repeated with exaggerations in the latest and most popular history of
the war, namely, Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812, page
1084. Lossing says:
"The number of troops engaged in the battle of Niagara Falls was little
over 7,000, the British having about 4,500, and the Americans a little
less than 2,600." (p. 824.)
The very reverse of this was the fact, as quoted in the foregoing
extract from the official report of General Drummond. When the American
invading army consisted of 10,000 men, it is absurd to suppose that all
but 2,600 would remain on the American side of the river, and the
American historian states that every available soldier on the British
side of the river was engaged in the battle.
Lossing likewise claims the battle for the Americans "because they drove
the enemy from the field and captured his cannon" (p. 824). It is not
true that the British were driven from the field at all; they were once
pushed back for a few minutes, and their cannon were for a few moments
in the hands of the Americans, who, however, were forthwith driven back,
the cannon retaken, with two pieces left by the Americans. And how could
there possibly be any American victory, when Lossing himself admits that
the American army retired from the field during the night to Chippewa
(p. 823), with the intention of returning next morning to bring off the
cannon and other booty. Is it the characteristic of a victorious army to
leave the conquered field and retire two miles from it? Lossing also
admits that the Americans did not return to the battle-field next
morning, but burnt the bridge which separated the British army from
them, and retreated up the Niagara river. Is this the conduct of a
conquering army, to flee from the enemy whom he pretends to have
conquered? Mr. Lossing's admissions of details contradict the pretence
of American victory at Lundy's Lane, and prove American defeat.
It is by such fictions of victories where there were defeats,
interspersed with fictitious incidents of individual heroism, that
American vanity is fed, and American children taught in the schools what
is purely apocryphal for history in regard to Great Britain and Canada.
But it is gratifying to observe a greatly improved feeling in the
educated American mind towards Great Britain, and even the causes of the
American Revolution, which were magnified in the American Declaration of
Independence, and which have been exaggerated in every possible way in
American histories and Fourth of July orations, are very much modified
in the productions of well-instructed and candid American writers and
public speakers. We observe on a late occasion in England, at the
Wesleyan Conference, Bishop Simpson, the Massillon of American pulpit
orators, said, "The triumph of America was England's triumph. Their
object was the same, and they were engaged in the same work. There were
more Englishmen who would go to America, than Americans who would come
to England (laughter), and while they in England had the wealth, the
power, and the elements of usefulness, they were bound to use it in the
interests of religion."
On the same occasion, the Rev. Dr. Curry, editor of the New York
_Christian Advocate_, the most widely circulated religious paper in
America, uttered the following noble sentiments:
"He was proud," he said, "of England (as the Fatherland of his), and, as
he had now gone up and down through that island, and had witnessed its
signs of substantial wealth, and of social order, he felt that both the
public institutions of the Government and the private virtues of the
people were of the most valuable. He did not wonder that Englishmen were
warmly attached to their own country, and he would say that were he not
an American he should wish to be an Englishman. He rejoiced, too, that
there now exists the most cordial good feeling between the two
countries, and trusted that this would never be interrupted. They had
very many interests in common, and should stand together in support of
them."
On the last Fourth of July, the Rev. Dr. Newman, pastor of President
Grant, who has finished a tour of the world, having been appointed to
examine and report upon all the American Consulships of the globe,
delivered a remarkable discourse on the progress of the nation, and also
of the enlightened ideas and liberal institutions in Europe. In an
allusion to the American Revolution, Dr. Newman says:
"Our forefathers were not slaves; they were English subjects--English
freemen, and we misrepresent them and the struggle through which they
fought, if we look upon them as bound with manacles. They had an
appreciation of what belonged to an English subject. And because the
mother country refused representation where she imposed taxation,
therefore those forefathers arose in their English manhood, protested
against the abuse of governmental power, and asserted that where there
is taxation, there should be representation; and had Patrick Henry been
admitted into the British Parliament to represent her American colonies,
the United States of America to-day would have been the grandest portion
of the empire of Great Britain."
In the same discourse the orator said:
"Behold England of to-day, in her rule at home, as well as in her policy
towards her colonies, pressing upon her colonial possessions practical
independence. She demands that they shall be so far free as to legislate
for themselves, and pay their own expenses. England is now gathering
together her representatives from Africa, and proposes under her benign
sway to form a republican government for long-despised and down-trodden
Africa. Whatever may be said of the Old East India Company under British
protection, let me say, from personal observation, that from the eternal
snows of the Himalayas to the spicy groves of Ceylon, India of to-day
has a wise and paternal government given her by Christian England."
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 221: Thompson's History of the War of 1812, Chap. xxx.]
[Footnote 222: As in the storming of the fort at York, the explosion
which took place was and is a matter of dispute, and as to whether the
explosion was accidental, or caused by the British; so it is a matter of
unsettled dispute as to whether the explosion of Fort Erie was caused by
the Americans, or was accidental. General Pike was killed in the
explosion which took place in the fort at York, and Colonels Drummond
and Scott were killed at the explosion of Fort Erie: many of the British
and Canadians were killed in the explosion in the fort at York, but none
of the Americans were killed at the explosion in Fort Erie.]
[Footnote 223: The greater part of the foregoing accounts of the
campaign of 1814 are extracted and condensed from Thompson's and
Christie's Histories of the War of 1812, compared with other histories
of the same events.]
CHAPTER LIX.
MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS AND PAPERS, EXTRACTED FROM MANUSCRIPTS
RESPECTING THE U.E. LOYALISTS IN THE DOMINION LIBRARY AT OTTAWA.
"CHARACTER OF THE MILITIA." ETC., ETC.
I. "Amongst the first settlers on the frontier of Upper Canada were
those faithful and loyal men, the United Empire Loyalists, with the Six
Nations of Indians, who, at the sacrifice of their all, were steadfast
to the British Crown during the revolutionary struggle of the old
British colonies, now the United States, for independence, and other
United States citizens who had adopted Canada as a home for themselves
and their children. That struggle ended by the treaty of 1783.
"Those faithful men, the U.E. Loyalists and their associates, sought an
asylum under Britain's Crown in this, the then wilderness of Canada,
which now stands as one of the most flourishing provinces of our beloved
Sovereign. In that then wilderness the flag of England was unfurled, and
after the lapse of one century, and on the commencement of another, that
flag floats triumphantly over this loyal Canadian land. Those first
settlers were our first militiamen, under our first and venerated
Governor, Sir John Graves Simcoe, in the year 1791.
"The descendants of those faithful men, with some soldiers and sailors
and others, the sons of Britain who had adopted Canada, were our first
militiamen in the war of 1812; and those who are left of them are
therefore the veteran soldiers of 1812. The war was declared by the
United States Government against Great Britain, June 18th,
1812--involving Imperial interests alone, and not those of the
colonies.[224] This declaration of war against Britain was the signal
for the loyal inhabitants of Canada to rush _en masse_ to the frontier
of their country to repel invasion. In this momentous crisis we met our
beloved Governor and Commander-in-Chief, the late Major-General Sir
Isaac Brock, on the Niagara frontier, whose monument stands on the
battle ground of Queenston Heights. That monument stands in remembrance
of him who sacrificed his valuable life in duty to his King and in
defence of our Canadian homes; in memory of him who caused the youthful
part of the Militia of Upper Canada to be embodied in the Militia Flank
Companies, to be trained for actual service in their country's defence;
in remembrance of him in whom their entire confidence was placed--for
where he led they were sure to follow."
II. The invasions of Canada by the Americans during the war were as
follows:
Men.
1. General Hull, at Sandwich 3,000
2. General Van Rensellaer, at Queenston 2,000
3. General Smyth, at Fort Erie 3,000
4. General Pike, Toronto 2,500
5. General Dearborn, Fort George 3,000
6. General Winchester, Chrystler's Farm,
for Montreal 3,000
7. General Hampton, Chateauguay river, L.C.,
for Montreal 8,000
8. General Brown, Fort Erie 5,000
9. General Brown, Lundy's Lane 5,000
10. General Izzard, Fort Erie 8,000
11. General Wilkinson, Lacolle Mills, L.C. 2,500
Total number of invaders 45,000
The foregoing is an aggregate of the United States forces employed in
the attempt to invade and take Canada, when they desired peace; and
when peace was proclaimed, they did not find themselves in possession of
an inch of Canadian territory.
"Thus it may be said as the opinion of all, that if the loyal
inhabitants of Canada had not, in those days of trial and privation,
stood to their arms under General Brock and other generals, Canada might
not at this day be a continued appendage of the British Crown. In
corroboration of this opinion, I here insert General Brock's answer to
an address of the magistrates at Niagara after Hull's surrender of
Detroit. General Brock said--
"That had not Western Canada rose in their might as one man, in defence
of their rights, and in support of the constitution of Great Britain,
his hands would have been as if tied, being without the aid of the
regular British troops, who were all then engaged in the European war.
