[1] Columella (_De re rustica_, viii. cap. 2) distinguishes the
_Meleagris_ from the _Gallina Africana_ or _Numidica_, the latter
having, he says, a red wattle (_palea_, a reading obviously
preferable to _galea_), while it was blue in the former. This would
look as if the _Meleagris_ had sprung from what is now called _Numida
ptilorhyncha_, while the _Gallina Africana_ originated in the _N.
meleagris_, species which have a different range, and if so the fact
would point to two distinct introductions--one by Greeks, the other
by Latins.
[2] Specimens from the Gambia are said to be smaller, and have been
described as distinct under the name of _N. rendalli_.
[3] Darwin (_Anim. and Pl. under Domestication_, i. 294), gives this
as the original stock of the modern domestic birds, but obviously by
an accidental error. As before observed, it may possibly have been
the true [Greek: meleagris] of the Greeks.
GUINEA-WORM (_Dracontiasis_), a disease due to the _Filaria medinensis_,
or _Dracunculus_, or Guinea-worm, a filarious nematode like a
horse-hair, whose most frequent habitat is the subcutaneous and
intramuscular tissues of the legs and feet. It is common on the Guinea
coast, and in many other tropical and subtropical regions and has been
familiarly known since ancient times. The condition of dracontiasis due
to it is a very common one, and sometimes amounts to an epidemic. The
black races are most liable, but Europeans of almost any social rank and
of either sex are not altogether exempt. The worm lives in water, and,
like the _Filaria sanguinis hominis_, appears to have an intermediate
host for its larval stage. It is doubtful whether the worm penetrates
the skin of the legs directly; it is not impossible that the
intermediate host (a cyclops) which contains the larvae may be swallowed
with the water, and that the larvae of the _Dracunculus_ may be set free
in the course of digestion.
GUINES, a town in the interior of Havana province, Cuba, about 30 m.
S.E. of Havana. Pop. (1907) 8053. It is situated on a plain, in the
midst of a rich plantation district, chiefly devoted to the cultivation
of tobacco. The first railway in Cuba was built from Havana to Guines
between 1835 and 1838. One of the very few good highways of the island
also connects Guines with the capital. The pueblo of Guines, which was
built on a great private estate of the same name, dates back to about
1735. The church dates from 1850. Guines became a "villa" in 1814, and
was destroyed by fire in 1817.
GUINGAMP, a town of north-western France, capital of an arrondissement
in the department of Cotes-du-Nord, on the right bank of the Trieux, 20
m. W.N.W. of St Brieuc on the railway to Brest. Pop. (1906), town 6937,
commune 9212. Its chief church, Notre-Dame de Bon-Secours, dates from
the 14th to the 16th centuries; two towers rise on each side of the
richly sculptured western portal and a third surmounts the crossing. A
famous statue of the Virgin, the object of one of the most important
"pardons" or religious pilgrimages in Brittany, stands in one of the two
northern porches. The central square is decorated by a graceful fountain
in the Renaissance style, restored in 1743. Remains of the ramparts and
of the chateau of the dukes of Penthievre, which belong to the 15th
century, still survive. Guingamp is the seat of a sub-prefect and of a
tribunal of first instance. It is an important market for dairy-cattle,
and its industries include flour-milling, tanning and leather-dressing.
Guingamp was the chief town of the countship (subsequently the duchy) of
Penthievre. The Gothic chapel of Graces, near Guingamp, contains fine
sculptures.
GUINNESS, the name of a family of Irish brewers. The firm was founded by
ARTHUR GUINNESS, who about the middle of the 18th century owned a modest
brewing-plant at Leixlip, a village on the upper reaches of the river
Liffey. In or about 1759 Arthur Guinness, seeking to extend his trade,
purchased a small porter brewery belonging to a Mr Rainsford at St
James's Gate, Dublin. By careful attention to the purity of his product,
coupled with a shrewd perception of the public taste, he built up a
considerable business. But his third son, BENJAMIN LEE GUINNESS
(1798-1868), may be regarded as the real maker of the firm, into which
he was taken at an early age, and of which about 1825 he was given sole
control. Prior to that date the trade in Guinness's porter and stout had
been confined to Ireland, but Benjamin Lee Guinness at once established
agencies in the United Kingdom, on the continent, in the British
colonies and in America. The export trade soon assumed huge proportions;
the brewery was continually enlarged, and when in 1855 his father died,
Benjamin Lee Guinness, who in 1851 was elected first lord mayor of
Dublin, found himself sole proprietor of the business and the richest
man in Ireland. Between 1860 and 1865 he devoted a portion of this
wealth to the restoration of St Patrick's cathedral, Dublin. The work,
the progress of which he regularly superintended himself, cost L160,000.
