‘Legions’ of foot soldiers and 109 other bodies of infantry, ‘Numeri,’
‘Auxilia,’ and so forth, whose precise strength we cannot ascertain: also
91 ‘Vexillationes,’ ‘Alae,’ &c., of cavalry.
Taking the 132 Legions at 6100 men we get 805,200
Taking the 109 Numeri, &c. at 1000 we get 109,000
Taking the 91 Vexillationes at 600 (the full
number of a Vexillatio) we get 54,600
-------
968,800
[11] There is an interesting passage in the Greek historian Agathias (who
wrote about 570) which illustrates, if it does not precisely confirm
the view here taken. He says (Hist. v. 13): ‘The armies of the Romans
no longer remained of the size at which they had been originally fixed
by the earlier Emperors, but had dwindled down to a tiny remnant, by
no means adequate to the size of the State. For whereas they ought to
amount in the whole to 645,000 warlike men, they have been now reduced to
little more than 150,000.’ As Agathias wrote under Justinian, after the
greater part of the West had been lost to the Empire, he probably reduced
his figures of ‘paper-strength’ and ‘effectives’ in proportion to the
diminution of the Empire; and if so, he would probably have accepted for
the year 400, when the territories of the sons of Theodosius were still
intact, a result like that mentioned in the text.
[12] Scrinia.
[13] Claudian.
[14] Though this word has lately obtained, chiefly through the influence
of French writers, rather too wide currency, as the polite equivalent of
‘mob,’ a writer on Roman affairs may with better right employ it, as it
is derived from the politics of old Rome. In the _Comitia Centuriata_,
the lowest class of citizens, those who were assessed on a very small
amount of property, and who had little beside their children (_proles_)
wherewith to serve the State, were called _proletarii_. The word seems to
have passed out of use before the close of the Republic.
[15] In this sentence and throughout these lectures I quote actual sums
of money, without attempting to make any correction for the alteration in
its value, that being an element extremely difficult to calculate. There
is no doubt that the purchasing power of the equivalent of £1 sterling
was greater then than now, how much greater it is almost impossible to
say, I conjecture about double.
[16] Perhaps the ration was proportioned to the size of the receiver’s
family, but this we cannot say with certainty.
[17] Cassiodorus, Variarum iii. 51.
[18] ‘Verumque confitentibus latifundia perdidere Italiam: jam vero et
provincias. Sex domini semissem Africae possidebant, cum interfecit eos
Nero princeps.’ Hist. Nat. xviii. 6.
[19] Cod. Theod. ii. 25. ‘Quis enim ferat, liberos a parentibus, a
fratribus sorores, a viris conjuges segregari?’ The date of this law
is not quite certain, but it probably belongs to A.D. 334. There is no
doubt that Constantine was the author of it, and we may therefore fairly
attribute it to Christian influences.
[20] See Fustel de Coulanges, Problèmes de l’Histoire.
[21] Waitz (Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte i. 30) remarks that ‘Teutonic’
and ‘Deutsch’ have probably no connection with one another.
[22] Norton, Sutton, Easton, Weston, &c.
[23] Laleham, Farnham, Tottenham, &c., but more often with a genitive
plural preceding it. Birmingham (the village of the Beormings),
Buckingham (the village of the Bucings), and so on.
[24] Derby, Danby, Whitby, &c.; Elswick, Alnwick, Chiswick, &c.
[25] The _Ingenui_ of the Latin writers: the _Gemein-freie_ of modern
Germans.
[26] _Faihu-thrains_ (literally cattle-thronging) is Ulfilas’ translation
of Μαμμωνᾶς.
[27] This paragraph is an attempt to explain the following passage of
Tacitus (Germania xxvi) which has been almost as much fought over by
commentators as if it had been a text of Scripture:—
‘Agri pro numero cultorum ab universis in vices occupantur, quos mox
inter se secundum dignationem partiuntur. Facilitatem partiendi camporum
spatia praestant. Arva per annos mutant; et superest ager.’
I follow in some points the interpretation given by Waitz (Deutsche
Verfassungsgeschichte i. 109-113 and 140-148), and Dahn (Geschichte der
deutschen Urzeit i. 171-174); but on the whole the criticism of Fustel de
Coulanges (Problèmes d’Histoire, 263-294) seems to me to penetrate most
deeply into the author’s meaning.
[28] ‘Secundum dignationem partiuntur.’
[29] ‘Et superest ager.’
[30] ‘Arva per annos mutant.’ Perhaps this is meant to convey a different
meaning from ‘per annum.’