"Truly extracted from my book,
"JOHN CLARKE,
"Captain-Adjutant-General of Militia, 1812, '13, '14."
Colonel Clarke says of himself: "I was placed on duty by General Brock
from the commencement of the war of 1812, as Lieutenant and Adjutant of
the 4th Lincoln flank companies. In March I was promoted to the rank of
Captain-Assistant-Adjutant-General of Militia by General Sir Roger H.
Sheaffe, Administrator of the Government of Upper Canada; which place I
retained until the peace of 1815."--"I served throughout the rebellion
of 1837 and 1838--being invested with the command of an organized
regiment of militia, the First Frontier Light Infantry."
Colonel Clarke's recollections and reminiscences are in every respect
reliable, and are very valuable, extending to nearly 300 manuscript
quarto pages, in the Parliamentary Library at Ottawa (entitled "U.E.
Loyalists"). His own contributions are entitled, "Memoirs of Colonel
John Clarke, of Port Dalhousie, C.W.; born in Canada in 1783: giving an
account of the family's early arrival in the country in 1768; the
progress of the settlers; the arrival of Governor Simcoe, his
improvements and government; settlement of the Indians; the war of
1812--full particulars; the rebellion of 1837; the Welland Canal, and
various other things connected with the progressive growth of Upper
Canada."
TREATMENT OF CANADIANS BY THE AMERICANS WHO INVADED CANADA.
"In 1812 General Hull invaded the British province of Upper Canada, and
took possession of the town of Sandwich. He threatened (by proclamation)
to exterminate the inhabitants if they made any resistance. He plundered
those with whom he had been on habits of intimacy for years before the
war. Their plate and linen were found in his possession after his
surrender to General Brock. He marked out the loyal subjects of the King
as objects of his peculiar resentment, and consigned their property to
pillage and conflagration.
"In the autumn of 1812, several houses and barns were burnt by the
American forces near Fort Erie, Upper Canada.
"In 1813--April--the public buildings of York, the capital of Upper
Canada, were burnt by the troops of the United States, contrary to the
articles of capitulation. These public buildings consisted of two
elegant halls, with convenient offices for the accommodation of the
Legislature and the Courts of Justice. The library and all the papers
and records belonging to these institutions were consumed at the same
time. The Church was robbed, and the town library perfectly pillaged.
Commodore Chauncey, who has generally behaved honourably, was so ashamed
of this last transaction, that he endeavoured to collect the books
belonging to the town and legislative library, and actually sent back
two boxes filled with them; but hardly any were complete. Much private
property was plundered, and several houses left in a state of ruin.
"In June, 1813, Newark, Niagara, came into possession of the army of the
United States, and its inhabitants were repeatedly promised protection
to themselves and property by Generals Dearborn and Boyd. In the midst
of these professions, the most respectable of them, although
non-combatants, were made prisoners and sent to the United States.
"Two churches were burnt to the ground. Detachments were sent under the
direction of British traitors [of whom the traitor deserter Wilcox was
the leader] to pillage the loyal inhabitants in the neighbourhood. Many
farm-houses were burnt during the summer; and, at length, to fill up the
measure of iniquity, the whole beautiful town of Newark, with a short
previous intimation--so short as to amount to none, and in an intense
cold day of the 10th of December--was consigned to the flames.
"The wretched inhabitants had scarcely time to save themselves, much
less any of their property. More than 400 women and children were
exposed without shelter, on the night of December the 10th, to the
inclement cold of a Canadian winter. A great number must have perished,
had not the flight of the American troops, after perpetrating their
unfeeling act, enabled the inhabitants of the country to come to their
relief.
"President Madison has attempted to justify this cruel act as necessary
for the defence of Fort George. Nothing can be more false. The town was
some distance from the fort; and instead of thinking to defend it,
General McClure was actually retreating to his own shore when he caused
Newark (Niagara) to be burnt. This officer says that he acted in
conformity with the orders of his Government.
"The American Government, finding their defence useless, disavow the
conduct of McClure, who appears to have been a fit agent for such a
Government. He not only complied with his instructions; but he refined
upon them, by choosing a day of intense severity, giving the inhabitants
almost no warning until the fire began, and the conflagration in the
night."
(The above facts relating to the burning, etc., are extracted from the
proceedings of the Loyal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada, established
at York for the relief of sufferers in the war; and of which Chief
Justice Scott was President.)
_The Royal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada_ was established at
Toronto, extended its branches to different parts of the Province,
existed from 1812 to 1815, and did a great deal for the relief of
sufferers by the war. On the destruction of the town of Niagara, large
subscriptions were obtained and distributed for the relief of the
sufferers. The following are extracts from its recorded proceedings:
"The inhabitants came forward in the most noble manner, as well as the
gallant officers of his Majesty's troops.
Major-General Sheaffe £200
Lieutenant-Colonel Bishop 100
with a vast number of liberal subscriptions, according to the means of
the donors: so that in a short time upwards of £2,000 was raised to
commence with.
City of Kingston sent £500
Amherstburg " 300
City of Montreal " 3,000
Quebec " 1,500
"The amount raised in the first year was £10,000.
"Eight hundred and sixty-four (864) families were relieved from
starvation by this timely aid.
"The following summer a large meeting was held in London (England), at
which the Duke of Kent, who had visited Canada twenty years before,
presided. By his influence a very large sum was subscribed. The Bank of
England graced the list with £1,000. This effort produced another
£10,000.
Kingston in Jamaica sent £2,000
Nova Scotia " 2,500
"Indeed, the liberality evinced in all quarters was of the greatest
service to the sufferers, and gladdened many bowed down by sorrow and
indigence."
The whole of these interesting particulars may be seen in the
Transactions of the Society, published in Toronto, 1814.
It may be interesting to the reader if I subjoin the address of the
President, explanatory of the origin, character, and objects of this
noble Society, the former existence of which is now scarcely known:
"AN ADDRESS
"_Copied from the Proceedings of the Loyal Patriotic Society of Upper
Canada, who, by their funds, relieved much real distress to families in
the war of 1812, '13, '14._
"Gentlemen,--In the unprovoked war waged against us by the American
Government, Providence hath evidently smiled on the justice of our
cause.
"But our exertions have been attended with many privations and
sacrifices hard to be borne, and should hostilities continue many more
will be required.
"In order to mitigate some of these, the inhabitants of York came
forward to contribute toward the comforts of the flank companies; and a
large sum of money was raised for that purpose, of which the greater
part is expended.
"But, on reflection, it appeared that something more might be done of a
permanent nature, and that portion of the inhabitants who are not liable
to military duty, eager to prove that their zeal in the cause is not
inferior to that of those in actual service, formed themselves into a
Society, named '_The Loyal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada_,' for the
following distinct purposes:
"1st. To afford aid and relief to such families of the militia, in all
parts of the Province, as shall be made to appear to experience
particular distress, in consequence of the death or absence of some of
their friends and relations.
"2nd. To afford like aid and relief to such militiamen as have been or
shall be disabled from labour by their wounds or otherwise in course of
the service aforesaid.
"3rd. To reward merit, excite and commemorate glorious events, by
bestowing medals or other honorary marks of public approbation or
distinction for extraordinary instances of personal courage or fidelity
in defence of the Province by individuals, either of his Majesty's
regular troops or militia forces.
"4th. Also the seamen on the lakes.
"This Society, so honourable in its nature, and which we hope will prove
most important in its consequences, was first suggested by the
Honourable Mr. Selby, and was received with acclamation.
"In a public meeting of the gentlemen of York and its vicinity, the
Chief explained the great advantages likely to result from it, if
generally supported; and, assisted by his most respectable colleagues,
prepared views for its management. To these the meeting gave their
cordial assent, and in a few minutes nearly $2,000 per annum was
subscribed. There are some who have given during the continuance of the
war one-tenth of their income.
"General Sheaffe, in a letter to the Chief Justice, our chairman, not
only extols, in earnest language, the objects of the Society, but, far
exceeding our expectations, presents us with £200. Colonel Bishop, a
stranger [who was afterwards mortally wounded at Black Rock], and not
an inhabitant of the Province, with a liberality above all praise,
subscribes £100.
"Now, gentlemen, our object in addressing you is to procure your
co-operation. Foremost in deeds of warlike glory, we desire that you
should become sharers in the work of benevolence.
"Let your contributions be as small as you please--a halfpenny, a
farthing per day--anything to show your good-will.
"It is not the value of what you give; it is your countenance that we
mainly desire.
"We know that your means are narrow, but your example is inestimable;
and we shall be proud of having you for our companions and supporters in
mitigating the distress incident to the war.
"And when it is heard that the York Volunteers and their comrades, among
the first in danger, have patronized this Society, the militia of other
districts will be anxious to emulate the military glory of the
conquerors of Detroit and Queenston, and will hasten to emulate you in
contributing to the support of our benevolent design.
