.

Crete, 28, 39-42.

Dain, 70, 75.

Dainsleif, 219.

Dane, 46.

Danube, 230.

Dardanos, 42.

Dasent, G. W., 15, 16, 18.

Day, 65, 66.

Daybreak, 65.

Delling, 65.

Denmark, 50, 206, 207, 214, 222, 230, 231, 239, 242, 251.

Dido, 242.

Dietrich, Fr., 18.

Dippold, G. Theo., 267.

Dolgthvare, 71.

Don, 225, 229.

Dore, 71.

Dornröschen, 254.

Draupner, 71, 134, 136, 187.

Drome, 93.

Duf, 71.

Duney, 75.

Durathro, 75.

Durin, 70.

Dvalin, 70, 74, 75, 261.

Egilsson, S., 18, 19.

Eikenskjalde, 71.

Eikthyrner, 106.

Eilif, 179.

Eimyrja, 240.

Eindride, 175.

Eir, 97.

Ekin, 106.

Elder, 188.

Eldhrimner, 104.

Elenus, 168.

Eline, 251.

Elivogs, 5, 57, 59, 173, 248.

Eljudner, 92.

Elle, 124, 127.

Embla, 5, 64, 243, 250.

Emerson, R. W., 22.

Endil, 180.

Enea, 38, 221, 225.

England, 30, 48, 222, 232, 239, 250, 258.

Erichthonios, 221.

Erp, 202-205.

Ethiopia, 225.

Ettmüller, Ludw., 18.

Europe, 38, 221-230, 241, 254.

Eve, 33.

Eylime, 196.

Eysa, 240.

Eyvind Skaldespiller, 236.

Fafner, 193-201, 263.

Fal, 71.

Falhofner, 73, 260.

Farbaute, 91, 185.

Farmagod, 81, 247.

Farmatyr, 81, 165, 245.

Faye, A., 257.

Fenja, 206-208, 267.

Fenris-wolf, 8, 87, 91-96, 104, 141, 142, 148, 149, 168.

Fensaler, 97, 132.

Fid, 71.

File, 71.

Fimafeng, 188.

Fimbul, 56.

Fimbulthul, 106.

Fimbul-tyr, 5, 6, 8.

Fimbul-winter, 7, 140, 264.

Finnish, 239, 240, 241, 250.

Finnsleif, 215.

Fjalar, 160, 161.

Fjarlaf, 45.

Fjolner, 54, 81, 207, 238, 245.

Fjolsvid, 81, 245, 246.

Fjorgvin, 65.

Fjorm, 106.

Folkvang, 86, 259.

Forestier, Auber, 262, 263, 266, 267.

Form, 56, 241.

Fornjot, 239-243.

Forsete, 89, 90, 153, 259, 260.

Frananger Force, 137.

Frankland, 46.

Fraser’s Magazine, 253.

Freke, 105.

Freovit, 46.

Frey, 6, 7, 8, 85, 86, 94, 101-103, 109-112, 134, 142, 143, 153, 187,

191, 192, 227, 228, 237-239, 243, 260, 262, 264.

Freyja, 6, 7, 29, 85, 86, 97, 110, 134, 153, 157, 170, 183, 187, 228,

232, 239, 259, 261, 262.

Fridleif, 45, 46, 206, 218.

Frigialand, 168.

Frigg, 6, 7, 43, 45, 65, 80, 94, 97, 98, 131-136, 145, 153, 176, 187,

227.

Frigia, 43.

Frigida, 45.

Frjodiger, 46.

Frode, 41, 206-213, 238, 267.

Froste, 71, 240, 241.

Fulla, 97, 136, 153, 187.

Fundin, 71.

Funen, 231.

Fyre, 216.

Fyrisvold, 187, 217.

Gaelic, 257.

Gagnrad, 247.

Galar, 160, 161.

Gandolf, 70.

Gandvik, 179.

Gang, 159.

Ganglare, 81.

Ganglate, 92.

Ganglere, 245, 246, 247.

Ganglot, 92.

Gangrad, 58.