[31] De Bello Gallico, iv. 1, vi. 22.
[32] The strongest part of Mr. Seebohm’s book is, I think, his
illustration of the old Teutonic land-tenure by the open fields now or
lately existing at Hitchin. I confess I am not convinced by him that the
open field system and ‘co-aration’ necessarily imply a servile tenure on
the part of the cultivators.
[33] De Bello Gallico iv. 1.
[34] We have a word _Gá_ in English akin to the German _Gau_, but it does
not seem to have been ever extensively used. For the reasons why _shire_
is not precisely appropriate, see Prof. Freeman’s Essay ‘The Shire and
the Gá.’ Have we a trace of the Gau in the names of Linlithgow and
Glasgow?
[35] Bishop Stubbs makes the ‘hundred’ answer to the _pagus_, but as
there were 65 hundreds in Sussex alone, this seems a very small division
to represent the great and important _pagi_ of Caesar and Tacitus.
[36] Compare the ‘Turba regum diversarumque nationum ductores’ of
Jordanes, De Reb. Get. xxxviii.
[37] ‘Reges ex nobilitate, duces ex virtute sumunt’ (Tacitus, Germania
vii).
[38] ‘Colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut campus, ut nemus placuit’
(ibid. xvi). It seems very likely, as suggested by Seebohm (English
Village Community, p. 339), that this describes rather the settlement of
the chiefs than of the commonalty. This must be stated, however, as a
mere conjecture, as there is nothing in the language of Tacitus on which
to found it.
[39] The story of Clovis and the vase of Soissons, though almost worn
threadbare by frequent repetition, may be quoted as an illustration of
the nature of the power of a German king, strictly limited in peace, but
tending to become absolute in war. Clovis wished to gratify the Bishop
of Rheims by restoring to him a vase which the spoilers had taken from
his church. When the army were all mustered at Soissons with the heap
of plunder before them, he accordingly asked that this vase might be
allotted to him over and above his regular share of the spoil. ‘Glorious
king,’ said the loyal soldiers, ‘we and all that we have are thine,
neither can any one resist thy power.’ But one of the warriors—‘envious
and fickle,’ says the historian, perhaps in his heart resenting the
adulation of his comrades—lifted up his battle-axe and smote upon the
vase, saying, ‘Nothing shalt thou carry away from hence except what a
fair lot give thee.’ The vase was apparently defaced, not broken, and
the king concealing his annoyance handed it to the bishop’s messenger.
At the year’s end, when all the warriors were assembled in the Campus
Martius to show the brightness of their arms, the king, going the round
of his troops, came to the striker of the vase. ‘No one,’ said he, ‘keeps
his arms in such a dirty state as thou dost: neither thy spear, nor thy
shield, nor thy battle-axe is fit to be seen,’ and therewith he wrested
the battle-axe from his hand and threw it to the ground. As the man
stooped to pick it up the king raised his hand on high, and drove his own
battle-axe deep into the warrior’s skull, shouting, ‘Thus at Soissons
didst thou do to that vase.’ Thereupon he ordered all the other warriors
to file off from the field, their hearts being filled with a salutary
dread of his power.
[40] In this connection it is interesting to note that an inscription
has recently been discovered at the Roman Camp of Borcovicus in
Northumberland, which commences ‘Deo Marti Thincso.’ The persons who thus
record the dedication of their altar to the god Mars Thincsus are said to
be ‘Germani Cives Tuihanti.’ Dr. Hübner, one of the greatest authorities
on Roman epigraphy, believes that ‘Mars Thincsus’ is the Teutonic god
Tiu, and that his epithet means that the national _Thing_ or Council was
held under his guardianship. (See Archaeologia Aeliana, x. 154-159.)
[41] ‘Eliguntur in iisdem conciliis et principes, qui jura per pagos
vicosque reddunt’ (Tacitus, Germania xii).
[42] Thiudans is the Gothic word for ‘King.’
[43] In 552, see Jordanes li.
[44] Socrates, iv. 33.
[45] Gothic Irregulars.
[46] Jordanes, De Rebus Geticis xxiv.
[47] ‘Vallis Greuthungorum’ (Ammianus xxxi. 3). Greuthungi seems to have
been another name for the Ostrogoths.
[48] Concord Auggg. (The number of repetitions of the letter g indicates
the number of Emperors.)
[49] Jordanes xxvi: ‘Illico in ducum Lupicini et Maximi armantur
_occisionem_.’
[50] Ammianus.
[51] Cura Palati.