"Those that join will intimate to the captains what they are willing to
give, while they are in active service, that it may be paid over monthly
to the treasurer.
"And they will remember that they are soothing the sick and the wounded
in war, protecting aged parents and helpless children, and doing all
they can to comfort those whom they love and revere, who suffer during
the horrors of war."
(Signed) CHIEF JUSTICE SCOTT,
_President_.
ALEX. WOOD,
_Secretary_.
The above excellent address is understood to have been written by the
late Dr. Strachan, first Bishop of the Church of England of Toronto, and
who acted the part of a true, a bold, and generous patriot during the
war of 1812-15.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 224: Yet while the American Government professed to declare a
_defensive_ war--a war in defence of their rights at sea--the first act
was _the invasion of Canada_, for which they had been collecting men and
arms for several months before the declaration of the war; and thus the
first acts of the Canadians were to provide for the defence of their
country and their homes against the American invasions. The facts show
that the real object of the American Government was to take Canada, and
their invaded rights at sea was a mere pretext.]
CHAPTER LX.
CLOSE OF THE WAR AND OF THE HISTORY OF THE U.E. LOYALISTS--DEFEAT AND
DISGRACE OF THE DEMOCRATIC INVADERS OF CANADA--HONOUR AND SUCCESS OF ITS
DEFENDERS--COMPARATIVE STATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA AT THE
CLOSE OF THE WAR--MUTUAL RESPECT AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN AMERICANS AND
CANADIANS--CONCLUDING REMARKS.
Thus closed the war of the United States against Great Britain, in
1812-15--a war undertaken at the prompting of the scourge of Europe,
Napoleon, but upon pretexts which were never so much as mentioned, much
less reiterated, by the United States Commissioners when peace was
proposed between Great Britain and America in 1815--a war in which the
democratic rulers of the United States suffered both defeat and
disgrace, while the loyal inhabitants of Canada maintained inviolate
their honour and independence.
With the close of that war terminates the history of the United Empire
Loyalists of Canada as a distinct and controlling class of the
inhabitants; for their numbers had become so reduced by the ravages of
time and war, and other classes of immigrants had become so numerous,
between whom and the families of old Loyalists so many intermarriages
had taken and were taking place, that the latter became merged in the
mass of the population; and therefore my history of them as a distinct
class comes to an end. All classes were Loyalists, and all had fought as
one man in defence of their country during the recent war, although all
had not fought for the life of the nation and the unity of the empire
from 1776 to 1783, or been driven from their homes to Canada, to become
the fathers of the inhabitants and founders of the institutions of our
country. It would be out of place, and at variance with the title of my
book, did I proceed to narrate and discuss the history of Upper Canada
after the close of the war; but I may properly conclude my work by
referring to a few facts leading to and arising out of the war, and the
state of our country at its close.
The democratic party in the United States, which had confiscated the
property of our forefathers, and exiled them from their homes, and
compelled them to seek a home in the wilderness of Canada, had followed
them with their enmities into their new place of refuge, and, by their
emissaries, in conjunction with those of the French revolutionists,
sought to insinuate a disturbing element into Canadian peace and safety
from the commencement of the bloody French revolution to 1812, when it
culminated, under the promptings of Napoleon and his obsequious tools,
in the war of 1812-15, with a view to wrest Canada from Great Britain,
and to divide the commerce of Europe between France and the United
States. But how vain are the devices of men against the laws of God and
of human society! The Gideon hundreds of loyal Canadians repelled and
scattered, for more than two years, the Midian and Amalekite thousands
of democratic invaders, until Great Britain, having chained the
marauding tiger of Europe to the rock of St. Helena, despatched her
thousands of soldiers to the aid of Canada, and sent her fleets across
the Atlantic--sweeping the American coasts from Maine to Georgia--taking
and burning their capital in retaliation for the American raid upon the
capital of Upper Canada, and soon compelling the heretofore boasting
Madison partizans to seek for peace without even the mention of their
alleged causes of war with England. If the American armies were defeated
and driven back in their repeated invasions of Canada, their commerce
and commercial men suffered not less before the end of the war. Their
annual exports declined, between 1811 and 1814, from £22,000,000
sterling to £1,500,000; their vessels to the number of 3,000 were
captured; two-thirds of their commercial class were reduced to
bankruptcy; an immense war tax was incurred; many thousands of lives had
been sacrificed, and the Union itself imperilled by the threatened
secession of the New England States.
On the other hand, Canada had felt deeply the calamities of war, it
being the seat of the conflict, a large portion of its revenue and
inhabitants having been diverted from their ordinary employments--having
themselves chiefly to depend upon for their defence, while England was
engaged in a twenty years' conflict for law and liberty in Europe. In
the extremity of this contest, the democratic President of the United
States combined with the tyrant despot of Europe to seduce and sever the
Canadians from their British connection; but the Canadians nobly
maintained their fidelity and triumphantly vindicated their honour and
independence, though, in doing so, they suffered the desolation of many
of their homes, shed many bitter tears for sires, and sons, and
brothers, who had poured out their life's blood in defence of their
country on the battle fields of both Upper and Lower Canada. Yet, upon
the whole, the war did much good to Canada, apart from the success of
its arms; it tended to cement the people together as one family;
English, French, Scotch, Irish, and Americans had forgotten former
distinctions and jealousies, and had all become Canadians, with
increased devotion not only to the land of their nativity or adoption,
but to the glorious mother country which had become the victorious
champion of the liberties of Europe, and leader in the civilization of
mankind.
Though, in the course of the war, Canada--especially Upper Canada, which
had to bear the brunt of it--was greatly exhausted, emigration being
checked, agriculture partially neglected, by the embodiments of militia
and frequent mobilization of sedentary corps,--requiring some time after
the war for the inhabitants to return to their old habits and resume
their peaceful pursuits; yet Canada flourished financially during the
war. Owing to England's supremacy on the ocean, Canadian trade and
commerce were not seriously affected; taxes were light; not a few
fortunes were made; money was plentiful, as the mother country paid most
of the expenses of the war.
It is worthy of remark, as one of the notable features of the war, that
no class of Canadians were more loyal, none more brave and devoted to
the defence of the Government and institutions of the country, than were
the Americans who had become settlers in Canada--not the United Empire
Loyalists alone, but those who had from time to time emigrated from the
United States of their own accord, and not on account of political
persecution, as was the case with the old Loyalists.
The unfriendly feelings and even enmities which had been excited by the
war between Canadians and Americans, soon changed into mutual respect
and friendship; trade and commerce between the two countries were
renewed and increased; intermarriages multiplied, with all the amenities
and intimacies of social life. Though there has always been a democratic
mob faction--latterly mostly Fenian--in the United States, which has
seized every opportunity to invade and disturb the peace of Canada, yet
it is well understood that this freebooting faction does not represent
the sentiments or feelings of the industrious, business, commercial,
intelligent, and Christian people of the United States, who, with few
exceptions, are, as most of them were when Madison declared war against
England in June, 1812, lovers of peace, law, and order, and friends of
England and Canada, as well as of mankind; and we believe there are no
more ardent well-wishers on the continent of America for the happiness
and prosperity of the citizens of the American Republic than the loyal
and patriotic inhabitants of Canada.
I may perhaps be expected to add a few words on the chief public
occurrences which took place in Upper Canada after the war, but without
discussing any of the questions which they involved.
From 1791 to the close of the war in 1815, and for some years
afterwards, the Executive Government of the day commanded the votes of a
majority of the House of Assembly. Public questions and measures were
freely discussed; but no organized opposition appeared in the Assembly
against the Administration. Shortly after the close of the war, however,
the elements of discord began to be developed in the country. Many
discharged officers of the British army, at the termination of the long
European war, came to Canada with instructions from the Secretary of
State for the Colonies to the Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada
(himself an English officer), to provide for them; and they were
appointed to all offices of emolument (with few exceptions), to the
exclusion of the old Loyalists and their descendants and other
inhabitants who had felled the wilderness, and made the country
valuable, and had borne the burden and heat of the war in its defence.
The administration of the Crown or Public Lands was sadly defective and
partial, giving whole blocks to friends and speculators, while the
applications of the legitimate settler were often rejected. It also
began to be complained of that these large blocks of land given to
individuals, and the one-seventh of the lands set apart as Clergy
Reserves, greatly impeded the settlement and improvement of the country;
that those who had occupied the Clergy Reserves on _leases_ were
required to pay higher rents on the renewal of their leases, or the
purchase of the Reserves, on account of their increased value created by
the labour of the tenants and their neighbours. A special Board of
Management was appointed for these Reserves in the interest of the
clerical claimants of them. The representatives of the Church of
Scotland claimed to share in the proceeds of the Clergy Reserves, and a
co-ordinate standing with the Church of England, as the endowed Church
establishment of Upper Canada. The other religious persuasions had not
the privilege of having matrimony solemnized by their own ministers, or
the right of holding a bit of ground on which to worship God, or in
which to bury their dead. It soon began to be claimed by the leaders of
the Church of England that their Church had the sole right to the Clergy
Reserves and to all the prerogatives of _the_ Established Church, whose
supremacy and endowments, it was now pretended, were essential to the
loyalty of the people; notwithstanding, no people could have been more
loyal than the Canadian people during the then recent war in defence of
British supremacy, and who were as brave as they were loyal, though
there were not then three settled Episcopal clergymen in all Upper
Canada.