Gardarike, 230.

Gardie, de la, 17.

Gardrofa, 99.

Garm, 8, 108, 143.

Gaut, 81.

Gave, 46.

Gefjun, 49, 50, 97, 153, 187, 231, 242.

Gefn, 97.

Gegenwart, Die, 252.

Geibel, Em., 267.

Geir, 46.

Geirabod, 99.

Geirrod, 81, 176-183, 245, 246.

Geir Skogul, 252.

Geirvimul, 106.

Gelgja, 96.

Gelmer, 248.

Gerd, 101-113, 153, 228, 238, 262, 265.

Gere, 105, 261.

Germania (of Tacitus), 244.

Germany, 30, 222, 230, 239, 250-256.

Gersame, 238.

Gertraud, 255.

Gibraltar, 225, 230.

Gill, 250.

Gilling, 161.

Gimle, 9, 54, 77, 78, 147, 247.

Ginnar, 71.

Ginungagap, 5, 56, 57, 58, 61, 72, 243, 247-249.

Gipul, 106.

Gisl, 73, 260.

Gissur, Jarl, 24.

Gjallar-bridge, 135, 249.

Gjallarhorn, 72, 88, 142.

Gjallar-river, 135.

Gjalp, 178, 179, 180, 182.

Gjoll, 56, 96, 248.

Gjuke, 199, 204, 206, 266.

Gjukungs, 193-201.

Glad, 73, 260.

Gladsheim, 28, 69, 259.

Glam, 183.

Glapsvid, 81, 245.

Glaser, 187, 199.

Gleipner, 87, 94.

Glener, 66.

Gler, 73, 260.

Glitner, 77, 89, 90, 259.

Glod, 240.

Gloin, 71.

Glora, 44.

Gna, 98, 99.

Gnipa-cave, 8, 143.

Gnita-heath, 196-200.

God, 33-40, 54.

Godheim, 225, 236.

Goe, 241.

Goin, 75.

Gol, 99.

Golden Age, 69-71.

Goldfax, 169, 176.

Gomul, 106.

Gondler, 81, 245.

Gondul, 252.

Gopul, 106.

Gor, 241.

Got, 246.

Gote, 199.

Gothorm, 198-211.

Gotland, 206.

Goransson, J., 18.

Grabak, 76.

Grad, 106.

Grafvitner, 75.

Grafvollud, 76.

Gram, 199, 200.

Grane, 198.

Grave, 199.

Gray, 16.

Greece and Greeks, 28, 31, 39-43, 222-229, 250.

Greenland, 30.

Greip, 178-183.

Grid, 177.

Gridarvol, 177, 181.

Grim, 81, 245, 246.

Grimhild, 198.

Grimm (Brothers), 244, 253, 258.

Grimner, 81, 244, 245, 247, 248.

Grjottungard, 171, 174.

Groa, 173, 174.

Grotte, 207, 210.

Grottesong, 207, 208.

Guatemala, 88, 244.

Gud, 100.

Gudny, 198.

Gudolf, 45.

Gudrun, 179-203.

Gullinburste, 134.

Gullintanne, 88.

Gulltop, 73, 88, 134, 259.

Gullveig, 252, 265.

Gungner, 142, 189-192.

Gunlad, 160-165.

Gunn, 252.

Gunnar, 198-203.

Gunnthro, 56, 248.

Gunthrain, 106.

Gwodan, 244.

Gylfe, 9, 16, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 151, 221, 224, 231, 232, 242.

Gyller, 73, 260.

Gymer, 101, 103, 238.

Ha, 218.

Habrok, 108.

Hafthor, 235.

Hakon, 21-24, 236.

Haleygjatal, 47.

Halfdan, 213.

Hallinskide, 88.

Haloge, 240.

Halogeland, 240.

Ham, 35, 36.

Hamder, 202, 206.

Hamskerper, 99.

Hangagod, 81.

Hangatyr, 165.

Haptagod, 81.

Har, 71, 81, 243-246.

Harald Harfager, 51, 243.

Harbard, 245.

