Five hundred miles, and more, to the east of Brandenburg, lies a Country
then as now called PREUSSEN (Prussia Proper), inhabited by Heathens,
where also endeavors at conversion are-going on, though without success
hitherto. Upon which we are now called to cast a glance.
It is a moory flat country, full of lakes and woods, like Brandenburg;
spreading out into grassy expanses, and bosky wildernesses humming with
bees; plenty of bog in it, but plenty also of alluvial mud; sand too,
but by no means so high a ratio of it as in Brandenburg; tracts of
Preussen are luxuriantly grassy, frugiferous, apt for the plough; and
the soil generally is reckoned fertile, though lying so far northward.
Part of the great plain or flat which stretches, sloping insensibly,
continuously, in vast expanse, from the Silesian Mountains to the
amber-regions of the Baltic; Preussen is the seaward, more alluvial
part of this,--extending west and east, on both sides of the Weichsel
(VISTULA), from the regions of the Oder river to the main stream of the
Memel. BORDERING-ON-RUSSIA its name signifies: BOR-RUSSIA, B'russia,
Prussia; or--some say it was only on a certain inconsiderable river
in those parts, river REUSSEN, that it "bordered" and not on the great
Country, or any part of it, which now in our days is conspicuously its
next neighbor. Who knows?--
In Henry the Fowler's time, and long afterwards, Preussen was a
vehemently Heathen country; the natives a Miscellany of rough Serbic
Wends, Letts, Swedish Goths, or Dryasdust knows not what;--very probably
a sprinkling of Swedish Goths, from old time, chiefly along the coasts.
Dryasdust knows only that these PREUSSEN were a strong-boned, iracund
herdsman-and-fisher people; highly averse to be interfered with, in
their religion especially. Famous otherwise, through all the centuries,
for the AMBER they had been used to fish, and sell in foreign parts.
Amber, science declares, is a kind of petrified resin, distilled by
pines that were dead before the days of Adam; which is now thrown up,
in stormy weather, on that remote coast, and is there fished out by the
amphibious people,--who can likewise get it by running mine-shafts into
the sandhills on their coast;--by whom it is sold into the uttermost
parts of the Earth, Arabia and beyond, from a very early period of
time. No doubt Pytheas had his eye upon this valuable product, when he
ventured into survey of those regions,--which are still the great
mother of amber in our world. By their amber-fishery, with the aid of
dairy-produce and plenty of beef and leather, these Heathen Preussen,
of uncertain miscellaneous breed, contrived to support existence in a
substantial manner; they figure to us as an inarticulate, heavy-footed,
rather iracund people. Their knowledge of Christianity was trifling,
their aversion to knowing anything of it was great.
As Poland, and the neighbors to the south, were already Christian,
and even the Bohemian Czechs were mostly Converted, pious wishes as to
Preussen, we may fancy, were a constant feeling: but no effort hitherto,
if efforts were made, had come to anything. Let some daring missionary
go to preach in that country, his reception is of the worst, or perhaps
he is met on the frontier with menaces, and forbidden to preach at all;
except sorrow and lost labor, nothing has yet proved attainable. It was
very dangerous to go;--and with what likelihood of speeding? Efforts, we
may suppose, are rare; but the pious wish being continual and universal,
efforts can never altogether cease. From Henry the Fowler's capture of
Brannibor, count seventy years, we find Henry's great-grandson reigning
as Elective Kaiser,--Otto III., last of the direct "Saxon Kaisers," Otto
Wonder of the World;--and alongside of Otto's great transactions, which
were once called MIRABILIA MUNDI and are now fallen so extinct, there
is the following small transaction, a new attempt to preach in Preussen,
going on, which, contrariwise, is still worth taking notice of.
About the year 997 or 996, Adalbert, Bishop of Prag, a very zealous,
most devout man, but evidently of hot temper, and liable to get into
quarrels, had determined, after many painful experiences of the perverse
ungovernable nature of corrupt mankind, to give up his nominally
Christian flock altogether; to shake the dust off his feet against Prag,
and devote himself to converting those Prussian Heathen, who, across
the frontiers, were living in such savagery, and express bondage to the
Devil, worshipping mere stocks and stones. In this enterprise he was
encouraged by the Christian potentates who lay contiguous; especially by
the Duke of Poland, to whom such next-neighbors, for all reasons, were
an eye-sorrow.
Adalbert went, accordingly, with staff and scrip, two monks
attending him, into that dangerous country: not in fear, he; a devout
high-tempered man, verging now on fifty, his hair getting gray, and
face marred with innumerable troubles and provocations of past time. He
preached zealously, almost fiercely,--though chiefly with his eyes and
gestures, I should think, having no command of the language. At
Dantzig, among the Swedish-Goth kind of Heathen, he had some success,
or affluence of attendance; not elsewhere that we hear of. In the Pillau
region, for example, where he next landed, an amphibious Heathen lout
hit him heavily across the shoulders with the flat of his oar; sent
the poor Preacher to the ground, face foremost, and suddenly ended
his salutary discourse for that time. However, he pressed forward,
regardless of results, preaching the Evangel to all creatures who were
willing or unwilling;--and pressed at last into the Sacred Circuit, the
ROMOVA, or Place of Oak-trees, and of Wooden or Stone Idols (Bangputtis,
Patkullos, and I know not what diabolic dumb Blocks), which it was
death to enter. The Heathen Priests, as we may conceive it, rushed out;
beckoned him, with loud unintelligible bullyings and fierce gestures, to
begone; hustled, shook him, shoved him, as he did not go; then took to
confused striking, struck finally a death-stroke on the head of poor
Adalbert: so that "he stretched out both his arms ('Jesus, receive me
thou!') and fell with his face to the ground, and lay dead there,--in
the form of a crucifix," say his Biographers: only the attendant monks
escaping to tell.