These, with various co-ordinate and minor causes, lost to the
Lieutenant-Governor and his Executive Council the control and confidence
of the representatives of the people, and in less than ten years after
the war, the Governor and Council fell into a hopeless minority in the
House of Assembly, but in opposition to it actually governed the country
for fifteen years, until the dissatisfaction of the people became so
general and strong that Commissions of Inquiry were sent out from
England, which resulted in placing all religious persuasions on an equal
footing before the law, in applying the proceeds of the Clergy Reserves
to the general purposes of the education and improvement of the country,
in making the heads of public departments (who were to be Executive
Councillors) responsible to the House of Assembly, and holding their
offices no longer than they enjoyed its confidence. From that time
forward the Government became strong, the people contented, and the
country prosperous and rapidly increasing in wealth, education, and
intelligence--rendering, at this day, the inhabitants of the vast
Dominion of Canada the lightest-taxed and the freest people on the
American continent.
GENERAL INDEX.
Abercrombie (General)--Arrives in America with the troops, and forty
German officers to drill and command regiments in America (which
gives offence to the Colonists). i. 257.
Is disgracefully defeated by Montcalm (though commanding the largest
force ever assembled in America). i. 258.
With General Loudoun, hesitates and delays at Albany, while the French
generals are active and successful. i. 258.
Adams (John)--The prompter and adviser of hanging "Tories." ii. 127.
Address of Governor Winthrop and his company on leaving England, in
1630, to their "Fathers and Brethren of the Church of England,"
declaring their filial and undying love to the Church of England,
as their "dear mother," from whose breasts they had derived their
nourishment. i. 55.
Alliance between Congress and the Kings of France not productive of
the effect anticipated, and deferred twelve months by France after
it had been applied for by Congress. ii. 1.
American Affairs--Misrepresented in the English Parliament and by
the English Press. i. 390.
American boastings groundless over the surrender of Cornwallis. ii. 46.
American Colonies--Their position in regard to England and other nations
at the Peace of Paris, 1763. i. 274.
American Revolution--primary cause of it. i. 30.
American treatment of Canadians by Americans who invaded them. ii. 464.
Invasions of Canada, and their forces. ii. 262.
Amherst (Lord)--Supersedes Abercrombie as Commander-in-Chief, assisted
by General Wolfe. i. 260.
Plans three expeditions, all of which are successful. i. 261.
His energetic movements. i. 262.
He receives all Canada for the King from the French. i. 267.
His parting address to the army. i. 268.
Anderson (Samuel). ii. 192.
Andros (Edmond)--Appointed local Governor of Massachusetts Bay, and
Governor-General of New England; his tyranny; seized at Boston and
sent prisoner to England. i. 215.
(Examined)--Acquitted by King William in Council, because he had acted
according to his instructions. i. 215.
Articles of treaty and preamble. ii. 56.
Associations in the Colonies against the use of tea imported from
England. i. 370.
Bancroft--Confirms the statement as to the aggressions and pretensions of
the Massachusetts Bay Government. i. 200.
His interpretations against England. i. 247.
Baptists--The persecution of them instigated by the Rev. Messrs. Wilson
and Newton, and justified by the Rev. Mr. Cotton. i. 120.
Barnard (Governor)--His reply to the Massachusetts Legislative
Assembly. i. 357.
His recall and character. i. 359.
Bethune (Rev. John). ii. 192.
Boston and Massachusetts--Three Acts of Parliament against, all infringing
and extinguishing the heretofore acknowledged constitutional rights of
the people. i. 389.
Boston--In great distress; addresses of sympathy and contributions from
other towns and provinces.
Fourth Act of Parliament, legalizing the quartering of troops in. i. 397.
General sympathy and liberality in its behalf. i. 404.
Boston Massacre--Soldiers acquitted by a Boston jury. i. 365.
Boyle (Hon. Robert)--In a letter in which he expostulates with the
Massachusetts Bay rulers on the intolerance and unreasonableness of their
conduct. i. 160.
Braddock's unfortunate expedition. i. 247.
Bradstreet (Colonel)--His brilliant achievement in taking and destroying
Fort Frontenac. i. 261.
Bradstreet and Norton--Sent to England to answer complaints; favourably
received; first thanked and then censured by the Massachusetts Bay
rulers; Norton dies of grief. i. 142.
Brock (Sir Isaac)---His address to the Legislature of Upper Canada,
ii. 341, 342.
Takes Detroit. ii. 352-354.
Proclamation to the inhabitants of Michigan. ii. 362, 363.
Killed at Queenston Heights. ii. 366.
Brown, Samuel and John--Their character and position. i. 35.
Banished from Massachusetts Bay for adhering to Episcopal worship. i. 35.
Misrepresented by Messrs. Palfrey and Bancroft. i. 37.
Their letters and papers seized, and their complaints successfully
denied to the King by their persecutors. i. 46.
Their conduct unblamable. i. 42.
Bunker's Hill, Concord, and Lexington--Battles of, numbers engaged,
with the accounts, on both sides. i. 460, 461.
Burke (the celebrated Edmund)--Reviews and denounces the persecuting
laws and spirit of the Massachusetts Bay Puritans, during thirty
years. i. 122.
Canadian Militia--Their character. ii. 461.
Canada--What had been claimed by old American colonies in regard to the
payment of official salaries contended for by, and granted to Canada,
to the satisfaction and progress of the country. i. 267.
Canada wholly surrendered to the King of Great Britain, through Lord
Amherst. i. 267.
Canada--State of at the close of the war. ii. 471.
Carscallen (Luke). ii. 202.
Causes--Characteristics of early emigration to New England. i. 25.
Change of government in England and end of Lord North's administration.
ii. 57.
Change of tone and professions at Massachusetts Bay on the confirmation
of the King's restoration. i. 131.
The King's kind reply to their address--their joy at it, but they evade
the six conditions on which the King proposes to forgive their past
and continue their charter. i. 135-137, 139.
Characteristics of fifty-four years' government of Massachusetts Bay,
under the first charter. i. 217.
Charles the First--Deceived by the misstatements of the Massachusetts
Bay Puritans, to decide in their favour against the complaints made
in 1632. i. 67.
His kind and indulgent conduct to the Massachusetts Bay Company, and
how they deceived him. i. 67.
Charles the Second--His restoration; news of it received with joy in all
the Colonies except in Massachusetts, where false rumours are
circulated. i. 130.
Chateauguay, Battle of. ii. 413.
Chatham (Earl of)--Amendment; speech in the House of Lords (1774) against
the coercive policy of the Ministry and defence of Colonial rights; his
amendment opposed by Lord Suffolk, and supported by Lord Camden;
negatived by a majority of 68 to 18. i. 423-429.
His bill "to settle the troubles in America" not allowed a first reading
in the Lords. i. 425.
Chrystler's Farm, Battle of. ii. 419.
Clarendon (Earl of, Chancellor)--Reply to the address to the King,
Charles II., of the Massachusetts Bay rulers, dated October 25, 1664,
in which Lord Clarendon exposes the groundlessness of their pretensions,
suspicions, and imputations. i. 160.
Clark (Colonel John), and his Manuscript contributions. ii.
Clinton (Sir Henry)--Succeeds General Howe as Commander-in-Chief. ii. 14.
Deceived as to the design of Washington and the French commander. ii. 42.
Fails to reinforce Lord Cornwallis. ii. 44.
Colonies--All resolve in favour of a general convention or congress and
election of delegates to it, in 1774. i. 408.
How information on subjects of agitation was rapidly diffused throughout
the Colonies. i. 405.
Colonial Assemblies--Their dissolutions. i. 356.
Colonists--Their agreements for the non-importation of British
manufactured goods. i. 356.
Sons of Governors Barnard and Hutchinson refuse to enter into agreement,
but are at length compelled to yield. i. 360.
Their effective services to England in the English and French war; their
experience and skill thereby acquired in military affairs; their
superiority as marksmen. i. 460.
Desire to provide as aforetime for their own defence and the support of
their own local government, as is done in the provinces of the Dominion
of Canada. i. 460.
Colonist--The writer a native. i. 1.
Colonies--Three causes of irritation in 1768. i. 348.
Unjust imputations in the British Parliament and Press against their
loyalty. i. 353.
Their manly response to the imputations and assertion of British rights,
led by the General Assembly of Virginia. i. 355.