Hate, 67.

Haustlong, 184.

Hebrew, 37.

Hedin, 218, 219.

Hedinians, 219.

Heide, 252.

Heidrun, 106.

Heimdal, 6, 8, 88, 89, 134, 142, 143, 153, 232, 259, 260.

Heimer, 204.

Heimskringla, 10, 22, 50, 57, 221, 224, 239, 242, 243, 263.

Hekate, 255.

Hektor, 43, 151, 167, 168.

Hel, 6, 7, 55, 56, 57, 91-96, 133, 135-137, 142, 144, 148, 248, 255,

264.

Helblinde, 81, 91, 245.

Held, 255.

Helge Hundings-Bane, 248.

Helgeland, 240.

Helmet-bearer, 245.

Henderson, 16.

Hendride, 44.

Hengekjapt, 207.

Hengist, 46, 229.

Hepte, 71.

Herakles, 41.

Heran, 54.

Herbert, 16.

Herfather, 247.

Herfjoter, 99.

Herikon, 43, 221.

Herjan, 54, 81, 245, 247.

Hermanric, 262.

Hermod, 45, 133, 135, 136, 249, 260.

Hero-book, 250.

Herodotos, 22.

Herteit, 81, 245.

Hesse (Rhenish), 255.

Hild, 99, 198, 218, 219, 252.

Hildebrand, Karl, 18.

Hildesvin, 215.

Himminbjorg, 77, 88, 89, 232, 259.

Hindfell, 199.

Hjaddingavig, 219.

Hjalmbore, 81.

Hjalprek, 196.

Hjalte the Valiant, 215.

Hjarrande, 218.

Hjordis, 196.

Hjuke, 66, 250.

Hledjolf, 71.

Hleidre, 212, 214.

Hler, 153, 240, 243.

Hlidskjalf, 64, 77, 101, 137.

Hlin, 98, 145.

Hlodyn, 145.

Hlok, 99.

Hloride, 44.

Hlymdaler, 204.

Hnikar, 54, 81, 245, 247.

Hnikud, 54, 81, 245.

Hnitbjorg, 161, 162.

Hnos, 97, 238.

Hoder, 7, 89, 132, 148, 260, 265.

Hodmimer’s-holt, 149.

Hofvarpner, 99.

Hogne, 198-218.

Holge, 187.

Holzmann, A., 18.

Homer, 222.

Honer, 84, 153, 155, 157, 184-186, 193, 227, 243.

Hor, 71.

Horn, 97.

Hornklofe, 233.

Horsa, 229.

Howitts, the, 16.

Hrasvelg, 79.

Hreidmar, 193-196.

Hrid, 56.

Hrimfaxe, 65.

Hrimgerd, 251.

Hringhorn, 133.

Hrist, 99.

Hrodvitner, 67.

Hrolf, 241.

Hron, 106.

Hroptatyr, 81, 246.

Hrotte, 196.

Hrungner, 7, 169-176, 210.

Hrym, 141-144.

Hvergelmer, 56, 72, 75, 106, 148, 243, 248, 249.

Hvitserk, 215.

Huge, 121, 126.

Hugin, 105.

Hugstare, 71.

Humboldt, 244.

Hymer, 128-133, 167, 186.

Hyndla, 249.

Hyrrokken, 133, 134.

Iceland, 240.

Ida, 148.

Idavold, 69.

Ide, 159.

Idun, 6, 7, 10, 28, 87, 88, 153, 155, 157, 184-187, 264.

Iliad, 22, 221, 224.

Ilos, 43.

India, 28, 244.

Irmina, 255.

Ironwood, 57.

Isefjord, 231.

Italy, 42, 222.

Ithaca, 223.

Itrman, 45.

Iva, 182.

Ivalde, 112, 189.

Jack, 247, 250.

Jafnhar, 81, 243, 245, 246.

Jalanger, 207.

Jalg, 54.

Jalk, 54, 81, 245-247.

Jamieson, 16.

Japhet, 35.

Jarnsaxa, 173.

Jarnved, 67.