[52] xxiii. 4.
[53] Onager.
[54] Aries.
[55] Helepolis.
[56] ‘Trans Taurum.’ I suppose this is equivalent to ‘per Orientem.’
[57] Ammianus, ‘Efficacia Julii magistri militiae trans Taurum enituit
salutaris et velox.’ Zosimus, Ἰούλιος τοιῷδέ τινι τρόπῳ τὸν ἐπηρτημένον
ταῖς πόλεσιν ἀποσείεται κίνδυνον.
[58] Jordanes xxviii.
[59] Idatius, Descriptio Consulum, makes the entry of Athanaric into
Constantinople 11 Jan. and his death 25 Jan. 381.
[60] ‘Penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos.’
[61] ‘Vir strenuus et probus atque Augusto dignus, nisi contra sacramenti
fidem per tyrannidem emersisset.’ (Historia Miscella xi. 16.)
[62] xxxi. 10, 18 and 19.
[63] Historia Miscella xii. 16.
[64] Magnentius and Valentinian I.
[65] Combined from Zosimus and Philostorgius. Possibly the two stories
relate to different altercations.
[66] Jordanes xxviii.
[67] Zosimus v. 6.
[68] Claudian, De Bello Getico 565-7.
[69]
‘Rumpe omnes, Alarice, moras. Hoc impiger anno
Alpibus Italiae ruptis, _penetrabis ad Urbem_.’
Claudian, De Bello Getico, 545-6.
[70] Partly founded, however, on the experience of Theodoric in Thrace as
described by Malchus. (See Italy and her Invaders, Book IV. cap. 3.)
[71] ‘Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis.’
[72] He was Praefectus Praetorio under Attalus, 409.
[73] Zosimus v. 33.
[74] Or ‘your souls.’
[75] Zosimus v. 38.
[76] ‘Consanguineo,’ Jord. xxx.
[77] Morning-gift.
[78] In several points of his military career, Aetius seems to me a not
unworthy precursor of Belisarius.
[79] With a short interval of exile in Hunland, 433.
[80] Jordanes xxxv.
[81] ‘Bellorum quidem amator, sed ipse manu temperans.’
[82] Suidas.
[83] ‘Turba regum’ (Jordanes xxxviii). Compare the story of Talma playing
to a _parquet_ of Kings in the days of Napoleon.
[84] ‘Bellum atrox, multiplex, immane, pertinax.’ Jordanes xl.
[85] Jordanes.
[86] By Procopius, de Bello Vandal. i. 2.
[87] As suggested by Papencordt, Geschichte der Vandalen, p. 339.
[88] Idatius. ‘Alani et Wandali et Suevi Hispanias ingressi: alii quarto
Kalendas [28 Sept.], alii tertio Idus Octobris [13 Oct.] memorant die,
tertiâ feriâ.’ Tillemont points out that the 28th September in that year
fell on a Tuesday, but the 13th October on a Wednesday. Very likely
the fifteen days’ difference between the two calculations denotes the
interval between the passage of the van and the rear of the invading host.
[89] Often called Genseric by modern historians, but there is no doubt
that Gaiseric is the more correct form of the name, and it is the one now
generally adopted by German scholars.
[90] Procopius.
[91] Professor Freeman, in the English Historical Review for July, 1887.
[92] The date commonly given is 429, but there are authorities also for
427 and 428, and upon the whole this last date appears the most probable.
[93] Procopius asserts this.
[94] This character is chiefly taken from Jordanes, cap. 33.
[95] Procopius.
[96] Idatius mentions this report: ‘Gaisericus qui, ut aliquorum relatio
habet, effectus apostata de fide Catholicâ, in Arianam dictus est
transisse perfidiam.’
[97] Marcellinus Comes, s. a. 454.
[98] Or possibly Carpilio. We are not quite sure of the name.
[99] Or Accila and Trasila (Continuator Prosperi). Trasila is here said
to have been a son-in-law of Aetius.
[100] ‘Insperatis et inopinatis ictibus confoderunt.’
[101] Prosper.
[102] We are not distinctly told that the fleet of Gaiseric lay at
anchor off Portus, but this is rather more probable than that they were
at Ostia. It is quite possible, however, that the fleet may have been
divided between the two ports when it was plain that there was to be no
opposition. This would enable the Vandals to load much more cargo during
the fourteen days, which on any hypothesis seems rather a short time for
the immense amount of business transacted in them.
INDEX.
_(Modern place-names in Italics._)
A.