Benjamin Lee Guinness represented the city of Dublin in parliament as a
Conservative from 1865 till his death, and in 1867 was created a
baronet. He died in 1868, and was succeeded in the control of the
business by Sir Arthur Edward Guinness (b. 1840), his eldest, and Edward
Cecil Guinness (b. 1847), his third, son. SIR ARTHUR EDWARD GUINNESS,
who for some time represented Dublin in parliament, was in 1880 raised
to the peerage as Baron Ardilaun, and about the same time disposed of
his share in the brewery to his brother Edward Cecil Guinness. In 1886
EDWARD CECIL GUINNESS disposed of the brewery, the products of which
were then being sent all over the world, to a limited company, in which
he remained the largest shareholder. Edward Cecil Guinness was created a
baronet in 1885, and in 1891 was raised to the peerage as Baron Iveagh.
The Guinness family have been distinguished for their philanthropy and
public munificence. Lord Ardilaun gave a recreation ground to Dublin,
and the famous Muckross estate at Killarney to the nation. Lord Iveagh
set aside L250,000 for the creation of the Guinness trust (1889) for the
erection and maintenance of buildings for the labouring poor in London
and Dublin, and was a liberal benefactor to the funds of Dublin
university.
GUINOBATAN, a town of the province of Albay, Luzon, Philippine Islands,
on the Inaya river, 9 m. W. by N. of the town of Albay. Pop. (1903),
20,027. Its chief interest is in hemp, which is grown in large
quantities in the neighbouring country.
GUIPUZCOA, a maritime province of northern Spain, included among the
Basque provinces, and bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay; W. by the
province of Biscay (_Vizcaya_); S. and S.E. by. Alava and Navarre: and
N.E. by the river Bidassoa,[1] which separates it from France. Pop.
(1900), 195,850; area, 728 sq. m. Situated on the northern slope of the
great Cantabrian chain at its junction with the Pyrenees, the province
has a great variety of surface in mountain, hill and valley; and its
scenery is highly picturesque. The coast is much indented, and has
numerous harbours, but none of very great importance; the chief are
those of San Sebastian, Pasajes, Guetaria, Deva and Fuenterrabia. The
rivers (Deva, Urola, Oria, Urumea, Bidassoa) are all short, rapid and
unnavigable. The mountains are for the most part covered with forests of
oak, chestnut or pine; holly and arbutus are also common, with furze and
heath in the poorer parts. The soil in the lower valleys is generally of
hard clay and unfertile; it is cultivated with great care, but the grain
raised falls considerably short of what is required for home
consumption. The climate, though moist, is mild, pleasant and healthy;
fruit is produced in considerable quantities, especially apples for
manufacture into _zaragua_ or cider. The chief mineral products are
iron, lignite, lead, copper, zinc and cement. Ferruginous and sulphurous
springs are very common, and are much frequented every summer by
visitors from all parts of the kingdom. There are excellent fisheries,
which supply the neighbouring provinces with cod, tunny, sardines and
oysters; and the average yearly value of the coasting trade exceeds
L400,000. By Irun, Pasajes and the frontier roads L4,000,000 of imports
and L3,000,000 of exports pass to and from France, partly in transit for
the rest of Europe. Apart from the four Catalan provinces, no province
has witnessed such a development of local industries as Guipuzcoa. The
principal industrial centres are Irun, Renteria, Villabona, Vergara and
Azpeitia for cotton and linen stuffs; Zumarraga for osiers; Eibar,
Plasencia and Elgoibar for arms and cannon and gold incrustations; Irun
for soap and carriages; San Sebastian, Irun and Onate for paper, glass,
chemicals and saw-mills; Tolosa for paper, timber, cloths and furniture;
and the banks of the bay of Pasajes for the manufacture of liqueurs of
every kind, and the preparation of wines for export and for consumption
in the interior of Spain. This last industry occupies several thousand
French and Spanish workmen. An arsenal was established at Azpeitia
during the Carlist rising of 1870-1874; but the manufacture of ordnance
and gunpowder was subsequently discontinued. The main line of the
northern railway from Madrid to France runs through the province, giving
access, by a loop line, to the chief industrial centres. The
custom-house through which it passes on the frontier is one of the most
important in Spain. Despite the steep gradients, where traffic is hardly
possible except by ox-carts, there are over 350 m. of admirably
engineered roads, maintained solely by the local tax-payers. After San
Sebastian, the capital (pop. 1900, 37,812), the chief towns are
Fuenterrabia (4345) and Irun (9912). Other towns with more than 6000
inhabitants are Azpeitia (6066), Eibar (6583), Tolosa (8111) and Vergara
(6196). Guipuzcoa is the smallest and one of the most densely peopled
provinces of Spain; for its constant losses by emigration are
counterbalanced by a high birth-rate and the influx of settlers from
other districts who are attracted by its industrial prosperity.
For an account of its inhabitants and their customs, language and
history, see BASQUES and BASQUE PROVINCES.