Jarnvidjes, 67.

Jat, 45.

Jerusalem, 225.

Jews, 29.

Johnstown, 232.

Jokul, 240.

Jonaker, 202, 206.

Jonsson (Arngrim), 17.

Jonsson (Th.), 18, 19.

Jord, 65, 100, 174, 175.

Jormungand, 91-96, 144.

Jormunrek, 202-206.

Joruvold, 71.

Jotland, 240.

Jotunheim, 49, 65, 69, 91, 110, 111, 115, 133, 144, 157, 169, 176, 185,

187, 231, 259.

Juno, 40, 250.

Jupiter, 41, 42.

Jutland, 46, 247.

Kadmos, 241.

Kalevala, 84.

Kalmuks, 225.

Kann, 254.

Kare, 240-243.

Kemble, 258.

Kerlangs, 73.

Keyser (Rud.), 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26.

Kesfet, 45.

Kile, 71.

Kingsley (Chas.), 230.

Kjalar, 81, 245.

Knue, 211.

Kormt, 73.

Kvaser, 137, 160-165, 227.

Laage, 231.

Lading, 93.

Laing (Samuel), 22, 224.

Landvide, 259.

Laomedon, 43.

Latin, 222.

Laufey, 91, 110, 113, 137.

Leidre (See Hleidre), 231.

Leipt, 56, 248.

Lerad, 106, 263.

Letfet, 73, 260.

Liber, 228.

Libera, 228.

Lif, 149.

Lifthraser, 149.

Lit, 71, 134.

Lithraborg, 231.

Ljosalfaheim, 259.

Loder, 243.

Lofn, 98.

Loge, 120, 126, 240, 243.

Logrinn, 49.

Loke, 6-8, 80, 91-96, 109-145, 151, 153, 155-158, 176-187, 188-199, 240,

260, 261, 264, 265.

Lopt, 91, 186.

Loptsson (Jon), 20.

Lora, 44.

Loricos, 44.

Loride, 44.

Lovar, 71.

Lybia, 230, 242.

Lyngve, 94.

Macbeth, 252-265.

Macedonians, 39, 40, 42.

Maelstrom, 208.

Magi, 45.

Magne, 45, 48, 149, 168, 173.

Magnusson (Arne), 17, 18, 23.

Malar, 49, 231, 232.

Mallet, 16, 230.

Manilius, 229.

Mannheim, 225, 236.

Mardol, 97.

Mars, 222.

Mechtild, 255.

Mediterranean Sea, 38.

Megingjarder, 83, 106, 176, 180.

Meile, 174.

Menglad, 260, 262.

Menja, 206-209, 267.

Menon, 44.

Metellus, 223.

Mexican, 244.

Midgard, 5, 62, 63, 67, 109, 128, 145, 259.

Midvitne, 245.

Mimer, 10, 19, 72, 73, 142, 143, 224, 227, 228, 234, 243.

Mist, 99.

Mithridates, 222, 229.

Mjodvitner, 70.

Mjoll, 241.

Mjolner, 6-8, 64, 83, 111-130, 134, 148, 149, 171, 176.

Mjotud, 246.

Möbius (Th.), 18.

Mode, 45, 148, 149, 168.

Modgud, 135, 249.

Modsogner, 70.

Moin, 75.

Mokkerkalfe, 171, 173.

Moldau, 228.

Mongolians, 225.

Moon, 66.

Moongarm, 67.

Morn, 185, 186.

Morris (Wm.), 224, 266.

Müller (Max), 244.

Müller (P. E.), 18, 20.

Mummius, 223.

Munch (P. A.), 18.

Mundilfare, 66.

Munin, 105.

Munon, 44.

Muspel, 68, 103, 112, 142, 144.

Muspelheim, 5, 56, 58, 61, 66, 243, 247, 249, 259.

Muss, 254.

Mysing, 207.

Na, 70.

Naglfar, 65, 112, 141, 144.

Nain, 70.

Nal, 91.

Nanna, 81, 134, 136, 153.

Nare, 91, 139.