Ad Salices (the Willows), battle of, 94.
Aemona (_Laybach_), 127, 131, 153.
Aequitius, Superintendent of the Palace, 100.
Aetius, 178, 191-210, 225, 226.
Agathias, 40 _n._, 41 _n._
Agentes in Rebus, 42.
Alamanni, 25, 74.
Alani, 124, 152, 182, 196, 206.
Alaric, 131, 137-168.
Alatheus the Ostrogoth, 96, 97.
Alavivus, 87, 91.
Ambrose, St., 122.
Ammianus Marcellinus, 45, 47, 49, 102, 124.
Angles, 183.
Anianus, Bishop of Paris, 194.
Antioch, 23, 118-120.
Aquileia—besieged by Attila, 198.
Arbogast, 110, 128-132.
Arcadius, 36 _n._, 117, 134, 141, 142, 153, 155.
Ardaburius the Alan, 177.
Ardaric, King of the Gepidae, 196.
Arian controversy, 31.
Ariminum, plains of, 164, 172.
Aristocracy of Rome, not theoretically hereditary, 8;
manners of, in fourth century, 47-48.
Armogast, Count, 224.
Army, Roman, size of, in the fourth century, 39-40.
Ascholius, Bishop of Thessalonica, 109.
Aspar the Alan, 177.
Ataulfus, 172-175, 208.
Athanaric (Judge of the Visigoths), 79, 86, 111, 112.
Attalus, 162-164, 174.
Attila, King of the Huns, 180-203.
Augustine, St., 216.
Augustus, work of, 14.
B.
Bacurius, 131.
Baltic, the, 183, 184.
Barbaricum, 76, 79.
Barritus, the, 94.
Batvin (Gothic martyr), 79.
Bauto, the Frank, 110, 128, 142.
Bleda, King of the Huns, 180.
Bonifacius, Governor of Africa, 179, 209-214.
Bora, a fierce wind, 131.
Botheric, 121.
Bretons, the, 196.
Britain, invasion of by Angles and Saxons, 183-184.
Britain, Roman roads in, 2-4.
Brutus, 12.
Burgundians, the, 180, 196.
Busentus, the, Alaric buried in, 168.
C.
Caesar, work of, 13, 14;
on the Germans, 55.
Caesarius, 119, 120.
Camps, 20.
Carthage, Vandals at, 215, 218-220.
Cassiodorus, 49.
Castinus, Magister Militum, 177, 209.
Cauca (in Spain, the birthplace of Theodosius), 105.
Celtic nationality, 73.
Censorship, 9.
Châlons, battle of, so called, 195.
China, 183.
Christian legislation of Constantine, 30, 51 _n._
Christianity, relation of Diocletian to, 28.
— relation of Constantine to, 29.
— relation of Constantine’s successors to, 31.
Chrysopolis, battle of, 27.
Chrysostom, St. John, 120.
Clarissimi, class of, 43.
Claudian, 144.
Clovis and the vase of Soissons, 69 _n._
Coinage, Imperial, of 1st and 3rd centuries contrasted, 19.
Coloni, condition of, 51-52.
Comes Privatarum Rerum, 42.
— Sacrarum Largitionum, 42.
Consistory, Imperial, 37.
Constantine the Great, 24, 31, 51 _n._
— the Usurper, 152, 163, 207.
Constantinople, foundation of, 26;
siege of, 101.
Constantius I, 24-25.
— husband of Placidia, 176.
— secretary to Attila, 184, 185.
Crispus, son of Constantine, 27.
Crocus, king of the Alamanni, 25.
Curiales, 52-53.
D.
Dahn, F., 60 _n._
Damasus, Pope, 109.
Decurio, 52.
Diocletian, his work of restoration, 21-25;
his death, 26;
his relation to Christianity, 28.
E.
East, Prefecture of, 23.
Edeco the Hun, 186.
Ellebichus, 119, 120.
Emperor, Roman, appearance of, 34, 35;
titles of, 36.
Ernak, son of Attila, 190, 203.
Eucherius, 155, 158.
Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, 142.
— wife of Valentinian III, 225, 228, 232.
— daughter of Valentinian III, 225;
married to Huneric, 232.
Eugenius, Emperor, 130, 131.
Eutropius, 142.
Extortion of Roman Governors, 11, 17.
F.
Fiesole, 149.
Firmus, 106.
Flaccilla, 126.
Flavianus, Bishop of Antioch, 118-120.
Food supply of Roman citizens, 48, 49.
Franks, 74, 152, 179, 196.