Company of Massachusetts Bay--Write to Endicot and ministers sent by them
against Church innovations. i. 49, 51.
Deny to the King and British public having made any Church innovations in
Massachusetts. i. 53.
Complaints of banished Episcopalians, persecuted Presbyterians, Baptists,
&c., to the King. i. 46, 137.
Complaints of the Massachusetts Bay Rulers--a pretext to perpetuate
sectarian rule and persecution. i. 183.
Conduct and pretensions of Massachusetts Bay Rulers condemned and exposed
by Loyalist inhabitants of Boston, Salem, Newbury, and Ipswich. i. 163.
Congregationalists--None other eligible for office, or allowed the elective
franchise at Massachusetts Bay. i. 63.
Congress (First General Congress)--
Met at Philadelphia, September, 1774. i. 409.
The word defined. i. 409.
Each day's proceedings commenced with prayer. i. 410.
Its members and their constituents throughout the Colonies thoroughly
loyal, while maintaining British constitutional rights. i. 410.
Its declaration of rights and grievances. i. 411.
Its loyal address to the King. i. 414.
Its manly and affectionate appeal to the British Nation. i. 416.
The address of its members to their constituents--a temperate and lucid
exposition of their grievances and sentiments. i. 417.
Its proceedings reach England before the adjournment for the Christmas
holidays in 1774, and produce an impression favourable to the
Colonies. i. 420.
(Second Continental) meets in Philadelphia, September, 1775; number and
character of its members. i. 442.
Its noble and affectionate petition to the King; the King denies an
audience to its agent, Mr. Penn, and answers the petition by
proclamation, declaring it "rebellion," and the petitioners
"rebels." i. 443-445.
Its petition to the House of Commons rejected, and its agent, Mr. Penn,
not asked a question. i. 444.
A large majority (Oct. 1775) still opposed to independence, but unanimous
in defence of British constitutional rights. i. 448.
Divided on the question of _Independence_, which is first moved in
Congress in May, 1776--deferred, after long debates, for three weeks, by
a vote of seven to five Colonies. i. 483, 484.
Manipulation and agitation to prepare the members of Congress and the
Colonies for separation from England. i. 482-485.
Proceeds with closed doors, and its members sworn to secrecy.
Votes by Colonies, and decides that each vote be reported unanimous,
though carried by only a bare majority. i. 486.
After three days' debate, the six Colonies for and seven Colonies against
independence; how a majority of one was obtained in favour of
it. i. 486, 487.
Refuses to confer with British Commissioners with a view to
reconciliation. ii. 2.
Feelings of the people of England and America different from those of
the leaders of Congress. ii. 14.
Sycophancy of its leaders to France. ii. 13.
Its degeneracy in 1778, as stated by General Washington. ii. 29.
The depression of its credit. ii. 30.
It confiscates and orders the sale of the property of "Tories." ii. 30.
Appeals to France for men and money as their only hope. ii. 40.
Fallacy of the plea or pretext that it had not power to grant compensation
to the Loyalists. ii. 61.
Meets at Philadelphia, 10th May, 1776. i. 479.
Contests--Chiefly between the Colonists, the French, and the Indians,
from 1648 to 1654. i. 250.
Colonies--their divided councils and isolated resources. i. 257.
Their alarming state of affairs at the close of the year 1757. i. 255.
Cornwallis--His antecedents, ii. 38; his severe policy injurious to the
British cause, ii. 40;
his defence of Yorktown, ii. 44;
his surrender to the French and American armies, ii. 45;
conditions of capitulation, ii. 46.
Count De Grasse--Sails from New York to the Chesapeake with a fleet of
28 ships and 7,000 French troops. ii. 43.
Crown Point taken from the French by the English. i. 263.
Debts--Incurred by the New England Colonies in the Indian wars; how
Massachusetts was relieved by England, and made prosperous. i. 240.
Declaration of American Independence--How the vote of the majority of the
Colonies for it was obtained, and how reported. i. 486, 487.
Copy of it. i. 488.
Homage of respect by the authors to the fathers of. i. 492-495.
1. A renunciation of all the principles on which the General Congress,
Provincial Legislatures, and Conventions professed to act from the
beginning of the contest; proofs and illustrations. i. 496-499.
2. A violation of good faith to those statesmen and numerous other
parties in Great Britain, who had, in and out of Parliament, defended
and supported the rights and character of the Colonists during the whole
contest; proofs and illustrations. i. 499-501.
3. A violation, not only of good faith, but of justice to the numerous
Colonists who adhered to connection with the Mother Country; proofs and
illustrations. i. 501-504.
4. The commencement of persecutions and proscriptions and confiscation of
property against those who refused to renounce the oaths which they had
taken, and the principles and traditions which had, until then, been
professed by their persecutors and oppressors as well as by themselves;
proofs and illustrations. i. 504-507.
The plea of tyranny. i. 504.
5. The commencement of weakness in the army of its authors, and of defeat
in their battle-fields; proofs and illustrations. i. 508-513.
6. The announced expedient and prelude to an alliance with France and
Spain against the Mother Country. i. 513-517.
New penal laws passed against the Loyalists after adopting it. ii. 5.
Detroit--Taken by the British under General Brock. ii. 354.
De Salaberry (General)--Defeats 10,000 Americans with 300 Canadians at
Chateauguay ii. 381.
D'Estaing--His doings and failures in America. ii. 17-27.
Diamond (John). ii. 202.
Doane. ii. 192.
Dudley (Joseph)--Appointed Governor of Massachusetts by King James II.
i. 212.
Dunmore (Earl of)--Governor of Virginia, commits the same outrages upon
the inhabitants of Virginia, and about the same time, as those
committed by General Gage upon the inhabitants of Massachusetts. i. 462.
Assembles the House of Burgesses to deliberate and decide upon Lord
North's so-called "conciliatory proposition" to the Colonies; the
House rejects the proposition on a report prepared by Mr. Jefferson--a
document eulogized in the strongest terms by the Earl of
Shelburne. i. 464.
East India Company--Disastrous effect of its agreement with the British
Government. i. 381.
East India Company's Tea--Causes of it being thrown into Boston Harbour,
as stated on both sides. i. 377.
Elections in England hastened in the autumn of 1774; adverse to the
Colonies. i. 419.
Emigrants to Massachusetts Bay--Two classes. i. 1.
Emigration to Massachusetts Bay stopped by a change of Government in
England. i. 85.
Endicot--Leader of the first company of emigrants to Massachusetts
Bay. i. 27.
His character. i. 27.
Becomes a Congregationalist. i. 29.
Abolishes the Church of England, and banishes its adherents. i. 29.
Cause of all the tyrannical proceedings against them. i. 42.
Finally condemned by the Company, but officially retained by
them. i. 43-48.
England's best and only means of protecting the Colonies against French
encroachments and invasion. i. 244.
Position in respect to other European Powers at the Peace of Paris
in 1763. i. 273.
England--Its resources at the conclusion of the Revolutionary
war. ii. 48, 49.
The war party, and corrupt Administration, is defeated. ii. 48, 49.
Change of Administration and of policy, both for England and the
Colonies. ii. 53.
Names of new Ministers, &c. ii. 53.
English Generals and soldiers refuse to fight against the
Colonists. i. 446.
English Government employs seventeen thousand German mercenaries to
bring the Colonists to absolute submission. i. 446-479.
Its change of policy, and effect of it in regard to the Colonies after
the Peace of Paris, 1763. i. 277.
Its first acts which caused dissatisfaction and alienation in the
American Colonies. i. 279.
Falmouth (now Portland) bombarded and burnt, by Captain Mowat, of the
British Navy. i. 446.
Five-sixths of the male population disfranchised by Puritan bigotry and
intolerance at Massachusetts Bay. i. 63.
Fort de Quesne taken by the English and called Pittsburg. i. 263.
Fox (C.J.)--His amendment to Lord North's address to the King, 1775,
rejected by a majority of 304 to 105. i. 430.
France and England at war; mutually restore, in 1748, places taken
during the first war. i. 242.
Franklin (Dr.)--His evidence at the Bar of the House of Commons on
the Stamp Act, etc. i. 308.
Dismissed from office the following day. i. 426.
His petition to the House of Commons rejected. i. 426.
Proposes to include Canada in the United States. ii. 54.
Counter scheme to defeat the proposition of the English
Commissioners. ii. 58.
Outwits the English Commissioners. ii. 63.
His Indian scalp fictions. ii. 119.
French--Attempt to take Quebec. i. 266.
Bitter feeling between French and American officers and soldiers,
at Rhode Island, Boston, Charleston, and Savannah. ii. 20-25.
Encroachments on the British Colonies, from 1748 to 1756. i. 243.
Evasions and disclaimers, while encroaching on the British Colonies
and making preparations for war against England. i. 245.
Successes in 1755, 1756, and 1757, in the war with England. i. 252.
French Fleet--Its complete failure under Count D'Estaing. ii. 17.