Narfe, 65, 91, 139.

Nastrand, 9, 147.

Nep, 89, 134.

Neptune, 41.

Niblungs, 101, 193, 199, 201, 202, 262, 263, 266.

Niblung Story, 30, 266, 267.

Nida Mountains, 147.

Nide, 70.

Nidhug, 9, 72, 75, 148, 249.

Niflheim, 5, 56, 58, 72, 92, 243, 247, 249, 259.

Niflhel, 55, 111, 259.

Niflungs, 193-199, 201, 202, 266.

Night,65.

Nikar, 54.

Nikuz, 54.

Nile, 41.

Niping, 70.

Njord, 6, 42, 84, 85, 101, 153, 158, 159, 187, 227, 228, 232, 236, 237,

239, 259, 260.

Njorvasnud, 225.

Njorve, 225.

Noah, 33, 35, 225.

Noatun, 84, 85, 158, 232, 237, 259.

Non, 106.

Nor, 241.

Nordre, 61, 70.

Norfe, 65.

Norns, 73-78.

Norway, 215, 218, 222, 230, 236, 239, 240, 241, 251, 256, 257.

Not, 106.

Ny, 71.

Nye, 70.

Nyrad, 71.

Nyerup (R.), 18.

Oder, 97, 112, 228, 238.

Odin, 5-10, 29, 39, 43, 45-47, 60, 65, 73, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89, 96, 100,

104-112, 132-134, 137, 142, 143, 145, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160-165,

168-176, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189-192, 194, 195, 206, 221, 239, 240,

243-263.

Odinse, 230, 231, 250.

Odinstown, 232.

Odoacer, 223.

Odrarer, 160-165.

Odyssey, 22, 224.

Ofner, 76, 245, 247.

Oin, 70.

Oku-Thor, 82, 151, 167, 168, 209.

Olafsson (Magnus), 17.

Olafsson (Stephan), 17.

Olaf (Thordsson), 9, 20, 22, 23-27.

Olaf (Tryggvason), 261.

Olvalde, 159.

Ome, 54, 81, 245.

Onar, 70.

Orboda, 101.

Ore, 70, 71.

Orestes, 223.

Orkneys, 218.

Ormt, 73.

Orner, 210.

Orvandel, 173-175.

Oske, 54, 81, 245, 247.

Otter, 193.

Ottilia, 255.

Paulus (Diakonos), 244.

Persia, 225.

Petersen (N. M.), 248.

Pfeiffer (Fr.), 18.

Pigott, 16.

Pluto, 49.

Poetry (origin of), 161-165.

Polar Sea, 248.

Pompey, 43, 222, 229, 230.

Pontus, 229.

Priamos, 39, 43, 44, 166, 167.

Pyrrhus, 168.

Quaser (see Kvaser).

Quenland, 240.

Rachel, 255.

Radgrid, 99.

Redsvid, 71.

Rafn, 215.

Rafnagud, 105.

Ragnar, 206.

Ragnar (Lodbrok), 205.

Ragnarok, 8, 88, 96, 104, 139-145, 167, 219, 228, 247, 249, 264, 266.

Ran, 188.

Randgrid, 99.

Randver, 202-205.

Rask (Rasmus), 18.

Ratatosk, 75.

Rate, 163.

Refil, 196.

Regin, 193-200.

Reginleif, 99.

Reidartyr, 165.

Reidgotaland, 46.

Rek, 71.

Remus, 222, 223.

Resen (P. J.), 17.

Rhine, 201, 230.

Rind, 89, 100.

Ritta, 46.

Roddros, 167.

Rolf Krake, 214-217.

Rogner, 246.

Rome, 31, 43, 221-230.

Romulus, 222, 223.

Romulus (Augustulus), 223.

Roskva, 114, 115.

Rosta, 100.

Rugman (Jon), 17.

Russia, 225, 230.

Sad, 81, 245.

Saga, 97, 259.

Sager, 66.

Sahrimner, 104.

Saming, 47, 230, 236.

Samund the Wise, 20, 26.