Attendant monks, or Adalbert, had known nothing of their being on
forbidden ground. Their accounts of the phenomenon accordingly leave
it only half explained: How he was surprised by armed Heathen
Devil's-servants in his sleep; was violently set upon, and his
"beautiful bowels (_pulchra viscera_) were run through with seven
spears:" but this of the ROMOVA, or Sacred Bangputtis Church of
Oak-trees, perhaps chief ROMOVA of the Country, rashly intruded into,
with consequent strokes, and fall in the form of a crucifix, appears
now to be the intelligible account. [Baillet, _Vies des Saints_ (Paris,
1739), iii. 722. Bollandus, _Acta Sanetorum, Aprilis tom. iii (DIE 23;
in Edition venetiis,_ 1738), pp. 174-205. Voigt, _Geschichte Preussens_
(Konigsberg, 1827-1839), i. 266-270.] We will take it for the real
manner of Adalbert's exit;--no doubt of the essential transaction, or
that it was a very flaming one on both sides. The date given is 23d
April, 997; date famous in the Romish Calendar since.
He was a Czech by birth, son of a Heathen Bohemian man of rank: his name
(Adalbert, A'lbert, BRIGHT-in-Nobleness) he got "at Magdeburg, whither
he had gone to study" and seek baptism; where, as generally elsewhere,
his fervent devout ways were admirable to his fellow-creatures. A "man
of genius," we may well say: one of Heaven's bright souls, born into the
muddy darkness of this world;--laid hold of by a transcendent Message,
in the due transcendent degree. He entered Prag, as Bishop, not in
a carriage and six, but "walking barefoot;" his contempt for earthly
shadows being always extreme. Accordingly, his quarrels with the
SOECULUM were constant and endless; his wanderings up and down, and
vehement arguings, in this world, to little visible effect, lasted
all his days. We can perceive he was short-tempered, thin of skin: a
violently sensitive man. For example, once in the Bohemian solitudes,
on a summer afternoon, in one of his thousand-fold pilgrimings and
wayfarings, he had lain down to rest, his one or two monks and he,
in some still glade, "with a stone for his pillow" (as was always his
custom even in Prag), and had fallen sound asleep. A Bohemian shepherd
chanced to pass that way, warbling something on his pipe, as he wended
towards looking after his flock. Seeing the sleepers on their stone
pillows, the thoughtless Czech mischievously blew louder,--started
Adalbert broad awake upon him; who, in the fury of the first moment,
shrieked: "Deafness on thee! Man cruel to the human sense of hearing!"
or words to that effect. Which curse, like the most of Adalbert's, was
punctually fulfilled: the amazed Czech stood deaf as a post, and went
about so all his days after; nay, for long centuries (perhaps down to
the present time, in remote parts), no Czech blows into his pipe in the
woodlands, without certain precautions, and preliminary fuglings of
a devotional nature. [Bollandus, ubi supra.]--From which miracle, as
indeed from many other indications, I infer an irritable nervous-system
in poor Adalbert; and find this death in the Romova was probably a
furious mixture of Earth and Heaven.
At all events, he lies there, beautiful though bloody, "in the form of
a crucifix;" zealous Adalbert, the hot spirit of him now at last
cold;--and has clapt his mark upon the Heathen country, protesting to
the last. This was in the year 997, think the best @@@@@ Antiquaries. It
happened at a place called FISCHHAUSEN, near Pillau, say they; on that,
narrow strip of country which lies between the Baltic and the Frische
Haf (immense Lake, WASH, as we should say, or leakage of shallow
water, one of two such, which the Baltic has spilt out of it in that
quarter),--near the Fort and Haven of Pillau; where there has been much
stir since; where Napoleon, for one thing, had some tough fighting,
prior to the Treaty of Tilsit, fifty years ago. The place--or if not
this place, then Gnesen in Poland, the final burial-place of Adalbert,
which is better known--has ever since had a kind of sacredness; better
or worse expressed by mankind: in the form of canonization, endless
pilgrimages, rumored miracles, and such like. For shortly afterwards,
the neighboring Potentate, Boleslaus Duke of Poland, heart-struck at the
event, drew sword on these Heathens, and having (if I remember) gained
some victory, bargained to have the Body of Adalbert delivered to him
at its weight in gold. Body, all cut in pieces, and nailed to poles, had
long ignominiously withered in the wind; perhaps it was now only buried
overnight for the nonce? Being dug up, or being cut down, and put into
the balance, it weighed--less than was expected. It was as light as
gossamer, said pious rumor, Had such an excellent odor too;--and came
for a mere nothing of gold! This was Adalbert's first miracle after
death; in life he had done many hundreds of them, and has done millions
since,--chiefly upon paralytic nervous-systems, and the element of pious
rumor;--which any Devil's-Advocate then extant may explain if he can!
Kaiser Otto, Wonder of the World, who had known St. Adalbert in life,
and much honored him, "made a pilgrimage to his tomb at Gnesen in the
year 1000;"--and knelt there, we may believe, with thoughts wondrous
enough, great and sad enough.
There is no hope of converting Preussen, then? It will never leave off
its dire worship of Satan, then? Say not, Never; that is a weak word.
St. Adalbert has stamped his life upon it, in the form of a crucifix, in
lasting protest against that.