French Officers and Soldiers--Their kindness to the English after
the defeat of Lord Cornwallis. ii. 129.
Gage (General)--His arrival in Boston; courteous reception, as successor
to Governor Hutchinson; his character. i. 398.
Summons a meeting of the Legislature, which adjourns to meet at Salem,
and which replies respectfully but firmly to Governor
Gage's speech; his bitter answer. i. 399.
His curious dissolution of the last Legislature held in Massachusetts
Bay according to its first charter, which had proceeded with closed
doors, and adopted by a majority of 92 to 12, declaring the necessity
of a meeting of all the Colonies to meet and consult together on their
present state. i. 401.
Governor of Massachusetts, and Commander-in-chief of the British in
America, commences the first attack upon the Colonists. i. 460.
Governments of the British Provinces. ii. 271-276.
(1) Nova Scotia. ii. 274-277.
(2) New Brunswick. ii. 277-280.
(3) Prince Edward Island. ii. 280.
(4) Lower Canada. ii. 281-306. (See table of contents, chapter xlv.)
(5) Upper Canada, ii. 307-316. (See table of contents, chapter xlvi.)
Governor of Massachusetts Bay Puritans and a majority of the assistants
or magistrates vote in favour of submitting to the decision of the King
on the conditions of perpetuating the Charter; but Congregational
Ministers advise, and the majority of the deputies vote against
it. i. 208, 209.
Governors of South and North Carolina (Campbell and Martin), like Dunmore,
Governor of Virginia, betake themselves to ships--the Colonists in each
case being treated with like severity. i. 473.
Haight (Canniff). ii. 219.
Happiness and prosperity of Massachusetts during seventy years under the
second Charter. i. 240.
Harris (Mrs. Amelia). ii. 228-236.
Hessian soldiers--Their unreliable and bad character. ii. 73.
Hildreth, the historian, on the gloomy state of American affairs at
the close of 1780. ii. 41.
Hillsborough (Earl of)--Effects of his circular letter to Colonial
Governors. i. 345.
Joy in the Colonies at his despatch promising to repeal the
obnoxious revenue Acts, and to impose no more taxes on the Colonists
by acts of the British Parliament. i. 361.
Holland--Flight of Pilgrim Fathers to; trades there. i. 10.
Howe (Lord)--A monument erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey,
at the expense of £250 sterling, by the Massachusetts Court. i. 260.
Hutchinson (Governor of Massachusetts) and his sons alone determine to
land the East India Company tea in Boston. i. 376.
His account of the transactions at Boston, and vindication of
himself. i. 383.
His conduct different from that of the Governors of other
Colonies. i. 387.
Independence disclaimed by Franklin in 1773, by Washington and
Jefferson and by leading New Englanders in July, 1775. i. 451-453.
Independents, origin of. i. 7.
Indians--Employed by both French and English in their wars. ii. 75.
Their employment in the war with the Colonies, opposed by the English
Generals. ii. 76.
Their employment disadvantageous to England. ii. 76.
Their alliance and co-operation sought for by Congress. ii. 77.
Retaliations upon them by the Congress soldiers exceeded all that had
been committed by the Indians upon the Americans--opinion of American
writers. ii. 77.
Much that was written against them during the Revolution, since shown
by the letters and biographies of its actors to have been
fictitious. ii. 78.
Their employment against the English recommended by Washington, July
27th, 1776. ii. 80.
Efforts of General Burgoyne to restrain them from all cruel acts and
excesses. ii. 82.
Their conduct injurious to the English cause and beneficial to the
American. ii. 83.
The unprovoked invasion of their country, destruction of their
settlements, and desolation of their towns, orchards, and crops and
farms, by order of Congress. ii. 84.
Further examples of "retaliation," so-called, upon the Indian
settlements. ii. 106.
The "Tories" driven among them as their only refuge, and treated as
"traitors;" their conduct and duty. ii. 107.
Indians (Six Nations)--Colonel Stone's account in detail of General
Sullivan's expedition of extermination against the Six Nations of
Indians. ii. 108.
Indians--Treatment of by the Puritans in New England. ii. 293.
Intolerance and persecution of Baptists, Presbyterians, etc., by the
Massachusetts Bay Rulers, from 1643 to 1651. i. 112.
Invasions of Canada by Americans; numbers of invaders. ii. 462.
James II.--Succession to the throne; thanked by the Massachusetts Bay
Rulers for his Proclamation which violated the rights of England, and
cost him his crown. i. 216.
Jarvis (Stephen). ii. 193.
(William). ii. 193.
Johnson's (Sir William) victory over the French General Dieskau. i. 250.
Jones (David). ii. 193.
(Jonathan). ii. 193.
King Charles the Second--Enjoins to cease persecuting the Quakers;
how answered. i. 135.
The King retains Puritan councillors, who are kindly disposed to the
Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 138.
The King's pardon and oblivion of the past misdeeds of the Massachusetts
Bay Rulers, and promised continuance of Charter joyfully proclaimed;
but the part of the letter containing the conditions of pardon, and
oblivion, and toleration withheld from the public; and when the
publication of it was absolutely commanded, the Massachusetts Bay
Rulers ordered that the conditions of toleration, etc., should be
suspended until further orders from their Court. i. 139-141.
Royal Commissioners appointed by the King, to inquire into the matters
complained of in the New England Colonies, and to remedy what was
wrong. i. 145.
Royal Commission appointed; slanderous rumours circulated against the
Royal Commissioners. i. 146.
Copy of it explaining the reason and object of it. i. 147.
Duly received by all the New England Colonies except Massachusetts,
where slanderous rumours were circulated against the Commission and
Commissioners. i. 146, 147.
King Charles the Second's reply to the long address or petition of the
Massachusetts Bay Court, dated February 25, 1665, correcting their
misstatements and showing the groundlessness of their pretended fears
and actual pretensions. i. 166.
Kind letter without effect upon the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, who refuse
to receive the Royal Commissioners; second and more decisive letter from
the King, April, 1666. i. 169.
Grants Charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island in 1663, with remarks
upon them by Judge Story. i. 172.
On receiving the report of his Commissioners, who had been rejected by
the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, orders them to send agents to England to
answer before the King in Council to the complaints made against the
Government of the Colony. i. 179.
Entreated by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, who try to vindicate their
proceedings, and instead of sending agents, send two large masts and
resolve to send £1000 sterling to propitiate the King. i. 180.
Desists for some time from further action in regard to the Massachusetts
Bay Rulers, but is at length roused to decisive action by complaints
from neighbouring Colonists and individual citizens of the
invasions of their rights, and persecutions and proscriptions
inflicted upon them by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 187.
Seven requirements of the Massachusetts Bay Rulers, in his letter to them,
dated July, 1679, just and reasonable, and observed by all British
Colonies at this day. i. 188.
King George III.--Alleged author of the scheme with the East India
Company; his condemnation of the petitions and remonstrances
from the Colonies. i. 382.
His speech at the opening of the New Parliament, March 30th,
1774; and answers of both Houses. i. 419.
Opposition to the Royal Speech in both Houses; protest in the
Lords. i. 420.
Denounces the Earl of Chatham and others. i. 424.
La Fayette returns from France in 1778, with a loan of money and
reinforcements of land and naval forces. ii. 33.
Liberty (civil and religious) established in Massachusetts, not by
the Puritans, but by Royal Charter. i. 237.
Lippincott (Captain Richard). ii. 193.
Long Parliament--Its ordinances in regard to Massachusetts trade
in 1642. i. 87.
Appoints Commissioners and Governor General to Massachusetts
Bay in 1646, with large powers. i. 88.
Orders the surrender of the Massachusetts Bay Charter; and means
employed to evade it. i. 99, 100.
Loudoun (Earl of)--Arrival of from England, with troops, as
Commander-in-chief. i. 252.
Disputes between him and the Massachusetts Court, in regard
to the Mutiny Act, and quartering the troops upon the
citizens. i. 255.
His arbitrary conduct in quartering his officers in Albany and
New York. i. 258.
Hesitates and delays at Albany; never fought a battle in America. i. 259.
Loyalists--Circumstances of, after the surrender of Charleston to the
French and Americans. ii. 46.
Unprotected in the articles of peace. ii. 57.
Constituted a majority of the population of the Colonies at the beginning
of the contest. ii. 57.
Sacrificed in the treaty, as stated by Dr. Ramsay and Mr.
Hildreth. ii. 59-61.
What demanded had been sanctioned by all modern civilized
nations, in like circumstances. ii. 61.
Their deplorable condition during the war; utter abandonment by the
English commissioners. ii. 64.
Much of what was written against the Revolution, since shown by the
biographies and letters of its actors to be fictitious. ii. 77.
Summary of their condition and treatment. ii. 123.
Changes of their relation and condition by the Declaration of
Independence. ii. 124.
The elements of their affectionate attachment to England. ii. 125.