Sangetal, 81, 245, 247.

Saracens, 225.

Sarmatia, 225.

Saturn, 38, 40, 41, 42.

Saxland, 45, 48, 230, 231.

Saxo-Grammaticus, 239.

Saxons, 215, 229.

Schlegel, 253.

Scotland, 257, 258.

Scott (Walter), 257, 258.

Scythia (Magna), 225, 229, 244.

Seeland, 49, 50, 231, 242.

Sekin, 106.

Sennar, 36.

Serkland, 225.

Sessrymner, 86.

Shakspeare, 252-256.

Shem, 36.

Siar, 71.

Sibyl, 44.

Sid, 106.

Sidhot, 81, 245, 247.

Sidskeg, 81, 245, 247.

Sif, 44, 89, 170, 187, 189-192.

Sigar, 46.

Sigfather, 81, 245, 247.

Sigfrid, 19, 232, 263.

Sigge, 46.

Sighan, 257.

Sighvat, 20.

Sigmund, 196-204.

Sigtuna, 47, 230, 232.

Sigtyr, 165, 189, 247.

Sigurd, 196-204, 262, 267.

Sigyn, 139, 153, 185.

Silvertop, 73, 260.

Simrock (K.), 18, 19, 253, 263.

Simul, 66.

Sindre, 147, 190-192.

Siner, 73, 260.

Sinfjotle, 204.

Sjafne, 98.

Sjofn, 98.

Skade, 84, 85, 139, 158, 159, 185, 187, 228, 236, 259.

Skeggold, 99.

Skeidbrimer, 73, 200.

Skidbladner, 108-113, 189-192, 234, 263.

Skifid, 71.

Skilfing, 81, 246, 247.

Skinfaxe, 66.

Skirfir, 71.

Skirner, 94, 101-103, 143, 263.

Skjaldun, 45.

Skjold, 45, 46, 206, 230, 231.

Skogul, 99, 252.

Skol, 67.

Skrymer, 116-127.

Skuld, 74, 100, 243, 252, 256.

Skule (Jarl), 21-24, 249.

Sleeping Beauty, 254.

Sleipner, 73, 108-112, 133, 169-176, 259.

Slid, 56, 248.

Slidrugtanne, 134.

Sna, 241.

Snorre, 9, 19-27, 221, 226, 233, 239, 242, 243.

Snotra, 98.

Sokmimer, 245.

Sokvabek, 97, 259.

Sol, 99.

Solvarg, 67.

Son, 164, 165.

Sorle, 202-206

Spain, 225.

Steinthor, 235.

Stephens (Geo.), 230.

Strabo, 226.

Sturle (Thordsson), 21, 249.

Styx, 248.

Sudre, 61, 70.

Sun, 66.

Surt, 8, 57, 78, 142-149, 168, 249.

Suttung, 164, 165.

Svade, 241.

Svadilfare, 110, 111.

Svafner, 76, 243, 246, 247.

Svanhild, 199-206.

Svarin, 71, 259.

Svartalfaheim, 94.

Svarthofde, 58, 250.

Svasud, 80.

Sveinsson (Br.), 17.

Sviagris, 215, 217.

Svid, 246.

Svidar, 54.

Svidr, 236.

Svidrer, 54, 245.

Svidrir, 81.

Svidur, 245.

Svipdag, 46, 215, 262.

Svipol, 81, 245.

Svithjod, 46, 49, 181, 207, 211, 225, 228, 236.

Svebdegg, 46.

Svol, 56, 106, 248.

Svolne, 174.

Sylg, 56, 248.

Syn, 98.

Syr, 97.

Tacitus, 244.

Tanais, 225.

Tanaquisl, 225, 226.

Tangnjost, 83.

Tangrisner, 83.

Tartareans, 225.

Taylor (W.), 16.

Testament (New), 28.

Testament (Old), 28.

Teutons, 222-224, 229, 230, 239, 244, 253, 263, 264.

Thek, 71, 81, 245.

Thjalfe, 114, 115, 120, 121, 126, 171, 173, 181.

