COMPLEXES
Having studied the levels into which the mind is divided, we must next
consider the nature of the material that is stored in them, and to do
this we must study the workings of MEMORY.
When an idea enters the mind it does not remain an independent unit for
very long. It seems to be a fundamental characteristic of ideas that
they form alliances among themselves, and these groups of ideas are
technically known as COMPLEXES.
A complex may be compared to the branching growth of a pond-weed; it
has a central starting-point from which ramify threads that divide and
subdivide, and branch in every direction, and connect it with other
systems of ideas that have similar branching threads. Thus it is that
if an idea on any subject enters our consciousness, we find that it is
not an isolated unit, but one end of a chain which branches into all
sorts of side issues; we have not touched a single line of thought, but
a whole railway system.
These systems of ideas spread and ramify through all the levels of the
mind, but if we trace them far enough, we shall invariably find that
they have their roots in one of the great primal instincts, deep down
in the subconscious. It is from this that they derive the vitality that
binds them together, for all complexes have a core of emotion, and it
is from the instincts that the emotions spring.
Let us take an example from actual life, and see how these principles
work. A man may, for example, be a grocer; he will therefore have a
Grocery Complex, that is to say, all his ideas connected with the
buying and selling of household commodities will be linked together, so
that if a train of thought be started in connection with any one aspect
of his business, by an easy transition many other aspects may drift
into his mind.
Now, grocery is not in itself an absorbing subject, like literature
or science, yet the man is interested in it; and why? because his
grocery complex has its root in his self-preservation instinct, for it
is the means by which he keeps himself alive. If his grocery business
prospers, he feels pleasure, because it means a fuller and pleasanter
life for him; if it diminishes, he feels pain and fear, because his
means of keeping himself alive are threatened.
In addition to being a grocer, however, he may be an elder of the
local chapel, and have a far-reaching complex of religious interests,
ramifying, interlacing, and having their instinctive roots in his
subconscious, just as his grocery complex has. Then, one day, he
may be looking up the current price of pepper in his trade list, and
from pepper his thoughts pass to spices in general; their pungent
odour suggests incense, and he asks himself whether ritualism is ever
allowable. It will here be seen that a trailing branch of his grocery
complex has made contact with his religious complex and brought it into
consciousness.
Again, our grocer may be thinking of getting married, and immediately
his grocery complex throws out a side shoot which strikes root in
his reproductive instinct, and his interest in grocery is reinforced
by much of the interest which gathers round sex in his life, for it
is upon the prosperity of his business that his prospect of marriage
depends.
Thus it will be seen that the mind is filled with a ramifying mass of
complexes which throw out branches in every direction, and that if the
end of any thread be caught hold of, by gently pulling upon it we can
draw all the complexes with which it is connected into consciousness.
This is how memory works, and even if an idea has been “forgotten,”
that is, passed from the conscious into the subconscious, it is still
possible to recover it by taking advantage of this tendency of ideas to
stick together; for by gently pulling upon the parts of the complex to
which it is affiliated which are in consciousness, the branchings which
are in the subconscious can be coaxed into light. It is upon this
factor that psychoanalysis bases much of its work.
Ideas tend to group themselves in complexes according to certain
well-defined principles.
I. All ideas connected with the same subject tend to become associated
together.
II. Ideas which enter the mind at the same time tend to become
associated together. For instance, if I have a nasty fall on a piece of
banana skin while going to the pillar-box, when I see bananas I shall
think of falls and pillar-boxes, and when I see pillar-boxes, I may
think of bananas and falls.
III. Ideas of cause and effect become associated together.
IV. Ideas which have any sort of resemblance, fundamental or
superficial, tend to recall one another. Thus, if I think of sausages,
I may be put in mind of Zeppelins, and if I think of the fall on the
banana skin, my mind may leap to the Niagara Falls or fallen women.
This irrational method of thought is of enormous importance in applied
psychology, for much of the thinking carried on by the subconscious
mind is done in this way, and it gives rise to that peculiar method of
thought which will be dealt with in the chapter on symbolism.