The largest part of the population of the Colonies after the Declaration
of Independence. ii. 124.
Their claims to have their rights and liberties restored. ii. 125.
Their position and character, described by Mr. Hildreth, and
abused by mobs and oppressed by new Acts, and authorities. ii. 125.
First scene of severity against them; new American maxim of forgiving
"Tories." ii. 127.
Their treatment in New York, Philadelphia, Virginia, and other
places. ii. 128.
Legislative and executive acts against them. ii. 130-136.
Rhode Island, Connecticut. ii. 130.
Massachusetts. ii. 131.
New Hampshire, Virginia, New York. ii. 131.
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. ii. 132.
Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia. ii. 132.
South Carolina. ii. 136.
Their treatment on their applications for compensation after the
Revolution. ii. 139-144.
Their treatment by the British Government and Parliament after
the Revolution. ii. 159-182.
Refused compensation by the States of America, as proposed in the
Treaty of Peace, and contrary to the practice of civilized
nations. ii. 159.
Their compensation advocated in both Houses of Parliament. ii. 160, 163.
Their agents in England; proceedings of Parliamentary Commission;
results. ii. 166-182
Driven from the United States to the British Provinces; and sketches
of twenty-three of them. ii. 191-204.
Dr. Canniff's account of their first settlement on the North shore
of the St. Lawrence and in the country around and West of
Kingston. ii. 203-208.
Their adventures, sufferings, and first settlement in Canada,
privations and labours, as written by themselves and their
descendants. ii. 206-270.
(See table of contents, chapter xli.)
Loyalists--New penal laws passed against them after the Declaration
of Independence. ii. 5.
Loyalists, in Massachusetts, who maintain in the Court and among the
people, the Royal authority. i. 162.
The true Liberals of that day. i. 152.
Lundy's Lane--Battle of. ii. 438.
Marsden (Rev. J.W.). i. 298.
Maryland General Assembly's reply to the message of the Lt. Governor
on Lord Hillsborough's circular. i. 344.
Massachusetts and other Colonial grateful acknowledgments to England
for deliverance from the French and Spaniards. i. 27.
Massachusetts Bay Rulers persecute the Baptists, etc. i. 87.
Prohibit writing or speaking in favour of the King as a capital offence,
but authorize it in favour of the Parliament. i. 87.
Petition Parliament in 1651, and address Cromwell in 1651, 1654. i. 108.
Massachusetts Bay Rulers' treatment of Cromwell at his death, and their
professions in regard to Cromwell and Charles the Second at his
restoration. i. 124.
They evade the conditions on which the King promised to continue the
Charter, and deny the King's jurisdiction. i. 149.
They present a long address to the King, and enclose copies of it,
with letters to Lord Chancellor Clarendon, the Earl of Manchester,
Lord Say, and the Hon. Robert Boyle. i. 152.
Massachusetts Bay Rulers aggressors throughout upon the rights of the
Sovereign and of their fellow-subjects. i. 75.
They side with the Long Parliament and Cromwell; their first address
and commissioners to. i. 86.
They pass Acts for publication in England, and then adopt measures to
prevent their execution in Massachusetts--such as the Navigation Act,
Oath of Allegiance, the Franchise, Liberty of Worship, and Persecution
of the Baptists and Quakers. i. 195.
They bribe Clerks in the Privy Council, and offer a bribe to the
King. i. 205.
Their double game played out. i. 204.
Massachusetts circular displeasing to the British Ministry. i. 341.
Circular from Lord Hillsborough, Secretary of State for the
Colonies. i. 341.
Massachusetts compensated by Parliament. i. 267.
Benefited by the English and French war. i. 270.
Massachusetts General Assembly refuse to legislate under the guns of
a land and naval force. i. 357.
General Assembly--Its proceedings on the quartering of troops in
Boston. i. 358.
Massachusetts never acknowledged the Act of Parliament changing its
constitution without its consent. i. 407.
Its proceedings before the affairs of Lexington and Concord to enlist
the Indians. ii. 79.
Massachusetts Legislative Assembly's noble circular to the Assemblies
of other Colonies, on the unconstitutional and oppressive acts of
the British Parliament. i. 338.
Massachusetts--Seed-plot of the American Revolution. i. 1.
First emigration to. i. 1.
Mahon (Lord)--His reflections on the American contest; apology for
George III.; unhappiness of the Americans since the Revolution;
unity of the Anglo-Saxon race. ii. 154.
Mather (Rev. Dr. Increase) makes a violent speech--appeals from man
to God--decision against him. i. 209.
His proceedings in England, i. 226.
Fails to get the first Charter restored. i. 228.
First protests against the second Royal Charter, then thanks King
William for it. i. 229.
Merritt (Thomas). ii. 196.
McDonald (Alexander). ii. 195.
McGill (John). 196.
McGillis (Donald). ii. 196.
McNab (Allan). ii. 202.
Moneys provided for the war, abstracted from England and expended
in the Colonies. i. 270.
Montcalm, French General, captures Forts Oswego and William Henry. i. 253.
Morris (Roger). ii. 200.
Montreal besieged and taken from the French. i. 267.
Navigation Act passed by the Long Parliament in 1651, oppressive to the
Southern Colonies, but regularly evaded in Massachusetts by collusion
with Cromwell. i. 111.
Neal (the Puritan historian) deprecates the persecutions by the
Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 120.
Newark (now Niagara)--Seat of Government of Upper Canada first established
there. ii. 308.
Burned by the Americans. ii. 423.
New England--Two distinct emigrations to. i. 1.
Two separate Governments in for seventy years, and characteristics
of each. i. 1.
New Plymouth--Original name of--first Sabbath in. i. 7.
First mild winter and early vegetation at. i. 8.
First "Harvest-home." i. 9.
Their government, toleration, oath of allegiance, loyalty. i. 15.
Their answers to the King's Commissioners. i. 18.
The melancholy end of their government. i. 22.
The loyalty and enterprise of their descendants. i. 23.
Ancestors of English Peers. i. 23.
New York--First Act of Parliament against. i. 329.
New York Legislature, which had not endorsed the first continental
Congress, in 1774, now petitions Parliament on the subject of
Colonial grievances; but its petition, presented by Mr. Burke,
defended by Mr. Fox and others, is refused to be received, on motion
of Lord North, by a majority of 186 to 67, and the Lords reject the
same petition. i. 434-440.
Niagara (Newark) taken from the French by the English. i. 263.
Nineteen years' evasion by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers of the conditions
on which King Charles II. promised to perpetuate their Charter. i. 193.
North (Lord)--His Bill to repeal the Colonial Revenue Acts, except the
duty on tea. i. 368.
His agreement with the East India Company rouses and intensifies
opposition in America. i. 371.
Combined opposition to it by English merchants and the Colonists. i. 372.
Explains his American policy. i. 394.
His resolution for address to the King, 1775, endorsing the coercive
policy, and denouncing Colonial complaints as "rebellion;" debates
on it. i. 426-429.
Second great debate in the Commons on his warlike resolution. i. 430.
His address made the joint address of both Houses of Parliament; the
King's reply. i. 431.
Lord North's proposed resignation and preparations for it. ii. 8.
Defeat of his Administration. ii. 51.
Opinions of Lords Macaulay and Mahon on the success of a Commission
recommended by the Earl of Chatham. ii. 8.
Origin of non-importation agreement in New York; sanctioned by persons
in the highest stations. i. 360.
Origin of republicanism and hatred of monarchy in America. ii. 66.
Paine (Tom)--His appeal to the Colonists, called _Common Sense_, the first
publication in America against monarchy. i. 450.
Author of republicanism and hatred of monarchy in America; his character
and writings, and their effects. ii. 66-72.
Palfrey's and other New England historians' unfair statements and unjust
imputations against the British Government of that time. i. 190, 211.
Parliament--Its authority over the Colonies. i. 317.
Three Bills passed by, to raise a revenue in the Colonies. i. 331.
Parliament passes an Act (1775) to punish the Colonies for countenancing
Massachusetts. i. 433.
Parliament passes oppressive Acts in 1775 and 1776, with measures for
employing foreign soldiers, Indians, and slaves against the complaining
Colonists. i. 459.
Parliament passes no Act to authorize peace with America for three months
after the accession of the new Ministry. ii. 54.
Parliament votes £115,000 sterling to compensate the Colonies for expenses
incurred by them. i. 252.
Parties--Origin of political parties at Massachusetts Bay. i. 209.
Petitions and representations to the King from Episcopalians,
Presbyterians, Baptists, etc., in Massachusetts Bay, on their
persecutions and disfranchisement by the local Government. i. 137.
Petitions from various towns in England, Scotland, and Ireland against
Lord North's coercive American policy. i. 425.
Pilgrim Fathers--who. i. 2.
Their settlement, and residence of 12 years in Holland. i. 3.
Long to be under the English Government. i. 3.