Frederic (Gothic martyr), 79.
Freeman, E. A., 65 _n._, 210 _n._
Frigidus, battle of, 131.
Fritigern, Visigothic chieftain, 79, 86, 87, 91, 92, 96, 97, 111.
G.
Gainas the Goth, 131, 140, 141.
Gaiseric, King of the Vandals, 192, 209-234.
Galerius, colleague of Diocletian, 24.
Galla, wife of Theodosius, 126, 130.
Galla Placidia (see Placidia).
Games of the circus, 49.
Gau (= pagus), 65.
Gaudentius, father of Aetius, 178.
— son of Aetius, 226.
Gauls, prefecture of the, 22, 23.
Gelimer, King of the Vandals, 221.
Geougen, the, 183.
Gepidae, 182, 195, 202.
Germania of Tacitus, 55.
German kingship, 67-72.
— popular assemblies, 70-72.
Germans, condition of, 54-72.
Gerontius, 207.
Godigisclus, King of the Vandals, 206.
‘Gothic Architecture,’ 75;
Gothic Christianity, 78;
Gothic language, 76.
Goths, 75. See Visigoths, Ostrogoths.
Gratian, 91, 95, 105, 110, 111, 123-125.
Greuthungi (= Ostrogoths?), 86 _n._
Gunderic, King of the Vandals, 208, 209.
Gunthamund, King of the Vandals, 221.
H.
Hadrianople, battle of (323), 27.
— — (378), 96, 100.
Helena, mother of Constantine, 24.
Heraclian, 163, 167.
Heraclius the Eunuch, 226, 228.
Hermanric, King of the Ostrogoths, 76, 85.
Heruli, 182, 195, 202.
Hilderic, King of the Vandals, 221.
Hippo, siege of, 214, 216.
Hispalis (_Seville_) taken by Vandals, 209.
Honoria, 185, 192.
Honorius, 134, 146, 152-157, 161-164, 166, 176.
Huneric, 217.
Huns, 180, 193;
description of, by Jordanes, 81, 83;
ethnological character of, 84;
enter Europe (374), 85.
I.
Ildico, wife of Attila, 202.
Illustres, class of, 37.
Illyricum, Prefecture of, 23.
Ingenuus, 174.
Italy, Prefecture of, 23.
J.
Jerome, St., 45, 47, 174.
Joannes, Emperor, 177.
Jordanes (Gothic historian, wrote cir. 550), 81-83.
Jovian, 90.
Jovius, Praetorian prefect, 161-162.
‘Judges’ of the Visigoths, 76.
Julian ‘the Apostate,’ 90.
Julius, master of the soldiery, 104.
Justina, 91, 126, 128.
Jutes, the, 183.
K.
Kingship and national unity, 67.
L.
Lampadius, 153.
Lancearii, 98.
Land—settlement of the Germans, 60-62.
Latifundia, 50, 51.
Leo I, Pope, 200, 230.
Leo, Emperor, 232.
Libanius, 120.
Licinius, his struggle with Constantine, 27.
Lupicinus, Count of Thrace, 88-93.
Lupus, St., Bishop of Troyes, 195, 198.
M.
Magister Militiae, 39-40.
Magister Officiorum, 42.
Marcian, Emperor, 191.
Marcianople (_Shumla_), 92-93.
Marcomanni, 74.
Maria, wife of Honorius, 154.
Mattiarii, 98.
Maxentius, Emperor, 26.
Maximian, Emperor, 24, 26.
Maximin Daza, Emperor, 24.
— ambassador to Attila, 186.
Maximus (a wealthy citizen of Rome), 47.
Maximus, Duke of Moesia, 88-93.
— Magnus Clemens, usurper, 123, 125, 126.
Maximus, Emperor, 207, 228, 229.
_Milan_ (Mediolanum), 23.
Money, purchasing power of, 46 _n._
N.
Nicaea, Council of, 29-30.
Nicomedia in Bithynia, 24-25.
Nicopolis, city of, owned by Paula, 47.
Notitia Utriusque Imperii, 38, 39, 40 _n._, 41, 42, 44.
O.
Oath taken by soldiers to Emperor, 36.
Offices, sale of, under the Empire, 43.
Official hierarchy of the Empire, 37-44.
Olybrius, ‘Shadow-Emperor,’ 232.
Olympius, 155-157, 159.
Onegesius the Hun, 187, 188.
Optila, henchman of Aetius, 227.
Orleans, siege of, 194.
Orosius, 172.
Ostrogoths, 75, 76, 99, 182, 195, 202.