Thjasse, 84, 85, 155-158, 184-187, 210.

Thjode, 196.

Thjodnuma, 106.

Thjodolf, 51, 174, 184, 243.

Thok, 136, 137, 264.

Thol, 106.

Thor, 6, 8, 29, 41, 44, 65, 73, 82, 83, 89, 100, 109-153, 165-192,

205-243, 251, 259, 260, 263.

Thorarin, 235.

Thord, 20.

Thorer, 235.

Thorin, 70.

Thorleif, 176, 184, 187.

Thorn, 179.

Thorodd (Runemaster), 27.

Thorpe (Benjamin), 15, 252, 257, 259, 262.

Thorre, 241.

Thorstein (Viking’s son), 241.

Thrace, 44, 221.

Thride, 81, 243-246.

Thro, 71, 81.

Throin, 71.

Thror, 245.

Thrud, 99.

Thruda, 183.

Thrudgelmer, 250.

Thrudheim, 44, 259.

Thrudvang, 82, 127, 173, 232, 259.

Thrym, 7.

Thrymheim, 84, 85, 156, 259.

Thucydides, 22.

Thud, 81, 245.

Thul, 56.

Thule, 30.

Thund, 81, 246.

Thvite, 96.

Thyn, 106.

Tiber, 221.

Tieck, 250.

Tivisco, 244.

Tom Thumb, 251.

Torfason (T.), 17.

Tror, 44.

Tros, 43.

Troy, 38, 43, 44, 47, 64, 151, 166, 167, 168, 222-224, 229.

Tshudic, 240.

Turkey, 38, 45, 47, 151, 166.

Turkistan, 228, 229.

Turkland, 229.

Tyr, 6, 8, 29, 87, 92, 95, 143, 153, 165, 187, 244, 260.

Ud, 81, 245.

Uhland (Ludw.), 18, 263.

Ukko, 82, 84, 239.

Ukko-Thor, 239.

Ulfhedinn, 233.

Uller, 89, 153, 174, 183, 259, 260.

Ulysses, 151, 223.

Umea, 250.

Upsala, 47, 215, 216, 232, 237.

Ural Mountains, 229.

Urd, 10, 19, 73, 74, 76, 243, 252-256.

Utgard, 118-127.

Utgard-Loke, 119-130.

Vafthrudner, 58, 243, 244.

Vafud, 81, 246.

Vafurloge, 199, 200.

Vag, 214, 215.

Vainamoinen, 84.

Vak, 81, 246.

Valaskjalf, 77, 80, 259.

Valdemar (King), 23, 27.

Vale, 71, 89, 100, 139, 148, 153, 260.

Valfather, 73, 243.

Valhal, 6, 7, 28, 51, 81, 99, 104-109, 132, 170-176, 188, 235, 243.

Vanadis, 97.

Vanaheim, 226, 227, 259.

Vanaland, 226-228.

Vanaquisl, 225-226.

Var, 98.

Vartare, 192.

Vasad, 80.

Ve, 60, 227, 230, 243, 249.

Vedas, 253.

Vedfolner, 75.

Veggdegg, 45.

Vegsvin, 106.

Vegtam, 247, 264.

Venus, 42, 256.

Veratyr, 81, 247.

Verdande, 74, 243, 252, 256.

Verer, 46.

Vesete, 240.

Vestfal, 46.

Vestre, 61.

Vid, 56, 106.

Vidar, 8, 89, 143, 145, 148, 153, 168, 177, 187, 259, 260.

Vidblain, 78.

Vidfin, 66.

Vidolf, 58, 250.

Vidrer, 54, 247.

Vidsete, 215.

Vidur, 81.

Vifil, 240.

Vifilsey, 240.

Vig, 70.

Vigfusson (G.), 9, 26, 75, 223, 248, 265.

Vigrid, 142, 146.

Viking, 240.

Vile, 60, 230, 243, 249, 277.

Villenwood, 251.

Vilmeide, 58, 250.

Vimer, 177, 178.

Vin, 106.