Cross the Atlantic in the _Mayflower_. i. 3.
Where intended to settle in America, i. 4
What known of Cape Cod before the Pilgrims landed. i. 4.
Their agreement and constitution of government before landing. i. 5.
Remarks upon it by Messrs. Bancroft and Young. i. 6.
Inflated American accounts of their voyage. i. 7.
Their first "Harvest-home." i. 9.
Pitt (afterwards Earl of Chatham) changes the whole fortune of the war
with the French in America in favour of England. i. 260.
Policy of the British Ministry in employing foreign soldiers and Indians,
deprecated by all classes in Europe and America. ii. 72-74.
Pownall (Governor)--His speech and amendment in the House of Commons to
repeal the duty on tea; rejected by a majority 242 to 204. i. 361.
Preface--The reason and objects of writing the history of the Loyalists
of America. i. 3-5.
Protests and Loyal Petitions of the Colonists against English
Parliamentary Acts to raise a revenue in the Colonies. i. 337.
Puritan authorities alone adduced in this historical discussion. i. 59.
Puritan letters suppressed by the biographer of Governor Winthrop. i. 59.
Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company. i. 24.
Their Charter and settlement in 1629. i. 23.
Their intolerance. i. 24.
Their wealth and trade. i. 25.
Their enterprise under two aspects. i. 26.
Professed members of the Church of England when they left England. i. 26.
Puritan treatment of the Indians. i. 298.
Puritan legal opinions in England on the constant violation of the first
Charter by the Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 233.
Quebec taken by General Wolfe. i. 263.
Queenston Heights--Battle of. ii. 365-8.
Quo Warranto--Notice of sent to the Rulers of Massachusetts Bay in July,
1683, to answer to thirteen complaints against them for violating the
Royal Charter; received in October, 1683; judgment given July, 1685,
nearly two years afterwards. i. 208-211.
Remonstrances of the Rev. Drs. Owen, T. Goodwin, and other Nonconformist
ministers in England against the persecutions by the Massachusetts Bay
Puritans. i. 185.
Retrospect of the transactions between Charles I. and II. and the
Massachusetts Bay Rulers from 1630 to 1666, with extracts of
correspondence. i. 171.
Revolution--Principal characteristics of it, and the feeling which should
now be cultivated by both of the former contending parties; by
J.M. Ludlow. ii. 145.
Richardson (Rev. James)--Letter by. ii. 208.
Robinson (Beverley). ii. 196.
Robinson (Christopher). ii. 198.
Robinson (Sir J.B.). ii. 199.
Robinson (Sir C.K.P.). ii. 199.
Robinson (Morris). ii. 199.
Robinson (John). ii. 200.
Rockingham (Marquis of)--His death and its consequences. ii. 53.
Royal Charter (second) by William and Mary; nine principal provisions of
it, establishing for the first time civil and religious liberty in
Massachusetts. i. 229-233.
Royal Charter to Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 28.
Its provisions. i. 30.
Violated by the Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 33.
Transferred from England to Massachusetts Bay, and the fact concealed
for four years. i. 69.
Royal Commission issued to examine into the complaints made against
the Massachusetts Bay Rulers--conduct of parties. i. 72.
Royal Commissioners' Report on the Colony of Massachusetts Bay; twenty
anomalies in its laws inconsistent with the Royal Charter; evades the
conditions of the promised continuance of the Charter; denies the
King's jurisdiction. i. 149.
Royal Patriotic Society of Upper Canada and its doings. ii. 464.
Royal Speech on meeting Parliament, October 26th, 1775, and discussions
upon it. i. 474.
Ryerse (Rev. George)--Letter by. ii. 226.
Ryerse (Colonel Samuel). ii. 229.
Ryerson (Colonel Joseph). ii. 257.
Salaries of officials paid independent of the Colonies--cause of
dissatisfaction. i. 366.
Saltonstall (Sir Richard) remonstrates against the persecutions by
the Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 116.
Scadding (Rev. Dr.)--Sketch by. ii. 259.
Second Charter--Its happy influence upon toleration, loyalty, peace,
and unity of society in Massachusetts. i. 237.
Seven years of war and bloodshed prevented, had Congress in 1776
adhered to its previous professions. ii. 56.
Shelburne (Earl of)--Correspondence with Dr. Franklin on negotiations
for peace. ii. 54.
Simcoe (General Graves)--First Governor of Upper Canada. ii. 308.
Soldiers--The humiliating position of soldiers in Boston. i. 360.
Insulted, abused, and collisions with the inhabitants. i. 365.
Spain joins France against England in 1779. ii. 28.
Spohn (Mrs. E.B.)--Paper by. ii. 264.
Stamp Act and its effects in America. i. 283.
Virginia leads the opposition against it. i. 287.
Riots in Boston against it. i. 288.
Petitions in England against it. i. 291.
Its repeal and rejoicings at it. i. 323.
Extracts from speeches respecting it by Charles Townsend and Colonel
Barré, and remarks upon them. i. 296.
Extracts from the speeches of Lords Chatham and Camden on the passing
and repeal of the Stamp Act. i. 302.
Summary of events from its repeal, March, 1766, to the end of the
year. i. 323-336.
Statements of the historians Hutchinson and Neal on the persecutions by
the Massachusetts Bay Puritans. i. 185.
Story (Judge) on the happy influence of the second Charter, and
improved legislation and progress of the Colony under it. i. 235.
Tea Duty Act virtually defeated in America. i. 370.
Opposition to it represented in England as "rebellion," and the
advocates of Colonial rights as "rebels" and "traitors." i. 388.
Tea--Duty of threepence per pound, to be paid in America into the
British Treasury, continued. i. 363.
Three Acts of Parliament passed to remove all grounds of complaint
on the part of the Colonists. ii. 6.
Ticonderago taken by the English. i. 263.
Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the United States; rights
and interests of the Loyalists sacrificed by it; omissions in it;
protests against it in Parliament. ii. 164, 165.
Vane (Sir Henry) remonstrates against the persecutions by the
Massachusetts Bay Rulers. i. 116.
Vice-Admiralty Courts and the Navy employed as custom-house offices
in the Colonies. i. 331.
Virginia House of Burgess's admirable answer to the Massachusetts
Circular, 1668, and similar replies from other Colonies. i. 342, 343.
Rejects Lord North's so-called "conciliatory proposition" to the
Colonies. i. 464.
Its traditional loyalty of Virginians, and their aversion to revolutions;
but resolved to defend their rights. i. 464.
Remonstrate with Lord Dunmore for leaving the seat of his government
and going on board of a vessel; assure him and his family of perfect
safety by remaining at Williamsburg. i. 467.
Are horror-struck at Lord Dunmore's threat and proclamation to free
the slaves. i. 465.
Moved by his fears, goes on board of ship, twelve miles from the seat
of government. i. 466.
Attempts to destroy the town of Hampton; reduces to ashes the town of
Norfolk, then the first commercial city in Virginia. i. 467, 471.
His conduct unlawful and inhuman; English accounts of his
conduct. i. 470, 472.
War formally declared between England and France in 1756. i. 252.
War party and corrupt Administration defeated in the House of
Commons, 1782. ii. 49.
War by the United States against Great Britain, 1812-1815. ii. 316-330.
(See table of contents, chapters xlvii., xlviii., xlix., l., li., lii.,
liii., liv., lv., lvi., lvii., lviii.)
War--Close of; remarks; conclusion.
(See table of contents, chapter lx.)
Washington--Weakness of his army and depression of American finances
in 1778. ii. 32.
His despondency without funds. ii. 41.
With the French commander plans an expedition to the South. ii. 42.
His skill and courage. ii. 47.
Washington recommended by Dunwiddie, Governor of Virginia, but his
services are not recognized. i. 257.
Washington, under date of July 27th, 1776, recommends the employment
of the Indians in the Revolutionary Cause. ii. 80.
Watts (Rev. Isaac)--A remarkable letter from him addressed to the
Rev. Dr. Cotton Mather, explanatory of Neal's History of New
England, on "the persecuting principles and practices of the first
planters," and urging the formal repeal of the "cruel and sanguinary
statutes" which had been passed by the Massachusetts Bay Court under
the first Charter. i. 239.
White (Rev. John), projector and founder of the Massachusetts Bay
Settlement. i. 26-28.
Wolfe (General)--His heroism at Louisburg. i. 262.
Takes Quebec. i. 263.
Wyoming--The massacre of, original inflated accounts of. ii. 85.
Four versions of it, by accredited American historians--Dr. Ramsay,
Mr. Bancroft, Mr. Tucker, and Mr. Hildreth. ii. 85-90.
Discrepancies in four essential particulars of these four
accounts. ii. 92.
Supplementary remarks upon, by the author of the Life of Joseph
Brant, etc. ii. 94.
Massacre (alleged) of Wyoming--American retaliation for. ii. 99-106.
(See table of contents, chapter xxxv.)