P.
Pagus, German, 65-66.
Paris, 194.
Paula, piety and wealth of, 47.
Persian Empire, relation of, to Roman, 6-7.
Placidia, daughter of Theodosius, 130, 171, 174-180, 184, 191.
Placidia, daughter of Valentinian III, 225, 228, 232.
Pliny, 50.
Pollentia, battle of, 146.
Possidius, Bishop of Calama, 216.
Praefectus Annonae, 49.
— Praetorio, office of, 38, 39.
Praepositus Sacri Cubiculi, 41.
Prefectures, the four great, 22-3.
Priscus, ambassador to Attila, 186, 189.
Probus, wealth of, 46.
Procopius, 166, 210.
Proculus, 136.
Proletariate, 46 _n._
Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II, 191, 228.
Q.
Quaestor, 42.
R.
Radagaisus, 145, 146, 148, 149.
Ravenna, Honorius at, 146.
Richomer, Count of the Domestics, 97.
Ricimer, 232.
Roman Empire, boundaries of, 1-7.
Romanus, 106.
Rome, sieges of, 159;
entered by Alaric, 164;
plunder of, by the Vandals, 231.
Rufinus, Praetorian Prefect, 135-142.
S.
Salarian Gate, Alaric enters Rome through, 164.
Sallust, palace of, burned, 165.
Sangiban, King of the Alani, 196.
Saphrax, Ostrogothic chief, 96, 97.
Sarmatians, 73, 74.
Sarus the Goth, 149, 157, 164.
Saulus the Alan, 131, 147.
Saxons, the, 183, 196.
Sebastian, General, 96, 100.
— son-in-law of Bonifacius, 224.
Seebohm, F., 62, 68 _n._
Senate of Rome, 7-9;
behaviour of Emperors to, 15-16.
Serena, 136, 153, 160.
Severus, 24.
Siege artillery, Roman, 102.
Silentiarii, 33.
Silvanus the Goldsmith, 185.
Singeric, 175.
Sirmium, 23-95.
— vases of, 184, 185, 192.
Slaves, condition of, 50, 51.
Slavonic nationality, 73.
_Spalato_ (near Salona), 27 _n._
Spectabiles, class of, 38.
Stilicho, 135-158.
Stubbs, Bishop, 65 _n._
Suevi, 182, 206.
Symmachus, wealth of, 46.
T.
Tacitus, Germania of, 55, 60-62, 68, 71.
Tatianus, 136.
Theodoric, King of the Visigoths, 192-3.
Theodosius the Elder, 106.
— the Great, 105, 106-133, 139.
— II, son of Arcadius, 155, 177, 186, 191.
— son of Ataulfus and Placidia, 175.
Thermantia, wife of Honorius, 154, 158.
Thessalonica, 121, 126.
Thincsus, epithet of German Mars, 70 _n._
Thing, meeting of the Folk, 70.
Thiudans (= king in Gothic), 72.
Thorismund the Visigoth, 196, 197.
Thrasamund, King of the Vandals, 221.
Thraustila, henchman of Aetius, 227.
Ticinum (_Pavia_), 156.
Trajan, General-in-Chief, 100.
Tribunician power, 10.
_Trier_ (Augusta Trevirorum), 23.
U.
Uldin the Hun, 149.
Ulfilas, Apostle of the Goths, 77, 78, 110.
V.
Valens, Emperor, 87-98.
Valentinian I, 90, 91.
— II, 91, 125-129.
— III, 177, 184, 191, 200, 225-7.
Valerian, Count of Imperial Stables, 100.
Vandals, the, 204-232.
Venice, foundation of, 199.
Victor, son of usurper Maximus, 128.
Victor Vitensis, 224.
Village settlements of the Germans, 57, 58.
Visigoths, 75, 87-99, 179.
Völker-wanderung, the, 215.
W.
Waitz, G., 60 _n._
Walamir, King of the Ostrogoths, 196.
Walia, King of the Visigoths, 176.
Wealthy Romans, fortunes of, 46.
Y.
_York_ (Eboracum), 25-26.
Z.
Zercon, the Moor, 190.
Zosimus, 133.
THE END.
[Illustration: THE ROMAN EMPIRE in the time of Valentinian I. A.D.
364-375]
[Illustration: EUROPE IN THE YEAR 451]
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
_Italy and her Invaders._
ILLUSTRATED WITH PLATES AND MAPS.
Vols. I-IV, A.D. 376-553.
8_vo._ 3_l._ 8_s._