FIG. 2.--Ancient Egyptian Guitar. 1700 to 1200 B.C.]

[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Instrumentalists from the Utrecht Psalter, 9th

century: (a) The bass rotta, first transition of cithara in (C);

(b, c, d), Transitions showing the addition of neck to the body of

the cithara.]

[Illustration: From Dr H. Janitschek's _Geschichte der deutschen

Malerei_.