Vina, 106.

Vindalf, 70.

Vindlone, 80.

Vindsval, 80.

Vingener, 45, 149.

Vingethor, 44.

Vingolf, 54, 69, 81, 247.

Vinland, 30.

Virfir, 71.

Virgil, 222, 223, 242.

Vit, 71.

Vitrgils, 46.

Vodin, 45.

Vog, 214, 215.

Volsungs, 46, 196-205.

Volsung saga, 224, 266.

Volukrontes, 167.

Von, 96.

Vor, 98.

Vot, 215.

Votan, 244.

Wafurloge, 263.

Wainamoinen, 239.

Wallachia, 228.

Warburton, 253.

Weird Sisters, 253-256.

Welsh, 240.

Wenern, 215.

Wessebrun Prayer, 256.

Wilbet, 255.

Wilkin (E.), 18, 19, 20.

Williamstown, 232.

Witches, 253-256.

Wodan, 244.

Worbet, 255.

Worm (Chr.), 17.

Worm (Ole), 17.

Ydaler, 259.

Yg, 81, 246.

Ygdrasil, 6, 8, 15, 29, 72, 73-78, 108, 142, 143, 252, 263.

Ylg, 56, 248.

Ymer, 5, 24, 58-63, 70, 128, 179, 240, 249, 250.

Ynglinga saga, 50, 243.

Ynglings, 47, 238.

Yngve, 47, 230, 238.

Yngve-Frey, 186.

Yrsa, 213-216.

Yvigg, 46.

Zalmoxis, 244.

Zeus, 244, 246.

Zoroaster, 37, 40.

* * * * *

* * * *

* * * * *

Errors and anomalies noted by transcriber:

A few paragraph-ending periods (full stops) have been supplied.

The author omitted vowel modifiers and diacritics from all names in

the body text: Hakon, Malar, Mjolnir. The footnotes are generally more

linguistically precise.

The name “Svanhild/Swanhild” is spelled “Swanhild” in the body text,

“Svanhild” in the Vocabulary (all occurrences) and Index. The spelling

“skees” is used consistently.

Ambiguous stanzas in verse:

The king saw

...

’Round his house.

...

Struck to the ground.

...

With blows and wounds.

_page break after “his house”; no stanza break in printed text until

after “blows and wounds”_

Typographical errors (all from “Notes”, Vocabulary and Index):

a great sea goes into / Njorvasound

Footnote 102: Njorvasound ...

_spelling as in original: should probably be “Njorvasund”_

Chapter VI of Ynglinga / Saga

_text reads “Ynglingla”_

the much-traveled man, the / ἀνὴρ πολύτροπος

_text reads “πολύθροπος”_

the valkyrie says / at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja

_text reads “pik spyrja”_

identical in root with Lat. _divus_; / Sansk. _dwas_

_so in original; the Sanskrit is usually given as “dyaus”_

Zalmoxis, derived from the Gr. Ζαλμός, helmet

_so in original. Ζαλμός is defined by Liddell and Scott--

a dictionary available to the author-- as Thracian for “a skin.”_

Compare the Greek word νεφέλη = mist.

_text reads “νεφέλγ”_

and then cooly says to him

_spelling as in original_

Through this he / slipt.

_variant spelling in original_

He impersonated all that was good and holy

_text reads “al”_

This chapter of _Skaldskaparmal_

_text reads “Skaldkaparmal”_

Echoes from Mistland; Echoes from Mist-Land

_inconsistent forms in original_

JARNVIDJES. The giantesses dwelling in Ironwood.

_text reads “JARNVIDJIS”_

JORMUNGAND. The Midgard-serpent.

_text reads “JORMUNDGAND”_

... from the mouth {of the} chained Fenris-wolf.

... out of whose body the world was cr{eated.}

_page image incomplete; words and letters in braces supplied from

context_

Randver, 202-205.

_text reads “22-205”_

The Younger Edda; Also called Snorre's Edda, or The Prose Edda · 第 18 / 18 章

HVERGELMER. This word is usually explained as a transposition for