the beginning, we had remarked that dreams are wishes represented as
fulfilled and that we still owe the proof of it. Well, we reply, our
arguments might well show how unjustifiable it would be to wish to cover
the explanations which we have to give of the dream with the formula
that the dream is a wish-fulfilment; but the assertion stands, and is
also easy to demonstrate for the dreams in _Gradiva_. The latent
dream-thoughts—we know now what is meant by that—may be of numerous
kinds; in _Gradiva_ they are day-remnants, thoughts which are left over
unheard, and not disposed of by the psychic activity of waking life. In
order that a dream may originate from them the co-operation of
a—generally unconscious—wish is required; this establishes the motive
power for the dream-formation; the day-remnants give the material for
it. In Norbert Hanold’s first dream two wishes concur in producing the
dream, one capable of consciousness, the other, of course, belonging to
the unconscious, and active because of repression. This was the wish,
comprehensible to every archæologist, to have been an eye-witness of
that catastrophe of 79. What sacrifice would be too great, for an
antiquarian, to realize this wish otherwise than through dreams! The
other wish and dream-maker is of an erotic nature: to be present when
the beloved lies down to sleep, to express it crudely. It is the
rejection of this which makes the dream an anxiety-dream. Less striking
are, perhaps, the impelling wishes of the second dream, but if we recall
its interpretation, we shall not hesitate to pronounce it also erotic.
The wish to be captured by the beloved, to yield and surrender to her,
as it may be construed behind the lizard-catching, has really a passive
masochistic character. On the next day the dreamer strikes the beloved,
as if under the sway of the antagonistic, erotic force; but we must stop
or we may forget that Hanold and Gradiva are only creatures of our
author.
THE END
_Printed in Great Britain by_
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOXING AND LONDON
[Footnotes]
Footnote 1:
Freud, _Traumdeutung_, 1900 (Leipzig and Wien, 1911), translated by A.
A. Brill, M.D., Ph.B. _Interpretation of Dreams_, George Allen and
Unwin, Ltd., 1913.
Footnote 2:
The case N.H. would have to be designated as hysterical, not paranoiac
delusion. The marks of paranoia are lacking here.
Footnote 3:
See the important work by E. Bleuler, Affektivität, Suggestibilität,
Paranoia, translated by Dr. Charles Ricksher in N. Y. State Hospitals
Bulletin, Feb., 1912, and _Die diagnostischen Assoziationsstudien_ by C.
Jung, both Zürich, 1906.
Footnote 4:
Cf. Freud: _Sammlung der kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre_, 1906.
Translated in part by A. A. Brill, M.D., Ph.B. Nervous and Mental
Diseases Monograph Series No. 4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other
Psychoneuroses. N. Y., 1912.
Footnote 5:
Cf. _Bruchstück einer Hysterie-Analyse_, 1905.
Footnote 6:
Cf. Breuer u. Freud, _Studien, über Hysterie_, 1905. Leipzig and Wien,
translated by A. A. Brill, M.D., Ph.B. Nervous and Mental Diseases
Monograph Series No. 4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other
Psychoneuroses.
Footnote 7:
_Sante de Sanctis_, I. Sogni. (Original in Italian.) Translated into
German, _Die Träume_, by Mr. Otto Schmidt, 1901, Hallé, a. S.
Footnote 8:
Compare the text of _Gradiva_, p. 21.
Footnote 9:
Cf. _Sammlung kl. Schriften zur Neurosenlehre_, V., and _Traumdeutung_,
p. 344. _Traumdeutung_ translated by A. A. Brill, M.D., Ph.B.,
_Interpretation of Dreams_, George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1913 (p. 441).
Footnote 10:
_G._ p. 57: “No—not talked—but I called to you when you lay down to
sleep and stood near you then—your face was as calmly beautiful as if
it were of marble. May I beg you—rest it again on the step in that
way.”