Nearly all the domestic animals are subject to parasites of the lower
air passages. These give rise to verminous bronchitis in cattle, sheep,
horses, swine, goats and camels, to gapes in birds, and to pulmonary
acariasis in fowls. The lungs and pleura are invaded by distomum,
echinococcus, cysticercus, aspergillus, etc. (See parasites).